Wa0218.

tzpff;fy;tp
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; - 12
(2017 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)
tzpfj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
web : www.nie.lk
Email : info@ nie.lk
mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspal

P ;Lj; jpizf;fsk;
tzpff;fy;tp
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; - 12
(2017 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)
tzpfj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
web : www.nie.lk
Email : info@ nie.lk
tzpff;fy;tp - juk; 12
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> kfufk.

Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2017
ISBN:
tzpfj; Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.
www.nie.lk
mr;Rg;gjpg;G: edpy gg;spNfrd; (jdpahu; fk;gdp)

,yf;fk;: 227/30, epu;khz khtj;ij
ehty tPjp> ENfnfhil
ii
cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO vi - viii
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; guprPyid nra;tjw;fhd MNyhridfs; ix - x
fw;ww; NgWfSk; khjpupr; nraw;ghLfSk; 1 - 252
iii
gzpg;ghsh; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
ghl tpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpg;
gug;Gf;fspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd;
Kjy; ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;
gl;l Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l
Jld; nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.
gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;fspdJk;
nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghltpjhdk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd; ,uz;lhk;
ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; Muk;g epiyapypUe;J cau;epiy tiu
midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;rr
; pfis tsu;jn
; jLg;gjw;
fhf> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpwJ. xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPz;Lk; ghtpg;g
jid ,ad;wstpy; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;> ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;
fhfTk;> nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk;
Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;fspwF; > mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpjj
; y;fis topgg; Lj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd
topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj ; y; nraw;ghLfspy;
nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPLfisAk;
kjpg;gL
P fisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fs;>
Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfis
tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt
njupe;njLf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlg;
gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa Mrpupa
topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspal P l
; hsu;fspdhy;
ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad;ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>
Gjpa ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf;
fy;tpapypUe;J tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.
,e;jr; re;ju;gg ; j;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp mYty;fs;
rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gq; f spg; G r; nra; j tsthsu; f Sf; F k; kw; W k; ,t; T aupa Nehf;f j; jpw; f hf
mu;gg; zpg;Gld; gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;j p FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L vjpu;fhyj;ij

Nehf;fpr; nry;ghijapy; gpuahzpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. mz;kpa Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;
fshdit kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfisg; Nghd;W njhopy;El;gf;
fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fle;j ,U
jrhg;jq;f spy; $basT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2017 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp
kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wJ. g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
mwpe;J cs;ehl;Lj; Njitf;fika ,irTgLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L
ghlrhiy Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk;
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.
,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;

Nehf;fk;> mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wj; juKbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
,t;thwhd Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj

; y; nranyhOq;fpd;
NghJ cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F vt;tpjr; re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
mNjNghd;W ,t;topfhl;bapd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jp kpfTk; tpUj;jp nfhz;l gpuNtrnkhd;wpD}lhf tFg;giwia xOq;
fikg;gjw;F cq;fSf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>

kpfr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp> ,yq;ifia
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wpr; nry;tjw;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
nraw;gLtPu;fs; vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;>

tsthsu;fs; vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;gg
; zpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jp fUjp g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;l ,g;gzpapid kpfTk;

cau;thff; fUjp mu;gg ; zpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ
kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
v
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; : fy; t prhu; mYty; f s; rig

ghl ,izg;g hf;f k; : jpU. Mde; j kj; J kNf
tpupTiuahsu;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghlj; jpl;l MNyhridf; FO: jpU. Nf.Mu; . gj; k rpup

gzpg;ghsu;> tzpfj; Jiw>
jpUkjp. vk; . V. ,e; j puh gj; k pdp ngNuuh
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> tzpfj; Jiw>
Nguhrpupau;.jpU.lg;spA.gp. fhkpdP j my;tp];
Nguhrpupau;> Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; epjpg; gPlk;>
nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. jpU. lg;spA.vk;.rp.gP. td;dpehaf;f
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tpj;Jiw>
tzpf Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tpg; gPlk;>
fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau; . jpUkjp. Mu; . Nrdhjpuh[h
gPlhjpgjp> Kfhikj;Jt epjpg; gPlk;>
nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp.jpU.vd; . lg; s pA.Nf.b.Nf. jahuj; d
kdpjts Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpj;Jiw>
= [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. b. tre;j Fkhu
tzpf kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpg; gPlk;>
jpUkjp. vk; . fkdp ngNuuh
fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tzpfg; gpupT>
fy;tp mikr;R.
jpU. jpyf; nfhlkhd; d
jiytu;> Njrpa tzpff; fofk;> ,yq;if.
jpUkjp. lg; s pA.V.Nf.Nf. tpNaJq; f
Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
fk;/ uj;dhtypa kfspu; fy;Y}up> fk;g`h.
jpUkjp.lg; s pA.I.vk; . gp.lg; s pA. ,yq; f rpq; f
Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
nfh/=khNth gz;lhuehaf;ff; fy;Y}up>
nfhOk;G - 07.
vi
ghlj; jpl;lf; FO: jpU. Nf.Mu; . gj; k rpup
gzpg;ghsu;> tzpfj; Jiw>
jpUkjp. vk; . V. ,e; j puh gj; k pdp ngNuuh
jpU. Mde; j kj; J kNf

tpupTiuahsu;> tzpfj; Jiw>
jpU. v]; . Nf. gpughfud;

jpU. b.vy; . ]p. Mu; . m[pj; F khu

jpU. v]; . Mu; . uj; d [P t

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> tzpfj; Jiw>
Nguhrpupau; jpU. netpy; tu; z Fy#upa

Nguhrpupau;> Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpj;Jiw>
Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tp kw;Wk; tzpftpay; gPlk;>
=n[atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
Nguhrpupau; jpUkjp. vk;. RNdj;uh rP ngNuuh

UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. jpU. B.Nf. fue; j nfl; b a

tpahghu Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tpg;gPlk;>
tak;g gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. jpU. vk; . vk; . B.Mu; . jP f `tJu

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> tak;g gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpUkjp. Nf.V. re; j pah rpupahzp

Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; epjpg; gPlk;>
UFZ gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpUkjp. vy; . B. fy; a hzp

tzpf Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tpj;Jiw>
rg;ufKt gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. Mu; . V.gP . gz; l hu

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fzf;fl
P L
; fy;tpj;Jiw>
rg;ufKt gy;fiyf;fofk;.
vii
jpUkjp. vk; . gP . v]; . gj; k pdp
Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpg;gl P k;>
u[ul;l gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp. jpU. vd; . vd; . N[. etuj; d

Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; epjpg; gPlk;>
jpUkjp. Mu; . nfhbg; g pyp Mur; r p

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid>
jGj; N jfk.
jpU. lg; s pA. V. jahuj; d

jq; fy; y .
jpUkjp. Nf.B. G\; g h uQ; r dP

kJfk.
jpU. B.v]; . uh[gf; ]

mjpgu;> ,uj;/ mNyhrpa]; tpj;jpahyak;>
,uj;j pdGup.
jpUkjp. N[.vr;. vk;. Rkpj;u h Fkhup [atPu

Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
Nk.kh/ uhFy kfspu; tpj;jpahyak;> khyNg.
jpU. Nf.vk; . lg; s pA. Fkhu

Mrpupau; Nrit>
,uj;/ fuf];jyht kfh tpj;jpahyak;>
ngyp`_y;xa.
ntspthupahd tsthsu; gq;f spg;G :

jpUkjp. Mu; . nfhbg; g pyp Mur; r p
jGj; N jfk.
jpU. lg; s pA.V. jahuj; d
jq; fy; y .
jpUkjp. Nf.rP . G\; g h uQ; r dp
kJfk.
jpU. B.v]; . uh[gf; ]
mjpgu;> ,uj;/ mNyhrpa]; tpj;jpahyak;>
,uj;j pdGup.
jpUkjp. lg; s pA.V.Nf.Nf. tpNaJq; f
Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
fk;/ uj;dhtypa kfspu; fy;Y}up> fk;g`h.
viii
jpUkjp.lg; s pA.I.vk; . gp.lg; s pA. ,yq; f rpq; f
Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
nfh/=khNth gz;lhuehaf;f fy;Y}up>
nfhOk;G - 07.
jpUkjp. N[.vr;. vk;. Rkpj;u h Fkhup [atPu
Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
Nk.kh/ uhFy kfspu; tpj;jpahyak;> khyNg.
jpU. N[.vy; . Nrhkuj; d
Mrpupau; Nrit - 1>
mD/ kfhehk tpj;jpahyak;> jpug;gNd.
jpUkjp. n[rpfh tp[atpf; u k
mjpgu;> Gdpj fd;dpahuhka> khutpy.
jpU. vk; . vr; . vk; . G`hup
Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (Xa;T)>
tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid> Nffhiy.
jpU. rp.vy; . vk; . eth];
Mrpupau; MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid>
,g;ghfKt.
newpahs;i ff; FO: jpUkjp. vk; . V. ,e; j puh gj; k pdp ngNuuh
jpU. Mde; j kj; J kNf
Nguhrpupau;.jpU.lg;spA.gp. fhkpdP j my;tp];
fyhepjp. jpU. lg;spA.vk;.rp.gP. td;dpehaf;f
re;ijg;gLj;jy; Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tpj;Jiw>
tzpf Kfhikj;Jtf; fy;tpg; gPlk;>
Nguhrpupau; . jpUkjp. Mu; . Nrdhjpuh[h
gPlhjpgjp> Kfhikj;Jt epjpg; gPlk;>
nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp.jpU.vd; . lg; s pA.Nf.b.Nf. jahuj; d
kdpjts Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpj;Jiw>
= [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
jpU. b. tre;j Fkhu
tzpf kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt fy;tpg; gPlk;>
ix
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gupry
P id nra;tjw;fhd MNyhridfs;
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu(cau;ju) tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lk; vl;L tUlq;

fSf;nfhU Kiw eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;Gf;
nfhs;iff;fika etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;L 2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wJ. KjyhtJ jlitahf 2009 Mk; Mz;bd;NghJ Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tzpff; fy;tpj; jpl;lk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;L
juk; 12> 13 ,w;fhf 18 Nju;r;rpfspd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
juk; 12 ,w;F Vw;wthW ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; KjyhtJ Nju;r;rpapypUe;J gjpndhuhtJ
Nju;r;rp tiuapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 53 ,w;fhf tFg;giwapy;
nraw;gLj;jf; $ba nray;Kiw uPjpahd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwnahd;W
,q;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;ju) tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; juk; 12

,w;fhd rfy Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;> mj; Nju;r;rp
kl;lq;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; Nju;r;rp
kl;l ,Wjpapd; NghJ mwpeJ ; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fw;wy; NgWfs; vd;gd Kjyhtjhfr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sNjhL Nkyjpfkhfg; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf Kd;nkhopag;
gLfpd;w MNyhridfisAk; ghltplaq;fisAk; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
topfhl;lnyhd;Wk; ,Wjpapy; fzpg;gL P - kjpg;gLP nra;jYf;fhf Kd;nkhopTfSk;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,q;F cj;Njr ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfSf;fika tzpff;

fy;tpg; ghlj;jpw;Fupa ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpT kl;Lkd;wp mJ njhlu;ghf
khztu;fsJ kdg;ghq;F> jpwd;> gof;fq;fs; vd;gd tpUj;jpailAk; tifapy;
tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiw jpl;lkplg;gl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhfj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis ,t; Mrpupau;
topfhl;bapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
rfy Nju;r ;r p kl;lq;f spd; fPOk; fhl;lg;gLk; ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf

MNyhridfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW tyg;gf;fj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;
if milahsj;jpd; %yk; (
 ) Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; Njitahd
ghltplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; Mrpupau; ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;
tjw;Fkhd topfhl;bnahd;wpy; ghu;itiar; nrYj;jr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; Rl;bf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ghltplaq;fisg; Nghd;W ,jNdhL ,ize;j E}y;fspd; mbg;gil
apy; fhl;lg;gLk; E}y;fisg; guprPyidf;Fl;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;r;rp
xi
kl;lj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd ghltplaq;fis Mrpupau; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
,jd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
topfhl;bapd; mbg;gilapy; fhl;lg;gLk; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s if
milahsj;jpd; %yk; (
 ) kPz;Lk; ghlj;ijj; jpll ; kpLtjw;fhd MNyhrid
apd; gf;fk; ghu;itiar; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd MrpupaUf;F topfhl;lg;
gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf MNyhridapd; kPJk; ghltplaq;fisj;

njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;bapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w tplaq;fisg;
guprPyid nra;J tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; fUkq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
ghlj; jpl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Lr; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd fw;wYf;fhf khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jjy; rfy Mrpupau;fspdJk; flg;ghlhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tzpff; fy;tpahdJ nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd ghlnkhd;whf ,Ug;gjdhy; md;whlk;

tzpfj; Jiwapy; ,lk;ngWk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf mtjhdj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ
kl;Lkd;wpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl tplaq;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;
ftdk; nrYj;jp Mrpupau;fspdhy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.
nraw;w pl;l j; jiytu;
xii
fw;ww; NgWfSk;
khjpupr; nraw;ghLfSk;
Nju;r;rp 1.0: tzpf mbg;gilfisAk; tzpfq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;w
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1: tzpf vz;zf;fUitg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpf vz;zf;fUit mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Njit> tpUg;gq;fis cjhuzq;fNshL tpsf;Fthu;.
 Njit> tpUg;gq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis cjhuzq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpl;L xg;gpLthu;.
 cw;gj;jp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 kdpjj;Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; cw;gj;jpfspdhNyNa epiwT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
 nghUs;fSf;Fk; NritfSf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis xg;gpLthu;.
 Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;jj
; p nra;tjw;Fk; re;ijf;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk;
njhlu;Gfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfis cjhuzq;fNshL tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l tzpfj;jpw;Fupa tzpff; fUkq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 nghUshjhu tho;jd;ikf;F tzpfq;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
 ghlrhiy khztnuDk; tifapy; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw

mtu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 fpilf;fg; ngWk; tpilfisf; fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fye;Jiuahliyf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
 czT> cil> tPL> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> njhlu;ghly;> ghJfhg;G Nghd;w
midj;Jk; rfy jdpegu;fSk; tho;tjw;F kpf mj;jpahtrpakhditahFk;.
,t;tidj;Jk; rfyUf;Fk; nghJthd Njitfshf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,it
~~Njitfs;|| vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 khztu;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpilfis fUk;gyifapy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;bUg;g
tw;wpypUe;J Njitfis ,dq;fhz;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.
 ,j;Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fs; gad;gLj;Jgit
fisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 fpilf;Fk; tpilfisf; fUk;gyifapy; / ntz;gyifapy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;s
Njitfspd; Kd;dhy; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
1
 ,t;thW xt;nthU jdpegUk; jdJ Njitfisg; gy;NtW KiwfspNy
epiwT nra;J nfhs;tNjhL> mg;gy;NtW Kiwfs; tpUg;gq;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
 ,j;Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;jj
; p nra;tjw;fhfNt tzpfq;fs; cUthfp
cs;sd vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 tzpfnkd;why; vd;d vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jTk;.

 Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp mtw;wpw;
fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.

 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jp gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; %d;W epWtdq;fs; fPNo

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ntJg;gf cw;gj;jp tzpfnkhd;W
 ijf;fg;gl;l Mil cw;gj;jp tzpfnkhd;W
 mur itj;jparhiynahd;W
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 mt;tzpfj;jpd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w kdpjj; Njitfs; vit?
 mj;Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F mt;tzpfj;jpd; %yk;
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLgit vit?
 kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ nghUs;fs;> Nritfs;

%yNk vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
 mit ~~cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;|| vd miof;fg;gLk; vd;gjid tpsf;fTk;.
 nghUs;fs;> NritfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

 re;ij vd;why; vd;dntd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;>
Nritfs; re;ijapd; %yNk ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;gjid cWjpgg
; Lj;jTk;.

 tzpfnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gz;Gfis khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb
fUk;gyifapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;it khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.

 jdp egnuhUtUf;Fupa fhzpnahd;iw mtupdhy; kw;nwhU jdpegUf;F
tpw;gid nra;ag;gLjy;.
 japu; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; xUtu; japu;r; rl;bfis rpyy
; iw tpahghu epiyaq;
fSf;F tpw;gid nra;jy;.
 je;ij jdJ kfDf;Ff; fhzpnahd;iw ed;nfhil cWjpg;gj;jpunkhd;wpd;
%yk; xg;gilj;jy;.
2
 rpif myq;fhu epiyankhd;wpd; rpif myq;fupgg ; hsu;> ghlrhiy khztd;
xUtupw;F rpif myq;fhuk; nra;jy;.
 jha; jdJ kfspd; Kbapid ntl;Ljy;.
 jha; jdJ tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w kuf;fwpfisj;
jpde;NjhWk; cztpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xt;nthU tplaq;fSk; tzpf eltbf;ifnahd;wh my;yJ
,y;iyah vd;gjidf; fhuzq;fSld; Rl;bf;fhl;b> khztu;fSld; mJ
njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 tzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpdw; gz;Gfis xt;nthd;whf khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
 eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mjpy;
fhzg;gLk; gz;GfspD}lhf mJ tzpfnkhd;nwd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

 tzpfnkhd;wpy; gpujhdkhf ,lk;ngWk; fUkq;fs; ,uz;il tpsf;fTk;.
 tzpfq;fs; %yk; tsq;fSf;Fg; ngWkjp Nru;ff ; g;gLjy; ,lk;ngWk; vd;gjid
cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;fTk;.
cilnahd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;A k;NghJ E}y;f isg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;>
E}y;fspdhy; Jzpfis nea;jy;> Jzpfspdhy; Mil ijj;jy; vDk; tifapy;
gy re;ju;gg
; q;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; vdTk;> ,e;j midj;Jr; re;ju;gg; q;fspYk;
,Uf;fpd;w ngWkhdj;jpw;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdnkhd;W Nru;ff ; g;gLk; vdTk;
tpsf;fTk;.
 tzpfq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; cz;L vd;gjidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg;
gpd;tUk; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
 ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; nraw;gLfpdw
; rq;f mikg;nghd;W> jdpahu;Jiw tpwg
; idaf
nkhd;W> murJiw tzpfnkhd;W vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ khztu;fspd; ftdj;
ijf; nfhz;L tur; nra;J mt;tzpfq;fs; ve;Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
mtw;wpd; tzpff; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpf; fye;Jiu
ahlTk;. ,jw;fika tzpfq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sd
vd;gjidr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 nghUshjhu tho;jd;ikf;F tzpfq;fs; nrYj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;fTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jp gpd;tUk;
 kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;Ak; tzpfq;fs; %d;W fPNo
jug;gLfpd;wd.
(1) ntJg;gf cw;gj;jp tzpfnkhd;W
(2) ijf;fg;gl;l Mil cw;gj;jp tzpfnkhd;W
(3) mur itj;jparhiynahd;W
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 mt;tzpfq;fspdhy; kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;
Kiwfisj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 mt;tzpfq;fspdhy; tsq;fSf;Fg; ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gLk; Kiwapid
tpsf;fTk;.
 mt;tzpfj;jpd; ,yf;F / ,yf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 mt;tzpfq;fspdhy; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisg; gl;baw;
gLj;jTk;.
3
ghltplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:
 ,yhgj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;fpy; elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLk;> kdpjj; Njitfs;>
tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;> Nritfis
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy;> re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;j
midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; tzpfnkdg; nghJthf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j
KbAk;.
 ,yhg Nehf;fpd;wp kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf

elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLfpd;w tzpfq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,jw;fika tzpfnkd;gJ kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tjw;

fhfTs;s ve;jnthU nghUshjhu eltbf;ifAkhFk;.

 kdpjdhy; fl;lhakhf epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba cly;> cs epiyikfNs
kdpjj; Njitfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 czT> cil> tPL> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> njhlu;ghly;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> ghJfhg;G

Nghd;wd NjitfshFk;.
 kdpjj; Njitfisg; g+u;jj

; p nra;J nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW Kiwfs; tpUg;gq;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 czTj; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; gy;NtW Kiwfshd NrhW> ghz;>

,bag;gk;> NjdPu; Nghd;wd tpUg;gq;fSf;Fupa cjhuzq;fshFk;.
 Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;

gl;Ls;sJ.
Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fs;
czT NrhW> ghz;> ,bag;gk;> NjePu;

cil Nriy> fhw;rl;il> rl;il> Ntl;b
tPL khbtPL> tpLjp> Fbir> cj;jpNahfg+u;t ,y;yk;
fy;tp ghlrhiyf;fy;tp> gpupntdhf;fy;tp>
jdpahu; ghlrhiy> ghltpjhdk;> E}y;fs;
Rfhjhuk; mur itj;jparhiy> jdpahu; itj;jparhiy>
kUj;J tif> itj;jpag; gupNrhjid
njhlu;ghly; njhiyNgrp> njhiyefy;> kpd;mQ;ry;>
tiyaikg;G trjpfs;
ghJfhg;G nghyp];gil> ,uhZtg; ghJfhg;Gg;gil>
jdpahu; Jiwapd; ghJfhg;Gr; Nrit
4
 tho;tjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf epiwT nra;a Ntz;baJ> rfyUf;Fk; nghJthdJ>
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;lJ vd;gd NjitfSf;fhd gz;GfSs; rpythFk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;glhik> egu;fspd; egu;fspilNa gy;NtW tifg;gl;litfshf
,Uj;jy;> tzpfu;fspdhy; cUthf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;> jdpegUf;Fupajhf
,Uj;jy; vd;gd tpUg;gq;fspd; gz;GfSs; rpythFk;.
 Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; fPo;tUk; ml;ltizapd;
%yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fs;
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.  tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ.
 rfyUf;Fk; nghJthdJ.  jdpegu;fSf;fpilapy; NtWgl;l
jhff; fhzg;gLk;.
 tho;tjw;Ff; fl;lhakhfg;  tho;tjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf epiwT
g+u;j;jp nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nra;aj; Njitaw;wJ.
 tzpfq;fspdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;f  tzpfu;fspdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;f
KbahJ. KbAk;.
 r%fj; jhf;fq;fspdhy; khw;wk;  r%fj; jhf;fq;fshy; khw;wk;
nra;a KbahJ. nra;a KbAk;.

 kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fisg; g+uj
; j
; p nra;tjw;fhfr; re;ijf;F Kd;itf;fg;
gLk; ve;jnthd;Wk; cw;gj;jpahFk;.
 cw;gj;jpapidg; gpujhdkhfg; nghUs;fs;> Nritfs; vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 nghUs;fs;> NritfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd;
%yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghUs;fs; Nritfs;
 ngsjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ik  ngsjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikaw;wJ.

nfhz;lJ (njhl;Lzuf;$baJ) (njhl;Lzu KbahJ)
 fsQ;rpag;gLj;j KbAk;.  fsQ;rpag;gLj;j KbahJ.
 Xupdj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;F  toq;Fdu;fSf;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.
khW cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk;.
 toq;FduplkpUe;J gpupf;f KbAk;.  toq;FduplkpUe;J gpupf;f KbahJ.
 cw;gj;jpapd; %yk; kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; epiwT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.


 nfhs;tdthsUk; tpwg
; idahsUk; re;jpff; pdw
; my;yJ njhlu;GgLk; ve;jnthU
epiyikAk; ~~re;ij|| vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhfr; re;ijapD}lhfg;
nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

 tzpfq;fspy; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 tpw;gid my;yJ gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngwy;.
 nghUs;fs;> Nritfspy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; ,lk;ngwy;.
5
 njhlu;r;rpahff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; ,lk;ngwy;.
 ,yhgj;jpdhy; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gly;.
 el;l ,lu; fhzg;gly;.
 tpUg;gq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
 nghUshjhuf; fUknkhd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
tzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs;:
(1) tpw;gid my;yJ gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngwy;.

tzpf eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; gzuPjpahd
ngWkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpw;gid my;yJ gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngWk;.
nghUs;fs;> Nritfis tpiyapd; mbg;gilapy; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk;
tpw;gid nra;jYk; ,lk;ngWtjhdJ tzpfq;fspd; mj;jpahtrpakhd
fhuzpnahd;whFk;. mt;thW tpw;gid my;yJ gupkhw;wk; ,y;yhjNghJ
tzpf eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngwhJ. cjhuzkhf tPnlhd;wpy; FLk;gj;jpw;
fhf czT jahupj;jy; tzpfnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJld;
Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; VidNahUf;F tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf czT
jahupj;jy;> tpw;gid nra;jy; vd;gd tzpfkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
(2) nghUs;fs; NritfspdJk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; ,lk;ngwy;.

midj;J tzpfq;fSk; VidNahu;fSf;F tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf
nghUs;fs;> Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; my;yJ nfhs;tdT nra;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. mit Efu;Tg; nghUs;fshf my;yJ ifj;njhopy;
(tzpfk;) nghUs;fshf ,Uf;f KbAk;. ,Wjpg; gad;ghl;bw;fhf Efu;Nthd;
nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; ghz;> Mil> ghjzpfs; vd;gd Efu;Tg; nghUs;
fshFk; vDk; nghUs;gLk;. ifj;njhopy; nghUs;fs; / tzpfg; nghUs;fs;
vd;gJ Efu;Tg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
%yg; nghUs;fs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs; vd;gditfshFk;. kpdr ; huk;> fhg;GWjp>
tq;fp vd;gd NritfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
(3) nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf ,lk;ngwjy;.

njhlu;r;rpahd mbg;gilapy; nghUs;fs;> Nritfspd; nfhLf;fy;>
thq;fy;fs; ,lk;ngWkhapd; mjid tzpfk; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. xU
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; khj;jpuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; mJ tzpfky;y.
cjhuzkhf jdpegnuhUtu; jhd; gad;gLj;jpa gioa Nkhl;lhu;
irf;fpis tpw;gid nra;jy; tzpfky;y. vdpDk; mtu; njhlu;r;rpahd
xU mbg;gilapy; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps; tpwg
; idapid Nkw;nfhs;thwhapd;
mJ tzpfkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
(4) ,yhgj;jpdhy; / el;lj;jpdhy; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gly;.

tzpfnkhd;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; gzk; ciog;gJk; nry;tk; Nru;gg; J
khFk;. ,jw;fika tzpfnkhd;W &gh rjq;fspdhy; ngwg;gLk; ,yhgk;
nryit tplf;$ba tUkhdk;> tzpff; fUkq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>
tzpf tha;gG ; f;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;> r%f eyd;fisg; ngw;Wf;
6
nfhLj;jy; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; tzpfj;Jiwapy;
,yhgj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;bUg;gijg; Nghd;Nw ,yhgj;ij Nehf;fhff;
nfhs;sg;glhj MapDk; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW mD$yq;fis
Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l tzpfq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt tzpf
nkhd;wpd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; tpupthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,yhgk; mtrpakhdjhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
(5) ,lnuhd;W fhzg;gly;.

,yhgj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w epr;rakw;w jd;ik> el;lk;
Vw;glf;$ba epiyik Nghd;wtw;Wf;F tzpfq;fs; Kfq; nfhLf;f
Ntz;b Vw;gLk;. vjpu;fhyk; epr;rakw;wpUj;jy;> tzpfr; #oypy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wk;> ,yhgj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
tzpfq;fspdhy; eilKiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahik Nghd;w gy
fhuzq;fspdhy; ,lu; my;yJ epr;rakw;w jd;ik cUthFk;.
 Efu;Nthdpd; Rit> tbtk;> Nfs;tp vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;.
 ,ae;jpuq;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> cw;gj;jpj; njhopDl;gk; vd;gtw;wpy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;.
 re;ijapd; Nghl;bj;jd;ik mjpfupj;jy;.
 %yg;nghUs;fs; gw;whf;Fiw> kpdr ; huk; jilg;gly;> vupnghUs; gw;whf;
Fiw vd;gd Vw;gLjy;.
 gzpahsu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;> NtiyepWj;jk; Nghd;wit fhuzkhf
 jPgg; pbj;jy;> fs;tu; giftu; ,ila+Wfs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; Nghd;w mopTfs;
fhuzkhf
 tzpfj;jpd; tsg;ghtid njhlu;gpyhd Kfhikapd; gpioahd
jPuk
; hdk;.
tzpfq;fs; mbf;fb ,lu;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLf;fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd

,lu;fs; fhzg;gLtJ tzpfnkhd;wpd; gz;nghd;whFk;.
(6) tpUg;gq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

kdpj tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfg; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjpy; tzpfq;fs; <LgLfpd;wd. rpy tzpfq;fs; %yg;nghUs;fis
KbTg;nghUshf khw;Wtjd; %yk; kdpj tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;j;jp
nra;fpd;wd. NtW rpy tzpfq;fs; rpytifg; nghUs;fs; $Ljyhff;
fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J mg;nghUs;fisf; $Ljyhd Nfs;tp
fhzg;gLk; gpwpNjhu; ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjd; %yk; kdpjj;
Njitfs; g+u;jj
; p nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,d;Dk; rpy tzpfq;fs; rpytifg;
nghUs;fSf;Fj; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLk; fhyq;fspy; tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf
mg;nghUs;fspd; mWtilf; fhyq;fspy; mtw;iwr; NrfupjJ ; f; fsQ;rpag;
gLj;jp itg;gjd; %yk; kdpjj; Njitfs; g+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW rfy tzpfq;fSk; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Nritfis
toq;fy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf kdpj tpUg;gq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
7
(7) nghUshjhuf; fUknkhd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
mUikahff; fhzg; gLk; tsq; f isg; gad; gLj; jp nghUs; f s; >
Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy; Mfpa eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLtjd; fhuzkhf tzpfk; gpujhdkhd nghUshjhuf; fUk
nkhd;whff; fUjg;gLk;. ,J gzj;ijr; ciof;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; ,lk;
ngWtnjhd;whFk;. tzpfq;fs;> nghUs;fs;> Nritfis tpw;gid
nra;jy;> mUikahd tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w fUkq;fspy;
<LgLtjdhy; ,J nghUshjhu eltbf;ifnahd;whff; fUjg;gLk;.

 tzpfnkhd;wpd; gpujhd fUkq;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.
 kdpjj; Njit tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;jy;.
 tsq;fSf;Fg; ngWkjp Nru;j;jy;.
 nghUnshd;i w my;y J Nritnahd;i w cw;gj; jp nra;A k; nghOJ

