Fracture healing is a complex biological process that involves the restoration of the structural and

functional integrity of a broken bone.

Types of Fractures:

1. Closed (Simple) Fracture:

1. The bone is broken, but the surrounding skin is intact.

2. Open (Compound) Fracture:

1. The broken bone pierces the skin, exposing the fracture site. This type carries a
higher risk of infection.

3. Transverse Fracture:

1. The fracture line is horizontal.

4. Oblique Fracture:

1. The fracture line is diagonal.

5. Spiral Fracture:

1. The fracture spirals around the bone, often caused by a twisting force.

6. Comminuted Fracture:

1. The bone breaks into multiple fragments.

7. Greenstick Fracture:
1. Common in children, where the bone bends and breaks on one side but does not
completely fracture.

Steps in Fracture Healing:

1. Inflammatory Phase:

1. Hematoma formation.

2. Inflammation to clean up debris and bacteria.

2. Reparative Phase:

1. Granulation tissue formation.

2. Callus formation with osteoblasts producing cartilage and woven bone.

3. Endochondral ossification replaces cartilage with new bone.

3. Remodeling Phase:

1. Ongoing bone remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

2. Bone gradually takes on its original shape and strength.

Complications of Fractures:

1. Infection:

1. More common in open fractures where the skin is breached.

2. Can lead to delayed healing and other complications.

2. Delayed Healing:

1. Prolonged time for the fracture to heal.

2. Factors such as inadequate blood supply, poor nutrition, or the type of fracture can
contribute.

3. Non-union:

1. Failure of the bone ends to unite.

2. May require additional interventions, such as bone grafts.

4. Malunion:

1. Improper alignment during healing.

2. Can result in functional impairment or deformity.

5. Compartment Syndrome:

1. Increased pressure within the muscles.

2. Can lead to reduced blood flow and nerve damage.

6. Nerve or Blood Vessel Damage:

1. Fractures, especially in certain locations, can injure nearby nerves or blood vessels.

7. Joint Stiffness:

1. Reduced range of motion in adjacent joints, especially if immobilization is prolonged.

8. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism:

1. Prolonged immobilization can increase the risk of blood clots, leading to DVT or
pulmonary embolism.

9. Osteoarthritis:

1. Joint degeneration may occur over time, especially if the fracture involves a joint
surface.

10. Psychological Impact:

1. Fractures can have psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, or fear of re-
injury.

The management of fractures involves timely and appropriate medical intervention to reduce the risk
of complications and promote optimal healing. Treatment may include immobilization, surgical
intervention, pain management, and rehabilitation. Regular follow-up with healthcare professionals
is crucial to monitor the healing process and address any potential complications.