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tsq;fspd; jd;ikapy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjd; %yk;
Vw;gLfpd;w ngWkjp mjpfupg;G gpizr; Nru;ff
; g;gl;l ngWkjp vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
tzpfq;fs; tsq;fspd; jd;ikapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf
mt;tsq;fspd; ngWkjp mjpfupf;Fk;. ,t;thW tsq;fSf;Fg; ngWkjpapidr;
Nru;j;jy; tzpf nkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; Kf;fpakhd fUknkhd;whFk;.
 tzpfq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; fhzg;gl KbAk; vd;gJld; mtw;wpy;

rpytw;iwf; fPNo Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lyhk;.
 re;ijapy; epiyj;jpUj;jy;
 ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy;
 tpw;gidia cr;rg;gLj;jy;
 re;ijg; gq;if mjpfupf;fr; nra;jy;
 Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;gj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy;
 gq;Ffspd; re;ijg; ngWkhdj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy;
 tzpfupd; jdpg;gl;l jpUg;jp
 r%fj;jpdJk; kf;fspdJk; eyd;
 Copau; eyNdhk;Gfs;
 nghUshjhu tho;jd;ikf;Fk; $l tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;:
 khw;wkilAk; rpf;fyhd Njitfis epiwT nra;jy;
 Gj;JUthf;fk;
 njhopy; cUthf;fk;
 Njrpa nghUshjhu tpUj;jp
8
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2: tzpfq;f sJ guk;giyAk; mjd; Nghf;F fisAk;

mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 RaNjitg; g+u;j;jp Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpfg; guk;gypd; re;ju;g;gq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Neu; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; Neupy; cw;gj;jpf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 gzj;jpd; guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;.
 tpahghuj;jpd; fle;j fhy epiyikapid epfo;fhy epiyikAld; xg;gpLthu;.
 tu;j;jfk;> tpahghuk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpfj;jpw;fhff; fhzg;gLk; Jizr;Nritfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 epfo;fhyj;jpy; ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfk; gpugy;akiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpf cyfpd; epfo;fhyg; Nghf;FfisAk; mjd; %yk; tzpfq;fspy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s khw;wq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

 gz;ila fhyj;jpy; RaNjitg; g+u;j;jp Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gij
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 RaNjitg; g+u;jj ; p Kiw vd;gJ jdf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwj; jhNd cw;gj;jp
nra;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJld; mJ Neu; cw;gj;jp Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk;
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
 ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU egu;fSk;> FOf;fSk; mtu;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd
tpNrlkhd cw;gj;jp xd;iw Nkw;nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf mt;Tw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf
Nju;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ vdTk;> mJ rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp vd miof;fg;gLk; vdTk;
mjd; fhuzkhf kpif cw;gj;jp Vw;gl;lJ vdTk; khztu;fSf;F cWjpg;
gLj;jTk;.
 gpw;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,k;kpif cw;gj;jpfs; NtW nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;gtu;
fSld; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vdTk;> mjD}lhf tpahghuk; Njhd;wpaJ
vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
 kpif cw;gj;jpia kw;Nwhu; kpif cw;gj;jpAld; gupkhw;wk; nra;jy; gz;lkhw;W
Kiw vd miof;fg;gLtJld; ,k;Kiwapy; gy;NtW FiwghLfs; fhzg;gl;ld
vd;gijAk; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 tzpfg; guk;gypd; KjyhtJ re;ju;gg ; k; gz;lkhw;W KiwAld; cUthdJ
vd;gij khztu;fSf;F mwpar; nra;aTk;.
9
 gz;lkhw;W Kiwapd; fhuzkhf tpahghuk; cUthdJ vdTk; Neupy; cw;gj;jp
Njhd;wpaJ vdTk; tpsf;fTk;.
 Neu; cw;gj;jp> Neupy; cw;gj;jp vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; tpla
Ma;tpid khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
 ,y;yj;jurpfs; jkJ tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; fPiu tif
fis ehshe;j tPl;L Efu;tpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 kpfr; rpwpa Nfhopg;gz;iznahd;iw elj;jpr; nry;Yk; xUtu; ,jd; %yk;
fpilf;Fk; Kl;ilfis mUfpypUf;Fk; rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyaj;jpw;F
tpepNahfpj;jy;.
 ,dpg;Gg; gz;lq;fspd; cw;gj;jpapy; jpwikAila xUtu; itgtnkhd;wpw;F
,dpg;Gg; gz;lq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd fl;lisapidg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
 gR khLfs; rpytw;iw tsu;f;Fk; fpuhkg;Gw tPnlhd;wpd; ghtidf;fhf
japu; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
 Nridg; gapur ; n
; ra;ifapy; <LgLk; ruzpd; kidtp Nrhsfq;fis mtpjJ ;
tPl;bd; Kd; gpujhd tPjpNahuj;jpy; itj;J tpw;gid nra;jy;.
 Mil tiffisj; ijg;gjpy; jpwikAs;s fz;zk;kh jdJ ehd;F
gpsi
; sfs;> fztu; MfpNahUf;Fj; Njitahd Milfisj; jhNk ijj;jy;.
 ,tw;Ws; Neu; cw;gj;jp> Neupy; cw;gj;jp ,lk;ngWk; re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dk;
fhz;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

 gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis ePf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
gupkhw;W Clfkhfg; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vdTk;> mit
gzg; gad;ghl;bd; KjyhtJ gbKiw vdTk; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 ,jw;fikag; gzj;jpd; guk;gyhdJ ,d;W tiuapy; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;s
Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 ,jw;fhfg; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhf ehzak; my;yJ
cNyhf ehzaq;fspd; glq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Fw;wp
ehzak;> ehzaj;jhs; NtW ehLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fw;wp ehzak;
my;yJ ehzaj; jhs;fs; my;yJ mtw;wpd; glq;fs;> fhNrhiy my;yJ
fhNrhiyapd; glq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilfs; my;yJ mtw;wpd;
glq;fs; vd;gtw;iw khztu; fSf;F Kd;itj;Jg; gz;ila fhyj;jpypUe;J
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gzj;jpidg; gupry
P pff
; r; nra;tjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp njhlu;ghfTk; mjd; fhuzkhf tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghfTk; tpsf;fTk;.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yj;jpudpay; tu;ff
; j;ijAk;> ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfj;ijAk; mbg;
gilahff; nfhz;l Afk; fhzg;gLtJld; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
Afkhf ,Ug;gJ ,t;Afj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk; vd;gjid khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahlTk;.
 epfo;fhyj;jpy; ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfk; gpugy;akiltjw;F mbg;gilahf
mike;j fhuzq;fis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
10
 md;whl tho;f;ifapy; tzpf eltbf;iffspd;NghJ ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; tpla
Ma;tpid khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 ntspehl;bypUe;J Gj;jfnkhd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fj; NjitNaw;
gl;l re;ju;gg
; nkhd;wpy; www.amerson.com vd;w tiyaikg;gpy; gpuNtrpj;Jj;
Njitahd Gj;jfj;ijj; Njb mjidf; nfhs;tdT nra;aj; Njitahapd;>
Gj;jfj;jpd; tpiy kw;Wk; Vida fl;lzq;fis tutl;il> fldl;iliag;
gad;gLj;jpf; (,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp) Fwpg;gpl;l
tiyaikg;gpD}lhff; nfhLg;gdtpw;fhd trjpapid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;. mg;NghJ tpw;gidahsu; fl;lisaplg;gl;l
Gj;jfj;ij $upau; Nrit %yk; fl;lisapl;l egUf;F nfhz;L te;J
xg;gilf;fg;gLk;.
 ,yq;ifapYs;s itj;jpau; xUtuplk; itj;jpag; gupNrhjid nra;a
Ntz;ba Njit ,Ug;gpd; cupa itj;jparhiyapd; tiyaikg;gpy;
gpuNtrpjJ
; > Fwpgg
; pll
; NehAld; njhlu;ghd itj;jpaupd; ngau;gg
; l;baiyAk;>
mt;itj;jpaiur; re;jpff ; f;$ba jfty;fisAk; gupry
P pid nra;J ,yFthd
Neunkhd;iw xJf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; jdJ tq;fpf;fzf;fpd; %yk; my;yJ
fldl;i l %yk; my;y J tutl;il my;y J ,yj;jpudpay; gzf;
nfhLg;gdtpd; (,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiw %yk;) %yk; cupa
fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;j KbAk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;fTk;.
 ntspehl;bypUe;J thfdq;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; fk;gdpnahd;W
ntspehl;L thfdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdj;jpd; ,iza jsj;jpy;
gpuNtrpj;J> me;e pWtdj;j pdhy; cw;g j;j p nra; ag; gLk; thfdq;f s;
rfytw;wpdJk; cWg;Gf;fisAk; tiyaikg;gpD}lhfr; Nrhjid nra;J
Njitahd tifiar; Nru;e;j thfdj;jpw;Ff; fl;lisaply;> Fwpg;gpl;l
nfhLg;gdit ,yj;jpudpay; gzf; nfhLg;gdT Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w KiwapidAk; tpsf;fTk;.

 jfty; Afj;jpd; tzpfq;fspd; Nghf;fpid cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;fTk;.

 gz;ila Afj;jpy; RaNjitg; g+u;j;jp Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gl;lJ.
 RaNjitg; g+u;jj
; p Kiwapy; jdf;Fj; Njitahdijj; jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;J
nfhz;lhu;fs;.
 jdf;Fj; Njitahdij jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ Neu; cw;gj;jp
vdg;gLk;.
 Neu; cw;gj;jpapD}lhfr; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp cUthdJ.
 jdpegu; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rpapd; tpisnthd;whf kpif cw;gj;jp Vw;gl;lJ.
 kpif cw;gj;jp fhuzkhf gz;lkhw;W Kiw cUthdJ.
 tzpfg; guk;gypy; KjyhtJ gbKiw gz;lkhw;W KiwahFk;.
11
 gz;lkhw;W KiwAld; tpahghuk; Njhd;wpaJ.
 re;ijf;fhf cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Neupy; cw;gj;jp vdg;gLk;.

 gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;fhfg;
gupkhw;W}lfkhfg; gy;NtW nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 gz;lkhw;W Kiw njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu gzg; gad;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l guk;gy;
gbKiwapidg; gpd;tUkhW gl;bay;gLj;j KbAk;.
 nghUl; gad;ghL
cjhuzk;: Gifapiy> rpg;gp
 cNyhf tifg; gad;ghL
cjhuzk;: jq;fk;> nts;sp Nghd;w cNyhfg; nghUs;fs;
 cNyhf ehzag; gzg; gad;ghL
gy;NtW msTfisf; nfhz;l cNyhfj; Jz;Lfspd; Kfg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;l
ngWkhdk; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;l ehzq;fSf;F ,JNt
mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ.
 ehzak;> ehzaj;jhs;fspd; gad;ghL
ngWkjp $ba cNyhfj;Jz;Lfisg; gzkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Vw;gl;l
rpukk; fhuzkhf mfg;ngWkjpaw;w Fw;wp ehzaq;fs; ghtidf;F cl;gLj;
jg;gl;ld. ,jd;NghJ jhs; ehzaq;fSk; gad;ghl;bw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murpd; mjpfhuk; ngw;w mjpfhupapdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; jhs;> Fw;wp ehzq;fs;
,tw;wpw;FupajhFk;.
cjhuzk;: ,yq;if - &gh
If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; - gTz;
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR - nlhyu;
INuhg;gpa ehLfs; - a+Nuh
 tq;fpg; gzg; gad;ghL
tq;fp eilKiwf; fzf;Fld; njhlu;Gila fhNrhiyg; gad;ghL.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzg; gad;ghL
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk; vz;khdj; njhopDl;g tpUj;jpAld;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l tiyaikg;gpd; %yk;
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwnahd;whFk;.
cjhuzk;: tutl;il
fldl;il
Kw;gzf; nfhLg;gdT ml;il
fld; khw;Wif Kiw (microchips / mobilecash)
 tzpfg; guk;gypd; ,uz;lhtJ gbKiwg; gzg; gad;ghlhFk;.

 INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp fhuzkhf ,Jtiuapy;
fhzg;gl;l Fbirf; ifj;njhopyf
; s; ghupasT ifj;njhopyf
; s; vDk; epiyf;F
khwpaik fhuzkhf tpahghuKk; tpuptile;jJ.
12
 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAld; tq;fp> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fhg;GWjp> njhlu;ghly;> fsQ;rpag;
gLj;jy; Nghd;w Jizr; NritfspYk; tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpahdJ tzpfg; guk;gypd; %d;whtJ fl;lkhFk;.
 tpahghuk; kw;Wk; Jizr; Nritfspd; Nru;fi
; f tu;jj
; fk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
(tu;j;jfk; = tpahghuk; + Jizr;Nritfs;)
tu;j;jfk;
 
tpahghuk; Jizr;Nritfs;
tq;fp
  Nghf;Ftuj;J
cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; ntspehl;L tpahghuk; fhg;GWjp
njhlu;ghly;
   
rpy;yiw nkhj;j Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
tpahghuk; tpahghuk; tpahghuk; tpahghuk;
 ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfj;ijAk; ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l AfNk epfo;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 tiyaikg;gpD}lhff; nfhs;tdT> tpw;gid eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngWtJ
,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfk; vdg;gLk;.
 tzpfj;jpwF
; upa midj;J eltbf;iffSk; tiyaikg;gpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLtJ ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; vdg;gLk;.
 jfty; AfkhdJ tzpfg; guk;gypd; ehd;fhtJ fl;lkhFk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tu;jj
; fk; epfo;fhyj;jpy; gpugy;akiltjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
fhuzq;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 vOj;jhtzq;fspd;wp tzpfj; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 tzpf eltbf;iffis tpiuthf Nkw;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 nraw;ghl;Lf; fpuak;> ,Ug;Gf;fpuak; vd;gd Fiwtiljy;.
 g+Nfhska uPjpahd re;ijnahd;wpw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; cUthjy;.
 nghUl;fs;> NritfsJ juk; cau;tiljy;.
 thbf;ifahsu;fsJ rpukq;fs;> Neuk; FiwtJld; Nrkpf;fg;gly;.
 fzpdp mwpT mjpfupj;jy;.
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
13
 ,jw;fika tzpfg; guk;gypd; Kf;fpakhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; ehd;fhFk;.
 gz;lkhw;W
 gzg; ghtid
 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp
 jfty; nghUshjhuk;
 epfo;fhyj;jpy; jfty; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf tzpfj;Jiwapy;

Vw;gl;l etPd Nghf;Ffs; rpy fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
 g+Nfhskakhf;fy; tpuptiljy;
 ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; cUthFjy;
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; ghtidf;F tUjy;
 #oy; njhlu;ghf mtjhdk; nrYj;Jjy;
 tzpfq;fspd; r%fg; nghWg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
14
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3: gy;NtW epajpfspdbg;gilapy; tzpfq;fis tifg;

gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW epajpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 ghlrhiy mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tzpfq;fisg; gy;NtW
epajpfspdbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 xNu tzpfkhdJ gy;NtW epajpfspdbg;gilapy; gy tiffSf;F cl;gLk;
vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;W xt;nthU epajpapdbg;gilapy; vt;tiff;FupaJ
vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpia tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F xt;nthU cw;gj;jpj; JiwapdJk; gq;fspgg
; pid
Kd;itg;ghu;.

 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tzpfq;fs; rpytw;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;Jg; gpd;tUk;
tpdhf;fis khztu;fsplk; tpdtTk;.
 mt;tzpfkhdJ mur Jiwf;Fupajh> jdpahu; Jiwf;Fupajh?
 mt;tzpfkhdJ Nrit toq;Fk; tzpfkh> nghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
tzpfkh?
 mt;tzpfk; ,yhgj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l tzpfkh> ,yhg Nehf;fw;w
tzpfkh?
 mt;tzpfk; rpwpa> eLj;jusT tzpfkh> ghupasT tzpfkh?
 ,jw;Nfw;g xNu tzpfj;ijg; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; tifg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij
khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW epajpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;Nfw;g
tzpfq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
15
 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fis ,aYkhdtiu Fwpg;gpl;L gpd;tUk;
,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;F khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
tzpfj;jpd; cw;gj;jpapd; cupikapd; Nehf;fj;jpd; gUkdpd; cw;gj;jpj;

ngau; jd;ikf;Nfw;g mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapy; Jiwapd;
mbg;gilapy;
rpwpa> eLj;jusT
,uz;lhk; epiy
,yhg Nehf;fw;w
,yhg Nehf;fk;
%d;whk; epiy
jdpahu Jiw;
Kjyhk; epiy
nghJj;Jiw
ifj;njhopy;
tptrhak;
ghupasT
Nrit
 mz;kpa Mz;bd; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;ifapy; nkhj;j Njrpa
cw;gj;jpapd; tifg;gLj;jiyg; guprPypg;gjw;Fupa re;ju;gg
; j;ij khztu;fSf;F
toq;fp nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F xt;nthU JiwAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w
Kiwapid xg;gl P ;L uPjpapy; mtu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

 gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
 cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;
 cupikapd; mbg;gilapy;
 Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
 gUkdpd; mbg;gilapy;
 cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapd; mbg;gilapy; / njhopy; %yj;jpw;Nfw;g
 tzpfq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gilfisAk;> mjw;Nfw;g mit tifg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;w KiwfisAk; fhl;Lfpd;w gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L tiuglj;ijg;
gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
tzpfj;jpd; tifg;gLj;jy; mbg;gilfs;
cw;gj;jpapd; cupikapd; Nehf;fj;jpd; gUkdpd; cw;gj;jpj;

jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapy; Jiwapd;
mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapy;
Kjyhk; ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; jdpahu; nghJj; ,yhg ,yhg rpwpa> ghupa tptrhak; ifj;njhopy; Nrit
epiy epiy epiy Jiw Jiw Nehf;fk; Nehf;ffw;w eLj;jusT msT
16
 cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; Kjyhk; epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy>
%d;whk; epiy vd tzpfj;ij tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 mjw;Nfw;g> ,aw;ifapd; mUq;nfhilahff; fpilf;fg; ngw;witfis ve;jtpj

khw;wKkpd;wp mk;KiwapNyNa gad;ghl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jk; cw;gj;jp tzpfk;
Kjy; epiy (Muk;g) tzpfj;jpw;Fk;> mt;Tw;gj;jpapid kPs khw;wk; nra;J
gad;gLj;Jfpdw; tzpfk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tzpfj;jpwF
; k;> rfy Nrit toq;Fk;
tzpfq;fs; %d;whk; epiy tzpfj;Jiwf;Fk; cl;gl;ljhFk;.
cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g Kjyhk; epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy> %d;whk; epiy

vdg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.
Kjyhk; epiy:  tptrhak;> fhy;eil> fhl;Ltsk;> kPdg
; pbf; ifj;njhopy;
 Ruq;fkWj;jYk;> fdpa mfo;Tk;
,uz;lhk; epiy:  cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;

 epu;khzf; ifj;njhopy;
%d;whk; epiy:  kpd;rhuk;> thA> ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fsp&l;ly; toq;fy;

 ePu; Rj;jpfupg;Gk; tpepNahfKk;
 kykfw;wy; eltbf;iffs;> foptfw;wy; Kfhikj;JtKk;
mg;nghUs;fis kPsR; ow;rpg; gad;ghl;bw;Fl;gLj;jYk;
 tpahghuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit> tpLjp trjp toq;fy;>
czT> Fbghdk; toq;fy;
 jfty; njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffs;
 epjp> fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; tPlL
; upikAk; Mjd tpahghuKk;
 njhopyr
; hu; Nritfs; kw;Wk; Vida jdpahu; Nritfs;
 mur epu;thfk;> Njrpa ghJfhg;G> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;
kw;Wk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gr; Nrit
 cupikf;Nfw;g jdpahu; Jiw tzpfk;> nghJj;Jiw / mur Jiw tzpfk;
vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 Nehf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g ,yhgj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l tzpfk;> ,yhg Nehf;fw;w
tzpfk; vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 mstpw;Nfw;g rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;jusT tzpfk; vdTk;> ghupasT tzpfk;
vdTk; tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 cw;gj;jpj; Jiw my;yJ njhopy; %yj;jpw;fika tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;
Nrit tzpfk; vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapd; JiwuPjpahd gq;fspgG
; f;fs; ,yq;if
kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;ifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;if 2015 ,w;Nfw;g nkhj;j Njrpa
cw;gj;jpapd; JiwuPjpahd gq;fspg;Gf;fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
17
njhopy; %yj;jpw;fika nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp
(2010 epiyahd tpiyf;fika)
nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; nkhj;j Njrpa

cw;gj;jpf;F
gq;fspg;G (%)
2015
tptrhak;> fhl;Ltsk;> kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; 7.9
jhdpa gapu;r;nra;if (ney; jtpu;e;j) 0.2
new; gapu;r;nra;if 0.9
kuf;fwpg; gapu;r;nra;if 0.8
fUk;Gr; nra;if> Gifapiyr; nra;ifAk; gy;tif rhuhj gapu;fSk; 0.0
go tifg; gapu;r; nra;if 0.6
vz;nzAld; $ba gog; gapu;r;nra;if
(nrt;tpsePu>; njq;F vz;nza;> ghk; vz;nza;r; nra;if) 0.8
Njapiyr; nra;if 0.8
Vida Fbghd gapu;r;nra;if (Nfhg;gp> nfhf;Nfh Nghd;wit) 0.0
Ritr;ruf;F> thrid jUk; gapu;fs;> kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; %ypifj;
jhtug; gapu;r;nra;if 0.7
,wg;gu; gapu;r;nra;if 0.3
Vida gy;tif gapu;r;nra;if 0.2
ghy;> Kl;il> ,iwr;rp> Vida fhy;eil cw;gj;jpfs; 0.6
tpijfis eLjYk;> tptrha (Nkw;Fwpgg ; plg;gl;litfs;) eltbf;if
fSf;fhd Jizg;gzpfs; 0.1
td tsk;> kuk; mWj;jy; kw;Wk; fhl;L tsj;Jld; njhlu;ghd 0.6
cw;gj;jpfs;
kPd;gpbf; ifj;njhopy; 1.4
ifj;njhopy; 26.2
Ruq;fkWj;jYk; fdpa mfo;Tk; 2.3
cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; 15.7
kpd;rhuk;> thA> ntg;gk; kw;Wk; Fsp&l;ly; toq;fy; 1.0
ePu; Rj;jpfupg;Gk; tpepNahfKk; 0.1
kykfw;Wk; eltbf;iffSk;> foptfw;wy; Kfhikj;JtKk;> mg; 0.3
nghUl;fis kPs;Row;rpf;F cl;gLj;jYk;
epu;khzf; ifj;njhopYk; mr;NritfSk; 6.8
Nritfs; 56.6
tpahghuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfs; tpLjp trjp toq;fy; kw;Wk;
czT> Fbghd tpepNahfr; NritfSk; 23.2
jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd Nritfs; 0.6
epjp> fhg;GWjp> tPl;L cupik kw;Wk; Mjd tpahghuk; 12,3
njhopy;rhu; NritfSk; kw;Wk; Vida jdpahu; NritfSk; 11.8
mur epu;thfk;> Njrpa ghJfhg;G> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f
ghJfhg;Gr; NritfSk; 8.7
mbg; g il tpiy kl; l q; f Sf; f ika nkhj; j khf xd; W
Nru;f;fg;gl;l ngWkhdk; 90.7
nghUs;fs; Nritfspdbg;gilapy; mwtplg;gLfpd;w tup - khdpak; 9.3
re;ij tpiyf;fika nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp (nkh.Nj.c) 100.0
%yk;: ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp - Mz;lwpf;if - 2015
18
 cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Ruq;fkWj;jy;> mfo;Tk;
Kjyhk; epiyf;F (Muk;gg;gpupT) cupj;jhtJld; njhopy; %yj;jpw;Nfw;g
tifg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Ruq;fkWj;jYk;> mfo;Tk; ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;F (njhopy;
Jiw) cupj;JilajhFk;. mj;Jld; cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g> kpd;rhuk;>
thA> ePu>; Fsp&l;ly;> ePu; Rj;jpfupg;Gk;> tpepNahfKk;> kykfw;wy;> foptfw;wy;
Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mg;nghUs;fis kPsR ; ow;rpf;Fl;gLj;Jjy; vd;git
%d;whk; epiyj; Jiwf;F upajhapDk; njhopy; %yj;jpw;Nfw;g mit
ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;FupajhFk;.
 nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F xt;nthU JiwAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w

Kiwapid tPj mbg;gilapYk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;. (mz;kpa tUlj;jpd;
kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;ifapid Ma;T nra;aTk;.)
19
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4: tzpfk; cs;slP ;L> ntspaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwnahd;whF

nkdg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfq;fspd; cs;sPLfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfq;fspd; ntspaPl;bidg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfk; cs;sPl;L> ntspaPl;Lr; nraw;ghnlhd;whFk; vd;gij tiuglj;jpd;
%yk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 VjhtJ ntspaPnlhd;bw;Fupa cs;sPLfis xt;nthU cs;sPl;L tiffspd;
fPo; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fs; tzpfq;fspd; jd;ikf;fika khw;wkilAk; vd;gjid
cjhuzq;fNshL tpsf;Fthu;.

 gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w cw;gj;jp tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhfj; njupT
nra;J mt;tzpfj;jpy; <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tsq;fs; gw;wp khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;fTk;.
 mt;tsq;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; Fwpf;fTk;.
 Milj; njhopw;rhiynahd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhs;sTk;. mt;tzpfj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tsq;fshd njhopw;rhiyf; fl;llk;> ijay; ,ae;jpuk;>
Mil ijg;Nghu;> Nkw;ghu;i tahsu;f s; Nghd;w Copau;f s;> tzpfk;
mike;Js;s ,lk;> Ntiy nra;Ak; jlitfspd; vz;zpf;if (kzpj;jpahyq;
fspd; vz;zpf;if) Mil tbtikg;G epu;khzq;fs;> fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l
Mil tbtikg;G> js mikg;Gj; jpll
; k;> Gjpa re;ijfis mwpeJ; nfhs;sy;>
etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l ijay; ,ae;jpuk; njhlu;gpy; guprPyid nra;jy;>
Kfhikahsuplk; fhzg;gLk; mwpT> Njitahd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy;
MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;witfs; njhlu;gpy; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk;.
 mg;gpujhd tsq;fis 7 tiffshf tifg;gLj;jTk;.
 mt;Tw;gj;jp tzpfj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fUkq;fis khztu;fsplk;

Nfl;L mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjTk;.
 Copau;fspd; tUif> ntspNawy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; Ngzy;> yPT
ml;ltizfisg; NgZjy;> Copau;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;> Copau;fSf;Fg;
20
gjtpAau;Tfis toq;fy;> Njitahd tifj; Jzpfisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;jy;> mtw;wpd; juj;ij guprPypj;jy;> Njitahd epjpapidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;> rupahd Kiwapy; epjpapid <LgLj;jy;> fpuaj;ij ,opTgLj;jf;$ba
Kiwfisj; Njbawpjy;> etPd tbtikg;Gf;fisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;>
cw;gj;jpfis tpsk;gug;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;witfis cjhuzq;fshff; Fwpgg ; plL
; f;
fhl;lTk;.
 mg;gpujhd fUkq;fis Mwhf tifg;gLj;jp mJ njhlu;ghd tpsf;fnkhd;iwr;
nra;aTk;.

 Mil cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpd; ntspaPL / ntspaPLfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;L>
ve;jnthU tzpfnkhd;wpdJk; ntspaPlhdJ nghUs; my;yJ Nritahff;
fhzg;gLk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ntspaPL / ntspaPLfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf me;epWtdj;
jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w tzpfr; nrad;Kiwapid khztu;fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
 fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;w tpilf;Nfw;g tzpfr; nrad;Kiwapid xOq;F Kiw
ahff; fhl;b mjd; gpd;du; tzpfr; nrad;KiwahdJ cs;sl
P L
; / ntspaPlL
; r;
nrad;Kiwnahd;wpw;Fupa gpupTfisg; glq;fspD}lhf tpsf;fTk;.
 tzpfq;fspd; cs;sPLfs; ntspaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwnahd;whf ,lk;ngWk;
vd;g ij cWjpg;gLj; Jtjw; F khztu; f isg; gpd; tUk; nraw; ghl;b y;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fTk;.
 rPnke;Jf; fyitAld; njhlu;Gila Ntiyj;jsnkhd;W
 tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;W
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 mj;jiyg;gpw;Fupa tzpfr; nraw;ghl;il tiuglj;jpy; tiue;J fhl;lTk;.

 tzpff; fUkq;fSf;F epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk;> Kaw;rpahz;ik> jfty;fs;>
fhyk;> mwpT Nghd;w cs;sPLfs; (tsq;fs;) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 ijf;fg;gl;l Milfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;iw cjhuzkhf
Nehf;Fk;NghJ>
epyk;  fl;llk; mike;Js;s fhzp
 fl;llj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; fhw;Nwhl;lk;
 #upa xsp (,aw;ifahd ntspr;rk;)
ciog;G  Mil ijg;gtupd; cly;> csuPjpahd ciog;G

 Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fspd; cly;> csuPjpahd ciog;G
 Kfhikahsu;fspd; csuPjpahd ciog;G
 fhtyhspfspd; ciog;G
21
%yjdk;  fl;llk;
 ijay; ,ae;jpuk;> cgfuzq;fs;
 tpepNahf Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;
 Jzp> E}y;> nghj;jhd;
 fhR
Kaw;rpahz;ik  tsq;fspd; fyit njhlu;gpy; jPuk

; hdnkLg;gtu;.
(,yhgj;ij mDgtpg;gtu;)
 ,lu;fis Vw;Wj; jPuk
; hdnkLg;gtu;.
 egu;fs; my;yJ epWtdk;
jfty;fs;  Efu;Nthupd; Ritkhw;wj;jpwF

; g; nghUj;jkhd tbtikg;G
 %yg;nghUs; njhlu;gpyhd Gjpa jfty;fs;
 Gjpa njhopDl;gk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
 re;ij njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
fhyk;  Copau;fs; Nritapy; <LgLk; fhyk;

 ,ae;jpuj;ijr; Nritapy; <LgLj;Jk; fhyk;
 jPuk
; hdnkLg;gjw;Fr; nrytplg;gLk; fhyk;
mwpT  Gjpa ntspaL P njhlu;gpy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Mf;f cupikg;

gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 Mil cw;gj;jp epWtd Copau;fspd; jpwd;
 KfhikahsuplKs;s mwpT
 tbtikg;ig cUthf;Fk; El;gtpayhsupd; mwpT
 rl;l MNyhridfs;
 eput
; hfk;> cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> epjp eltbf;iffs;> kdpj tsf; fUkq;fs;>
Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk; vd;gd mbg;gil tzpff; fUkq;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fs; vd;gd fPNo jug;gl;
Ls;sd.
fUkq;fs; cjhuzq;fs;
1. epu;thfk;  Milj; njhopyhsu;fspd; Nfhitfisj;
jahupj;jy;.
 Njitahd MNyhridfis toq;fy;.
 tUif ml;ltiziag; Ngzy;.
2. cw;gj;jp  %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

 ,Ug;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL
 juf; fl;Lg;ghL
22
3. re;ijg;gLj;jy;  ijj;j Milfis tpepNahfpj;jy;.
 tpsk;guk;
 tpiyapidj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy;
4. epjpf; fUkq;fs;  epjpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

 rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdT
 %yjdj;ij <LgLj;Jjy;.
5. kdpj tsf; fUkq;fs;  Copau;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

 gapw;Wtpj;jy;
 gjtpAau;T toq;fy;
6. Muha;r;rpAk;  Gjpa Mf;fq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Ma;Tfis

mgptpUj;jpAk; elj;jy;.
 cw;gj;jpapid Nkk;gLj;jy;.
 ,opTf;fpua Kiwfisj; Njbawpjy;.
7. jfty; Kfhikj;Jtf;  jfty; Kiwikapidg; NgZjy;.

fUkq;fs;  Gjpa jfty;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
 jfty;fis ,w;iwg;gLj;Jjy;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fSld; njhlu;Gila vOj;jhtzq;fisg; NgZjy;> njhlu;

ghly; fUkq;fisg; NgZjy; vd;gd tzpfnkhd;wpd; epu;thff; fUkj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
 tsq;fisg; nghUs; my;yJ Nritahf khw;Wk; nraw;ghNl cw;gj;jp vdg;gLk;.
 thbf;ifahsupd; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw epiwT
nra;tjw;fhff; fUkkkhw;Wjy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
 epjpaPl;ly;> mtw;iw <LgLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila fUkq;fs; epjp
vdg;gLk;.
 <u;g;G> njupT nra;jy;> ,izj;jy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy;> eyd;Gupfs; vd;gtw;Wld;
njhlu;Gila fUkq;fs; kdpj tsf;fUkq;fshFk;.
 Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk; vd;gjpy; ntspaPl;bd; juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;JjYk;
Gjpa ntspaPLfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jYk; cs;slq;Fk;.

 tzpfr; nraw;ghLfis cs;sPl;L - ntspaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwnahd;whfg;
gpd;tUkhW tiuglk; %yk; Kd;itf;fyhk;.
cs;sL
P (tsq;fs;) tzpff; fUkq;fs; ntspaPL
epyk; epu;thfk;
ciog;G cw;gj;jp (nraw;ghL)
%yjdk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; nghUs;
Kaw;rp  epjp my;yJ
jfty; kdpjtsf; fUkq;fs;  Nrit
fhyk; Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
mwpT jfty; Kfhikj;Jtk;
23
 ntJg;gfnkhd;wpd; tzpfr; nraw;ghLfis cs;sl
P L
; ntspal
P L
; r; nrad;Kiw
nahd;whfg; gpd;tUkhW tiuglk; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
cs;sL
P fs; (tsq;fs;) nray;Kiw ntspaPL
epyk;: cw;gj;jp:
 ntJg;gfk; mike;Js;s  nghUs;fisg; ngwy;
,lk;  nghUs;fisf; fyj;jy;
 ghz; jahupj;jy;
ciog;G: re;ijg;gLj;jy;:
 ghz; cw;gj;jp  tpsk;guk; nra;jy;
nra;gtupd; ciog;G  tpepNahfpj;jy;
 tpiyapid epuz ; apjj
; y;.
%yjdk;: epu;thfk;:
 fl;llk;> ntJg;gfk;>  Copau; Nfhitfisj;  ghz;
jl;Lf;fs; jahupj;jy;  gzp];
 Copau; tuT  Nff;
ml;ltiziag; Ngzy;. (ntJg;gf
cw;gj;jpfs;)
Kaw;rpahz;ik: epjpf; fUkq;fs;:
 ntJg;gf cupikahsu;/  Njitahd epjpapidg;
fhuzpfis xd;W ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
Nru;g;gtupd; jpwd;  nrhj;Jf;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
jfty;:  nryTfiis
 Gjpa El;g Kiw> Nkw;nfhs;sy;
re;ijj; jfty;fs;
kdpj tsf; fUkq;fs;:
fhyk; / Neuk;:  Copau;fis ,izj;jy;
 Copau;fs; Ntiy  gapw;rpaspj;jy;
nra;Ak; Neuk;  gjtpAau;T toq;fy;
Nkyjpf Ntiy Neuk;
Ma;Tk; mgptpUj;jpAk;:
 Ma;Tfis Nkw;
mwpT:
nfhs;sy;
 Copau; jpwd;> Gjpa  cw;gj;jpapd; juj;jpid
cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Ma;T
mwpT fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
24
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.5: tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fs;

tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;
fisf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 njupT nra;ag;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; cjtpAld; mt;tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw
fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU gpuptpdUk; tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;
fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU gpuptpdUk; tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
NtWgl;lit vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu; tzpfj;jpw;F vt;thW
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wdu; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpfukhd tho;jd;ikf;F mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fspd;
vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fis tzpfj;jpd; kPJ fhl;Lfpd;w
mf;fiw kw;Wk; mtu;fs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
Ks;s ,aYik vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mg;gpuptpdu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj;
jPuk
; hdpg;ghu;.

 khztu; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fis mtu;fsplk; tpdtpg;
gpd;tUk; tiuglq;fisg; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.
ngw;Nwhu;
>
< <
> khztd; <

< <
>
25
 ghlrhiy njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fis khztu;fsplk; tpdtpg;
gpd;tUk; tiuglj;jpidg; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.
khztd;
>
< <
> ghlrhiy <

< <
>
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdiu mwpeJ
; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gpdt
; Uk;
tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elj;jTk;.
 ngw;Nwhu;> Mrpupau;> ez;gu;fs;> rNfhju rNfhjupfs;> cwtpdu;fs;> muR
vDk; gpuptpdu; khztd; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fspy; rpythFk;
vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 khztu;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> gioa khztu;fs;> muR> nghJ
kf;fs;> ghlrhiy njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fspy; rpythFk;
vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jug;gpdu;fspy; muRk; nghJkf;fSk; tzpfk; njhlu;gpy;
mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fs; vd;gJld; ,jid tpl tzpfk; njhlu;gpy;
mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fs; gyu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gijj; njspT
gLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jg; gpd;tUk; nraw;
ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tzpf epWtdq;fspypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 Milfisj; ijj;J tpw;gid nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;W
 jdpahu; itj;jparhiynahd;W
 rpw;Wz;br;rhiynahd;W
 Gj;jf> vOJfUtpg; nghUs;fspd; tpw;gidafk;
 cq;fsJ jiyg;gpw;Fupa cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tzpf
nkhd;iw ,dq;fhzTk;.
 mt;tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdiuf; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.
 mg;gpuptpdu; tzpfj;jpypUe;J vjpug; hu;gg
; J vd;d vd;gijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 mj;jug;gpdupd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs; epiwNtWk; tifapy; tzpff; fUkq;fs;
vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 tzpfk; mg;gpuptpdu; njhlu;gpy; Vd; mf;fiw fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
tpsf;fTk;.
 cq;fsJ ,dq;fhziy KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Mf;fuPjpahf Kd;itg;gjw;F
Maj;jkhfTk;.
26
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fspy; rpy fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 cupikahsu; / gq;fhsu;fs;
 Kfhikahsu;
 Copau;fs;
 fld;nfhLj;Njhu;fs;
 thbf;ifahsu;fs;
 toq;Feu;fs;
 gy;NtW KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
 muR
 nghJkf;fs;
 Vida gpuptpdu;
 me;j xt;nthU gpuptpdUk; tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;Ltjw;fhd

fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
cupikahsu;
 jhd; KjyPL nra;j njhiff;F Vw;gg; NghJkhdsT ,yhgk; fpilf;
fpd;wjh vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
 tzpfj;jpd; tpUj;jp njhlu;gpy; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
 re;ijg; gq;fpid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
Kfhikahsu;
 tzpfj;jpd; ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;F
 tzpfj;jpd; tpUj;jp njhlu;gpy; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
 Kfhikj;Jtj; jPuk ; hdq;fspd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpapid mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F
Copau;fs;
 cau;e;j rk;gsj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 Cf;FtpgG; f; nfhLg;gdTfs; fpilf;Fkh vd;gij mwpeJ
; nfhs;tjw;F
 njhopypy; gjtpAau;tpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
fld;nfhLj;Njhu;fs;
 toq;fg;gl;l flid kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiy mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F
 fld; gzj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
 gpizg; gj;jpuq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj;jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
thbf;ifahsu;fs;
 jukhd nghUs;fs; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 nghWg;Gf;fs; cupathW epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F
 tzpfj;jpd; ePzl
; fhy tho;jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
27
toq;Feu;fs;
 njhlu;r;rpahff; fl;lisfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fSf;fhd gzj;jpid mwtpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F
gy;NtW KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
 jd;dplKs;s tsq;fis vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mt;tzpfj;jpy; KjyPL
nra;tjw;F
muR
 tupfis mwtpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F / tupr; rYifapidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLg;gjw;F
 Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
 nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp njhlu;gpy; mstpLtjw;F
nghJkf;fs;
 #oy; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; Njbg; ghu;g;gjw;F
 Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 tzpfj;jpy; mf;fiw fhl;Lk; gpuptpdu;fs; tzpfj;jpw;F Kf;fpak; ngWtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
gpuptpdu;fs; ; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
tzpfj;jpwF
cupikahsu;  KjyPl;bid mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

 tzpfj;jpd; tho;jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;F
Copau;fs;  Copau;fspd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupjJ
; f; nfhs;tjw;F
 Copau;fisj; njhlu;e;Jk; itj;jpUg;gjw;F
 Copau; <u;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
fld;nfhLeu;fs;  njhlu;r;rpahfj; Njitahd epjpapid <l;bf;
nfhs;tjw;F
 Fiwe;j fpuaj;jpy; epjpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
muR  tupr; rYifapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 njhopy;El;g mwptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
thbf;ifahsu;fs;  cupa nghUs; my;yJ Nrit njhlu;gpy; re;ijg;
ghJfhg;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 Efu;Nthupd; ek;gpf;ifapidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F
 thbf;ifahsu;fspy; gf;fr;rhu;gpid cUthf;Ftjw;F
28
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.6: tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mOj;jj;i jNaw;gLj;Jk; tzpfr;

#oiy tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfr; #oiy mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfr; #oiyf; fw;gjd; %yk; tzpfnuhUtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfr; #oiy tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mOj;jj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW #oy; fhuzpfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 toq;fg;gLfpd;w tzpfnkhd;wpd; mf> Gwr; #ow; fhuzpfSf;fhd cjhuzq;
fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
 ghlrhiyf; fUkq;fspy; rpwr
; py jhf;fq;fisNaw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis khztu;
fsplk; tpdtTk;.
 mjpgu;> Mrpupau;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs;> gioa khztu;fs;> nghJkf;fs;> ghlrhiy
tsq;fs;> muR vd;gd ghlrhiyf; fUkq;fspy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpfs; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 ,f;fhuzpfis mf> Gwf; fhuzpfshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij
cjhuzq;fisf; $wp tpsf;fTk;.
 mjpgu;> Mrpupau;> khztu;fs;> Kiwrhuh gzpahsu; FO> ghlrhiy tsq;fs;
vd;gd cs;sff; fhuzpfshFk; vdTk;> ngw;Nwhu;> nghJkf;fs;> muR vd;gd
ntspaff; fhuzpfshFk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;fTk;.
 ,f;fhuzpfisf; fw;gjd; %yk; ghlrhiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba gy;NtW
ed;ikfis khztu;fsplk; tpdtpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 tzpfj;jpYk; $l mf> Gwr; #ow;fhuzpfs; fhzg;gLtJld; mtw;iwf;
fw;gjd; %yk; gy;NtW ed;ikfis tzpfq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;
vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

 tzpff; fUkq;fspy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; nraw;gLfpd;w #oiy
tzpfr; #oy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 tzpfr; #ow;fhuzpfisg; gpujhdkhf ,U tiffshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
(1) mfr;#oy;
(2) Gwr;#oy;
29
 mikg;nghd;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJk; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;JtJkhd FOf;fs;
(Forces), epiyikfs; (Condition) vd;gd tzpfnkhd;wpd; mfr;#oy; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
 tzpfj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJk; mt;tzpfj;jpwF
; ntspapy; fhzg;gLk;
rfyJk; Gwr;#oy; vdg;gLk;.
 tzpfg; Gwr; #oYf;Fupaitfspdhy; tzpfj;jpy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jfpd;w
tpNrl mikg;G my;yJ FO Ntiyr; #oy; mz;kpa #oy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 tzpfj;jpd; tpupthd Rw;Wr;#oYk; mjDld; ,ize;J jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk;
FOTk; Ngupdr; #oy; my;yJ nghJr; #oy; vdg;gLk;.
tzpfr; #oy; fhuzpfisg; gpd;tUk; gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L ml;ltizapd; %yk;

Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
tzpfr;#oy;
 
mfr;#oy; Gwr;#oy;
 cupikahsu;
 Kfhikahsu;
 Copau;  
mz;kpa #oy; Ngupdr; #oy;
 epWtdf; fl;likg;G
 epWtdf; fyhrhuk;  Efu;Nthu;  nghUshjhur; #oy;
 tsq;fs;  toq;Feu;  murpay; #oy;
 Nghl;bahsu;  rl;lr; #oy;
 gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUs;  kf;fs; #oy;
cw;gj;jpahsu;  njhopDl;gr; #oy;
 re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;g  ,aw;ifr; #oy;
jw;F vjpu;ghu;j;jpUf;  r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhur;
Fk; Gjpa tzpfu;fs; #oy;
 g+Nfhsr; #oy;
 tzpfr; #oiyf; fw;gjpD}lhf tzpfnuhUtu; gpdt

; Uk; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;syhk;.
 gyq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
 gytPdq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
 tzpf tha;gG
; f;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
 mr;RWj;jy;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
30
 tzpfr; #oypd; tifg;gLj;jiyg; gpdt
; UkhW tiuglk; %yk; Kd;itf;fyhk;.
Ngupdr; #oy;
r; # o murpay;
nghUshjhu w y;
G a
kp #
z; o
m y;
thbf;ifahsu;
(Efu;Nthu;)
rl;lk;
s;
fhs
F eu;f
Kfhikahsu;
;
oq
cupikahsu;
g+N
t
Nghl;bahsu;fs;
epWtdf;
Copau;fs; fl;likg;G
mfr; #oy;
;
Us
hs g h
epWtdf;
tsq;fs;
; pa g ; n
r jpu
fyhrhuk;
e ;g
u;
v
lg
; i hu
;
y
;
j ;J
;L
a s
D
c pyPl
jj
p y ;s
j
;
r%
hop
w;g
g Gj
gj
p u pa
f
nj
t t
m #
f
r z
p g pf
y
a
;g u
h
z;
j ;fs
r;r
kp
w
;F ;
hu
r;
kf;fs;;
;
y
o
G w r; #
,aw;if
Ngupdr; #oy;
31
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.7: tzpfj;j pd; mfr;# oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfq; f spy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; mfr;#ow; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU mfr;#oy; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;j gyk;> gytPdq;fSf;fhd
cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpfj;jpd; mfr;#oypd; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs; tzpff; fUkq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid EZf;fkhfg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
 gyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpfj;ij ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Kiw
fisAk;> gytPdq;fisj; jtpu;jJ ; f; nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
eilKiwfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

 ghlrhiynahd;wpd; md;whlf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj
; y; eltbf;iffspy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtJk; mg;ghlrhiyapDs; fhzg;gLtJkhd fhuzpfis khztu;
fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 ngwg;gLk; tpilfisf; fUk;gyifapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
 me;j xt;nthU fhuzpfSk; ghlrhiy eltbf;iffspy; NeuhdjhfTk;
vjpu;kiwahdjhfTk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;lwpaTk;.
cjhuzk;:-
fhuzpfs; Neuhd jhf;fk; vjpuhd jhf;fk;
1 khztu;fs;  fPo;g;gbe;J elj;jy;  kdg;ghq;iff; fw;wYf;nfjpuhff;
 jpwd;fisg; g+uzkhff; nfhz;bUj;jy;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.  gpd;dilitg; ngw;wpUj;jy;
2 Mrpupau;fs;  cau;fy;tpj; jifikapidg;  Njitahd msT Mrpupau;fs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;. fhzg;glhik
 fw;gpf;Fk; jpwidf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.  nghWg;G> tif$wiy Vw;fhik
 kdpjNeak; nfhz;bUj;jy;.  mu;gg
; zpgG
; f; Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.
 Fiwthd gapw;rp
3 tFg;giwapd;  kfpor
; r
; pfukhd #oy; mike;jpUj;jy;  gOjile;jpUj;jy;
,ltrjp  Njitahd msT ,l trjpfs;  NghJkhdsT ,ltrjp fhzg;glhik
fhzg;gly;.
 trjpfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
4 khztj;  rpwg;ghd MSikiaf;
jiytu; /  ftdaPdkhf ,Uj;jy;
nfhz;bUj;jy;  nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;fhik
jiytpau;
 jpwd;fis KOikahfg;
ngw;wpUj;jy;
 rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;ff;$ba
jpwd;
32
 ,t;thW ghlrhiynahd;wpd; fUkq;fspy; Neuhd> vjpuhd jhf;fq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jk; mfr; #oy; fhuzpfs; ,Ug;gNjhL mf;fhuzpfspdhy; Vw;gLj;J
fpd;w Neu; jhf;fq;fs; ~gyk;| vdTk;> vjpuhd jhf;fq;fs; ~gytPdk;| vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLnkd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
 mjw;fika tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; #oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfq;
fspDs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJld;> mit NeuhfNth vjpuhdjhfNth
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vdTk;> mtw;wpd; Neuhd jhf;fk; ~gyk;| vdTk;>
vjpuhd jhf;fk; tzpfj;jpd; ~gytPdk;| vdTk; $wg;gLk; vd;gijj; njspT
gLj;jTk;.
 mjw;fika tzpfj;jpd; mff;#oy; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;j gyj;ijAk;
gytPdj;ijAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;F tzpfj;jpd; mff;#oy; fhuzpfis mwpeJ
;
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 tzpfr; nraw;ghl;by; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tzpf mfr;#oy; fhuzpfspd;
%d;W Nrhbfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 cupikahsu; - tsq;fs;
 Kfhikahsu; - epWtdf;fl;likg;G
 Copau;fs; - epWtdf; fyhrhuk;
 ckJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mfr;#ow; fhuzpr; Nrhbapy; ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
 ePq;fs; ed;fwpe;j tzpfnkhd;W njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp cq;fsJ
FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j mfr;#oy; fhuzpfis ,dq;fhzTk;.
 tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;fhf me;j xt;nthU fhuzpfspYk; ,Uf;fNtz;ba
gyq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.
 tzpfnkhd;wpd; ntw;wpf;Fg; ghjfkhd Kiwapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j fhuzpfSld; ,ize;j gytPdq;fis ntspg;
gLj;jTk;.
 ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l gyq;fis tzpf tpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
gytPdq;fisj; jtpue
; J
; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itf;fTk;.

 tzpfj;jpd; mfr;#oy; fhuzpfshf@
 cupikahsu;
 Kfhikahsu;
 Copau;fs;
 epWtdf; fyhrhuk;
 epWtdf; fl;likg;G
 tsq;fs; vDk; #ow; fhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;.
33
 tzpfj;jpw;F tsq;fis toq;fpAs;s my;yJ epjpapid KjyPL nra;jpUf;Fk;
,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ij Vw;Fk; gpuptpdu; cupikahsuhthu;.
 tzpfj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy; jPu;khdnkLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
gpuptpdu; Kfhikahsuhtu;.
 cau; Kfhikahsuhy; jahupf;fg;gLk; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jPuk ; hdq;fSf;fika
fPo; kl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fUkq;fspy; <LgLk; gpuptpdu;fs; Copau;fshtu;.
 tzpfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; midtuplKk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLtJk; mLj;J tUk;
re;jjpapdUf;F xg;gilf;fg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffs;> ngWkjpfs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs;>
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> elj;ij Kiwfs;> Kd;khjpupfs; vd;gd epWtdf; fyhrhuq;
fshFk;.
 epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid ,yFthf mile;J nfhs;sf;$bathW mikg;gpd;
fUkq;fs;> tsq;fs;> mjpfhuk; vd;gd gpupe;J nry;Yk; Kiw epWtdf;
fl;likg;G vdg;gLk;.
 nghUs;fs;> Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cs;sPLfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;w epyk;> ciog;G> %yjdk;> Kaw;rpahz;ik> fhyk;> jfty;fs;>
mwpT Nghd;w midj;Jk; tsq;fshFk;.
xt;nthU #ow;fhuzpfSlDk; ,ize;j gyk;> gytPdq;fis cjhuzq;fSld;
gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.
#ow;fhuzpfs; gyq;fs; gytPdq;fs;
 cupikahsu;  $LjyhNdhu; fhzg;gly;.  Fiwthd njhifapdu;
 mtu;fsplk; epjpg;gyk;  epjpg;gyk; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;
mjpfupj;jy;.  mwpTk; jpwDk; Fiwthf
 mtu;fspd; mwpTk; mDgtKk; ,Uj;jy;.
mjpfupj;jy;.
 Kfhikahsu;  gapw;rpAk; mDgtKk;  gapw;rpAk; mDgtKk; Fiw
mjpfupj;jy;. tiljy;.
 rupahd jPu;khdnkLf;Fk;  jPu;khdnkLg;gjpy; gpd;dilT
Mw;wy;  gpioahd jPu;khdnkLj;jy;.
 Copau;fs;  jpwikahd> mDgtKs;s  gapw;rpaw;w Copau;fs; fhzg;gly;.
Copau;fs; fhzg;gly;.  nghWg;G> tif$wy; mw;w
 gy;NtW jpwd;fisf; Copau;fs; fhzg;gly;.
nfhz;bUj;jy;.  ghjfkhd Ntiyg;gof;fk;
 rpwe;j kdg;ghq;F fhzg;gly;. fhzg;gly;.
 Cf;fKs;s Copau;fs;  vjpuhd kdg;ghq;fpidf;
fhzg;gly;. nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 tpidjpwdw;w Copau;fs; fhzg;
gly;.
 epWtdf; fyhrhuk;  Neuhd kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; Neuhd  Neu;kjpg;gPLk; Neuhd Kiwik>
KiwikAk; fhzg;gly;. elj;ij> xOf;fk; vd;gd fhzg;
 mjw;NfAupa tpUj;jpaile;j glhik.
elj;ij> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; gof;f  cau; Nkw;ghu;it fhzg;glhik
tof;fq;fs; fhzg;gly;.
epWtdf; fl;likg;G  nghUj;jkhdthW Ntiyfis  tfpghfq; f Sf; f pilNa Nkhjy;
gfpu;e;jspj;jy;. cUthjy;.
 nghUj;jkhdthW xOq;fikg;G  gpupTfSf;fpilNa rpwe;j ,izg;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUj;jy;. Gf; fhzg;glhik.
tsq;fs;  Njitahd msT fhzg;gly;.  fhyq;fle;j tsq;fs; fhzg;gly;.
 jukhdjhff; fhzg;gly;.  tsq;fspd; mUikj;jd;ik
(gw;whf;Fiw)
 NjitahdsT tsq;fs; fhzg;
glhik.
34
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.8: Ntiyr;#ow; (mz;kpa) fhuzpfs; tzpfq;f spy;

Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk; mz;kpar; #oy; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
 mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;jjhf cUthfpdw
; tzpf tha;gG
; f;fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 mz;kpar; #oy; fhuzpfSld; ,ize;jjhf tzpfq;fSf;F Vw;gLk;
mr;RWj;jy;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;wpy; mz;kpar; #oy; fhuzpfs; mt;tzpfj;jpy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpf tha;gG ; f;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; %yk; mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fkhd Kd;nkhopTfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.

 ghlrhiyf; fUkq;fisr; rpwg;ghf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fg; ghlrhiyAld;
neUq;fpr; nraw;gLfpd;w gpuptpdu;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elhj;jTk;.
 ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jprr ; q;fk;> ngw;Nwhu;> gioa khztu; rq;fk; Nghd;wit
ghlrhiyAld; neUq;fpr; / mz;kpj;Jr; nraw;gLfpd;w #oy; fhuzpfs;
vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 me;j mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfs; %yk; ghlrhiyf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis
khztu;fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
 mtw;iwg; ghlrhiyf;Fr; rhjfkhdJ> ghjfkhdJ vDk; tifapy; NtW
gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
 mr;rhjfkhd jhf;fq;fspd; Clhfg; ghlrhiyf;F tha;gG ; fs; cUthtJld;
ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fspD}lhf mg;ghlrhiyf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs; cUthfpdw ; d
 tzpfj;jpd; kPJk; mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfs; jhf;fNkw;gLj;JtJld; mjd;
%yk; tzpf tha;gG ; f;fSk; mr;RWj;jy;fSk; cUthfpd;wd vd;gijr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
35
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghL
fspy; mtu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
 tzpfj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w mz;kpa #oy; fhuzpfs; Ie;J

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; #oy;
fhuzpfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 thbf;ifahsu;
 toq;Feu;
 Nghl;bahsu;
 re;ijf;Fg; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;j;Js;s Gjpa tzpfu;fs;
 gjpyPl;Lg;nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;
 jiyg;gpwF
; upa fhuzpfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F cq;fSf;F kpfTk; gof;fkhd
tzpf epWtdnkhd;W njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpfF
; mf;fhuzpapdhy; fpilf;Fk; xj;Jiog;igf; fye;Jiu
ahly; %yk; ,dq;fhzTk;.
 tzpfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Fg; ghjfkhd Kiwapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
mf;fhuzpfspd; jhf;fq;fis ,dq;fhzTk;.
 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rhjfkhd fhuzpfspypUe;J ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ghjfkhd fhuzpfisj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd
Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; khztu;fs; ,dq;fz;l rhjfkhd jhf;fq;fis

tha;gG
; f;fs; vdTk;> ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis mr;RWj;jy;fs; vdTk; njspT
gLj;jTk;.

 tzpfj;jpd; mz;kpar; #oy; fhuzpfs; gpd;tUkhW fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
 thbf;ifahsu; (Efu;Nthu;)
 toq;Feu;
 Nghl;basu;
 gjpyPl;Lg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;
 re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w Gjpa tzpfu;fs;
 tzpfj;jpd; nghUs;fs;> Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Nthu; Efu;Nthu;fshtu;.
 Efu;thsupd; mwpT> mtu;fsJ tUkhdk; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; rpy tzpfq;
fSf;F tha;gG ; f;fis cUthf;FtJld; rpy tzpfq;fSf;F mtw;wpdhy;
mr;RWj;jy;fs; cUthFk;.
 tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fis toq;Fk; egu;fSk; epWtdq;fSk;
toq;Feu;fs; Mtu;.
 toq;Feu;fs; cupa Neuj;jpy; jukhd nghUs;fis toq;fy; my;yJ toq;fh
jpUj;jy;> fopT fpilj;jy;> fpilf;fhik Nghd;w fhuzpfs; tzpfq;fSf;F
tha;gG; f;fisg; Nghd;Nw mr;RWj;jy;fisAk; cUthf;fyhk;.
36
 tzpfk; Kd;itf;fpd;w nghUs;fs; my;yJ NritfSf;Fr; rkkhd cw;gj;jp
fis Kd;itf;fpd;w Vida tzpfq;fs; Nghl;bahsu;fshtu;.
 Gjpa Nghl;bahsu;fs; re;ijf;F tUjy;> re;ijapy; ,Uf;Fk; Nghl;bahsu;fs;
tpyFjy;> Nghl;bahsu;fs; mtu;fspd; nghUl;fs; NritfSld; gy;NtW
trjpfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;wd tzpfq;fSf;F tha;g;Gf;fs; Nghd;Nw
mr;RWj;jy;fisAk; cUthf;Fk;.
 tzpfk; re;ijapy; Kd;itf;fpd;w nghUs; my;yJ Nritf;F khw;Wg;nghUs;
my;yJ Nritapid Kd;itf;fpd;wtu;fs; gjpyPl;Lg; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Nthuhtu;.
 gjpyPl;Lg; nghUs;fs; re;ijapy; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLjy; tzpfj;jpw;F
mr;RWj;jyhFk; vd;gJld; mJ NtW tzpfr; re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;F
tjw;Fk; fhuzkhaikAk;.
 re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd vjpu;ghu;gG
; ld; ,Ug;gtu;fSk; $l ,Uf;fpd;w
tzpfj;jpw;F tha;gG ; f;fisAk;> mr;RWj;jy;fisAk; cUthf;Ftu;.
37
#oiyAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.9: Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfq;fspy; Vw;gLj;Jk;

jhf;fq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk; Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;
gLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
 xt;nthU #ow; fhuzpfSk; tzpfj;jpw;F vt;thW Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ
vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd cjhu
zq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfspdhy; mz;kpar; #ow;fhuzpfspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijg;
gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
 Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfSf;fpilNa ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d vd;gij
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

 ~~mur Jiwiar; Nru;e;j Copau;fspd; rk;gsk; 10% jpdhy; mjpfupf;fg;gLk;||
vDk; gj;jp;upif mwptpj;jnyhd;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 Copau; rk;gs mjpfupg;G ve;jnthU tzpfj;jpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpnahd;whFk; vd;gijf; fye;JiuahlypD}lhf ntspg;
gLj;jTk;.
 Copau; rk;gs mjpfupg;gpd; %yk; jdpegu;fspd; tUkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk; vdTk;>
mjD}lhf mit tzpfj;JiwapDs; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fis KiwapidAk;
fye;JiuahlTk;.
 tzpfq;fSf;Fj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; Ngupdr; #ow; fhuzpfspd; gl;ba
nyhd;iw khztu;fSld; jahupf;fTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 gpdt
; Uk; nra;jpj; njhFg;gpypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpwF
; f; fpilf;Fk; nra;jpj;
njhFg;gpd; kPJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jTk;.
nra;jpj; njhFg;G - 1
 flDf;F mwtplg;gLk; tl;btPjk; kPzL; k; Fiwg;G.
 ehl;bd; Kf;fpakhd tzpfq;fis murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; elj;jpr; nry;t
jw;Fg; Gjpa muR jPuk
; hdpj;Js;sJ.
38
 #whtsp mr;rk; ,yq;ifapypUe;J ePq;fpr; nrd;wJ.
 #upa rf;jpapidg; gad;gLj;Jk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl
Ts;sd.
 rhu;f; (SAARC) tya ehLfs; xNutifahd gz mynfhd;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 VAT rl;l%yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 rdj;njhifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdu; jkJ md;whlf; fUkq;fSf;fhf
,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
 jyjh nguùh tPjp Cu;tyj;ij ntFtpku;irahf elj;Jtjw;F
midj;J eltbf;iffSk; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j nra;jpj; njhFg;gpd; %yk; tpsf;fg;gLk;
Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfis ,dq;fhzTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j epfo;tpd; fhuzkhf tzpfq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba
jhf;fj;ij tpsf;fTk;.
 ePqf
; s; ,dq;fz;l Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfspDs; ,lk;ngwf;$baJk; tzpfq;
fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$baJkhd NtW epfo;TfSf;fhd cjhuzq;
fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 cq;fshy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfspdhy; ,lk;ngWk;
epfo;Tfs; tzpfj;jpd; mz;kpa #ow;fhuzpfspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf KO tFg;gpwF ; k; Kd;itg;g
jw;F Maj;jkhfTk;.
 Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahlTk;.

 tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfisf; fPNo fhl;lg;
gl;Ls;sthW gl;bay;gLj;j KbAk;.
 nghUshjhur; #oy;
 murpay; #oy;
 rl;lr; #oy;
 njhopDl;gr; #oy;
 kf;fl; #oy;
 ,aw;ifr; #oy;
 r%f fyhrhur; #oy;
 g+Nfhskar; #oy;

39
 xt;nthU Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfSk; tzpfj;jpd; tho;jd;ikapy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
murpay; #oy;
mur gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fs;> jw;NghJ gjtp tfpf;fpd;w murpd; mur
nfhs;iffs; vd;gd tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:
 murpd; murpay; Kd;khjpupfSk; nfhs;iffSk;
 jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wy;
,itfspdhy; Vw;gLk; tzpf re;ju;gg
; q;fspD}lhf gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;t
jw;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tzpfq;fs; Kaw;rpff
; Ntz;Lk;.
rl;lr; #oy;
murpd; fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs;> tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;w rl;ltpjpfs; vd;gd ehl;bYs;s
tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:
 Efu;Nthu; eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhur;rl;lk;
 ,yq;if jur; rl;lk;
 njhopyhsu; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
,f;fl;lisr; rl;lq;fs;> rl;l tpjpfs; vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;g tzpff; fUkq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjD}lhf cUthfpdw ; re;ju;gg
; q;fs; kw;Wk; rthy;fSf;F
Kfk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tzpfq;fs; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nghUshjhur; #oy;
tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikapy; kf;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lr; rf;jp jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jt
Jld; tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhf Vw;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk; fpuaKk; nghUshjhuf;
fhuzpapd; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:- tpiy> gztPff ; k;> tl;btPjk;> nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp> Ntiy
tha;gG; > tho;f;ifr; nryT> tUkhdg; gfpu;tpd; Kuz;ghL>
Nrkpg;G> KjyPL.
,f;fhuzpfs; tzpfj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJld; mjd; %yk; Njhd;Wk;

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tzpfq;fs; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
r%ff; fyhrhur; #oy;

jdp egu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffs;> ngWkjpfs;> r%f tpOkpaq;fs;
vd;gd r%f fyhrhur; #oypy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 jdpegu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;iffs;
 jdpegu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ngWkhdq;fs;
 gof;ftof;fq;fs;
40
 kuGfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;
 vz;zq;fSk; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fSk;
 rka ek;gpf;iffs;
,f;fhuzpfs; tzpfj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJld; mtw;wpw;F ,iaghf;f
kile;J tzpfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
njhopDl;gr; #oy;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; Nghf;Fk; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> kUj;Jtk;>
Vida Jiwfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s njhopy; El;g khw;wq;fs; vd;gd njhopDl;gr;
#oYf;Fs; mlq;FgitfshFk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 Gjpa njhopDl;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
 kpf Ntfkhfj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; khw;wq;fs;
 njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; khw;wkiljy;
 nghUs;fs; fhyk; fle;jitfshjy;
njhopDl;gr; #oy; khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhf cUthfpdw
; tzpfr; re;ju;gg
; q;fspd;
%yk; gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;g
jw;Fk; tzpfq;fs; Kaw;rpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fl; #oy;
tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpujhd fhuzp rdj;njhifahFk;. mjhtJ re;ij
ahdJ jdpegu;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 rdj;njhifapd; msT
 rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp tPjk;
 Mz;> ngz; ghy; NtWghL
 gy;ypdr; r%f mikg;G
 fy;tp kl;lk;
 taJ kl;lk;
 FLk;g r%f mikg;G
 kid mikg;G
kf;fs; #oypy; cUthFk; tzpf re;ju;gg
; q;fspd; %yk; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tzpfq;fs; Kaw;rp
fis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;ifr; #oy;
,aw;if tsq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd epiyik njhlu;gpy; ,d;W g+Nfhs
uPjpapy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. cyfpy; $Ljyhd ehLfspy;
,lk;ngWk; tzpf nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf fhw;W> ePu>; kz; vd;gd khrile;
Js;sd. ,aw;ifr; #oiyr; rpwg;ghd epiyikapidg; Ngzp tzpff; fUkq;
fspy; <LgLtJ njhlu;gpyhd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
41
,aw;ifr; #oypy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs;> tzpff; fUkq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij
Naw;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;
 fhyepiy> thdpiy khw;wq;fs;
 g+kpapd; miktplk;
 ,aw;if mopTfs;
,aw;ifr; #oypy; cUthfpd;w tzpf tha;gG ; fspD}lhf ed;ikfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tzpfu;
Kaw;rpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
g+Nfhsr; #oy;
g+Nfhs kakhf;fk; fhuzkhf ehLfspilNa nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; gupkhw;wk;
$Ljyhf ,lk;ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;gg ; k; fpilj;Js;sJ. mj;Jld; jdpegu;fspd;
fyhr;rhuKk; khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf gy;NtW nghUl;fs;
Nritfs; cyfr; re;ijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sikapdhy; ghupa Nghl;bapidf;
fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ
cjhuzk;:-
 tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gly;
 tpahghuf; $l;Lf;fs; cUthjy;
 cyf mikg;Gf;fs; cUthjy;
 ru;tNjr uPjpahfr; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gly;
g+Nfhsr; #oypDs; cUthfpd;w tzpfr; re;ju;gg ; q;fspd; %yk; ed;ikfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; tzpfu;fs;
Kaw;rpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Ngupdr; #oy; fhuzpfs; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jfpdw

; jhf;fq;fis cjhuzq;fs;
rpytw;wpd; cjtpAld; gpd;tUkhW njspTgLj;j KbAk;.
 kf;fs; #oy; fhuzpapd; fPo; rdj;njhif mjpfupf;fpd;wik fhuzkhf
nghUs;f s;> NritfSf;f hd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;J tzpfq;f Sf;fhd
re;ju;g;gq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
 mNjNghd;W rdj;njhif Fiwfpd;wikahy; nghUl;fs;> NritfSf;fhd
Nfs;tp Fiwtile;J tzpfq;fSf;F mr;RWj;jy;fs; cUthFk;.
 nghUshjhur; #oypd; fPo; tl;btPjk; Fiwtiltjd; fhuzkhf fld;
ngWjy; mjpfupj;J tzpf re;ju;g;gq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W
tl;btPjk; mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf fld; ngWjy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;
tzpfq;fs; mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.
 murpay; rl;lr; #oypd; fPo; tzpfq;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhd rl;l jpl;lq;fs;
tpjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ tzpfq;fSf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; cUthtJld; tzpfu;
fSf;Fg; ghjfkhd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; tpjpf;fg;gLk; nghOJ tzpfq;fSf;F
mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk;.
42
 ngUk;ghYk; Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfspdhy; mz;kpa #ow; fhuzpfspy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtjpD}lhf tzpfq;fSf;fhd tha;gG ; f;fisNah my;yJ mr;RWj;jy;
fisNah cUthf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf:
 mNjNghd;W rk;gs kl;lk; mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf mz;kpa #ow;fhuzp
nahd;whfpa thbf;ifahsupd; (Efu;Nthupd;) tUkhdk; mjpfupj;Jg;
nghUl;fs;> NritfSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupf;Fk;.
 nghUs;fs;> NritfsJ tpiy kl;lq;fs; mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf
toq;Fdu;fs; toq;fg;gLk; nghUs;fs;> Nritfspd; tpiykl;lq;fSk;
cau;tilAk;.
 xt;nthU Ngupdr;#oy; fhuzpfSf;fpilapYk; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd vd;gJ gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,uj;jpdf; fw;fs; ,Uf;Fk; epyg;gpuNjrk; Nfs;tp ,aw;ifr; #oYf;FupajhFk;.
vdpDk; mjid tzpff; fUknkhd;whf khw;Wk;nghOJ rl;l mq;ff P huj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;.
 tzpf tq;fpfs; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F trjpfis toq;Ftjw;fhf etPd
njhopDl;gf;fUtpahfpa jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpunkhd;iwg; nghUj;Jk;
nghOJ kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ fl;lhakhd
jhFk;.
 ,jw;fika Ngupdr; #ow;fhuzpfs;> ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;fg;gl;lhYk; $l
,tw;Wf;fpilNa ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wnjd;gJ njspthdjhFk;.
43
Nju;r;rp 2.0: tzpfr; #oYf;F ,iaghf;fkiltjw;F tzpfkhdJ
r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;Jk; Kiwapidf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1: tzpfq;fspdhy; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiw

Ntw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fspD}lhf tzpfq;fspd; r%fuPjpahd
nghWg;Gf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfq;fs; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;bajd; Njitg;
ghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpfq;fs; %yk; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba gpuptpdu;
fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpfq;fspdhy; xt;nthU gpuptpdu;f;Fk; epiwT nra;a Ntz;ba r%fg;
nghWg;Gf;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf cjhuzq;fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
 tzpf epWtdnkhd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J> mJ xt;nthU gpuptpdu;f;Fk;
r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; tzpfnkhd;wpwF
; f; fpilf;
Fk; mD$yq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 midj;J gpuptpdu;fsJk; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs; epiwNtw;wf;$ba Kiwapy; r%f
uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.

 tzpf eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F tzpfnkhd;wpdhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fs; ntspgg
; LkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
 tzpfj;jpd; %yk; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuptpdupd; nghWg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;
gl Ntz;Lnkd
 mg;nghWg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba gpuptpdu;fSk;> mg;gpuptpdu;fSf;F
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk; gy;NtWgl;litahFk;.
 tzpfk; epiwNtw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fspD}lhf tzpfr; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;
fSf;fhd tpsf;fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
44
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; nraw;
ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
tzpfr; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba ehd;F
gpuptpdu;fs; gw;wp fPNo Fwpgg
; plL
; f; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mg;gpuptpdu;fSs; cq;fsJ
FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gpuptpdu;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 cupikahsu;fs;
 thbf;ifahsu;fs;
 Copau;fs;
 r%fk;
 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tzpfnkhd;wpD}lhf cq;fSf;Ff;
fpilj;j gpuptpdu;fSf;Fupajhf mt;tzpfj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w
r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 mt;tzpfj;jpd; %yk; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j gpuptpdu;fSf;F NkYk;
epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk; vd ePu; fUJk; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 mr; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;WtjpD}lhf ePq;fs; njupT
nra;j tzpfj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fisf; Fwpgg ; pl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
 tzpfj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fspD}lhfr; r%fg;
nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
 cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhd Kiwapy; KO tFg;gpYk;
Kd;itf;fTk;.
 nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; tzpfj;jpdhy; xt;nthU gpuptpdUf;Fk; epiwNtw;w

Ntz;ba r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

 tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila midj;J mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk;
,ad;w stpy; epahankhd;W epiwNtw; wf;$ba Kiwapy; eltbf;i f
Nkw;nfhs;sy; r%fg; nghWg;ghFk;.
 tzpfnkhd;wpd; r%fg;nghWg;G vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW tiutpyf;
fzq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk;:
KOikahd r%fj;jpdJk;> gpuNjr r%fj;jpdJk;> Copau;fspdJk;> mtu;fsJ
FLk;gq;fspdJk; tho;fi ; fj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ehl;bd; nghUshjhu
tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJk; xOf;f rPyu;fshf ele;Jnfhz;L
njhlu;rr
; pahf tzpfj;jpd; tho;jd;ikf;F mu;gg
; zpgG
; r; nra;jy; vd;gd tzpfq;
fspd; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;ghFk;.
(World business council for sustainable development)
45
~~r%fj;jpy; Neuhd jhf;f nkhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F tzpfr; nraw;ghLfis
vt;thW Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd fUj;njhd;Nw r%fg;
nghWg;ghFk;||
(Mallen Baker)
~~thbf;ifahsu;> Copau;fs;> r%fk;> muR> #oy; Nghd;w midj;J mf;fiw

nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk; epahakhd tifapy; fUkkhw;wpg; gq;fhsu;fSf;F
cr;rg; ngWkhdnkhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhLg;gNj r%f uPjpahd nghWg;ghFk;||
(Narayan Murthy)
 tzpfj;jpd; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW ehLfspy;

tiutpyf;fzq;fs; gy Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR (USA)
~~jdJ tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfTk;> mjd; %yk; r%fj;jpwF ; Vw;gLk;
jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; jdpg;gl;l uPjpapyhd tzpfg; nghWg;Gf;fs; r%fg;
nghWg;GfshFk;.||
gpypg;igd;];
~~tzpf r%fj;jpw;F kPs toq;fg;gLgitfNs|| r%f uPjpahd nghWg;ghFk;.
 tzpfk; r%f uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjd; Njitg;ghL njhlu;ghf

$ba mtjhdnkhd;W epfo;fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sJ.

 tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk;> nghJthfr; r%fj;jpwF
; k;
mOj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; gy tsu;r;rpaile;j tz;zk; cs;sd.
cjhuzk;:
 tzpfg;Nghl;b
 g+Nfhskakhjy;
 ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk;
 #oy; khriljy;
 tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba
gpuptpdu;fspy; rpyu; gpd;tUkhW:
 thbf;ifahsu;fs;
 Copau;fs;
 cupikahsu;fs;
 r%fk;
46
 gpd;tUk; tiuglj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW xt;nthU gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk;
tzpfj;jpdhy; r%fuPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 epahakhf ele;Jnfhs;sy;.
 Nrjj;ij ,opTgLj;jy;.
 cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
c  epahakhf ciog;igg;
 rkj;Jtkhd up ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
C thbf;ifahsu;
epiy ik  nghUshjhu eyd;
 rpwe;j Copau; op fisg; ngw;Wf;
ah nfhs;sy;.
njhlu;G a
 njhopy;
tzpfk; s  tpidj;jpwdhfTk;
u;
ghJfhg;G u; Neu;ikahfTk;
 Rfhjhu f Kfhikj;Jtf;
f fUkq;fis
trjpfs; s; r%fk;
s; epiwNtw;wy;.
 Ntiytha;gg; pw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.

 tup nrYj;jiyr; rupahf Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtk;
 r%f eyd;Gupr; Nrit
 gRik cw;gj;jp
 #oiy Nerpg;gtuhff; fUkkhw;wy;.
 xt;nthU gpuptpdUf;Fk; tzpfj;jpd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba r%f

uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
 midj;Jg; gpuptpdu;fspdJk; vjpug
; hu;gG
; f;fs; epiwNtWk; tifapy; r%fuPjpahd
nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
 thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fr; r%f uPjpapyhd nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wk;
nghOJ mjhtJ Nrjk; Fiwthd jukhd nghUnshd;W my;yJ Nrit
nahd;iw epahakhd tpiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; nghOJ Copau;fSf;F
mtu;fsJ njhopy;rhu; cupikfisAk; Vida trjpfisAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;> cupikahsu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpastpyhd nghUshjhu mD$yq;
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp r%fj;jpw;Fr; #oiy Nerpf;ff;$ba
jhff; fUkkhw;Wtjd; %yk; Vida gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk; ghjfkhd epiyik
nahd;W Vw;glhj tifapy; rfy gpuptpdu;fspdJk; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs; epiw
Ntw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 cupikahsu;fspd; r%f uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fs; ghJfhf;Fk; nghOJ mjhtJ
mtu;fSf;F epahakhd ciog;nghd;iwg; / ,yhgnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; nghOJ Vida gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk; mjhtJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F
epahakhd tpiyapy; nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> r%fj;jpw;Fr;
rdr%f eyNdhk;Gr; Nritfis toq;Fjy;> Copau;fspd; njhopy;rhu;
cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Vida trjpfis xOq;fikj;jy; vd;gd
47
%yKk; mt;ntht;nthU gpuptpdupYk; r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
 r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjd; %yk; tzpfj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW
eyd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:
 tzpfj;jpd; tho;jd;ik cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;.
 tzpfj;jpd; ed;kjpg;G (tzpfk; gw;wpa gpujptpk;gk;) tpUj;jpailjy;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;ghd ek;gfj;jd;ik cWjp nra;ag;gLjy;.
 thbf;ifahsu;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Kbjy;.
 tzpfj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vd;gtw;iw epiwNtw;WtJ ,yF
thapUj;jy;.
48
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2: #oiy Nerpf;ff;$bajhff; fUkkhw;wp epiyahd

mgptpUj;jpf;F tzpfq;f s; gq;f spg;Gr; nra;f pd;w
Kiwapid kjpg;gpLthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba Kiwapid
tpsf;Fthu;.
 eilKiwapYs;s tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mJ epiyNgwhd
mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F Efu;Nthu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba Kiwapid
tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fspd; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis ,opTgLj;Jtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopT
fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

 nrt;tpe;jpaj; jiytuhd rpal;nly; vd;gtupdhy; $wg;gl;l gpdt
; Uk; $w;wpid
tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
“rfy kuq;fisAk; ntl;ba gpd;du;>
rfy ejpfSk; tuz;L Nghd gpd;du;>
,Wjpahff; fhzg;gl;l kPidAk; gpbj;J cz;l gpd;du;>
kdpjd; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thd;.
gzj;jpid czthf vLf;f KbahJ vd”
 kdpj Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;jy; kw;Wk; #oy; njhlu;ghd
Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l $w;Wf;fs; njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tpdtTk;.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpYs;s rfy tsq;fisAk; Kiwaw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;J
tjdhy; vjpu;fhyg; guk;giuapdUf;F tsq;fs; mw;Wg; NghFk; vd;gij
khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
 jw;fhyj;jpYs;s guk;giuapdu; jkJ Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;Ak;
NghJ vjpu;fhyg; guk;giuapdupd; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa %d;W JiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L mit
xt;nthd;iwAk; tpsf;fTk;.

49
 tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jg; gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jTk;.
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpapidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd %d;W NfhGuq;fs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpy; cq;fs; FOtpw;Fupa jiyg;gpd; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
 nghUshjhuk; epiyNgwhdJ vd
 #oy; epiyNgwhdJ vd
 r%f fyhrhur; #oy; epiyNgwhdJ vd
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;F tzpfq;fSf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;
$ba Kiwapid cjhuzq;fSld; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpd; fPo; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; jil
ahf mikAk; tzpff; fUkq;fSf;fhd cjhzuq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahlTk;.
 mg;ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itf;f
Tk;.
 cq;fsJ ntspg;gLj;jy;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.

epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ>
“Sustainable development is development which meet the need of the without
compromising the ability of future generations the meet their own needs.”
World commission environment and development.
~~epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vjpu;fhy guk;giuapdupd; Njitfis epiwT
nra;tjw;F ,Uf;fpd;w cupikapidg; Gwf;fzpf;fhJ epfo;fhyj; Njitfis
mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd mgptpUj;jpahFk;.||
 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp %d;W rkkhd gpujhd NfhGuq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. mit@
(1) nghUshjhu epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp(Economic sustainable development)
(2) #oy; epiyNgwhd ghJfhg;G (Environment sustainable protection)
(3) r%f epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp (Social sustainable development)
nghUshjhu epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp
ghuk;gupa nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapd;
mjpfupg;ghFk;. epiyNgwhd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ tsg;
gad;ghl;bidf; Fiwj;J tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kdpj
eyid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpYs;s midj;J
kf;fspdJk; tWikiag; Nghf;Fjy;> cau; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cWjpg;
gLj; J jy; vd; gtw; w pd; %yk; epfo; f hy> vjpu; f hyg; guk; g iuapdupd;
50
NjfhNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gpid toq;fy;> nghUshjhur; nraw;ghLfspy;
<Lgl;Lr; nry;tj;ij <l;br; rpwe;j tho;fi
; fj; juj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
kf;fisg; gyg;gLj;jy; ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jw;fhfg; Nghl;br; re;ij
Njitg;gLtJld; midtuhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba tpiyf;F #oiy
Nerpf;ff;$ba cw;gj;jpfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; epiyNgwhd nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpapid mile;J nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epiyNgwhd #oy; ghJfhg;G

vq;fSf;Fg; Gtpapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gtpapy;
thOk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; Rj;jkhd fhw;W> ePu;> trpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd g+kp
kl;Lkd;wp Njitahd mstpy; cztpid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F tskhd
epyKk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfshfpa fhw;W> ePu;> czT> tPL vd;gd jukhd

jhff; fhzg;gLtJld; mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;Jg; Ngzpr; nry;tjd; %yk;
kdpjdpd; mbg;ilj; Njitfis epiwT nra;jy; #oy; epiyNgwhd
ghJfhg;gpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
#oy; epiyNgwhd ghJfhg;gpd; NghJ ,aw;ifr; #oiy mopf;fhJ

tpisjpwdhd khw;wq;fis vt;thW nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jp vjpu;fhyr; r%fj;jpd; rhu;ghfg; g+Nfhsr; #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
khdplr; nraw;ghLfs; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thwhapd; epfo;fhyj;jpy;
NknyOe;Js;s Gtp ntg;gepiy mjpfupgG ; > fhlopgG
; > rKj;jpuq;fspd; tiuaiw
fisg; NgzhJ kPd;gpbj;jy; Nghd;w ghjfkhd tpisTfs; njhlu;ghff;
ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhd ,aw;if tsq;fis #oypypUe;J

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F kPs cUthf;f Kbahj tsq;fisr;
kPs; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F ,aw;if epajpf;Fs;s Mw;wiy tplf; Fiwe;j
Ntfj;jpy; kdpjd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;JtjpD}lhf epiyNgwhd #oiyg;
ghJfhf;f KbAk;.
epiyNgwhd r%f mgptpUj;jp

epiyNgwhd vjpu;fhynkhd;iw cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd;
kf; f spd; Njitfs; rkkhdjhfTk; epahakhd tifapYk; ngw; Wf;
nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhapd; kdpj Njitfs;>
tpUg;gq;fis cau;thd epakq;fSld; milaf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;
VidNahu;fspd; mt;Tupikapid mopf;fhJ my;yJ Gwf;fzpf;fhJ ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. epiyNgwhd r%f mgptpUj;jp ,e;epiyikapid cWjpgg ; Lj;Jtjw;F
rkj;Jt epiy> r%f %yjdk;> r%f xd;wpizg;G> kf;fs; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk;
mgptpUj;jp> kdpj cupikfs;> r%f nghWg;G> r%f epahak;> r%fj;jpYs;s
rfyUf;Fk; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ njhlu;gpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
51
,jd;NghJ vjpu;fhyg; guk;giuapdupd; Njitfs; kPwg;glhjthW epfo;fhy
kf;fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjpD}lhf kdpj mgptpUj;jpapid Vw;gLj;J
tJ epiyNgwhd r%f mgptpUj;jpapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epiyNgwhd
r%f mgptpUj;jp
Vw;ff;
$banjd rkj;Jtkhd
epiyNgwhdJ epiy
vd
epiyNgwhd
#oy; ghJfhg;G tho epiyNgwhd
KbAnkd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
cU: 2.2.1 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fU


epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpf;F tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw
tzpf epWtdq;fs; jdJ tzpfj;jpdJk; mjd; gpuptpdu;fspdJk; Njitfs;>
tpUg;gq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cgha topKiwfisAk; nraw;ghL
fisAk; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ vjpu;fhyj; NjitfSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;
khdpl ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJld;> mjid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
KiwfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd;NghJ mJ epiyNgwhd tzpf
mgptpUj;jp vd;w epiyf;F khw;wkilAk;.
epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpapid cz;ik epiyf;F khw;Wtjw;F tzpfnkhd;W

khj;jpuk; nraw;gLtjpD}lhf mjid mile;J nfhs;s KbahJ ,Ug;gJld;
,jw;fhf Efu;Nthu;fs; cl;gl nkhj;j cyfg; nghUshjhur; r%fKk; nraw;ghl;L
uPjpahd gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghUshjhu epiyNgw;wpw;fhf tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw

 tzpfnkhd;W nghUshjhu epiyNgwhd jd;ikapd; rhu;ghf fUkkhw;Wk;
nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 nghUshjhu tpUj;jpAk; epiyg;ghLk;
 tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;lJ (tsg;gad;ghL)
 Nghl;b epiyik (epahakhd tifapy;)
 cw;gj;jpAk; Efu;Tk;
- g+uz Ntiytha;g;G
- ru;tNjr tpahghuk;
 tzpfnkhd;W nghUshjhuk; epiyNgwhdJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;fy;.
 jpwd;fisg; gyg;gLj;jy;
 tsq;fis tpidjpwdhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
52
 %yjdj;ij tpidjpwdhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
 ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk;
 nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;F cu%l;Ljy;
 gq;Fjhuu;fspd; mD$yq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
 cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhd KjyPL
 Gj;JUthf;fq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
 njhopDl;gj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;
 epWtdj;jpd; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
 Copau; eyNdhk;Gfs;
 gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nraw;ghLfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
 cw;gj;jpr; nray;Kiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;
#oypd; epiyNgwhd jd;ikf;F tzpfq;fspd; gq;fspg;G

 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpia mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf tzpfq;fs; nraw;gLk;
nghOJ tpNrlkhff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gy cs;sd.
 tsg;gad;ghL
 %yg;nghUs;fSk; fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;JtKk;
 ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk;
 ,aw;ifahdJk; fyhrhu cupkq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
 tzpfkhdJ #oy; epiyNgwhd jd;ik nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjid cWjpg;

gLj;Jtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfs; gy cs;sd.
 #oy; Neag; nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
 cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspd;NghJ %yg;nghUs;fs;> tY> ePu; Nghd;w tsq;
fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; fUkkhw;Wjy;.
 fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdN
; ghJ 3R, 4R, 5R vz;zf;fUf;fisg; gad;
gLj;Jjy;.
 #oy; Neag; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 Mgj;J tpistpf;Fk; nghUs;fisg; ghJfhg;ghfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 ePu;> fhw;W> kz; Nghd;wtw;wpd; khriljiyf; Fiwj;jy;.
 capupdq;fspd; gy;ypdj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
 #oy; rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;fika fUkkhw;Wjy;.
 #oy; ghJfhg;G / #oiy Nerpf;Fk; fUkq;fspd;NghJ muR kw;Wk; muR
rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSld; xd;wpize;J fUkkhw;wy;.
 #upa rf;jp Nghd;w #oYf;Fj; jPqf
; piof;fhj tYr;rf;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
53
r%ff; fyhrhu epiyNgwhd jd;ikf;F tzpfq;fspd; gq;fspg;G
 tzpf epWtdq;f s; r%f fyhrhu epiyNgwhd jd;ikfis cWjp
nra;tjw;Ff; fUkkhw;Wk; nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gy
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;ij cau;j;Jjy;
 kf;fSf;Fr; rkkhd re;ju;g;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.
 r%f Xupdj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jjy;
 ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 kdpj %yjdj;ijg; guhkupj;jy;
 Njrpaf; fyhrhur; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; eil> cil> ghtid vd;gtw;iwg;
ghJfhj;jy;
 fyhrhur; #oiyg; ghJfhj;jy;
 tWik epiyia ,opTgLj;Jtjw;Ff; fUkkhw;wy; (twpa kf;fs;)
 Copau; njhlu;G
 tzpfkhdJ r%ff; fyhrhuk; epiyNgwhdJ vd;gjid cWjp nra;tjw;F

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eilKiwfs;:
 khdplg; gy;ypdj; jd;ikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;Jf; fUkkhw;wy;
 kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
 rkj;Jtj; jd;ikAld; fUkkhw;WjYk; rkkhd re;ju;gg ; q;fis toq;FjYk;
 fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;w mj;jpahtrpaj; NjitfSf;Fg;
gq;fspg;G nra;jy;.
 r%f ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
 gy;ypdj; jd;ik nfhz;l fyhrhuj;jpwF
; kjpgg
; spjj
; Yk;> mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;g
jw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jYk;
 rl;lj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpff
; hf tzpfq;fspd; etPd gad;ghl;L Kiwfs;:
epiyNgwhd jd;ikf;fhd 4R vz;zf;fU
 etPd r%fj;jpd; cw;gj;jp> Efu;T Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ehshe;jk;
msTf;fjpfkhd fopTg; nghUs;fs; Nru;tjhdJ g+Nfhs uPjpahd gpur;rpid
nahd;whf khwp cs;sJ.
 cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ
 Efu;tpd;NghJ
 fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ 4R vz;zf;fUg; gpuNahfj;jpD}lhf
epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpia mile;J nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rp nra;tJ njhlu;ghf
ru;tNjr uPjpahf mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt; 4R gpujpepjpjJ
; tg;gLj;JtJ@
 kPsR
; ow;rp (Recycle)
 kPsg
; htid (Reuse)
 ghtidiaf; Fiwj;jy; (Reduce)
 kPsc
; Uthf;fk; (Replace) Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;.
54
kPs;Row;rp (Recycle)
fopTg; nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;jp NtWtifahd nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp
nra;af;$ba nghUnshd;whf khw;Wjy; ,q;F ,lk;ngWk;. ,q;F nghUs;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; ngsjPf epiyikapy; khw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;. kPsR
; ow;rpapid ,U
Kiwfspy; ntspaPLfs; fpilf;ff;$bathW Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 Fiwe;j ngWkjp nfhz;l %yg;nghUnshd;iw cau; ngWkhdKila

cw;gj;jp nghUs; vDk; epiyf;F khw;Wjy;. (Upcycle)
cjhuzk;: itf;NfhypypUe;J fljhrp cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
 cau; ngWkhdk; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpapidf; Fiwe;j ngWkhdk; nfhz;l
%yg;nghUs; vd;w epiyf;F khw;Wjy; (Low cycle)
cjhuzk;: ag;ghd; ghtidapypUe;J xJf;fg;gLfpd;w thfdq;fis
cilj;J ,Uk;Gfshf khw;Wjy;.
kPs;ghtid - kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy; (Reuse)

cw;gj;jp eltbf;ifapd;NghJ my;yJ Efu;Tf; fUkj;jpd;NghJ njhlu;r;rpahf
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghtidf;F vLj;jy; ,jd; nghUshFk;.
cjhuzk;: czTg;nghjp nra;Ak; nghypj;jd
P f
; Sf;Fg; (Lunch Sheets) gjpyhf
czTg;ngl;bapidg; (Lunch Box) gad;gLj;Jjy;.
ghtidiaf; Fiwj;jy; (Reduce)

#oypy; mfw;wg;gLk; fopTg;nghUs;fspd; mstpid ,opTgLj;JtNj ,jd;
fUj;jhFk;. cw;gj;jp my;yJ Efu;tpwf ; hfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nghUl;fspy;
mfw;wg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; mstpidf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; ,f;fUkj;ij
,yFgLj;jyhk;. mNjNghd;W #oiyg; ghjpff ; f;$ba nghUl;fis ePfF ; jy;>
epuhfupj; j y; > gad; g Lj; j hjpUj; j y; vd; g tw; w pd; %yk; epiyNgwhd
mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk;.
cjhuzk;: - nghjpnahd;wpd; nghjp ,lYf;fhf moptilahj nghypjj
; d
P f
; isg;
gad;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.
- Rj;jkhd ePupid gpsh];jpf;Fg; nghjpfspy; ,lhjpUj;jy;.
kPs;cUthf;fk; (Replace)
cw; gj;j pf; fUkj; jpw; f hfg; gad; g Lj;j g; gLfpd; w ,aw;i f tsq; f spy;
kPsc
; Uthf;fk; nra;af;$ba tsq;fis kPz;Lk; #oypYs; cUthf;Fjy;
vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
cjhuzk;:  fhl;bYs;s kug; gyiffis %yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;J
fpd;w epWtdnkhd;W fhLfspy; kuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;.
 kPd;gpbj;njhopypy; <LgLk; tzpfnkhd;W kPst
; su;gi
; g Nkw;
nfhs;sy;.
55
tzpf eltbf;iffspd; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fs;:
 mjpf ,yhg vjpug
; hu;gG
; ld; juj;jpy; Fiwe;J nghUs;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;jy;.
 $ba Nghl;bj;jd;ikahd epiyikfspy; Efu;thsu;fis Vkhw;Wjy;.
 Copau; eyNdhk;G njhlu;gpy; $ba mf;fiw nrYj;jhik.
 ,aw;if tsq;fis tPzbf;ff;$bathW cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;
nfhs;sy;.
 #oy; khrilaf;$bathW fopTg;nghUl;fis mfw;wy;.
 vkJ ehl;bd; r%f> fyhrhuq;fSf;F xt;thj tifapy; tpahghu tpsk;guq;
fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 r%f fyhrhuj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhj tifapy; Mil tbtikg;Gf;fis
cUthf;fy;.
56
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3: tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F xOf;f tpOkpa Kiwik

nahd;wpd; Njitg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpf xOf;f tpOkpa vz;zf;fUtpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpfq;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ey;y> jPa tplaq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 tzpfq;fs; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fis gpd;gw;w Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpfq;fs; xOf;f tpOkpa Kiwiknahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sNtz;ba fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU fhuzpfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisj;
jdJ mDgtq;fspD}lhf Kd;nkhopthu;.
 eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tzpfnkhd;iwf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L me;
epWtdk; gpd;gw;Wk; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
 fUJNfhshff; nfhs;sg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpf xOf;f
tpOkpa Kiwiknahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
 tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk; r%f uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fSf;FkpilNa
fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.

 rpwe;j gpui[nahd;W vDk; tifapy; tPl;by;> ghlrhiyapy;> rka epiya
nkhd;wpy;> nghJ ,lnkhd;wpy; nra;aNtz;ba> nra;af;$lhj tplaq;fis
 KjpNahiug; guhkupj;jy;> KjpNahUf;F cjTjy; Nghd;wd tPl;by; nra;a
Ntz;ba ew;fUkq;fshFk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gzpe;J elj;jy;> cupa Neuj;jpw;Fg; ghlrhiyf;Fr;
r%f kspjj; y; vd;git ghlrhiyapy; gpdg
; w;w Ntz;ba ew;gof;fq;fshFk;
vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 rka epiyankhd;wpy; cl;gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ jiyf;ftrk; ghjzpfs;
vd;gtw;iw mfw;wptplL
; cl;nry;yy;> xOq;fhd Kiwapy; rka epfo;Tfspy;
ele;J nfhs;sy; vd;git gpd;gw;wNtz;ba ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fshFk;
vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
57
 nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;> Vidatu;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> nghJ
,lq;fspy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bait vd;gij mtu;fSf;Fr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 ,t;thW rpwe;j tplaq;fisr; nra;tJk;> jPaitfisr; nra;ahjpUg;gJk;
xOf;f tpOkpakhFk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
 tzpf epWtdKk; ,t;thW Efu;NthUld; fUkkhw;Wk;NghJ tzpf xOf;f
tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ
; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 nghUs;fs; Nritfis toq;Fk; %d;W epWtdq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; gOJghu;j;jy; nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;W
 jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapid toq;Fk; epWtdnkhd;W
 Mil cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;rhiynahd;W
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; fUkq;fs; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahl
nyhd;iw elhj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j epWtdj;jpd; %yk; ,lk;ngwf;$ba ey;y> jPa
nraw;ghLfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 me;epWtdj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xOf;ftpOkpaq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj;
jahupf;fTk;.
 mt;thwhd xOf;f tpOkpaq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epWtd
nkhd;wpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 me;j xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ ePq;fs; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfis xOq;FgLj;jTk;.
 cq;fsJ ntspg;gLj;jy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhf KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itg;g
jw;Fj; jahuhfTk;.

 tzpfk; jd;Dld; fUkkhw;Wfpdw
; rfy jug;gpdu;fSf;Fk; ed;ikgaf;ff;$ba
Kiwapy; ey;yit> jPait njhlu;ghf tpsq;fpr; nraw;gly;> tzpf xOf;f
tpOkpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 tzpfq;fs; tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhd
jhFk;.
cjhuzkhf>
 jukhd nghUs;fs; Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; thbf;ifahsUf;F
epahak; fpilf;fg; ngWtJld; mjd; %yk; tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fspd;
ek;gpf;ifAk; cau;tilAk;.
 re;ijg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhd xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk;
tzpfj;jpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; Nghl;b epiyik
fSf;Fr; rpwg;ghf Kfk; nfhLf;f KbAk;.
58
 fzf;flP ;Lr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fupa xOf;f tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;
%yk; tzpfj;jpDs; ,lk;ngwf;$ba epjp Nkhrbfs; KiwNfLfs; vd;g
tw;iwj; jtpu;jJ; f; nfhs;tjd; fhuzkhf ek;gpf;ifia cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
 njhopy; toq;Fdu;> njhopy; ngWdu;fspd; cupikfs;> flikfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fspd; %yk; Copau;fspd; ,dk;> Fyk;>
rkak;> Mz;> ngz; vDk; tifapy; ,lk;ngWfpdw
; mrhjhuz epiyikfs;
,lk;ngwhjthW rpwe;j kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; ,lk;ngWk;.
 tzpf xOf;f tpOkpa Kiwiknahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;NghJ gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tzpfk;
 thbf;ifahsu;
 Copau;
 Nghl;bahsu;
 r%ff; fyhrhuk;
 mikg;Gf; fyhrhuk;
 eilKiw uPjpahdJ
cjhuzk;:
tzpfk;: tzpfj;jpd; jd;ik vd;d? nghUs; cw;gj;jp tzpf
nkhd;wh? Nrit toq;Fk; tzpfnkhd;wh? rpw;wsT
tzpfnkhd;wh? ghupasT tzpfnkhd;wh? Nghd;wit
fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sy;.
thbf;ifahsu;: thbf;ifahsupd; Nfs;tpg;Nghf;F> njhlu;ghly;> rka

r%ff; fyhrhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila tplaq;fspy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy;.
Copau;: ve;j kl;lj;jpYs;s Copau;fs;> mtu;fspd; #oy;>

Njitfs; > tpUg; g q; f s; vd;g tw; i wf; ftdj;j py;
nfhs;sy;.
Nghl;bahsu;: Nghl;bahsu; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fsh? mtu;fs; gpd;gw;Wk;

xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; vit? vd;git njhlu;gpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy;.
r%f fyhrhuk;: gy;ypdr; r%fj;jpy; rdj;njhifapDs; mbg;gilahff;

nfhs;sg;gl;l fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs;> ngWkhdq;fs;
Jizf; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; vd;git njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;j p xOf; f tpOkpa Kiwikapid
cUthf;fy;.
59
mikg;Gf; fyhrhuk;: tzpfj;jpDs; fhzg;gLfpd;w kuGfs;> ghuk;
gupaq;fs;> ngWkhdq;fs;> gof;fk;> kdg;ghq;F
Nghd;witfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
eilKiw uPjpahdJ: xOf;f tpOkpa Kiwnahd;iwj; jahupf;Fk;
nghOJ xOf;f tpOkpa Kiwikapid eil
Kiw uPjpahfr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sy;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l xOf;f tpOkpaj;jpid vOj;J tbtpy;

fhl;Lk;NghJ mJ xOf;f Kiwik / xOf;f tpOkpaf; Nfhit vd;wiof;fg;
gLk;.
60
Nju;r;rp 3.0: muRld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgzpathW tzpfq;fis
elhj;jpr; nry;tjd; Njitg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1: muR tzpfq;fspy; jiyapLk; Kiwapidj; Njb

awpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,yq;ifapYs;s tzpfq;fSf;F murpd; jiyaPlhdJ kj;jpa muR> khfhz
rig> cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ vd;gjidr;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 njupT nra;j tzpf epWtdnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mjw;F kj;jpa
muR> khfhzrig> cs;@uhl;rp> epWtdq;fs; vd;gd nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpdw
;
Kiwapidj; jdpj;jdpahf tpsf;Fthu;.
 muR tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpdw
; gy;NtW Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 muR tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; xt;nthU KiwfSf;Fkhd
cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 murplkpUe;J tzpfq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; cjtpfs;> topfhl;ly;fs; vd;gd
tzpfq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;w Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

 fy;tp eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;F murpdhy; khztu;
fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; trjpfis mtu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;
nfhs;sTk;.
 muR khztu;fSf;F rPUilfs;> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;> ghlrhiyf; fl;llq;fs;>
khztu;fSf;fhd Gyikg;guprpy;> khdpa tpiyapy; gUtfhyg; gpuNtrr;
rPlL
; f;fs;> tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs;> fopTg;nghUs; mfw;wy; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
%yk; cjtp toq;Fk; Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 rPUil toq;fy;> ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; toq;fy; vd;gd kj;jpa murpdhy; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLgit vd;gJld; fl;ll epu;khzk;> tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; vd;gd cupa khfhz rigfspD}lhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ
vd;gijAk; ghlrhiyf; Fg;igfis mfw;Wtjw;F Fwpg;gpl;l cs;@uhl;rp
epWtdq;fspD}lhf eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; khztu;
fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
 ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhfg; ghlj;jpll ; q;fs;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b toq;fy;> tpisahl;Lg;
gapw;rpfs;> Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;> ghlrhiyf; fl;llq;fis cupa
epakq;fSf;fika epu;khzpf;fg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gijg; guprPypj;jy; Nghd;w
gy;NtW topfhl;ly;fs; murpd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.
61
 ,jw;fika kj;jpa muR> khfhz rig> cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; vd;g
tw;wpd; %yk; tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjtpfs;> topfhl;ly;fs; vd;gd toq;fg;
gLfpd;wd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
 mt;thNw tzpf eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gy;NtW
cjtpfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk; murpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Kiwapidf;
fye;JiuahlTk;.
ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 fPNo fhl;lg;gLfpdw
; tzpfq;fspy; cq;fsJ FOtpwF
; f; fpilf;Fk; tzpfk;
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 ney; gapupLk; gapu;epynkhd;W
 Mil Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; epWtdnkhd;W
 gpuahzpfspd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapid toq;Fk; epWtdnkhd;W
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tzpfj;ij ePq;fNs elhj;jpr; nry;fpd;wPu;fs;
vdf; fUjTk;.
 mf;Fwpgg
; pll
; tzpfj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;F murpdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba cjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.
 mf;Fwpg;gpl;l tzpf epWtdk; rupahd nry; ghijapy; gazpg;gjw;F
murpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w topfhl;ly;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.
 me;j xt;nthU cjtpapidAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;w mur
epWtdq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;.
 me;epWtdq;fis kj;jpa muR> khfhz rig> cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs;
vd;w tifapy; tifg;gLj;jTk;.
 muR me;j cjtpfs;> topfhl;ly;fis toq;FtJ Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jt
KilaJ vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf KOtFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itg;g
jw;Fj; jahu;gg
; Lj;jTk;.
 nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jpa gpd;du; muR tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

KiwfisAk; mit tzpfq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; KiwfisAk;
fye;JiuahlTk;.

 ,yq;ifapYs;s tzpfq;fs; kPJ murhdJ nry;thf;fpidg; gpd;tUkhW
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
 kj;jpa muR
 khfhz rig
 cs;@uhl;rp epWtdk; (khefu rig> efu rig> gpuNjr rig)
62
 muR tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w Kiwf;fhd cjhuzq;fspDs;
rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;fy;
cjhuzk;: kj;jpa muR - kpd;rhu trjpfis toq;fy;
khfhz rig - tPjpg; guhkupg;G
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; - fopTg;nghUs; mfw;wy;
 Nghl;bahsnuhUtuhfr; nraw;gly;
cjhuzk;: kj;jpa muR - jdpahu;Jiw njhiyf;fhl;rp
miytupirAld; Nghl;baplf;
$bathW mur Jiwapd;
njhiyf;fhl;rp miytupir
fisr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
khfhz rig - xt;nthU khfhz rigapd; fPo;
jdpahu; Jiw Nghl;bj; jd;ik
nfhz;ljhf tzpfq;fs; elhj;
jpr; nry;yy;.
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; - jdpahu; Jiwf;Fr; rkkhdjhf
tpahghu epiyaq;fis
epu;khzpj;J thliff;F tply;.
 thbf;ifahsnuhUtuhfr; nraw;gly;
cjhuzk;: kj;jpa muR - ney; nfhs;tdT> gy;NtW
mYtyf cgfuzq;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;>
yf; rj;Njhr Clhfg; nghUs;
fis tpw;gid nra;jy;.
khfhz rig - ghJfhg;Gr; Nritia
toq;fYk; ngwYk;
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; - ,we;jtu;fspd; cly;fisj;
jfdk; nra;Ak; epiyaq;fis
elj;jpr; nry;yy;.
 nfhs;iffis cUthf;fy;
cjhuzk;: kj;jpa muR - epjpf; nfhs;if> ,iwf;
nfhs;if (gp];fhy;) vd;g
tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
khfhz rig - tpahghuf; fl;lisr; rl;lq;
fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; - #oy; nfhs;iffis eil
Kiwg;gLj;jy;.
63
 rl;ljpl;lq;fis cUthf;fy;
cjhuzk;: kj;jpa muR - Efu;Nthu; fUkq;fs; njhlu;gp
yhd mjpfhur; rl;lk;> juf;
fl;lisr; rl;lk;.
khfhz rig - jdpahu; gazpfs; NgUe;Jf;
fhd rl;ljpl;lq;fis
cUthf;fy;.
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; - fl;ll mikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fSf;F
mDkjpaspj;jy;.
rl;l jpl;lq;fis tpjpj;jy;.
 tup mwtPl;lhsnuhUtuhfr; nraw;gly;

cjhuzk;: kj;jpa muR - cs;ehl;L tUkhd tupj;
jpizf;fsj;jpD}lhf tup
mwtply;.
khfhz rig - khfhz tUkhd tupj; jpizf;
fsj;jpD}lhf tup mwtply;.
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; - tup mwtPLfis Nkw;
nfhs;sy;.
murpdhy; tzpfq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; cjtpfs;> topfhl;ly;fs; vd;gd

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwfs;:
 tzpfq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjpy; <Lgly;.
 ed;kjpg;G cau;tiljy;.
 ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
 murpdJk; kf;fspdJk; mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;jy;.
64
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2: murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;f q;f is epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;F tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw
apid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
 murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F tzpfq;fs; gq;fspgG
; r;
nra;Ak; Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
 njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mJ murpd; nghUshjhu
Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 muRf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpD}lhf ,U
gpuptpdu;fSk; jj;jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjidr;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

 tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nehf;fq;fis
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 re;ijapd; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F
 ,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;F
 tpw;gidia cr;rg;gLj;Jtjw;F
 gq;Ffspd; re;ijg; ngWkhdj;ij mjpfupj;jy;
Nghd;wd tzpfq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fshFk; vd;gijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 tzpfj;ijg; Nghd;W muRf;Fk; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;
Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;fTk;.

 me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F tzpfq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW
Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.

 tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jp> fPo;tUk;
thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fp gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l mz;kpj;j Mz;bd; kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;if
 Fwpg;gpl;l mz;kpj;j Mz;L tuT nryTj; jpll
; ciwapypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
;
ngau;g;Gf;fs;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l ml;ltiznahd;wpd; rQ;rpifapYs;s ngau;g;Gf;fs;
65
 murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fs; gy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws;
cq;fs; FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fs; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
 nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
 g+uz Ntiytha;g;G kl;lKk; epahakhd tUkhdg; guk;gYk;
 ru;tNjr tpahghuKk; nghUshjhu epiyg;Gj; jd;ikAk;
 cq;f Sf;F f; fpilf;F k; thrpg;Gg; nghUl;f is (kj;jpa tq;f p
Mz;lwpf;if> gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif) ed;whfg; guprPyid nra;aTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j nghUshjhu Nehf;f q;f isr; RUf;f khf
tpsf;fTk;.
 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff;
nfhz;L cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mt;tzpfk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.
 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tzpfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;J
murpd; Vida nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wf;$ba Kiwia
Ak;> mt;tzpfk; nraw;gLk; KiwapidiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.

 muR fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
eltbf;if vLf;Fk;.
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;
cw;gj;jpr; nray; Kiwapy; njhlu;r;rpahd tpUj;jpapD}lhf nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLk;. mNjNtis ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf khdpl r%fr; Rl;bfspd;
ePz;lfhy tsu;r;rpia mgptpUj;jp vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
g+uz Ntiytha;g;G kl;lk;
ciog;ig toq;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;gG ; ld; ,Uf;Fk; midtUk; ahNjDk;
Nritnahd;wpy; <Lgl;L ,Ug;gJld;> nghUshjhuj;jpwF
; upa midj;J cw;gj;jp
tsq;fisAk; tpisjpwd; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpf; fUknkhd;wpy; <LgLj;jp ,Uj;jy;.
epahakhd tUkhdg; guk;gy;
ehl;bd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpahdJ me;ehl;by; thOk; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapdUf;
fpilNa rkkhdjhfg; gfpug;gl;Ls;s Kiwiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
nghUshjhu epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
nghUshjhuj;jpd; cs;ehL ntspehL vDk; tifapy; gpur;rpidfs; VJk;
Vw;glhjpUg;gjw;Fr; rpwg;ghfj; jhf;Fg; gpbf;ff;$ba Mw;wiyNa ,J
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
nghUshjhu epiyg;Gj;jd;ik ,U gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
(1) mfuPjpahd tpiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
(2) GwuPjpahd tpiy epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
66
 mf uPjpahd tpiy epiyg;Gj;jd;ikapD}lhfg; gz tPf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;
gLj;jy;> tpiy kl;lj;ij epiyahfg; Ngzy;> tl;b tPjj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
,lk;ngWtJld;
 Gw uPjpahd tpiy kl;lq;fspy; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikapD}lhf ntspehl;Lr;
nryhtzp tPjj;ij epiyahd kl;lj;jpy; Ngzy; ,lk;ngWk;.
rhjfkhd ru;tNjr tpahghuk;
ru;tNjr tpahghu eltbf;iffisj; jpUg;jpfukhd tifapy; NgZtjd;
%yk; nfhLg;gdT kPjp epiyiknahd;iwr; rhjfkhfg; Ngzpf; nfhs;tij
,jd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 murpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F tzpfq;fs;
gy;NtW Kiwfspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. mitahtd:
 tupf; nfhLg;gT
murpw;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba tupiar; nrYj;Jtijg; Gwf;fzpf;fhJ
jk;khy; ciof;fg;gl;l ,yhgj;jpw;F cupathW tup nrYj;Jjy;.
 cs;ehl;L tsg;gad;ghL
,ad;wstpy; cr;rkhfj; jkJ cw;gj;jpf;F cs;ehl;L tsq;fisNa gad;
gLj;Jjy;.
 murpdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
murpdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; epjp kw;Wk; ,iwf; nfhs;iffisr;
rupahd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; nraw;gLj;jYk;
 rl;ljpl;lq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
tzpfq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;ljpl;lq;fis mk;Kiwf;fikaNt
gpd;gw;wp rpwe;j tzpfr; #onyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jy;.
 Ntiy tha;g;gpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhf cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghOJ
mjw;Fj; Njitahd khdpl tsq;fs; cl;gl midj;J tsq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 #oy; khriltij ,opTgLj;jy;
midj;J tzpfq;fSk; #oiy Nerpf;ff;$bajhf (rhu;ghf) jdJ tzpf
eltbf;iffis elj;jpr; nry;yy;.

 murpw;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;FkpilNa kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;nghd;iwg; Ngzpf;
nfhs;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. tzpfq;fspd; tpUj;jpapD}lhf murpd;
Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. mNjNghd;W tzpf tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf
murpw;F tup tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mt;tUkhdj;ijf;
nfhz;L cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;aTk;> Vida fUkq;fSf;Fk;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. vdNt murpw;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;FkpilNa neUq;fpa
njhlu;nghd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ kpf mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
67
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3: murpd; ,iwf;nfhs;if> (gprpf;fy;) nfhs;iffSf;F

Vw;g tzpfq;fis elhj;jpr; nry;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
jpid kjpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 murpd; ,iwf;nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
 murpd; ,iwf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 murpd; tUkhdk;> nryTfs; vd;gtw;wpd; fl;likg;gpid tiuGfs; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tupfis tifg;gLj;jp xt;nthU tup tiffSf;Fkhd cjhuzq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 murpd; tup my;yhj tUkhdq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 mz;kpa tUlj;jpd; tuT nryTj;jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
mit tzpfj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

 murpd; tUkhdq;fs; nryTfSf;fika mz;kpa tUlj;jpd; kj;jpa tq;fp
Mz;lwpf;ifapYs;s gFjpfis khztu;fSf;Fg; guprPyid nra;tjw;fhfg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J gpdt
; Uk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
 murpw;F tUkhdk; fpilf;Fk; topKiwfs; vit?
 murpd; nryT tiffs; vit?
 $Ljyhf tUkhdk; fpilf;Fk; %yk; vJ?
 gy;NtW nryTfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis toq;fTk;.
 muR tpjpj;Js;s gy;NtW tuptiffs; vit?
 Nkw;fhl;ba tpdhf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpilapD}lhf ,iwf;nfhs;ifia
tpsf;fTk;.
 fpl;ba tUlnkhd;wpd; kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;ifiag; guprPyid nra;J
tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid ml;ltiznahd;wpd;
%yk; tpsf;fTk;.
 mz;kpa tUlj;jpd; tuT nryTj;jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
mit tzpfj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; mOj;jq;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
68
 murpd; tUkhdq;fs; nryTfs; njhlu;ghf ,lk;ngWk; fUkq;fs; ,iwf;
nfhs;ifahFk;.
 Ngupdg; nghUshjhu epiyg;Gj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gNj murpd; ,iwf;
nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
 ahNjDk; nghUshjhunkhd;wpy; epjpahz;nlhd;wpDs; tup> tup my;yhj
tiffspd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; mur tUkhdkhFk;.
 munrhd;wpd; nghUshjhu Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tpUj;jpr;
nryTfs;> %yjdr; nryTfs; njhlu;ghf xU tUlj;jpDs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
nkhj;jr; nryTfs; murpd; nryTfshFk;.
 mur tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; murpd; ,iwf;nfhs;ifahdJ ntspg;
gLj;jg;gLk;.
 murpd; tUkhdj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
mur tUkhdk;
 
tup tUkhdk; tup my;yhj tUkhdk;
 murpd; tup tUkhdj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

tup tUkhdk;
    
tUkhd ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jp ,wf;Fkjp Vida
tup tup tup tup tupfs;
tUkhd tup:
jdpegu;fspdJk; epWtdq;fspdJk; tUkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mwtplg;gLk;
tupiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: fk;gdp tup> ciof;Fk; NghJ nrYj;Jk; tup
ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l tup:
nghUs;fs; Nritfspd; kPJ Nru;f;fg;gl;l ngWkhdj;jpw;F mwtplg;gLk;
tup ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l tupahFk;.
cjhuzk;: nkhj;j rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd;kJ
P Nru;ff
; g;gl;l ngWkjpapdbg;
gilapyhd tup> ,wf;Fkjp kPJ Nru;f;fg;gl;l ngWkjpapd;
kPjhd tup.
cw;gj;jp tup / fyhy; tup:
cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; rpy nghUs;fs; kPJ mwtplg;gLk;
tupiaNa ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fyhy; tup cw;gj;jp tupahFk;.
cjhuzk;: rpfnul;> Gifapiy> kJghdk; Nghd;w cw;gj;jpfs; kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gLk; tup.
69
,wf;Fkjpapd; kPjhd tup:
ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fSf;fhf Rq;fj;jp
dhy; mwtplg;gLk; tupahFk;.
cjhuzk;: Nkhl;lhu; thfd ,wf;Fkjp tup
Vida tupfs;:
Nkw;$wg;gl;l tup tifSf;Fl;glhj MapDk; Vida gpuptpdu;fsplkpUe;J
mwtplg;gLk; tupiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: JiwKfk; kw;Wk; tpkhd epiya mgptpUj;jp tup> nray;
tup> njhiynjhlu;Gfs; tup.
 tup tUkhdj;ij Neu; tup> Neupy; tup vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
murpd; tup tUkhdk;
 
Neu; tup Neupy; tup
      
tUkhd fk;gdp epWj;jp %yjd Nru;ff
; g;gl;l Rq;f cw;gj;jp
tup tup itj;jy; ,yhgj;jpd; ngWkjpapd; tup tup
tup kPjhd tup kPjhd tup
 murpd; tup my;yhj tUkhdq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lKbAk;.
tup my;yhj tUkhdq;fs;
   
,yhgq;fSk; fl;lzq;fSk; tl;b tUkhdq;fs; Vidait
gq;fpyhgq;fSk; mwtPLfSk;
cjhuzk;: cjhuzk;: cjhuzk;:
mur epWtdq;fspdhy; Nkhl;lhu; thfd nyhj;ju; rPl;L
ngw;w ,yhgq;fSk; mDkjpg;gj;jpuf; tpw;gid
gq;fpyhgq;fSk; fl;lzq;fSk; tUkhdk;
mwtPLfSk;
70
 murpd; nryTfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
mur nryTfs;
 
tpUj;jpr; nryTfd; %yjdr; nryTfs;
 tpUj;jpr; nryTfs;:
mur Nritfisj; njhlu;rr ; pahf elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf tUlnkhd;wpy;
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,lk;ngwf;$ba nryTfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,tw;iw
kPnsOk; nryTfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: rk;gsKk; $ypAk;> tl;bf; nfhLg;gdTfs;
 %yjdr; nryTfs;:
murpdhy; ePzl
; fhy KjyPLfSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nryTfNs %yjdr;
nryTfshFk;.
cjhuzk;: tPjp epu;khzk;> ghyq;fs; epu;khzk;
(murpd; tUkhdq;fs; nryTfspdJ mikg;G tuT nryTj;
jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfSld; khw;wkila KbAk;.)
 mz;kpa tUlj;jpd; kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;ifiag; guprPyid nra;J murpd;

tUkhdq;fs; nryTfis tifg;gLj;jTk;.
 muR gy;NtW re;ju;gg
; q;fspdN
; ghJ gy;NtW tuptiffis tpjpgg
; Jld; gy;NtW
tuptiffs; ePf;FtJk; cz;L. tupfspdhy; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdq;fs; murpd;
gy;NtW nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;fhfr; nrytplg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: tPjp epu;khzk;> tpkhd epiyaq;fspd; epu;khzKk; mgptpUj;jp
Ak;> JiwKf mgptpUj;jp.
 murpd; ,iwf; nfhs;ifahdJ tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiw
fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSs; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lyhk;.
 ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUs;fSf;Fr; Rq;ftupapid mwtpLtjd; %yk; ,wf;Fkjpfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpiaAk; mjpfupf;f KbAk; /
cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpfisg; ghJfhf;f KbAk;.
 cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpfspd; kPJ tupfs; mwtplg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf nghUs;fs;
Nritfspd; tpiy mjpfupf;fyhk;.
 muR cl;f l;likg;G trjpfSf;F r; nryTfs; nra;tjdhy; tzpf
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s ,yFthf mikAk;.
71
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4: murpd; epjpf;nfhs;iff;Nfw;g tzpfq;fis elhj;jpr;

nry;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 murpd; epjpf; nfhs;iffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 murpd; epjpf; nfhs;iffspd; Nehf;fq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
 ehl;bd; epjp eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf muR gpd;gw;wNtz;ba
cgha topKiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
 muR gpdg ; w;Wk; xt;nthU epjpf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fUtpfisAk; (cgha topKiw
fis) tpsf;Fthu;.
 muR gpdg; w;Wfpdw; epjpff
; l;Lg;ghL cgha topKiwfs; tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;
Fr; nrYj;Jk; Kiwapidg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
 gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fis cs;slf;fpa Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; rpytw;iwj; jahupj;J
tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
 tzpf tq;fpfspd; tl;b tPjq;fs; Fiwg;G.
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; kj;jpa tq;fpapy; itg;Gr; nra;aNtz;ba xJf;fq;
fspd; msT mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 kj;jpa tq;fp jpiwNrup cz;bay;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
 fpoq;F cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F Nkyjpff; fld; trjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 xt;nthU $w;Wf;fspdhYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;lthW fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
cjhuzk;: tzpf tq;fpfs; tl;b tPjj;ijf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy;
vLf;Fk;NghJ> kf;fspdhy; tzpf tq;fpfspy; itg;Gr; nra;ag;
gLfpdw
; itg;Gf;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;w tl;bahdJ Fiw
thdJ vd;gJld; tzpf tq;fpfspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;
gLfpd;w flDf;F mwtplg;gLfpd;w tl;bAk; FiwthdJ
vd;gJk; ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
 ,f;$w;wpdhy; tzpfq;fspd; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jfpdw

; Kiwapidf; fye;Jiu
ahlTk;.
cjhuzk;: tzpf tq;fpfs; tl;btPjj;ij Fiwj;jy; vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ> tzpf tq;fpfs; itg;Gf;fhfr; nrYj;Jfpd;w
tl;bapidf; Fiwf;Fk;NghJ nghJkf;fs; tq;fpapy; itg;Gr;
nra;fpd;w gzj;jpd; msTk; FiwtJld; tzpf tq;fpfs;
fld; toq;Fk;NghJ mwtpLfpd;w tl;b FiwtilAk;NghJ
flDf;fhd tpz;zg;gpf;fpd;w msT mjpfupf;Fk;.
72
 ,f;$w;whdJ tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jfpdw
; Kiwapidf; fye;Jiu
ahlTk;.
cjhuzk;: tzpf tq;fpfspd; tl;b tPjq;fs; FiwAk; vd;gij ftdj;jpy;
vLf;Fk;NghJ> tzpf tq;fpfs; flDf;F mwtpLfpd;w tl;b
Fiwtiltjd; fhuzkhf tzpfu;fs; Fiwe;j tl;bapy;
,yFthff; fld;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjdhy; tzpfq;fspd;
KjyPLfs; mjpfupj;J cw;gj;jpAk; mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf
tzpfq;fis tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwfspy; Vida Jz;LgpuRuq;fspYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
gpukhzq;fspd; jhf;fq;fisAk; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 ,k;Kiwapy; ehnlhd;wpy; epjpf; fUkq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhf murhdJ
gy;NtW cgha topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 ,jw;fika ehnlhd;wpd; gz toq;fy; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
muR epjpf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ vdf; nfhz;L epjpf; nfhs;ifapd;
Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;fTk;.

 ehl;bd; gztoq;fiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F muR gpd;gw;Wk; nfhs;ifNa
epjpf; nfhs;if vdg;gLk;. murpd; rhu;ghf epjpf; nfhs;ifapid ,yq;if
kj;jpa tq;fp eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 murpd; epjpf; nfhs;ifapd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; cs;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
tpiyapid epiyahf itj;jpUg;gjhFk;. my;yJ gztPf;f RUf;f epiyik
apidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd; %yk; ePz;lfhyj;jpy; tpiy
kl;lj;jpid epiyahd kl;lj;jpy; Ngzpr; nry;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
 epjpf; nfhs;ifapid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gpdt
; Uk; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
 tl;btPjk;
murpd; epjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;bid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; gpujhd
khd fUtp tl;b tPjkhFk;. ,J epiyahd trjpfs; tPjk; vd kj;jpa
tq;fp mwpKfk; nra;fpd;wJ. epiyahd trjp tpfpjk; gpujhdkhf
%d;W tifg;gLk;.
 epiyahd itg;G trjp tpfpjk; - Standing Depost Facility Rate (SDFR)
 epiyahd fld; trjp tpfpjk; - Standing Lending Facility Rate (SLFR)
 tq;fp tl;b tpfpjk;
 epiyahd itg;G trjp tpfpjk;
tzpf tq;fpfSk;> Kjy; epiy tpahghupfSk; mtu;fspd; Nkyjpf
epjpapid kj;jpa tq;fpapYs;s murpd; gpizg; gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL
nra;Ak; NghJ nrYj;jg;gLfpd;w tl;b tPjkhFk;.
73
 epiyahd fld; trjp tpfpjk;
tzpf tq;fpfSk; Kjy; epiy tpahghupfSk; murpd; gpizfis
<lhf itj;J kj;jpa tq;fpapypUe;J epjpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ
mwtplg;gLk; tl;b tPjkhFk;.
 tq;fp tl;b tpfpjk;

tzpf tq;fpfs; jputj;jd;ikg; gpur;rpidfis vjpuN
; ehf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; q;
fspy; kj;jpa tq;fp ,Wjpf; fld; toq;Feuhf toq;Fk; flDf;F
mwtpLfpd;w tl;b tPjk; kj;jpa tq;fp tl;b tPjkhFk;.
 xJf;Fj; Njitg;ghl;il khw;Wjy;

tzpf tq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w itg;Gf;fSf;fika kj;jpa tq;fpapy;
Ngzpr; nry;y Ntz;ba itg;gpd; msT rl;luPjpahd xJf;fkhFk;. ,jid
khw;Wtjd; %yk; fhR toq;fypd; mjpfupg;G> FiwT ,lk;ngWk;. xJf;fy;
Njitg;ghl;ilf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; fhR toq;fy; mjpfupg;gjw;Ff; fhuz
khFk;. xJf;fy; Njitg;ghl;il mjpfupgg
; jd; %yk; fhR toq;fy; Fiwtil
tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk;.
 jpwe;j re;ij eltbf;iffs;

kj;jpa tq;fpahdJ murpd; gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisf; nfhs;tdT> tpw;gid
nra;jy;> jpwe;j re;ijapy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffshFk;. gpizg;
gj;jpuq;fis kj;jpa tq;fp nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ gz toq;fy;
tpuptiltJld; tpw;gidapd;NghJ gz toq;fy; RUq;Fk;.
 fopT tpfpjq;fis khw;Wjy;

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; %yk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;w gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis nfhs;tdT
nra;j gpuptpdUf;F mtw;wpd; fhyk; Kbtila Kd;du; tzpf tq;fpapy;
rku;g;gpj;J foptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ> mwtplg;gLfpd;w foptpd;
tpjj;jpy; khw;wk; nra;tjd; %yk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; gztoq;fy; fl;Lg;
gLj;jg;gLk;.
 flDf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghL (tiuaiw) tpjpj;jy;

fld; fl;Lg;ghlhdJ ,U Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWk;.
 msTuPjpahff; fld;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jy;
ehl;bd; nkhj;jg; gz toq;fspYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tq;fpf;
fldpd; mstpy; mjpfupgG
; > Fiwg;Gr; nra;J nkhj;jf; fld; mstpidAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; msT uPjpahd fld; fl;Lg;ghL vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 tzpf tq;fpfspd; %yjdk;> nrhj;J vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNa Mff;
Fiwe;j tpfpjj;ij epu;zapj;jy;.
 ehzaf; fbjq;fis toq;Fk;NghJ itg;Gr; nra;aNtz;ba Mff;
Fiwe;j gzj; njhifapid epu;zapj;jy;.
74
 gz;GuPjpahff; fld; tiuaiwapid epu;zapj;jy;
nghUshjhunkhd;wpy; fld; gha;r;rg;gLk; Nghf;fpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
my;yJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; Cf;Ftpff ; g;gl Ntz;Lk; vdj; njupT nra;ag;
gLk; Jiwf;fhff; fld; gha;rr
; iy Cf;Ftpgg; Jk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;glhjpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; Jiwapd; kPJ fld; gha;r;rg;gLjiy tiu
aiwf;Fl;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;
KiwNa gz;G uPjpahd fld; fl;Lg;ghL vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 fld; toq;Fk; Jiwfis mq;fPfupj;jy;
 tptrhaj;jpw;fhdjh? ifj;njhopYf;fhdjh?
 Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fhdjh? vDk; tifapy;
 nraypoe;j fld;fSf;fhfg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwfs;.
,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Neubr; nrad;Kiwapd; fPNoNa epjpf;
nfhs;iff; fUtpnaDk; tifapy; fld; fl;Lg;ghl;bid itj;jpUf;
fpd;wJ. ,q;F tq;fp Kiwapd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; fldpd; msT>
flid kPsr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhyk; flDf;fhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;
gLk; gpizfs; Nghd;w Jiwfs; njhlu;ghff; fl;Lg;ghl;il Nkw;
nfhs;tjw;F ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpf;F mjpfhuk; fpilf;fg; ngw;
Ws;sJ.
fldpd; mistf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ tq;fpnahd;wpy; Fwpg;gpll

;
jpfjpnahd;wpy; my;yJ fhynkhd;wpy; toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cr;r
fld; msT njhlu;ghf tiuaiwapid tpjpj;jy; my;yJ fld;
tpUj;jp tPjj;ij epuz
; ak; nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
NkYk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kjd;ikj; JiwfSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
fld; mstpid Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gy;NtW cw;gj;jpj; Jiw
fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba Fiwe;j fld; mstpid epu;zak;
nra;jy; my;yJ gztPf;f epiyikfspd; NghJ Efu;Tf; fld;
mjpfupg;gpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Efu;Tf; fld; njhlu;ghd cr;r
vy;iyia epu;zapf;f KbAk;.
flid mwtpLtjw;fhd cr;r fhyj;ijAk; mf;flDf;fhf tq;fp

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpizg;gj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk;
ngWkhdk; njhlu;ghd fl;lisfis tpjpf;f KbAk;. gztPf;f
epiyikfspd; NghJ ,g;gztPff ; epiyikfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;
fhf Efu;Tf;f lid Cf;f g;gLj;jhjpUg;gjw;f hf me;Efu;Tf;
flDf;fhf kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kPsr; nrYj;jp Kbg;gjw;fhd
fhyj;ij epuz
; ak; nra;jYk;> cau; ngWkjp nfhz;l gpizfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd epu;zak; nra;aTk; KbAk;.
75
 murpd; epjpf; nfhs;ifapid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mit gy;NtW
Kiwfspy; tzpfq;fspy; jhf;fj;ijNaw;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:
kj;jpa tq;fp tl;btPjj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;NghJ tzpf tq;fpfspd;
tl;btPjKk; FiwtilAk;. mg;NghJ KjyPl;lhsu;fs; tzpf
tq;fpfspypUe;J ngWk; fld;fspd; msT mjpfupgg
; Jld; KjyPL
fSk; mjpfupf;Fk;. mjD}lhf cw;gj;jpfs; mjpfupj;J nghUl;
fspd; tpiyfs; FiwtilAk; . tpiy Fiwtiltjd;
fhuzkhf tzpfq;fspd; tpw;gidg; Gus;T mjpfupj;J ,yhgk;
mjpfupf;Fk;.
kj;jpa tq;fp tl;b tPjj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ tzpf tq;fpfspd;

tl;b tpfpjk; mjpfupf;Fk;. mg;NghJ KjyPl;lhsu;fs; tzpf
tq;fpfspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fld;fspd; msT Fiwtil
tJld; KjyPLfSk; FiwtilAk;. mjd; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jp
Fiwtile;J nghUl;fspd; tpiyfs; mjpfupfF ; k;. tpiy mjpfupg;
gpd; fhuzkhf tzpfq;fspd; tpw;gidg; Gus;T Fiwtile;J
,yhgk; FiwtilAk;.
76
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.5: Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf muR vLf;Fk; eltbf;if

fSf;F ,iaghf;fkile;J tzpfq;fis elhj;jpr;
nry;tjd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G vDk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;ghdJ $ba Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpdhy; Efu;NthUf;Fk; tzpfu;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;
fis ntt;Ntwhfg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 Efu;Nthu; cupikfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Efu;Nthu; nghWg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; nghWg;Gf;fspdbg;gilapy; gFj;jwpTs;s Efu;NthnuhU
tupd; elj;ijia tpgupg;ghu;.
 Rakhf Kd;tUk; %d;W khztu;fisf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; ghj;jpuNkw;W
ebj;jiy tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;
Efu;Nthd;: Kjyhsp vdf;F ey;y [hk; Nghj;jnyhd;iwj; jhUq;f.
gpd;dzp Mrpupau;: ,uhf;iffspy; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j gog;ghF Nghj;j
nyhd;iw vLj;J nghypj;jPd; ciwapy; ,l;L toq;F
fpd;whu;.
tpahghup: M ,e;jhUq;Nfh &gh 150 jhUk;. ,e;j rpli
; liaAk;
vLq;Nfh.
gpd;dzp Mrpupau;: gog;ghF Nghj;jy; ,lg;gl;bUe;j nghypjj ; d
P ; ciwiaj;
njU tPjpapy; Nghl;L tplL
; g; gog;ghF Nghj;jiy tPlb
; w;
Ff; nfhz;L te;jNghJ gps;is mjidg; guprPyid
nra;J ghu;ff
; pwJ. fhyk; fle;Js;sikAk; tpiyapy;
khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sikAk; mg;gps;isapd; fz;
fSf;F Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
je;ij kPzL ; k; me;jg; Nghj;jiy filf;F vLj;Jr;
nry;fpwhu;.
Efu;Nthd;: ,e;j [hk; Nghj;jypd; tpiyAk; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;
Ls;sJ. fhyhtjpahfpAk; cs;sJ. ,e;j [hk; Nghj;jy;
vdf;F Ntz;lhk;. vdf;Fg; gzj;ijj; jhUq;f my;yJ
NtW xd;iwj; jhUq;f.
tpahghup: tpww
; nghUis kPzL
; k; nghWg;ngLf;f KbahJ. fhirf;
nfhLf;fTk; KbahJ.
77
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypd; gpdd
; u; gpdt
; Uk; tpahghu Nkhrbfs;
njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
cjhuzk;: -  tpiyapy; khw;wk; nra;jy;.
 fhyk; fle;j nghUs;fis tpw;gid nra;jy;.
 tpw;gid nra;j nghUs;fs; kPzL
; k; nghWg;Ngw;fg;glkhl;lhJ
vDk; epge;jidia Kd;itj;jy;.
 tpahghu Nkhrbfs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
 gj;jpupiffs; rpytw;wpypUe;J ngau;j;njLf;fg;gl;l rpy $w;Wf;fs; fPNo

jug;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; $w;wpd; kPJ
ftdj;ij nrYj;jTk;.
$w;W ,yf;fk; 01
NfhJik kh fyit nra;j Ritr; ruf;Fg; nghjpj; njhifnahd;iwr;
re;ijapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jkhf ,Ue;j FOtpdiu Efu;Nthu;
mYty;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhu rigapduhy; ifJ nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
$w;W ,yf;fk; 02
nghUs;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jjd; gpd;du; vQ;rpa fhir kPs toq;fhJ
mjw;Fg; gjpyhfj; jPg;ngl;b> ,dpg;Gg; gz;lk; Nghd;w Vida nghUs;fs;
Efu;thsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjw;fhd Kiwg;ghL fpilf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
$w;W ,yf;fk; 03
SLS jur; rhd;wpjow;w FbePiug; Nghj;jypy; milg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w
Nghj;jy;fs;> rhbfs; vd;gd re;ijapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w Kiwg;ghl;bw;
Nfw;g Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nrhjidapd;NghJ mJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
$w;W ,yf;fk; 04
fiyf; nfhs;spfisAk; ,urhadg; grisfisAk; gad;gLj;jpg; gapu; nra;J
tpw; g idf; f hfr; re; i jf; F r; rku; g ; g pf; f g; g l; b Ue; j Njhlk; g oq; f spy;
xl;lg;gl;bUe;j ];bfu;fspy; ,yf;fq;fisg; Nghypahf khw;wk; nra;J tpwg ; id
nra;j egu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j tpla Ma;T njhlu;ghff; FOf; fye;Jiu
ahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 mt;tpla Ma;Tfspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpahghupfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
tpahghu Nkhrbfis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk;.
 mk;NkhrbfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ePq;fs; mwpe;j NtW tpahghu Nkhrbfs;
vit?
 mt;thwhd Nkhrbfs; njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghL nra;af;$ba epWtdq;fisAk;
egu;fisAk; ngaupLq;fs;.
78
 khztu;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;igAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; njspTGLj;jTk;.

 %d;W ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;fpilNa eilngw;w Ngr;R thu;j;ij fPNo
jug;gLfpd;wJ.
RNu\; - ehd; Gjpa Ngf; xd;iw thq;fpNdd;.
rhuq;fd; - vq;Nf ghu;g;Nghk;. ey;yJ Nghy tpiy vt;tsT?
RNu\; - ,Njh xl;b ,Uf;F. &gh Mapuj;J Ie;E}W.
rhuq;fd; - ,jpy; tpiy khw;wk; nra;jpUf;Nf. NkNy NtnwhU
tpiy xl;lg;gl;bUf;F. eP Kjyhspaplk; Nfl;ftpyi
; yah?
RNu\; - INah ,y;iy. ehd; Ngf;ifj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJk;
vdf;F mtu; Ngrpdhu;. tpguk; Nfl;lNghJk; nrhy;yTk;
,y;iy.
Gj;jpf - ehd; vd;wh mJ khjpupahd nghUis vLf;fNtkhl;ld;.
ehk; nfhLf;Fk; gzj;jpwF ; vq;fSf;F ve;jg; nghUis
Ak; njupT nra;a cupik ,Uf;F mJkl;Lky;y.
ehq;fs; thq;Fk; nghUSf;fhd tpguj;ijAk; njupe;J
nfhs;s vq;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;F.
 Nkw;$wg;gl;l Ngr;R tof;fpypUe;J NknyOk; Efu;Nthd; cupikfs; njhlu;ghff;

Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
 Efu;Nthu; toq;Fk; tpiyf;Fj; Njitahd mstpy; jpUg;jpiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F Efu;NthUf;F cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd
 mt;Tupikfs; ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cupikfshFk; vd
 Efu;Nthu; cupikfisg; Nghd;W Efu;Nthu; nghWg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpdw
; J
vd
 Efu;Nthu; nghWg;GfSld; fUkkhw;Wtjd; %yk; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;s KbAk; vd

 Efu;Nthupdhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; gzj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd mstpyhd jpUg;jpiag;
ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,Uf;fpd;w rl;luPjpahd fhg;G
Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;ghFk;.
 mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;ghdJ fle;j fhyq;fis tplj;
Njitahdnjhd;whf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Kd;itf;f
KbAk;.
 re;ijapy; nghUs;fs; Nritfs; gutyhff; fhzg;gly;.
 Nghl;bj;jd;ik mjpfupj;jpUg;gjdhy; re;ijapy; Nkhrbfs; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd
re;ju;g;gk; mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Rje;jpukhd tpahghuk; fhuzkhf re;ij rpf;fy; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gly;.
79
 g+Nfhs kakhjYld; Vw;glf;$ba r%f fyhrhu rPuopTfs;
 #oy; khriljiyj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf Efu;Nthu;fis mwpar; nra;tjw;Fk;
Njitahdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpd; %yk; Efu;NthUf;Fk; tzpfu;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLk;
mD$yq;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
Efu;NthUf;F
 nrYj;jg;gLk; gzj;jpw;F Vw;w ngWkhdKs;s nghUs; fpilg;gjw;F Efu;
NthDf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;.
 re;ij NkhrbfspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWjy;.
 jukhd nghUs;fs; Nritfis Efu;T nra;tjd; fhuzkhf Efu;Nthupd;
NjfhNuhf;fpaj;ijAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
 Njitahd re;ju;gg ; q;fspd;NghJ Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfr; rl;l uPjpahd
ghJfhg;Gf; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 Efu;Nthu;fSf;F tho;tjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd #oy; epiyiknahd;W
Vw;gly;.
tzpfUf;F
 juj;Jld; $ba nghUl;fis toq;FtjpD}lhf Efu;Nthu;fspd; ek;gpf;if
iag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 tzpfupd; tpw;gidg;Gus;T mjpfupg;gjdhy; ,yhgk; cau;tilAk;.
 epakq;fSf;fika cw;gj;jp nra;tjd; fhuzkhf tPz;tpuaq;fs; Fiw
tiljy;.
 ghjfkhd Nghl;b> KiwNflhd nraw;ghLfs; mw;w epiyapd; fhuzkhf
rhjfkhd tzpfr; #onyhd;W Vw;gly;.

 ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; gy epfo;fhyj;jpy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
 If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjpnahUtuhd N[hd; vg;.
nfdbapd; %yk; Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; ehd;F gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
 jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
 njupT nra;tjw;fhd cupik
 nrtpkLg;gjw;fhd cupik
 ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhfr; ru;tNjr Efu;Nthu;fs; %yk; gpd;tUk; Efu;Nthu;fs;

cupikfs; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mbg;gilj; Njitfis epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
 ,og;gPl;ilg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
 Efu;Nthu; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik
 NjfhNuhf;fpak; nfhz;l #onyhd;wpy; tho;tjw;fhd cupik
80
 Nkw;$wg;gl;l Efu;Nthu; cupikfs; vl;Lk; ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
Efu;Nthu; cupikfshFk;.
 Efu;Nthu; cupikfisg; Nghd;Nw Efu;Nthu; nghWg;Gf;fSk; Efu;Nthu;fSf;F
cupj;JilaJ.
 mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik
 njhlu;r;rpahd gq;fspg;G
 r%fk; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
 #oy; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
 xj;Jiog;G
 Efu;Nthu; gFj;jwpTs;stuhf ,Ug;gjdhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; gzj;jpw;F Vw;w

ngWkhdj;Jld; $baJk; juj;Jld; $baJkhd nghUs;fisj; njupT
nra;tjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtu;. mNjNghd;W re;ij Nkhrbfs;> Efu;Nthu;
cupikfs; kPwy; vd;gd njhlu;ghf cupa mjpfhupfs; %yk; mwpar; nra;ag;
gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
NkYk; tho;tjw;fhd #oiyg; ghJfhj;J> r%fk; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jp
,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; fUkkhw;wpg; gFj;jwpTs;s Efu;NthnuhUtuhfr; re;ijapy;
nraw;gLthu;.
81
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.6: Efu;Nthupd; ghJfhg;gpw;f hfr; nraw;gLfpd;w mur

epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfisj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,yq;ifapy; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLk; mur epWtdq;fisg;
gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhu rigapd; Nehf;fq;fisAk;>
njhopw;ghLfisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
 ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; gzpafj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; njhopw;ghLfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; mjpfhurig> ,yq;ifj; juf;fl;lisfs; gzpafk;
vd;gd tzpfu;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

 fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp Kbtile;Js;s> fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp Fwpg;gplg;glhj>
tpiyapy; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l> juf; FwpaL
P fSldhd (SLS, ISO) nghUl;fspd;
nghjpAiwfs; rpytw;iw tFg;G khztu;fspd; Nkw;ghu;itf;fhf toq;fTk;.
 mg;nghjpAiwfspypUe;J mg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;gpy; Efu;NthUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba jfty;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
 mg;nghjpAiwfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspy; kPwg;gl;Ls;s Efu;Nthu;
cupikfs; vit vd tpdtTk;.
(jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupik> ghJfhg;Gg; ngWk; cupik)
 cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; / tpahghupfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpahghu KiwNfLfs;
vit vd;gij mtu;fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
(tpiyapy; khw;wk; nra;jpUj;jy;> fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp Kbtile;j nghUl;fis
tpw;wy;> fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp Fwpg;gplg;glhjpUj;jy;)
 ,t;thwhd tpahghu KiwNfLfs; njhlu;gpy; jfty; toq;ff;$ba epWtdq;
fis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; njhopw;gLfpd;w epWtdq;fs; ehl;by; fhzg;
gLfpd;wd vd;gjid khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; mjpfhu rigapd; Nehf;fq;fs;> njhopwg
; hLfis khztu;
fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
 ,yq;iff; fl;lisfs; gzpafj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; njhopwg
; hLfis tpsf;fTk;.
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhurig> ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs;
gzpafk; vd;gd tzpfq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapidf; fye;Jiu
ahlTk;.
82
 ,yq;ifapy; Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;w mur epWtdq;fspy;
rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhurig
 ,yq;ifj; juf;fl;lisfs; gzpafk;
 msit epWit juepakr; Nritj; jpizf;fsk;
 kj;jpa #oy; mjpfhurig
 gpuNjr Rfhjhu itj;jpa mjpfhupapd; fhupahyak;
 khtl;l nrayhsu; mYtyfk;
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhu rigahdJ gpdt

; Uk; Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Efu;Nthupd; capu;> Mjdq;fSf;Fj; jPq;if Vw;gLj;jf;$ba nghUl;fis
tpw;wy;> Nritfis toq;fy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J mtu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
 epahakw;w tpahghu eilKiwfSf;nfjpuhf Efu;Nthu;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk;
Efu;Nthupd; cupikfSf;F cupa kjpg;gspg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JjYk;.
 KbAkhd rfy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Efu;NthUf;Fg; Nghl;b tpiyapy;
nghUl;fs; Nritfisj; Njitahd mstpy; toq;Ftjw;F cWjpaspjj ; y;.
 epahakw;w tpahghu eilKiwfs;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpahghu eilKiwfs;
my;yJ tpahghupfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w NtW Kiwfspyhd
Efu;Nthu; Ruz;ly;fSf;F cl;gLk; Efu;NthUf;F cjtp toq;fy;.
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhurigapd; fUkq;fspy; rpy

gpd;tUkhW:
 Kaw;rpahsu;fspilNa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
my;yJ mfw;wy;.
 re;ijapDs; my;yJ re;ijapy; Fwpgg; plj;jf;f gFjpapy; cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;
jpy; my;yJ nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp njhlu;gpy; jdJ Mjpf;fj;ijj;
Njitaw;w Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtij ePf;Fjy;.
 cs; e hl; L my; y J ru; t Njr tpahghuj; j py; my; y J nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpapy; ghjfkhd Kiwapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w Nghl;bj;jd;ik
njhlu;ghd ,ila+Wfis ,y;yhkyhf;Fjy;.
 Nghl;bf;nfjpuhd elj;ijfs;> jd;dhjpf;f epiyik vd;gtw;iwg; nghUj;j
kw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf tprhuiz nra;jYk; guPlr ; pjj
; Yk;.
 nghUl;fs; Nritfis toq;Fk; egu;fspilNa tpisjpwdhd Nghl;bapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;> tpUj;jp nra;jYk;.
 nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; tpiy> mtw;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhapUj;jy;>
mtw;wpd; juk; vd;git njhlu;gpy; Efu;Nthupd; cupikfisAk; njhlu;G
fisAk; Nkk;gLj;jYk;> mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jYk;.
83
 Efu;Nthu; mYty;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhu rigahdJ tzpfq;fSf;F
gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.
 mjpfhu rigapdhy; epuz
; apff; g;gl;Ls;s epakq;fSf;Nfw;g cw;gj;jp nra;jy;>
toq;fy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy;> tpw;gid nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpd;
fhuzkhf tPzhjy; Fiwtile;J ,yhgk; mjpfupj;jy;.
 Efu;Nthupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf
Efu;Nthupd; ek;gpf;ifapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 tzpf KiwNfLfisj; jtpu;jJ ; r; nraw;gLtjd; fhuzkhf epWtdk;
njhlu;ghd kdg;ghq;F (gpujptpk;gk;) tpUj;jpailjy;.
 tzpfUf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bNaw;gLfpd;w rl;luPjpahd rpf;fy;fs;
Fiwtiljy;.
 tzpfq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w Njitaw;w Nghl;b epiyik Fiw
tiljy;.
 jd;dhjpf;f epiyikfs; Njhd;whik fhuzkhf epahakhfg; Nghl;bapl
Kbjy;.
 ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; gzpafj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

 cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs;> xOq;FgLj;jy; vd;gd njhlu;ghf Njrpa> ru;tNjr
mbg;gilapy; ju epakq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.
 ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tzpfj;Jiwfspy; ju epakq;fisAk;> juf; fl;Lg;ghl;bid
Ak; tpUj;jp nra;jy;. mjw;fhf ,urhad Ma;T$lq;fisAk;> E}y;epiyar;
NritfisAk; Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpr; nry;yy;.
 cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpisg; Nghd;Nw ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; cupa
ju epakq;fSf;F Vw;Gilajh vd;gijg; guprPypj;jy;.
 ju epakq;fs; kw;Wk; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fUkq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd Ma;T$l
trjpfis toq;fy;.
 ju epakf; FwpaPl;L Kiwapid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 ru;tNjr ju epWtdj;JlDk; kw;Wk; mjw;Fr; rkkhd fUkq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s
mikg;Gf;fSlDk; xj;Jiog;Gld; fUkkhw;Wjy;.
 fy;tp> MNyhrid> Vida Kiwfs; %yk; ju epakk; kw;Wk; juf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;
fUkq;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
 ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; epWtdj;jpd; fUkq;fs; / njhopw;ghLfs;

 ju epakq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.
 ju epkaq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
 RahjPdkhf
 SLS rhd;WgLj;jpa FwpaPl;L Kiw %yk;
 KOikahd Vw;Wkjpg; gupNrhjid %yk;
 ,wf;Fkjpg; gupNrhjid %yk;
 Vw;Wkjp njhlu;ghfj; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;w fly; czTg; gupNrhjidapd;
%yk;
84
 ISO ju epakj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 ju epakq;fs;> juf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd njhlu;ghd gapw;rpg; ghlnewpfis
Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
 ju epakq;fs;> juf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;gdtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfs;
 cgfuzq;fs; Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gijg; guPl;rpg;gjw;fhd
Nritfis toq;fy;.
 Efu;Nthu; fy;tpapid gpugy;ag;gLj;jy;.
 E}y; epiyar; Nrit> cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L ju epakq;fspd; tpw;gidAk;>
jfty; NritAk;.
 ju Kiwik njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr ju epakq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 ,yq;ifj; juf;fl;lisfs; gzpafk; gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; tzpfq;fSf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.
 SLS FwpalP L
; ldhd cw;gj;jpfis tpwg
; id nra;tjd; %yk; Nghl;bfSf;Fr;
rpwg;ghf Kfk; nfhLf;f Kbjy;.
 SLS FwpaPLfsw;w cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fisAk; tpl mD$ykhd epiyik
nahd;wpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbjy;.
 Efu;Nthu; Kiwg;ghLfis ,opTgLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 mur JiwahdJ SLS FwpaPLfSldhd nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;t
jw;Nf Kjyplk; mspg;gjhy; re;ijg;gq;if tpupTgLj;j KbAkhapUj;jy;.
 ru;tNjr juf; FwpaPl;bidg; (ISO) ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ntspehl;Lr;
re;ijapy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;.
 ju epakq;fspDs; Efu;Nthu; Njitfs;> rl;lj; Njitfs; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;
gLtjdhy; cw;gj;jp njhlu;gpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba kl;lk; cau;tiljy;.
 tpuakiljy; Fiwtile;J tpisjpwd;s tpUj;jpailjy;.
 epWtdk; njhlu;gpy; ey;y gpujp tpkg
; k; cUthfp Copaupd; vz;zf;Nfhyq;fs;
tpUj;jpailjy;.
85
Nju;r;rp 4.0: gy;NtW tzpf mikg;Gf;fisAk; mtw;iw Kiwahf
Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhd Njitg;ghl;bidAk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1: mikg;G uPj pahd vz;zf;f Uit mwpKfg;g Lj;j p
cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 mikg;Gf;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij cjhuzq;fSld; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Kiwahd mikg;nghd;wpy; fhzf;$ba gz;Gfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpf mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpf mikg;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; cupikapdbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jdpahu; Jiwf;Fupa tzpf mikg;Gf;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 nghJj; (mur) Jiwf;Fupa tzpf mikg;Gf;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 cupikapdbg;gilapy; tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jp mtw;iwg; gha;rr
; y;
Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpy; fhl;Lthu;;.

 khztu;fspw;F njupe;j mikg;Gf;fspd; ngau;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 mtw;iw mikg;Gf;fshfg; ngaupLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 mikg;ngd;why; vd;d vd;gijr; rupahf cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhLq;fs;.

 ghlrhiyahdJ Kiwahd mikg;nghd;whFkh vd;gij khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;fTk;.
 ghlrhiyahdJ Kiwahd mikg;nghd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;w Kiwapid
tpsf;fTk;.
 ghlrhiyiar; #oTs;s tzpfq;fspD}lhf mikg;ngd;why; vd;d vd;gij
NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.

; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 cq;fsJ ghlrhiyiar; Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLfpdw
; cq;fSf;F ed;F guPlr ; a
khdJk; mwpag;gl;lJkhd tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fis ,ad;wstpy; gl;bay;
gLj;jTk;.
 mt;tzpfq;fisj; jdpahu; Jiwf;FupaJ> murJiwf;FupaJ vd tifg;
gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rp nra;aTk;.
 khztu;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.

86
 nghJ Nehf;fnkhd;iw epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xd;wpize;jpUf;Fk;
jdpegu; FOnthd;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l r%f mynfhd;Nw mikg;nghd;
whFk;.
cjhuzk;: ghlrhiy> ngsj;j tpfhiu> gs;spthry;> tpahghu epWtdq;fs;
 xOq;F Kiwahd mikg;nghd;wpy; fhzf;$ba nghJg; gz;Gfspy; rpy
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 Nehf;fnkhd;wpUj;jy;
 jdpegu;fs; fhzg;gly;
 mikg;G uPjpahd fl;likg;nghd;wpUj;jy;

 ,yhgj;ij ciof;fpd;w my;yJ r%f eyNdhk;gpid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
nghUs; my;yJ Nritfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> tpepNahfpjj
; y;> re;ijg;gLj;jy;
vd;gtw;wpy; <LgLk; Kaw;rpahz;ikfs; tzpf mikg;Gf;fshFk;.

 cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; jdpahu; Jiw tzpfk;> murJiw tzpfk; vd
tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; tzpf mikg;Gf;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;fis
gpd;tUkhW gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L ml;ltizapd; %yk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
tzpf mikg;Gf;fs;
 
jdpahu; Jiw mur Jiw
tzpf mikg;Gf;fs; tzpf mikg;Gf;fs;
   
jdpahs; cupik gq;Filik $l;bizf;fg;gl;l $l;LwT
tzpfk; tzpfk; fk;gdp
  
kj;jpa murpd; fPo; khfhz rigfspd; fPo; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fPo;
nraw;gLk; tzpfq;fs; nraw;gLk; tzpfq;fs; nraw;gLk; tzpfq;fs;
jpizf;fsq;fs;
mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;
mur fk;gdpfs;
87
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2: jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J>

mt;tzpf mikg;Gf;fspd; mD$yq;fs; tiuaiw
fisj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpNrl gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspd; mD$yq;fs; tiuaiwfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
rl;ljpl;lq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
eilKiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
fw;wypd; Jizr; rhjdq;fs;

 tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak; tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;
 tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;jupd;
gbtk;

 cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jpa Kiw
njhlu;ghd Kd;dwptpid Qhgfg;gLj;jpathW ghlj;jpDs; gpuNtrpf;fTk;.
 vkJ Rw;Wr; #oypy; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w tzpf mikg;G tifj;
njhlu;gpy; khztu;fsplk; tpdtTk;.
 mt;tzpf mikg;Gf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhditfspd; cupik jdpnahUtUf;Nf
fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ tzpfj;jpd; ngaupd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ vd;gjidr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 mt;tzpfq;fspy; khztu;fs; fhz;fpdw
; gz;Gfisf; fye;Jiuahb mtw;iwf;
fUk;gyifapy; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;.
 fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l tpilfspD}lhfj; jdpahSupik tzpfnkd;
why; vd;d vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;wpy; fhzf;$ba tpNrl gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.

88
 khztu;fspd; cjtpAld; gpd;tUk; jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;wpd; mD$yq;fs;
 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;wpd; gpujp$yq;fs;
 khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L jdpahSupik tzpf
nkhd;wpd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwfis tpsf;fTk;.

 jdpegnuhUtUf;F cupikahd tzpfq;fs; jdpahSupik tzpfkhFk;.
cjhuzk;: G`hup Rg;gu;> fhQ;rdh Gj;jf tpw;gid epiyak;> I];tu;ah
rY}d;
 gpd;tUk; tpNrl gz;Gfisj; jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspy; fhzKbAk;.
 cupikahsu; jdpahf %yjdkply;.
 Kfhikj; jPuk
; hdq;fs; cupikahsupdhy; vLf;fg;gly;.
 cupikahsupd; tiuaWf;fg;glhj nghWg;G.
 tzpfj;jpw;Fr; rl;luPjpahd jdpkdpj me;j];Jf; fhzg;glhik.
 gjpT nra;jy; fl;lhakpy;iy.
 ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lq;fis jdpahf mDgtpj;jy;.
 ,lu;fSf;Fj; jdpahf Kfq;nfhLj;jy;.
 njhlu;e;jpaq;Fk; epiyg;ghL fhzg;glhik.
 fzf;F itg;G fl;lhakpy;iy.
 tzpfj;jpd; ngaupy; tupf; nfhLg;gdT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.

 jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspy; fhzf;$ba ed;ikfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ,yFthf Muk;gpf;f Kbjy;.
 rfy ,yhgq;fSk; cupikahsUf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 Rje;jpukhfj; jPuk
; hdnkLf;f Kbjy;.
 fhzg;gLfpd;w rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;> gpukhzq;fSk; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;.
 tzpfj; jfty;fspd; ,ufrpak; ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
 tzpfj;ij ,yFthff; fiyf;f Kbjy;.
 thbf;ifahsUld; Neubj; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 epu;thfk; ,yFthapUj;jy;.
89
 jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspy; fhzf;$ba tiuaiwfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 cupikahsupd; tiuaWf;fg;glhj nghWg;G.
 %yjdk; <l;lypd;NghJ rpukq;fs; cUthjy;.
 cupikahsNu jPuk
; hdnkLg;gjhy; mit Njhy;tpailaf;$bajhapUj;jy;.
 rl;luPjpahd jdpkdpj me;j];Jf; fhzg;glhik.
 njhlu;e;jpaq;Fk; epiyg;ghL fhzg;glhik.
 tzpfk; tpuptilAk;NghJ Kfhikr; nraw;ghLfs; fbdkhapUj;jy;.
 el;lq;fisj; jdpahf mDgtpf;f Ntz;bapUj;jy;.

 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;W mjd; cupikahsupd; KOikahd ngaupyd;wp
NtW ngau;fspy; elhj;jpr; nry;yg;gLkhapd; 1918 Mk; Mz;bd; 6k; ,yf;f
tpahghu ngau;gg; jpTf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tzpfk; mike;Js;s
khfhz rigapy; tzpfg; ngau;f; fl;lisf;Nfw;g tpahghu ngau;g; gjpTf;
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; khfhz tzpfg; ngau;g; gjpthsuplk; gjpT nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. eilKiwapy; ,g;gjptpid cupa gpuNjrj;jpd; gpuNjr nrayhsu;
fhupahyaj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 mt;thW gjpT nra;tjhapd; gpd;tUk; eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

 tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w gpuNjrj;jpd; gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;
fhupahyaj;jpy; jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd
tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 cupa gpuNjrj;jpd; (fpuhk Nritg; gpuptpd;) fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;juplkpUe;J
tzpfj;jpd; ngaiug; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd mwpfi ; fapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 fpuhk mjpfhup cWjpg;gLj;jpa mwpf;ifapidAk; g+uzg;gLj;jpa khjpupg;
gbtj;ijAk; gjpTf;Fupa fl;lzj;Jld; gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; rku;g;gpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 gpuNjr nrayhsu; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fisg; guprPyid nra;j gpd;du;
tzpfj;jpd; ngaiug; gjpT nra;jikf;fhd rhd;wpjio toq;Fthu;.
90
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3: gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; gz;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J

mg;g q;F ilik tzpfq;f spd; mD$yq;f isAk;
tiuaiwfisAk; tpku;rpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;fika gq;Filik tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d
vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpNrl gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 gq;Filik xg;ge;jj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;W Vw;glf;$ba Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
 gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; nghJthf cs;slf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fis ntspg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 1890 Mk; Mz;L gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 24k; gpuptpd; gupe;
Jiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; mD$yq;fisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk; gl;bay;
gLj;Jthu;.
 jdpahSupik tzpfk; gq;Filik tzpfk; vd;gtw;iw xd;Wld; xd;W
xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

 jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;iw elj;jpr; nry;Yk;nghOJ mtu;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;
Fk; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf Qhgfg;gLj;jTk;.
 mjw;fhf vLf;ff;$ba eilKiwfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
 el;lq;fisj; jdpahfg; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;b ,Uj;jy;> %yjdj;ij mjpfupjJ ; f;
nfhs;s Kbahik Nghd;w gpujp$yq;fSf;fhd jPut ; hf tzpfj;jpy; kw;Wk;
rpy egu;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 mg;nghOJ mt;tzpfk; gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;whFk; vd;gij cWjpg;
gLj;jTk;.
 gq;Filik tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;
Nfw;g tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jTk;.

91
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpy; fl;lhakhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfis tpsf;fTk;.
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpNrl gz;Gfis tpsf;fTk;.

 gq;Filik xg;ge;jk;> gq;Filik cWjp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 gq;Filik cWjpnahd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;b nghJthf mjpy;
cs;slf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 cq;fsJ FO gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpgg
; jw;F vjpug
; hu;ff
; pdw
; J
vdf; fUjTk;.
 gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; jfty;fs; cs;slf;ff;$bathW mg;gq;Filik
tzpfj;jpw;fhd gq;Filik cWjpnahd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpw;fhd nganuhd;W
 gq;fhsu;fspd; ngau;fSk; KftupfSk;
 %yjdkply; njhlu;ghd tpguk;
 ,yhg el;lg; gfpu;T Kiw
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
 gq;fhsupd; gw;Wf;fSf;fhd tiuaiw
 %yjd tl;b> gw;Wtl;b njhlu;ghd tpguk;
 Gjpa gq;fhsnuhUtiu ,izj;jy;
 jw;NghjpUf;Fk; gq;fhsnuhUtu; tpyFjy;.
 Nkyjpf %yjdkply; njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;.
 gq;Filik tzpfj;ijf; fiyj;jy; njhlu;ghd tpguk;
 khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

 xt;nthU FOtpdJk; Njbawpjy;fis kjpg;gpl;L cl;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 vOj;J %y xg;ge;jnkhd;W ,y;yhjNghJ my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpgg; plg;glhj
tplankhd;W njhlu;gpy; gpur;rpidnahd;W NknyOk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; 1890k;
Mz;L gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 24k; gpuptpw;fika eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd tpjpKiwfshdJ jdpahs;
cupik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;nghOJ gpd;gw;wg;gLk; tpjpKiw
fSf;F xj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
92
 NkNy fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; gz;Gfspd; cjtpAld;
khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 toq;fg;gl;l epajpfSf;fika jdpahs; cilik tzpfj;ijAk; gq;Filik
tzpfj;ijAk; EZf;fkhf xg;gplTk;.
epajpfs; jdpahs; cilik gq;Filik
tzpfk; tzpfk;
01. mq;fj;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

02. <LgLj;jg;gLk; %yjdk;
03. epu;thfk;
04. nghWg;Gf;fs;
05. ,yhg el;lg;gfpu;T
06. jPu;khdnkLj;jy;
07. tzpfj;ijf; fiyj;jy;
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; mD$yq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; tpsf;fTk;.

 jdpahs; tzpfnkhd;Wld; xg;gl
P L
; g; gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; mD$yq;
fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

 1890 Mk; Mz;L gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpy; gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;W
gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,yhgk; ciof;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; tzpfnkhd;iw elhj;jpr; nry;Yk; jdpegu;
fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Ng gq;Filik tzpfkhFk;.

 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;fika gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;W
gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fl;lhakhff; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf;fnkhd;wpUj;jy;.
 tzpf eltbf;ifnahd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
 jdpegu;fs; ,Uj;jy;.
 md;dpNahd;dpakhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; (cld;ghL) ,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- jtk; mz;l; rNfhjuu;fs;
njhd; my;gpul; mz;l; rNfhjuu;fs;
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fupa tpNrl gz;Gfspy; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 gq;fhsu;fspd; Mff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;if ,Utuhf ,Ug;gJld; cr;r
vy;iy 20 Nguhf tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;bUj;jy;.
 gq;fhsu;fspilNa xg;ge;jnkhd;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,yhgg; gfpu;tpw;fhd VNjh xU ,zf;fg;ghnlhd;iwf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;.
93
 vy;yhg; gq;fhsu;fSk; jdJk; Vida gq;fhsu;fspdJk; gpujpepjpnahUtuhf
Tk; Kjy;tuhfTk; fUJjy;. (md;dpNahd;dpakhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;)
 VNjDnkhU tzpff; fUknkhd;wpUj;jy;.

 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; eltbf;iffis Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpr; nry;yy;
njhlu;ghfg; gq;fhsu;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; cld;ghNl
gq;Filik xg;ge;jkhFk;.
 gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;W tha;nkhop %yk;> vOj;J %yk; my;yJ elj;ij
apd; %yk; Vw;gl KbAk;.
 gq;fhsu;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vOj;J %y xg;ge;jkhdJ
gq;Filik xg;ge;jk; vdg;gLk; gq;Filik rl;lahg;G vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspdhy; gq;Filik xg;ge;jk; Kf;fpaKilajhf ,Uf;
fpd;wJ.
 gq;fhsu;fSf;fpilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw
mNdfkhfj; jPuf; ;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; fUkq;fis elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F ,yFthf
,Uj;jy;.
 gq;Filik xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; nghJthfg; gpdt; Uk; tplaq;fs; cl;gLj;jg;gl;
bUf;Fk;.
 tzpfk; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilj; jfty;fs;
cjhuzk;: tzpfj;jpd; ngau;> gq;fhsu;fspd; ngau;fSk; KftupfSk;>
tzpfj;jpd; jd;ik> gq;Filikapd; fhytiuaiw.
 %yjdkply; njhlu;ghd tpguk;
 ,yhg el;lk; gfpug;gLk; Kiw njhlu;ghd tpguk;
 gq;Filikapd; Nehf;fk;
 gq;fhsu;fspd; gw;Wj; njhlu;ghd tiuaiw
 gq;fhsu;fspd; %yjd tl;b> gw;W tl;b njhlu;ghd tpguk;
 gq;Filik tzpfj;ij fiyg;gJ njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;
 Nkyjpf %yjdkply; njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;
 Gjpa gq;fhsnuhUtiu ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;nghOJk; ,Uf;fpdw ; gq;fhsu;
tpyfpr; nry;Yk;nghOJk; gq;fhsnuhUtu; ,wf;Fk;nghOJk; fUkkhw;w
Ntz;ba Kiw njhlu;ghd jfty;.

 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpy; vOj;J %y xg;ge;jnkhd;W ,y;yhjNghJ my;yJ
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; gpur;rpid nahd;W Vw;gLk;
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; 1890k; gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 24k; gpuptpw;fika
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 gq;Filikf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 24k; gpuptpy; gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;
gLk;.
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; ,yhg el;lq;fs; gq;fhsu;fSf;fpilNa rkkhfg;
gfpug;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; gq;Filikiaf; fiyf;Fk;nghOJ %yjdj;
ijr; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gq;fhsu;fSf;F cupik cz;L.
94
 tzpfj;jpd; rhu;ghfg; gq;fhsu;fs; jdpgg
; l;l uPjpahf Nkw;nfhz;l nryTfis
tzpfkhdJ mtu;fSf;F kPsr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 xg;ge;jj;jpdbg;gilapyhd %yjdj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhfg; gq;fhsu;fspdhy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gzj;njhiff;F 5% tUlhe;j tl;b ngWtjw;F cupjJ ; z;L.
 %yjdj;jpw;F tl;b ngWtjw;fhd cupik gq;fhsu;fSf;F ,y;iy.
 tzpfj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fr; rfy gq;fhsu;
fSf;Fk; cupik cz;L.
 ve;jnthU gq;fhsUk; jdJ Nritapd; nghUl;Lg; gq;FilikapypUe;J
rk;gsk; ngw KbahJ.
 rfy gq;fhsu;fspdJk; tpUg;gkpd;wpg; Gjpa gq;fhsnuhUtiu ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;s KbahJ.
 gq;Filik tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; NknyOk; nghJthd gpur;rpid
fspd;NghJ gq;fhsu;fspd; $ba thf;Ffspdbg;gilapy; jPuk
; hdk; vLf;f
KbAk; vd;gJld; gq;Filik eltbf;iffspd; jd;ikfspy; khw;wk;
nra;Ak; ve;jnthU eltbf;ifiaAk; midj;Jg; gq;fhsu;fspdJk;
tpUg;gkpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ.
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; fzf;NfLfisg; gpujhd mYtyfj;jpNy itj;
jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> Njitahd ve;jnthU re;ju;gg
; j;jpYk; mtw;iwg;
guprPyid nra;tjw;Fk;> gpujp nra;tjw;Fk; vy;yhg; gq;fhsu;fSf;Fk;
mDkjp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak; tpjpKiwahdJ jdpahs; cupik
tzpfnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ gpdg
; w;wg;gLk; tpjpKiwfSf;F xj;jjhf
,Uf;Fk;.

 gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;wpd; mD$yq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ,yFthf Muk;gpf;f KbAk;.
 ,yFthff; fiyf;f KbAk;.
 mjpf %yjdk; Nrfupf;f KbAk;.
 gyuJ jpwd;fisAk; jpwikfisAk; xd;wpizf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 nghWg;Gf;fs; gyupilNa gfpug;gLk;.
 xd;wpize;j nghWg;Gf; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Cf;fKk; tpidjpwDk;
 gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; tiuaiwfSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 gq;fhsu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; tiuaiwaw;wjhff; fhzg;gly;.
 gq;fhsu;fSf;fpilNa Vw;glf;$ba fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs; gq;Filik
tzpfj;jpy; ghjfkhd Kiwapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 gq;fhsnuhUtupd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fr; rfy gq;fhsu;fSk; nghWg;Gf; $Wk;
flg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 ePz;lfhy tho;jd;ik mw;wJ.
95
 gq;Filik tzpfj;ijAk; jdpahs; cilik tzpfj;ijAk; gpd;tUkhW
Jy;ypakhf xg;gpl KbAk;.
epajpfs; jdpahs; cilik gq;Filik

tzpfk; tzpfk;
mq;fj;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if jdpnahUtu; Fiwe;jJ ,Utu;. $baJ

20 Ngu; tiuapy; ,Ug;gu;.
%yjdkply; cupikahsupdhy; gq;fhsu;fspdhy; ,lg;gLk;.

,lg;gLk;.
epu;thfk; cupikahsupdhy; gq;fhsu;fspdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
nghWg;Gf;fs; jdpahfg; gq;fhsu;fs; xUikg;ghl;

nghWg;Ngw;fg;gLk;. Lld; nghWg;Ngw;gu;.
,yhg el;lq;fis jdpahf mDgtpg;ghu;. gq;fhsu;fspilNa

mDgtpj;jy; gfpug;gLk;.
jPu;khdnkLj;jy; RahjPdkhfj; xUikg;ghl;Lld; jPu;khdk;

jPu;khdnkLg;ghu;. ,lk;ngWk;.
fiyj;jy; fiyj;jy; ,lk; Rakhf my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;

ngwhJ tpUg;gj;jpd; jPu;g;gpd;gb fiyf;fg;gLk;.
mbg;gilapy;
tzpfj;ijf;
fiyj;jy;.
96
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4: gy;NtW tifahd $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfisAk;

mtw;wpd; tpNrl gz;GfisAk; xg;gpLthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 10
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; tpNrl gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; mD$yq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; gl;bay;
gLj;Jthu;.
 fk;gdpnahd;iwf; $l;bizg;Gr; nra;Ak; eilKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
Mtzq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU fk;gdp tiffspdJk; gz;Gfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 xt;nthU tiff; fk;gdpfSf;Fkhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp tiffis xg;gpLk; epajpfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 me;epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp tiffis
xg;gpLthu;.
 toq;fg;gLk; tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fSf;Nfw;g mJ vt;tif tzpf mikg;igr;
rhu;e;jJ vd;gijr; rupahff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnad;why; vd;d vd;gij cjhuzq;fSld; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.

 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;iwf; $l;bizf;Fk; eilKiwfisAk;
mjw;Fj; Njitahd Mtzq;fisAk; tpsf;fg;gLj;jTk;.

 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis tifg;gLj;Jfpd;w Kiwapidg; gha;r;ry;
Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpd; JizAld; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

 xt;nthU fk;gdp tiffisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis
tpsf;fTk;.

 fk;gdp tiffis xg;gpLk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w epajpfisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.
 97
 khztu;fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdp
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdp
 fk;gdp tiffis xg;gpLk; epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp mf;fk;gdp tiffs;
,uz;il xg;gpLkhW khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpf;fk;gdpiaAk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf;fk;gdpiaAk; xg;gplf;$ba Kiwapid khztu;
nraw;ghl;by; mtjhdk; nrYj;jp tpsf;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.

 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfspd; JizAld; khztu;fisg;
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 RahjPdkhf Kd;tUk; 10 khztu;fis 2 FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.
 ~~$l;bizf;f g;gl;l fk;gdpfspy; gpujp$yq;f is tplf; $Ljyhf
mD$yq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd|| vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; tpthjnkhd;iw
elhj;Jtjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 xU khztUf;F 2 epkplq;fs; toq;fTk;.
 Vida khztu;fis ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J tpthjj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;w mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
nghWg;gpid mf;FOf;fs; ,uz;bw;Fk; toq;fTk;.
 vOkhwhfj; jiyg;gpidj; njupT nra;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fp
tpthjj;ij Muk;gpj;J itf;fTk;.
 tpthjj;jpd; Kbtpy; gl;bay;gLj;jg;gl;l mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fis
tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; nraw;ghLfis kjpg;glP b; w;Fl;gLj;jp FiwghLfis eptu;jj
; p
nra;aTk;.

 2007 Mk; Mz;L 07 Mk; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l
jdpegu;fspd; $l;L fk;gdp vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lyhk;.
cjhuzk;: t/g muypa fk;gdp
t/g gpujPgh (jdp) fk;gdp

 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l RahjPd epWtdnkhd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
 fk;gdpnahd;W mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fspypUe;J NtWgl;l rl;luPjpahd mynfhd;
whf ,Uj;jy;.
 njhlu;rr; pahd tho;jd;ik vDk; ePzl ; fhyk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikapidf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 cupikahsupd; nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy;.
 gq;Ffis toq;fp %yjdj;ijj; jpul;bf; nfhs;sy;.
 gq;Ffisf; ifkhw;wk; nra;ayhk;.
 KfhikahdJ ,af;Feu; rigapD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.
98
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; mD$yq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ghupasT %yjdj;ijj; jpul;l Kbjy;.
 NgusT nfhz;l tzpfq;fis Muk;gpf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 jpwikAs;s Kfhikahsu;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L tzpf eltbf;if
fis elj;jpr; nry;y Kbjy;.
 gq;fhsu;fspd; nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; KjyPll
; hsu;fisf; ftuf;
$bajhapUj;jy;.
 gq;fhsnuhUtupd; kuzk; my;yJ tpyfy; fhuzkhf tzpfj;jpd; nraw;
ghl;by; jhf;fk; vJTk; Vw;glhJ.
 cau;kl;lj;jpy; kdpj tsq;fis xd;W Nru;f;f Kbjy;.
 tzpfj;jpw;Fr; rl;luPjpahd jdpkdpj me;j];njhd;W ,Uj;jy;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; tiuaiwfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

 rl;luPjpahd jhf;fk; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gly;.
 Muk;gpg;gjw;Fr; rpf;fyhd eilKiwfisg; gpdg ; w;w Ntz;bapUg;gJld;
mJ njhlu;gpy; fpuankhd;iw Vw;f Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
 gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g thf;fspf;Fk; cupik(one vote for one chare)
fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhff; Fiwthd gq;Ffisf; nfhz;l gq;fhsu;fSf;
Ff; $Ljyhd mjpfhuk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
 fk;gdpapd; ,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; gq;fhsu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; tup nrYj;j Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy; ,yhgkhdJ
,U Kiw tupf; fzpg;gl P ;Lf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 fiyf;Fk;NghJ tpupthd eilKiwnahd;iwg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUj;jy;.

 cupa ehl;bYs;s fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd;gb fk;gdpnahd;iwf; $l;bizj;jy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,yq;ifapYs;s fk;gdpnahd;wpidf;
$l;bizg;gjhapd; 2007k; Mz;L 07k; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpw;Nfw;gf;
fk;gdpg; gjpthsu; jpizf;fsj;jpy; fk;gdpg; gjpthsu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
 fk;gdpnahd;iwf; $l;bizf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 fk;gdpapd; ngaupidg; gjpT nra;jy;.
 fk;gdpf;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s ngauhdJ jw;NghJ nraw;gLfpd;w fk;gdp
apd; ngaUilajhf my;yJ xj;jjhf ,y;iy vdj; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gl;l
gpd;du; gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhf Ntz;br; rku;g;gpj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 fk;gdpiag; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;
 fk;gdpapd; mftpjpr; rl;lf;Nfhit
 fk;gdpapd; ,af;Feuhff; flikahw;Wtjw;F xt;nthU Muk;g ,af;F
dUk; jdJ tpUg;gj;ijj; njuptpf;Fk; $w;W.
 fk;gdpapd; nrayhsuhff; flikahw;Wtjw;fhd tpUg;gj;ijj; njuptpfF; k;
njhlf;fr; nrayhsupd; $w;W.
99
 fk;gdpapd; Nehf;fk;> fk;gdpapd; gq;fhsu;fspd; cupikfSk; flg;ghLfSk;>
fk;gdpapd; Kfhik> epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf; fk;gdp
apidf; $l;bizg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhff; fk;gdpg; gjpthsUf;F mDg;g Ntz;ba
Kf;fpakhd Mtzk; fk;gdp mftpjpahFk;.
 cupa Mtzq;fs; rfyJk; rupahdJ vd cWjpg;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> cupa
fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;jpajd; gpd;du; fk;gdpg; gjpthsu; $l;bizg;Gr;
rhd;wpjio toq;Fthu;.
 2007k; Mz;L 7k; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpw;Nfw;gg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fk;gdp tiffisf; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfshff; Fwpgg ; plL
; f;
fhl;lyhk;.
$l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp
  
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;glhj gpizay; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fk;gdpfs; fk;gdpfs; fk;gdpfs;
  
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fiufle;j fk;gdpfs;
jdpahu; fk;gdpfs; nghJf; fk;gdpfs;
 
gl;bay;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; gl;bay;gLj;jg;glhj fk;gdpfs;

 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l xt;nthU fk;gdp tiffspdJk; gz;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW
gl;bay;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs;
gq;fhsu;fs; jhk; nfhs;tdT nra;j gq;FfSf;Fr; nrYj;jpa my;yJ
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd flg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;Ls;s ngWkjpf;F khj;jpuk;
mtu;fspd; nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; fk;gdp tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fk;gdpfs; vdg;gLk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp tiffs; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpf; fk;gdp
gq;FfisNah my;yJ NtW gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisNah gfpuq;fkhf
toq;Ftjw;fhd mDkjpapy;yhj Fiwe;j gq;fhsu; vz;zpf;if
1 ck; cr;r vz;zpf;if 50 ck; Ngu; tiu fhzg;gLfpd;w fk;gdp
ahdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpf;fk;gdpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpf; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; gz;Gfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 Mff;Fiwe;j gq;fhsu; vz;zpfi; f xUtu; vd;gJld; cr;r gq;fhsu;
vz;zpf;if 50 MFk;. ,e;j cr;r vz;zpfi ; fapy; fk;gdp Copau;
fspy; gq;fhsu;fshf cs;stu;fs; Nru;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
 Mff; Fiwe;j ,af;Feu; vz;zpf;if xUtu; (1) Mtu;.
 fk;gdpapd; gq;Ffisg; gfpuq;fkhf toq;f KbahJ.
 flid kPsr; nrYj;Jk; Mw;wy; njhlu;ghd gupNrhjidapd;wpr;
rfy gq;fhsu;fspdJk; ,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; gq;fpyhgj;ijg; gfpu;e;
jspf;fyhk;.
100
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpf;fk;gdpfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;:
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kj;jpa itg;gf Kiw (jdpf;) fk;gdp
 Lanka clear (Pvt) Ltd
 ,yq;if kpd;rhu (jdpf;) fk;gdp
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdp
gq;FfisAk; njhFjpf; fld;fisAk; gfpuq;fkhfg; nghJkf;fSf;F
toq;Ftjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Mff; Fiwe;j gq;fhsu; vz;zpf;if
1 MfTk;> cr;r vz;zpfi ; f tiuaiwaw;wjhd fk;gdp tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghJf;fk;gdp vdg;gLk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; gz;Gfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 Mff;Fiwe;j gq;fhsu; vz;zpf;if 1 MfTk;> cr;r gq;fhsu;
vz;zpf;if tiuaWf;fg;glhjpUj;jYk;.
 Mff; Fiwe;j ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 02 MfTk; ,Uj;jy;.
 gq;FfisNah my;yJ gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisNah gfpuq;fkhf toq;f
KbAkhapUj;jy;.
 gq;fhsu;f;Fg; gq;fpyhgk; nrYj;j Kd;du; flid kPsr; nrYj;Jk;
Mw;wy; njhlu;gpy; gupNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
gl;bayplg;gl;l nghJf;fk;gdp (tpiy $wg;gl;l fk;gdp)
nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; gupkhw;wfj;jpy; gl;bayplg;gl;l nghJf;fk;gdp tpiy
$wg;gl;l (gl;bayplg;gl;l) fk;gdpfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: DFCC Bank PLC
nrypq;Nfh PLC
gl;bayplg;glhj fk;gdp (tpiy $wg;glhj fk;gdp)
nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; gupkhw;wfj;jpy; gjpT nra;g;glhj fk;gdpfs; gl;ba
yplg;glhj fk;gdpfs; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: rpNyhd; gp];fl; fk;gdp ypkpl;ll;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nkypgd; gp];fl; fk;gdp.
 fiufle;j fk;gdpfs;
VjhtJ ehnlhd;wpy; fk;gdpahff; $l;bizf;fg;gl;L me;ehl;bdpd;Wk;
ntspapy; tzpf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fk;gdp fiufle;j
fk;gdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. mf;fk;gdpfs; tzpf eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ehl;Lf; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpw;fikaNt gjpT nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
mNjNghd;W NtW ehnlhd;wpy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
fk;gdpnahd;W ,yq;ifapy; gjpT nra;J NtW ehnlhd;wpy; tzpff;
fUkq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; mitAk; fiufle;j fk;gdpfshFk;.
cjhuzk;: ,yq; i fapYs;s fk;g dpnahd;W rpq; f g;g+upy; tzpf
eltbf; i ffis Nkw; n fhs; t jw; f hf ,yq; i fapy;
$l; b izf; f g; g LtJld; rpq; f g; g +upYk; jdJ tzpf
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gjpT nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;: rd; nuNfh nkupd; fk;gdp
Vrpah gRgpf; fk;gdp
101
 tiuaWf;fg;glhj fk;gdpfs;
gq;fhsupd; nghWg;Gf;fs; tiuaWf;fg;glhjpUf;Fk;. mjhtJ mftpjpr;
rl;lf;Nfhitapy; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;sthW gq;fhsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpdw
;
gq;Ffspd; ngWkjpfF; mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; tiuaWf;fg;glhjpUf;Fk;
fk;gdpfs; tiuaWf;fg;glhj fk;gdpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 gpizahy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs;
gq;F toq;fis Nkw;nfhs;shJ mq;fj;jtu;fspd; nghWg;G mftpjpr;
rl;lf;Nfhitapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gpizj;njhiff;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;
Ls;s fk;gdpNa ,JthFk;.
cjhuzk;: nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; gupkhw;wfk; (gpizf; fk;gdpfs;)
gpizahy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;wpy; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf;
fhzyhk;.
 gq;F toq;fy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.
 mftpjpr; rl;lf;Nfhitapy; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; fk;gdp fiyf;fg;
gLfpd;wNghJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aNtz;ba njhif Fwpg;gplg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
 Mff; Fiwe;jJ ,U mq;fj;jtu;fshtJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cr;r
vz;zpf;iff;F tiuaiwapy;iy.
 nghJNehf;fnkhd;wpid Kd;itj;J Muk;gpf;fg;gly;.
 fk;gdp ,yhgg; gfpu;tpid Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
 ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs;
 ,yq;ifapy; tzpf epiyaj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;s NghJk; ,yq;iff;F
ntspapy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;Ls;s fk;gdp ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs;
vdg;gLk;.
 ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpnahd;W ,yq;ifapDs; tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpjJ ;
xU khjj;jpDs; fk;gdp njhlu;gpyhd tpgunkhd;iw ,yq;iff; fk;gdpg;
gjpthsUf;F Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 fk;gdpg; gjpthsu; fk;gdp njhlu;gpy; gupry
P id nra;J mt;ntspehl;Lf;
fk;gdpiag; gjpT nra;af;$bajhf ,Ug;gpd; ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpnahd;
whf ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpg; gl;baypy; mjd; ngaiu cs;slf;Fthu;.
cjhuzk;:
 xt;nthU fk;gdp tiffisAk; xg;gpLk;NghJ gpd;tUk; epajpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 mq;fj;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 nghWg;G
 %yjdkply;
 epu;thfKk; Kfhikj;JtKk;
102
 epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpnahd;W
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpnahd;Wld; gpd;tUkhW xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l
KbAk;.
epajpfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

jdpf;fk;gdpfs; nghJf;fk;gdpfs;
mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Mff; Fiwe;jJ - 01 Mff; Fiwe;jJ - 01

vz;zpf;if Mff; $baJ - 50 cr;r vz;zpf;if tiuaWf;
fg;gltpy;iy.
nghWg;G nfhs;tdT nra;j nfhs;tdT nra;j gq;Ffspd;

gq;Ffspd; ngWkjpf;F ngWkjpf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. bUf;Fk;.
%yjdkPll
; y; gfpuq;fkhfg; nghJ gfpuq;fkhfg; nghJkf;fSf;
kf;fSf;Fg; gq;F Fg; gq;Ffis my;yJ
fisNah my;yJ gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis toq;f
gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisNah KbAk;.
toq;f KbahJ.
epu;thfKk; ,af;Feu; rigahy; ,af;Feu; rigahy; Nkw;

KfhikAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nfhs;sg;gLk; Mff; Fiwe;j
Mff; Fiwe;j ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
,af;Feu;fspd; 02 MFk;.
vz;zpf;if 01 MFk;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;:
 khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.
 ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUk; Ntisapy; fhzf;$ba tzpfq;fspd; ngau;
fis ,ad;wstpy; vOJkhW khztu;fSf;Fr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
(Kd;ida jpdj;jpNy mwptpj;jy; toq;FtJ ,yFthdjhf mikAk;.)
 tzpfj;jpd; ngaUf;fika mt;tzpfk; cupjj
; hFk; tzpf mikg;G tifiaf;
fUJNfhshff; nfhs;SkhW Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 tzpfq;fspd; ngau;fSf;fika mJ cupj;jhFk; tzpf mikg;G tifia
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk; vd;gij cjhuzq;fs; %yk; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
103
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5: $l;LwT tzpfq;fspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpeJ

;
mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ffisf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 $l;LwT tzpfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 $l;LwT tzpfq;fspd; tpNrl gz;Gfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 $l;Lwtpd; nfhs;iffis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; mD$yq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; Nghf;Ffisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

 Kd;du; fye;Jiuahba tzpf mikg;Gf;fs; njhlu;gpyhd mwptpid
Kd;dpWj;jpj; jdpahu; Jiwapd; ngUk;ghyhd tzpfq;fspd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;
fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilapD}lhf ,yhg Nehf;fw;w tzpfq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gij Nknyor; nra;J mtw;wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfspD}lhf $l;LwTk; $l jdpahu; Jiwapd; ,yhg
Nehf;fw;w tzpf mikg;nghd;whFk; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
 ru;tNjr $l;LwT mikg;gpdhy; $l;LwT tzpfj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;s
Kiwia tpsf;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.

 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpw;fhd cjhuzq;fs; rpytw;iwg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
$l;LwTfspD}lhf Kd;itf;fTk;.
 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfis tpsf;fTk;.

 $l;LwTf; nfhs;iffis tpsf;fg;gLj;jTk;.

 $l;LwT tzpfk; njhlu;ghf ,Jtiuapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l mwpitg;
gad;gLj;jp mjd; mD$yq;fs;> tiuaiwfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iwf;
fUk;gyifapy; Fwpf;fTk;.

 $l;LwTr; rq;fj;ijg; gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwfis tpsf;fTk;.

 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; etPd Nghf;fpidf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

104
 khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 cq;f sJ gpuNjrj; jpy; gy;N tW Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; $l;L wT
tzpfq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 mf;$l;LwT tzpfq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritfis
,dq;fz;L vOjTk;.
 mt;tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilapid kjpg;gl

P ;bw;Fl;gLj;jTk;.

 ru;tNjr $l;LwTr; rq;fkhdJ $l;LwT tzpfj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW mwpKfg;
gLj;jp cs;sJ.
~~jkJ nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu uPjpahd Njitfs;> vjpu;ghu;gG ; f;fs;
vd;gtw;iw epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lr; Rakhf xd;wpize;j jdpegu;
fspd; RahjPdkhd rq;fnkhd;W vd;gJld; rk cupikAld; $ba rdehaf
Kiwapy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; tzpf mikg;nghd;whFk;.||
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kfufk gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nerthsu;fspd; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kPd; gpbf; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l
KbAk;.
 RahjPdkhd mikg;nghd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
 Rakhf xd;wpize;j jdpegu;fspd; njhFjpnahd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
 mq;fj;jtu;fspd; rk cupik.
 nghJj;Njit kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 rdehaf uPjpahd epu;thfj;Jld; $ba tzpfnkhd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
 gq;Ffspd; ngWkhdk; khw;wkilahJ ,Uj;jy; (gq;nfhd;wpd; ngWkjp
&gh 100)
 mq;fj;jtu; xUtUf;F xU thf;Fupik kl;LNk cupj;JilaJ. (one man
one vote)
 ciof;Fk; Nkyjpfj;ij mq;fj;jtu;fs; rq;fj;Jld; Nkw;nfhz;l nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fspd; ngWkhdj;jpw;fika mtu;fSf;fpilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk;.
 ,yhgj;ij mbg;gil Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;fhik.

 1995 Mk; Mz;by; kd;nr];lu; khehlhdJ $l;LwTf; nfhs;iffis
gpd;tUkhW gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
 RahjPdkhd jpwe;j mq;fj;Jtk;
 rdehaf uPjpahd mq;fj;Jt epu;thfk;
 mq;fj;jtu;fspd; nghUshjhug; gq;fspg;G
 jd;dpr;irahdJk; Rje;jpukhdJkhFk;.
 $l;LwTf; fy;tp> gapw;rp> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;
 gpuNjr> Njrpa> ru;tNjr uPjpahd $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd
xj;Jiog;G
 r%fk; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.

105
 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; mD$yq;fSs; rpytw;iwg; gpdt
; UkhW fhl;l KbAk;.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fnkhd;iw ,yFthf Muk;gpf;f Kbjy;> gj;J egu;fs;
xd;wpize;J ,yFthfTk; rpwpa epjpAlDk; Muk;gpf;f Kbjy;.
 rdehaf uPjpahd epu;thfk; fhzg;gly;.
 mj;jpahtrpakhd nghUs;fs; Nritfis epahakhd tpiyf;F toq;fg;
gly;.
 gy;NtW Jiwfspy; tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl Kbjy;.
 md;dpNahd;dpa xj;Jiog;Gld; fUkkhw;Wjy;.
 rq;fj;jpdhy; ciof;fg;gLk; Nkyjpfj;ij mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F cupjj
; hf;Fjy;
vdg;gLfpd;w mDruizf;fhd kPsn ; fhLg;gdT.
 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; tiuaiwfs; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.

 epjpaPl;ly; topKiwfs; tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy;.
 $l;LwTf; nfhs;ifia ikakhff; nfhz;Nl fUkkhw;w Ntz;b ,Uj;jy;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyg; gFjpapy; kl;Lk; jpwe;jpUj;jy;.
 mur Jiwapd; jiyaPL
 nghUl;fspd; fld; tpw;gidfs; ,lk;ngwhik
 Kfhikj;Jtf; FOthdJ thf;Fupikapd; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;
gLtjdhy; mNdfkhf tpidjpwd; mw;wjhff; fhzg;gly;.

 $l;LwT tzpfq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwiag; gpd;tUkhW Fwpgg
; plL
; f;
fhl;l KbAk;.
 ,yq;ifapy; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; 1972k; Mz;L 5 Mk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l
$l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpw;fika $l;LwT mgptpUj;jpj; jpizf;fsj;jpy; $l;LwT
mgptpUj;jp Mizahsupdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l khfhz rigapd; $l;LwT
mgptpUj;jp Mizahsupd; fPo; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; gjpTfs; ,lk;ngWk;.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fnkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;Ak;nghOJ 18 tajpYk; $ba ve;j

nthU 10 egu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fisf; $l;LwT
mgptpUj;jp MizahsUf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpz;zg;gg;gj;jpuk;
 ,ilr; rl;l %yj;jpd; ,U gpujpfs;
 Kd;nkhopag;gLk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidf;
fhl;Lk; mwpf;ifnahd;W.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fj;ijg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhf MNyhrid mq;ff P upff
; g;gl;ljw;
fhd nghJf; $l;l mwpf;if.
 tpz;zg;gg;gbtj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl;l mq;fj;jtu;fspd; mq;fj;Jtf;
fl;lzk; nrYj;jpAs;shu;fs; vd;gjw;Fk;> mf;fl;lzj; njhifahdJ
nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gjw;fhd ,af;Fdu;
FOtpd; cWjpr; rhd;wpjo; xd;W.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fk; ,Uf;Fk; miktplj;ij milaf;$ba Kftupiaf;
fhl;Lk; tPjpg;glnkhd;W.
106
 tpz;zg;gg; gbtj;Jld; rku;gg; pf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; $l;LwTr; rl;ljpl;lq;
fSf;F cl;gl;lJ vd $l;LwT mgptpUj;jp Mizahsupdhy; guprPyid
nra;jjd; gpd;du; gjpTr; rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gLk;.

 $l;LwT tzpfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpidg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.
 Ra Nrit tpw;gidafq;fis Muk;gpj;jYk; etPdkag;gLj;jYk;
cjhuzk;: Nfhg; rpb> Nfhg; Rgu;
 Gjpa tzpfj;Jiwfspy; gpuNtrpj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: $l;LwTf; fhg;GWjp> vupnghUs; epug;G epiyaq;fs;
 elkhLk; tpw;gidafq;fis mikj;jy;
 ,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf Kd;nkhopag;gLk; MNyhridfs;

rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; jpwe;jpUf;Fk; Neuj;ij tpupTgLj;jy;.
 flDf;Fg; nghUs; tpw;gid njhlu;ghf mtjhdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
 Kfhikj;Jtf; FOtpw;fhfj; jpwikkpf;f mDgtk; nfhz;l tpidjpw
Dila FOtpdiuj; njupT nra;jy;.
 gy;NtW Nkk;gLj;jy; cgha Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 jd;dpaf;fr; Nrit nfhz;l tpw;gidafq;fis NkYk; tpupTgLj;jy;.
 Efu;Nthu; <u;g;gpw;fhf tpw;gidafq;fis ftu;r;rpfukhd Kiwapy; xOq;
fikj;jy;.
 mq;fj;jtu;fspd; mD$yq;fis mjpfupf;fr; nra;jy;.
 Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fis
cUthf;fy;.
 Efu;Nthu;fSf;fhd Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd Gjpa njhopDl;g
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
107
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6 : tpNrl tzpfq;fspd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J

mtw;wpd; mD$yq;fs;> tiuaiwfisj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 mq;fPfhu tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu;fs; vd;gtu;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;
gLfpd;w ,ilj;njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 mq;ffP huk; toq;Fgtu; mq;ff
P huk; ngWtUf;F toq;Fk; trjpfisg; gl;bay;
gLj;Jthu;.
 mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 mq;ff
P hu tzpfq;fspd; mD$yq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 tzpfq;fs; xd;wpizAk; Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.

 mq;fPfhu tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

 mq;fPfhu tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;GgLk; gpuptpdiu mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.

 mq;ff
P huk; toq;Fgtu; mq;ffP huk; ngWgtupilNa fhzg;gLfpdw
; njhlu;gpid
mq;fPfhu xg;ge;jnkhd;wpd; cjtpAld; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

 mq;ff
P hu toq;Fgtupdhy; mq;ffP huk; ngWgtUf;F toq;fg;gLk; trjpfisAk;
mq;ffP huk; toq;Fgtupdhy; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba fUkq;fisAk; tpsf;fTk;.

 mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fis tifg;gLj;jp cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fTk;.

 mq;ffP hu tzpf Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;> tiuaiwfis mq;ff P huk; toq;F
gtu;> mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu; vd tifg;gLj;jp ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;fTk;.

 tzpfq;fs; xd;wpizjy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
 tzpfq;fs; ,izAk; Kiwapid cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fTk;.

108
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
tzpfq;fspd; ,izT njhlu;ghd %d;W epfo;Tfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
epfo;T - 1
 epjpj;Jiwapy; Kd;dzp epWtdq;fs; ,uz;lhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rpq;f
gpdhd;]; fk;gdpAk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhrpag;g gpdhd;]; fk;gdpAk;
,ize;J ~~tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhrpag;g rpq;f gpdhd;];|| vd;w ngaupy;
Gjpa fk;gdpnahd;iw Muk;gpf;fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
epfo;T - 2
 ~~uz;ur fk;gdp||ahdJ [hk; kw;Wk; Nfhbay; cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; Kd;dzp
tfpf;Fk; epWtdnkhd;whFk;. me;epWtdkhdJ tzpfj;Jiwapy; Gjpa
epWtdnkhd;whfpa ~~m[e;jh fpsh]; cw;gj;jpahsu;|| vDk; fz;zhbg;
Nghj;jy; cw;gj;jp epWtdj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;aj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.
epfo;T - 3
 njhopy; uPjpahd gapw;rp epWtdnkhd;wpy; Ra njhopy; ghlnewpnahd;iwf;
fw;w rpy;khTk; ejP`hTk; Cf;fKs;s Kaw;rpahsu;fs; ,Utuhthu;.
rpy;kh ~~rpy;kh|| vDk; ngaupy; kfspUf;fhd ghjzp cw;gj;jp epWtd
nkhd;iw elj;jpr; nry;tJld; ejP`h ~~kpy;fh|| vDk; ngaupy; Nahfl;
cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;iw elhj;jpr; nry;fpd;whu;. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,UtUk;
,ize;J kpfg; gykhd tzpfnkhd;whf ~~xUq;fpize;j cw;gj;jpfs;||
vd;w ngaupy; Gjpa tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sdu;.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j epfo;tpid ed;whf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sTk;.
 ,e;epfo;tpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tzpf xd;wpizg;G Kiw vJ vd;gij
,dq;fhzTk;.
 ePqf
; s; ,dq;fz;l tzpf ,izg;G Kiwapd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba ed;ikfisg; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;.
 khztu; Njly;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

 mq;fPfhu tzpfk; (Franchises)
VjhtJ nghUnshd;iw my;yJ Nritnahd;iw toq;Fk; tzpf epWtd
nkhd;W mg;nghUs; my;yJ Nritapidf; Fwpj;j re;ijg; gpuNjrnkhd;wpy;
tpw;gid nra;tjw;F kw;nwhU tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;F
khapd; mt; tzpf mikg;G KiwahdJ mq;fPfhu tzpfk; (Franchises)
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

109
 mq;fPfhu tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila ,U gpujhd gpuptpdu;fisf; fhz
KbAk;.
 mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; (Franchisor): mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fk;gdpapd;
tpahghug; ngaupd; fPo; nghUl;
fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;F NtW
tzpfnkhd;wpw;F mDkjp toq;
Fk; mq;fPfhuf; fk;gdp.
 mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu; (Franchisee): mq;fPfhuf; fk;gdpapy; mDkjp
ngw;w epWtdk;.
cjhuzk;:
mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu;
MC:DONALDS t/g mghd;]; nu];Lud;]; (jdpf;) fk;gdp
KFC fhu;fpy;]; rpNyhd; ypkpll;
Pizza Hut t/g fPy;]; nu];Lud;l; (jdpf;) fk;gdp
 mq;fPfhu tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ mq;fPfhuk; toq;FgtUf;Fk;

mq;ff P huk; ngWgtUf;FkpilNa Vw;gLfpdw
; xg;ge;jkhdJ mq;ff
P hu xg;ge;jk;
(Franchises Agreement) vdg;gLk;.
 ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtupd; tzpfg; ngau;> tpahghuf;
Fwp> ,yl;rpid vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F
mDkjp fpilf;fg; ngWtJld; xg;ge;jj;jpy; tzpfj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;tJ
njhlu;ghd rl;ljpll; q;fs;> mq;ff
P huk; toq;Fgtuhy; toq;fg;gLfpdw
; Nritfs;>
epjp njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;> mq;ff P huk; ngWgtu; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhlf;ff;
fl;lzq;fs;> khjhe;jk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba ,iwf; fl;lzk; vd;gd Fwpg;
gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

 mq;fPfhu xg;ge;jj;jpw;Nfw;g mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu; gpd;tUk; trjpfis
mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F toq;Ftu;.
 jdJ tpahghug; ngaupidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mDkjpapid toq;fy;.
 Kfhikj;Jtg; gapw;rpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 re;ijg;gLj;jYf;fhd cjtpapid toq;fy;.
 epjptrjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 tpahghu epiyaj;jpid Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;.
 cw;gj;jpg; nghUshfpa nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fis toq;fy;.
 El;g mwptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 mq;fPfhu xg;ge;jj;jpw;Nfw;g mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu; gpd;tUk; fUkq;fis
epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mq;ff
P huk; toq;Fgtupd; epge;jidfSf;Nfw;g nraw;gLtjw;F ,zq;Fjy;.
 %yjdj;ij KjyPL nra;jy;.
 mq;ffP huk; ngWgtuplk; my;yJ mtu;fshy; mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l toq;Feu;
fsplkpUe;J khj;jpuk; nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
 mq;fPfhuk; toq;FgtUf;F xg;ge;jg;gb fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;Jjy;.

110
 mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; mq;fPfhu tzpfk; (Product Franchises)
 cw;gj;jp mq;fPfhu tzpfk; (Manu Facturing Franchises)
 tzpf Kiwf;fhd mq;fPfhu tzpfk; (Business Format Franchises)
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; mq;fPfhu tzpfk;:

mq;ff
P huk; toq;Fgtupd; tpahghu FwpAldhd nghUl;fis mtuplkpUe;J
nfhs;tdT nra;J kPs tpw;gid nra;tjw;F mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F
cupikapid xg;gilf;fpd;w mq;fPfhu tzpfk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;
mq;fPfhu tzpfk; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: fdpa vz;nza; tiffis tpw;gid nra;Ak; tpahghu
epiyaq;fs; (IOC vupnghUs; epug;G epiyaq;fs;)
cw;gj;jp mq;fPfhu tzpfk;:

mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtupd; tpahghuf; Fwpapd; fPo; gz;lq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;J tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd cupikapid mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F
xg;gilf;fpd;w mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fs; cw;gj;jp mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: nfhfh Nfhyh> ngg;rp Nfhyh Nghd;w Fspu;ghdq;fis
Nghj;jypy; milj;J tpw;gid nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs;.
tzpf Kiwf;fhd mq;fPfhu tzpfk;:

mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtupd; ngaupYk; KiwapYk; tzpfj;ij elhj;jpr;
nry;tjw;F mq;ff
P huk; ngWtUf;F cupikapid xg;gilf;fpdw
; mq;ff
P hu
tzpfk;> tzpf Kiwf;fhd mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: MC: DONALDS, KFC, Pizza Hut Nghd;w cw;gj;jpfspd;
czTfis toq;Fk; tpahghu epWtdq;fs;.

 mq;fPfhu tzpf Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
mq;fPfhuk; toq;FgtUf;F:
 mtupd; KjyPbd;wp tzpfj;ij tpupTgLj;jf;$ba Mw;wy; fpilj;jy;.
 tpsk;gur; nryTfis mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 mq;ff
P huk; ngWgtupd; KjyPlb
; d; %yk; mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Kbjy;.
 mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtupd; tpidj;jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; ,ay;ghfNt ed;ik
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtupd; %yk; gadiljy;.
mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F:
 mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtupd; ed;kjpg;gpd; fPo; ghupa re;ijiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 Njhy;tpailaf;$ba Nghf;F Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.
111
 gpurpj;jp ngw;w tpahghug; ngau; fhuzkhf tpsk;guk; nra;jy; ,yFthf
mikjy;.
 mq;fPfhuk; toq;FgtuplkpUe;J Kfhikj;Jtg; gapw;rp fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 mq;fPfhuk; toq;FgtuplkpUe;J epjp trjpfs; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 %yg;nghUl;fisf; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fspd; tiuaiwfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
mq;fPfhuk; toq;FgtUf;F:
 mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtu;fs; Njhy;tpailAk;NghJ mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtupd;
,yhgKk; Fiwtilayhk;.
 mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtupd; ghjfkhd nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mq;fPfhuk;
toq;Fgtupd; ed;kjpg;gpy; ghjpg;G Vw;glyhk;.
 mq;ff
P huk; ngWgtu; ciof;Fk; ,yhgj;jpy; $Ljyhd gFjpapid mtu;fNs
itj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
mq;fPfhuk; ngWgtUf;F:
 mq;ffP huk; toq;Fgtu;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf mq;ff P huk;
ngWgtUf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk; fpilf;fg; ngwhik.
 mq;fPfhu tzpf Kiwapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; ghupa nrytpid
Vw;f Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
 ,yhgk; njhlu;gpy; epr;rakw;w epiyik fhzg;glyhk;.
 mq;ffP huk; toq;Fgtupd; ed;kjpgg
; pd; fPo; jq;fpapUg;gjhy; KjyPL njhlu;ghd
el;l mr;rk; fhzg;gly;.
 mq;fPfhu xg;ge;jj;jpw;Nfw;gr; nraw;gl Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy; mq;fPfhuk;
ngWgtu; $ba mOj;jj;jpw;F cl;gLjy;.

 $l;L tzpfq;fs; (Business Compination)
 tzpfq;fs; ,ize;J nraw;gly; tzpfj;Jiwapd; Gjpa Nghf;nfhd;whFk;.
 fk;gdpfs; 2 my;yJ gy xd;W Nru;e;J nraw;gly; tzpfq;fspd; $l;L
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 tzpfq;fspd; xd;wpizjiy ,U Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 xd;wpizjy; (Mergers Amalgamation))
 ifafg;gLj;jy; (Acquisition)
xd;wpizjy;:
 xd;wpizjypd;NghJ ntt;Ntwhff; fhzg;gl;l ,U fk;gdpfs; my;yJ
gy jdp tzpfnkhd;whf khw;wkilAk;.
 mJ xU fk;gdp Vida fk;gdpfspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; nghWg;Gf;fis
nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; %yNkh my;yJ xd;wpizAk; tzpfq;fspd; tzpff;
fUkq;fis Kbj;J mjD}lhf Gjpa fk;gdpnahd;iw mikg;gjd; %yNkh
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
112
ifafg;gLj;jy;
 xU fk;gdp ,d;ndhU fk;gdpapd; rhjhuz gq;F %yjdj;jpy; $Ljyhd
mstpidf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; ,q;F ,lk;ngWk;. gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;Ak; fk;gdpf;F epu;thf mjpfhuk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
 xd;wpizjy; my;yJ ifafg;gLj;jy; %yk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ,izthdJ
gpujhdkhf %d;W Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWk;.
 fpil ,izg;G (Horizontal Combination)
 epiyf;Fj;J ,izg;G (Vertical Combination)
 Kuz;ghlhd ,izg;G (Conglomerate Combination)
 xNutifapyhd tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;s fk;gdpfs; 2 my;yJ
gy xd;W Nru;jy; fpil ,izg;G vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 ghjzp cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; ,uz;L ,izjy;.
 vk;. gp. v];. vy;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nrkpg;G tq;fp> ,yq;if tpahghu
tq;fp (PLC) kw;Wk; vk;. gp. v];. vy;. gpdhd;]; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp
vd;gd xd;wpize;J 2015.01.01 ,ypUe;J ,yq;if tpahghu epjpf; ; Fj;jiff;
fk;gdp (PLC) apid Muk;gpj;jik.
 nkd;nghUs; mgptpUj;jp epWtdkhd ikf;Nuh nrhg;l; epWtdkhdJ
nehf;fpah (Nokia) fk;gdpapd; nkd;nghUs; myfpidf; nfhs;tdT
nra;jik.
 a+dpad; m]{ud;]; n[duy; fk;gdp kw;Wk; Vrpad; vyhad;]; nghJf;
fk;gdp vd;gd xd;wpize;J ngah ng];l; ,d;#ud;]; fk;gdp vDk;
ngaupy; 2017 ngg;utup 28 ,ypUe;J xd;wpize;J tzpff; fUkq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wik.
 tzpf Kiwikapy; VjhtJ nghUs; cw;gj;jpnahd;wpy; gy;NtW gFjpfspy;
<Lgl;bUf;Fk; fk;gdpfs; rpy xd;wpizjy; epiyf;Fj;J xd;wpizg;G vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
ghjzp fk;gdpnahd;W Njhy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; fk;gdpnahd;Wld;
,izjy;.
 Xupdky;yhj ntt;NtWgl;l tifapyhd tzpfq;fspd; xd;wpizjy; Kuz;
ghlhd ,izg;G vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
ghjzp cw;gj;jpf; fk;gdpnahd;W> gp];fl; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; fk;gdp
nahd;Wld; ,izjy;.
113
 tzpfq;fspd; ,izg;G Kiwapid gpd;tUk; tiuglk; %yk; fhl;lyhk;.
(1)
kug;gyif toq;Fgtu;


(2)
jsghl cw;gj;jpahsu;  jsghl cw;gj;jpahsu;  jsghl cw;gj;jpahsu; (2)
 


(3) ntJg;gf cw;gj;jpahsu;  jsghl tpw;gidahsu;

(1) epiyf;Fj;J ,izg;G

(2) fpil ,izg;G
(3) Kuz;ghlhd ,izg;G
114
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : mur Jiw tzpf mikg;G f; f spd; gz;G fisf;
Nfl;lwpe;J mt;tzpfq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpff; fUkq;fis murpd; fPo; elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf;
Nfl;lwpthu;.
 mur Jiw tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 mur Jiw tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 mur Jiw tzpf mikg;Gf;fspd; gz;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpthu;.

 muR %yk; elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLk; tzpfq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 mur Jiw tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid tpsf;fTk;.
 nghJj;Jiwapd; %yk; tzpfq;fis elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
tpsf;fTk;.
 murJiw tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
 xt;nthU mur Jiw tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b cjhzuq;fSld;
Kd;itf;fTk;.

 muR my;yJ cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; %yk; elj;jpr; nry;tJk; epu;tfpf;fg;
gLtJkhd midj;J tzpfq;fSk; mur Jiw my;yJ nghJj;Jiw
tzpfq;fshff; fUjg;gLk;.
 nghJj;Jiwapd; tzpfq;fis nghJkf;fspd; eyd; fUjpNa elj;jpr; nry;yg;
gLfpd;wd.
 gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; muR tzpff; fUkq;fspy; <LgLfpdw
; J.
 jdpahu; Jiwapd; %yk; ghjfkhd Kiwapy; ,yhgj;ij cioj;jy;
Nghd;w re;ij epiyikfisf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUg;gjw;F
 ru;thjpfhu epWtdq;fs; cUthtijj; jLg;gjw;F
 ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp fhzg;gLfpdw
; gy;NtW tzpfj;Jiwfis elj;jpr;
nry;tjw;F
 nghJkf;fSf;F epahakhd tpiyapy; mj;jpahtrpakhd nghUs;fs;
Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F
115
 murpd; jpl;lj;JlDk; fl;Lg;ghl;b d; fPOk; tzpf eltbf;i ffis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy; tsq;fs; tPzt ; puakhtij ,opTgLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;F
 ,yhgkw;w> jdpahu; Jiw <Lglhj> ghupasT nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpj; jpll; q;
fis elj;jpr; nry;y Ntz;b ,Ug;gJ Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fisf; Fwpgg
; plL; f;
fhl;l KbAk;.
 mur Jiw mikg;Gf;fis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; / rl;luPjpahf cUthf;fg;gl;l rigfs;
 mur jpizf;fsq;fs;
 mur fk;gdpfs;
 khfhz rig kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; fPo; ,aq;Fk; tzpfq;fs;
 mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fspy; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fhzKbAk;.
 tpNrl my;yJ nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gly;.
 rl;luPjpahd jdpkdpj me;j];Jf; fhzg;gly;.
 KOikahd cupik my;yJ $Ljyhd cupik murpw;Nf cupj;JilaJ.
 murpdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; gzpg;ghsu; rigapdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.
 mur fld;> gq;fpyhgk;> kPsK
; jyPL> nghJkf;fspd; fld; %yk; %yjdj;jpwF
;
gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vDk; tifapy; %yjdj;ijj; jpul;bf;
nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 Fiwthd tpiyapy; kf;fSf;F tpidjpwdhd Nritia toq;FtNj
,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: - ,yq;ifg; Nghf;Fuj;Jr; rig
- ,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu rig
- ,yq;if &gth`pdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
- ,yq;ifg; ngw;Nwhypaf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
 mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> rigfs;> mjpfhu rigfs;> epWtdq;fs;> gzpjJ
; iw
Nghd;w gy;NtW ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gLk;.
 mur jpizf;fsq;fspd; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fhzKbAk;.
 mikr;nrhd;wpd; fPo; murpd; Neubf; fz;fhzpg;gpw;Fl;gly;.
 epWtdr; rl;lf;Nfhit> epjpg; gpukhzk; Nghd;w mur nfhs;iffSf;
fika fUkkhw;w Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
 ngUk;ghYk; Nrit toq;Ftjpy; <LgLk; epWtdq;fshf ,Uj;jy;.
 jpizf;fsnkhd;W rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdpkdpjdhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLt
jpy;iy vd;gJld; jpizf;fs mjpfhupapd; gjtpg; ngaupy; rl;lj;jpd;
Kd; Njhw;wkspf;f Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
 murpd; tUlhe;j tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Njitahd epjpaj;ij
<l;bf; nfhs;sg;gLjy;.
cjhuzk;:-  fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;
 fkj;njhopy; jpizf;fsk;
 Rfhjhuj; jpizf;fsk;
 Gifapujj; jpizf;fsk;
116
 mur fk;gdpnahd;wpy; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fhzKbAk;.
 fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf;
fk;gdpnahd;whf ,Uj;jy;.
 fk;gdpapd; nkhj;j %yjdj;jpy; 51% j;ijAk; tplf; $bastpid
muRf;F my;yJ mur epWtdnkhd;wpw;F cupj;Jilajhf ,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:-  ,yq;iff; fhg;GWjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if ngh];Ngl; fk;gdp
 ,yq;if nlypnfhk; fk;gdp
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ypw;Nwh thA fk;gdp
 mur tpahghuf; fk;gdp (State trading company)
 cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; fPo; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fspd; gz;Gfisg;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 cs;@uhl;rp kd;wk;> efu rig> gpuNjr rig vd;gtw;wpd; fPo; elj;jpr;
nry;yg;gLk;.
 cupikahdJ me;je;j cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;F cupj;Jilajhf
,Uj;jy;.
 Njitahd epjp cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy; my;yJ kj;jpa murpdhy;
toq;fg;gLk;.
 epu;thfkhdJ cs;@uhl;rp epWtd mjpfhupfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
117
Nju;r;rp 5.0: r%f> nghUshjhu> jdpahs; tpUj;jpf;fhf Kaw;rp
ahz;ikapd; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : Kaw;r pahz;i kapd; Kf;f paj;Jtk;> mD$yq;f s;

vd;gtw;i w mwpe;J Kaw;r pahsnuhUtuhtjw;fhd
mf;fiwapid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; fw;gjd; %yk; Kaw;rpahz;ik
njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fznkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikapdhy; jdpegUf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUsh
jhuj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 njupT nra;j Kaw;rpahz;iknahd;iwf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L mjd; %yk;
Kaw;rpahsUf;Fk; r%fj;jpwF
; k; epWtdj;jpwF
; k; nghUshjhuj;jpwF
; k; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fisj; jdpj;jdpahfg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpid
tpsf;Fthu;.

 gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fis tFg;G khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;fTk;.
 ~~fahd; jdJ je;ijapdhy; elhj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;l rpyy ; iw tpahghuj;jpid
rpwg;G tzpf epiyankhd;whf khw;wp elhj;jpr; nry;fpd;whu;.||
 ~~R[Ptd; nlq;F Nehapidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jdJ gl;banyhd;wpw;
fika jhtu ,iyfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kUe;J %ypifnahd;iw
cw;gj;jp nra;J re;ijf;F Kd;itj;Js;shu;.||
 ~~espd; el;lj;Jld; elhj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;l Ng&e;J xd;wpidf; Fj;jiff;F
vLj;J Gjpa gFjpfis mjDld; ,izj;J mt;tPjpapNy nrYj;jp
tUfpd;whu;.||
 Nkw;Fwpgg; pll
; $w;Wf;fspy; $wg;gl;l egu;fspy; fhzg;gLfpdw; tpNrl gz;Gfis
 etPdkag;gLj;jy;> Gj;jhf;fk; Gidjy;> ,lu;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;
Nghd;w gz;Gfs; me;egu;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahlyp
D}lhf ntspf;nfhzur; nra;aTk;.
 mt;thwhd gz;Gfs; Kaw;rpahz;ik vz;zf;fUtpDs; cs;slf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> gy;NtW egu;fspdhy; Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;ghd gy;NtW
tiutpyf;fzq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;snjd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

118
 mt;tiutpyf;fzq;fspD}lhf khztu;fisf; nfhz;L nghJ tpsf;f
nkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

 Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fTk;.

 Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpidj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpYs;s Kaw;rpahsnuhUtiuf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L mtupd;
%yk;>
 Kaw;rpahsUf;Fk;
 r%fj;jpw;Fk;
 nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk;
fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfis khztu;fsplk; tpdtpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpid
tpsf;fTk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Nghf;fpid tpsf;fTk;.

 Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; tiutpyf;fzq;fspy; rpy
gpd;tUkhW:
 ~~re;ju;gg
; nkhd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mjpypUe;J ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd xOq;fikg;nghd;wpid cUthf;Fgtu; Kaw;rpahsuhthu;.
re;ju;gg
; q;fis Vw;gLj;jp mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xOq;fikg;Gf;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ njhlu;GgLfpd;w rfy fUkq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;
Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk;.||
- tpy;ypak; B igfpNuht; -
 ~~Gjpa nghUs;fs;> Nritfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; my;yJ Gjpa
mikg;G Kiwnahd;wpid cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; my;yJ Gjpa %yg;
nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; my;yJ eilKiwapYs;s Kiw
nahd;wpid khw;Wfpd;w nray; Kiw Kaw;rpahz;ikahFk;.||
- N[h]g; #k; gPl;lu; -
 ~~%yjdj;jpwF
; k; Copaj;jpwF
; kpilapy; ,ileLtuhfr; nraw;gLjy; Kaw;rp
ahz;ikahFk;.||
- xf;]; Nghu;l; mfuhjp -
 ~~epr;rakw;w epiyikfSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gJ Kaw;rpahz;ikahFk;.||
- upr;rhu;l; ed;bdl; -
 ~~Gjpa tzpfnkhd;iw tpupTgLj;jp ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf
,Uf;Fk; Mw;wNy Kaw;rpahz;ikahFk;.||
- ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikg;G -

119
 Nkw;Fwpgg
; pl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fspd; cjtpAld; Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;gpyhd
fUj;njhd;wpidg; gpd;tUkhW fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.
#oypYs;s re;ju;g;gq;fis Mf;fuPjpahfg; ngw;W el;l ,lupid Vw;W>
Gj;jhf;fq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;w nrad;Kiw Kaw;rpahz;ikahFk;.
my;yJ
kdpjj; Njit> tpUg;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw epiwT nra;tjw;fhd
tzpf re;ju;gg; q;fis cUthf;fp el;l ,lu;fis Kfhikg;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;
fpd;w Gj;jhf;fq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;w nrad;Kiw Kaw;rpahz;ikahFk;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 Ntfkhf khw;wkile;J tUfpd;w cyfpd; khw;wq;fSf;F vjpu;tpisit
fhl;lf;$ba Gj;jhf;fq;fis fz;Lgpbf;ff;$ba Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; Njit
kpfg; ghupastpy; fhzg;gly;.
 Nghl;bahsu;fisf; nfhz;l tzpf cyfpy; njhlu;eJ
; k; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F
Gj;jhf;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjd; Njitg;ghL fhzg;gly;.
 khw;wkile;J tUk; cyfpwF
; Kaw;rpahsu;fNs jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;ff;
$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; rfy mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; Kaw;rpahsu;fs; Njitg;
gly;.
 jdpegu; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis cau;kl;lj;jpy; epiwT nra;tjd; %yk;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;Fg; Gj;jhf;fk; Gidjypd; Njitg;ghL
fhzg;gly;.
 ehshe;jk; khw;wkile;J tUfpd;w Gjpa njhopDl;gq;fSf;Nfw;g tzpff;
fUkq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Njitg;ghL fhzg;gly;.
 Gjpa tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;gjD}lhfj; njhopy;fis cUthf;ff;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; tzpfj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
kdpjj; Njit tpUg;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw epiwT nra;tjw;fhf
,lu;fis Kfhikg;gLj;jpg; Gj;jhf;fq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;w nrad;Kiw
Kaw;rpahz;ik vdg;gLk;.
kdpjj; Njit tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfg; nghUl;fs; Nritfis
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy; kw;Wk; mjDld; ,ize;j fUkq;fs;
tzpfk; vd tpupthff; $wyhk;.
,jw;Nfw;g Kaw;rpahz;ikapD}lhfTk; tzpfq;fs; %yKk; kdpjj; Njit
tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tjw;fhfg; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; cw;gj;jp nra;tJld;
mjDld; ,ize;j Nritfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. MapDk; xg;gl P ;L uPjpahf
Kaw;rpahz;ikahdJ tzpfr; re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fhzy;> ,lu;fis
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;> Gj;JUthf;fq;fis cUthf;fy; Nghd;w fUkq;fspy;
<LgLk;.
120
,jw;fika rfy Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; tzpfq;fshf ,Ug;gJld; rfy tzpfq;
fSk; Kaw;rpahz;ik my;y vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
mNjNghd;W Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; ,Wjp tpisT tzpfk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
$w KbAk;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; mD$yq;fs;
 Kaw;rpahz;ikapD}lhfj; jdpegu; epWtd> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
ed;ikfs; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;:-
 jdpahs; mD$yq;fs;
 jdpahs; Mw;wypD}lhf ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;.
 cau; mu;g;gzpg;Gf;Nfw;g cau; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 r%fepiyikAk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAk; Vw;gly;.
 csj;jpUg;jp fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
 jdpg;gl;l epjprhu;e;j ,yhgk; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 epWtd uPjpahd mD$yq;fs;
 Nghl;b epiyikf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;F ,yFthf ,Uj;jy;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fs; tpuptiljy;.
 njhlu;r;rpahf mgptpUj;jpailjy;.
 re;ijg;gq;F tpuptiljy;.
 ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; tpNrlj;Jtk; ngw;w xUtuhf khw;wkiljy;.
 r%f> nghUshjhu mD$yq;fs;
 Gjpa njhopy; tha;gG
; f;fs; cUthjy;.
 tUkhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; cUthjy;.
 Gjpa nghUs;fs;> Nritfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk;
cUthjy;.
 kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; cau;tiljy;.
 gpuNjr tsq;fis cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 Gjpa re;ijfs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; nghUshjhu tPUj;jpAk;
 Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpidg;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspD}lhf tpsf;f KbAk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ik fhuzkhfg; Gj;jhf;fq;fs; cUthfp Njrpa cw;gj;jp
mjpfupj;jy;.
 Gjpa njhopy; tha;gG
; f;fs; cUthtjd; fhuzkhf Ntiytha;gG; kl;lk;
mjpfupj;jy;.
 Gjpa njhopy; tha;gG; f;fs; cUthtjd; fhuzkhf nghUshjhu tpUj;jp
Ntfkhf cau;tiljy;.
Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;G > tUkhd kl;lk; >
nraw;glf;$ba
cau;tiljy; rf;jp mjpfupj;jy;
<
cw;gj;jp nghUSf;fhd
mjpfupj;jy; < Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jy; <
121
 re;ijr; nraw;ghLfs; tpuptiljy;> Gjpa Nghl;br; re;ijfs; cUthjy;
vd;gtw;wpD}lhfg; nghUshjhuk; tpUj;jpailjy;.
 gpuNjr tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mtw;wpw;F cau;e;j Nfs;tp
cUthjy;.
 Gjpa tzpfq;fs; cUthtjd; fhuzkhfg; nghUshjhuk; mgptpUj;jp
miljy;.
Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Nghf;Ffs;
 cs;sf Kaw;rpahz;ik (Internal Entrepreneurship)
 g+Nfhs uPjpahd Kaw;rpahz;ik (Global Entrepreneurship)
 r%f uPjpahd Kaw;rpahz;ik (Social Entrepreneurship)
 gRik Kaw;rpahz;ik (Green Entrepreneurship)
g+Nfhs uPjpahd Kaw;rpahz;ik

g+Nfhs uPjpahf tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjhtJ cyfj;jpy;
ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk; $l njhopy;El;gg; gpuNahfj;jpd; %yk; cyfj;jpd;
NtW ve;jnthU ehL my;yJ ,lj;Jld; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl;L murpay;
vy;iyfSf;F ntspNa fUkkhw;Wk; jpwidf; Fwpf;Fk;. Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J
cyfk; KOtJk; jkJ cw;gj;jpfis ntw;wpfukhf tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf
me;je;j ehLfspd; Efu;thsu;fsJ Njit tpUg;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L mj;Njit
tpUg;gq;fis g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fj; jkJ cw;gj;jpfis toq;Fjy; g+Nfhs
uPjpahf Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; tpisitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,q;F Vida fyhrhuq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;J itj;jpUg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd

tplankhd;whFk;. ,jw;fhf Vida ehLfs; ,dq;fNshL rpwe;j njhlu;Gfisg;
NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,dq;fSf;Fk; fyhrhuj;jpw;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfis ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
,lk;ngWk;.
r%f uPjpahd Kaw;rpahz;ik

r%fj;jpw;Fr; Nrit nra;Ak; vz;zj;jpy; r%f uPjpahd gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;
jPuT
; fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; Gj;jhf;fq;fspy; <LgLjy; ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
kdj;jpUg;jp> tuNtw;G> Gfo;> gpujp cgfhuk; Nghd;w mD$yq;fs; r%f
Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;ff; g;gLk;. cyfj;ijr; rpwe;j ,lnkhd;whf
khw;WtNj r%f Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
gRik Kaw;rpahz;ik
gRik Kaw;rpahz;ik vd;gJ #oy; uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp r%f uPjpahd
gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ NjitfSf;fhf kpf cau;thd mtjhdj;Jld; ,aw;ifr;
#oYf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jhj tifapy; Neuhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
Kaw;rpahz;ik vz;zf;fUf;fis mwpe;J nraw;gLk; nraw;ghLfshf
,Uf;Fk;.
122
#oiyg; ghJfhg;gJ gRik Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; Neuhd vz;zf; fUthff;
fUjg;gLk;. #oy; gpur;rpidfSf;F kpfTk; czu;Tg+u;tkhdtu;fshf ,Ug;gu;.
,k; Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; tzpf eltbf;iffs; ,aw;ifr; #oYf;F Neuhd
jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
cs;sf Kaw;rpahz;ik
mikg;Gf;fspd; ntt;NtW gjtpfspy; fUkkhw;Wfpdw; Mf;fuPjpahd jdpegu;fs;
me;epWtdj;jpd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp cw;gj;jp KiwfspYk;
khw;wk; nra;fpd;wdu;. cau; Kfhikahsu;fs; mt;thwhd Mf;fuPjpahd
fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mt;thwhd jdpegu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jthu;fs;.
,t;thW mikg;nghd;wpy; khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; epWtdj;jpDs;
nraw;gLk; Kaw;rpahz;ik cs;sf Kaw;rpahz;ik vdg;gLk;.
123
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwfis mwpeJ

; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Kaw;rpahz;ikahdJ nrad;Kiwnahd;whFk; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ik nrad;Kiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwfspd; gbKiwfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwfis tiuglj;jpd; %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwapd; xt;nthU gbKiwfisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.

 #oiy ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; tzpfnuhUtUf;F tha;gG ; f;fis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf Vw;fdNt ngw;w mwptpid Qhgf%l;lTk;.
 Kaw;rpahsnuhUtu; mt;tha;gG ; f;fis cz;ik epiyf;F khw;Wtjw;Fg;
gbg;gbahf fUkkhw;Wfpd;whu; vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nray;Kiwapd; gbKiwfis cWjpgg ; Lj;Jtjw;Fr; Rakhf
Kd;tUk; khztnuhUtiuf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; fijia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gp
Aq;fs;.
~~rpWgpuhaj;jpd;NghJ vdJ mk;kh jpde;NjhWk; fPiu tiffis cz;zj;
jUfpdw ; hu;. MapDk; ,g;NghjpUf;Fk; jha;khu;fspd; mjpfkhd Ntiyg; gOtpd;
fhuzkhff; Foe;ijfSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd fPiufis tsu;g;gjw;Nfh
jahupg;gjw;Nfh Neukpy;iy. ,J njhlu;ghd jPun ; thd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;L ntFfhykhf ehd; rpej ; idapy; Mo;eN ; jd;. jfty;fisr; NrfupjN
; jd;.
Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Nld;. ,t;tu;gg ; zpg;gpd; tpisthfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l
fPiug; nghjpfis re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; jpl;lkpl;Nld;. ,aw;ifg; gris
fisg; gad;gLj;jp vdf;F cupikahd Njhl;lj;jpy; gapu; nra;j fPiu
tiffis vLj;J mtw;iw rpWJz;Lfshf;fp xOq;fikj;J Rfhjhug;
ghJfhg;Gld; nghjp nra;J re;ijf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;Njd;. vdf;F mjpfkhd
mr;RWj;jy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. MapDk; ehd; jsu;tilatpy;iy. ,d;W ehd;
,t;tzpfj;ij kpf ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;Nwd;.||
 ,f;fijapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwapd;
gbKiwfs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jpg; gpdtUk;
 cq;fsJ FOthdJ Gjpa cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F
vz;zpAs;sJ vd vz;Zq;fs;.
 cq;fsJ FO cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Ff; fUJfpd;w cw;gj;jpapidf; Fwpg;
gplTk;.
124
 mt;Tw;gj;jpg;nghUs; njhlu;ghd fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 mt;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
tsq;fs; njhlu;ghd gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 mt;tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwapidf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 ePq;fs; mt;ntz;zj;ij cz;ik epiyf;F khw;wf;$ba epiyapid
tpsf;fTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fUj;jpid nrad;Kiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ePq;fs;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; mD$yq;fs; vit?
 khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;
itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfis xOq;FKiwahfr;
Rl;bf;fhl;b mt;ntht;nthU gbKiwfisAk; RUf;fkhf tpsq;fg;
gLj;jTk;.

 tzpf tha;gG ; f;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;> mtw;wpypUe;J gad;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> xOq;fikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;w fUkq;
fspd; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rfy nrad;KiwfSk; Kaw;rpahz;ikr;
nrad;Kiw vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nrad;Kiwapd; gbKiwfisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;l KbAk;.
 Gj;jhf;fk; Gidjy; (Discovery)
 vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;fYk; tzpfj;jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jYk;
(Concept developments preparing business plan)
 Njitahd tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; (Rosourcing)
 cz;ikepiyf;F khw;Wjy; (Actualization)
 mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; (Harvesting)
Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nray;Kiwia gpd;tUk; tiuglj;jpd; %yk; fhl;l KbAk;.
Gj;jhf;fk; Gidjy; (Discovery)


vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;fYk; tzpfj;jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jYk;
(Concept development preparing business plan)

Njitahd tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; (Resourcing)

cz;ikepiyf;F khw;Wjy; (Actvalication)

mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; (Harvesting)
125
1tJ gbKiw - Gj;jhf;fk; Gidjy;
Kaw;rpahz;ikr; nray;Kiwapd; KjyhtJ gbKiwapd;NghJ Kaw;rp
ahsupdhy; fUj;Jf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> #oiy ,dq;fhz;gjp
D}lhf tha;gG
; f;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy; re;ijia Ma;T nra;jy;
vd;gd ,lk;ngWk;.
2tJ gbKiw - vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;fYk; tzpfj;jpl;lj;ijj;

jahupj;jYk;
,g;gbKiwapd;NghJ tzpfj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; tzpff;
fUj; jpid njspTgLj; jf;$ ba tpupthd Ntiiyj; jpl;l nkhd; W
Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.
3tJ gbKiw - Njitahd tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

,g;gbKiwapdN ; ghJ Kaw;rpahsu; tzpfj;ij Muk;gpgg
; jw;Fj; Njitahd
epjp> khdpl> ngsjPf tsq;fis ,dq;fhz;gJld; mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.
4tJ gbKiw - cz;ikepiyf;F khw;Wjy;

,g;gbKiwapy; Kaw;rpahsupdhy; tzpfj;ij newpg;gLj;Jk; fUkq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; tzpf Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
tsq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
5tJ gbKiw - mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

,g;gbKiwapd;NghNj Kaw;rpahsupdhy; tzpfj;jpd; vjpu;fhy tpUj;jp>
mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghfj; jPuk
; hdnkLg;gJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
126
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp

nra;J nfhz;L Kaw;rpahsnuhUtuhfr; nraw;gLtjw;
fhd ,aYikia ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Kaw;rpahsu; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 Kaw;r pahsUf;Fk; tzpfUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfisj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 Kaw;rpahsupd; tho;fi
; fr; Rarupijfisf; fw;W mtuplk; fhzf;$ba Kaw;rp
ahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ntw;wpfukhd Kaw;rpahsuhtjw;F Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; gz;GfspdJk; jpwd;
fspdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l epiyikfspy; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba
topKiwfisj; Njbawpthu;.

 Kaw;rpahsnuhUtu; ahnud;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gpdt
; Uk; $w;Wf;fis
khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;fTk;.
KjyhtJ $w;W:
epY}rh jdJ jha; elj;jpr; nrd;w moFf; fiy epiyaj;ij etPd
trjpfSld; $ba Gjpa fl;llnkhd;wpy; elj;jpr; nry;fpwhu;.
,uz;lhtJ $w;W:
fhu;j;jpf; rpWePuf Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;w ePupy; fhzg;gLk;
ghjfkhd nghUs;fis mfw;wf;$ba Kiwapyhd tpNrl ePu;
Rj;jpfupg;G cgfuznkhd;iwj; jahupj;J epahakhd tpiyapy;
re;ijf;F Kd;itf;fpd;whu;.
 ,t;tpU $w;Wf;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jr; nra;aTk;.
 ,t;tpU egu;fspy; Kaw;rpahsnuhUtuhf ahiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lKbAk;
vdf; Nfl;fTk;.
 mtiu Kaw;rpahsnuhUtu; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;
lwpaTk;.
 kw;w egiu ahu; vd mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gijf; Nfl;lwpeJ
; > mjw;Fupa
fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;fTk;.
127
 khztu;fspd; tpilfspD}lhf Kaw;rpahsnuhUtu; ahu; vd;gij tpsf;fp
Kaw;rpahsUf;Fk; tzpfUf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;ilj; njspTgLj;jpf;
nfhLf;fTk;.

 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s my;yJ khztu; mwpej ; Kaw;rpahsnuhUtiu cjhuzkhff;
nfhz;L mtuplk; fhzg;gLfpd;w Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;Gfs;> jpwd;fs;
njhlu;ghf mtu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfspD}lhf Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; Kaw;rp
ahz;ikj; jpwd;fisAk; njspTgLj;jf;$ba Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;b
mg;gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;af;$ba Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

; g; gpdt
; Uk; tpisahl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisj; jpwe;j ,lnkhd;wpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;yTk;.
 tpisahl;by; <LgLtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; MNyhridfis toq;fTk;.
 #Nlwpa rhk;giyf; nfhz;l Ftpanyhd;W cq;fs; Kd; fhzg;
gLfpd;wJ.
 cq;fsJ FO mr;rhk;gy; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; gFjpapidf; fle;J
vjpu;g; gFjpia miljy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ghjq;fis itg;gjw;fhf xU rpy gyifj;Jz;Lfs; kl;LNk fhzg;gL
fpd;wJ. (khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tplg; gyifj; Jz;Lfspd;
vz;zpfi ; f Fiwthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; my;yJ gyifj; Jz;LfSf;
Fg; gjpyhf jbj;j ml;ilj; Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.)
 mg;gyifj; Jz;Lfspd; rpyij FOtpd; Kjy; khztupd; ifapy;
nfhLj;J xt;nthd;whfr; rhk;gypd; Nky; itj;jthW FOtpdiu
vjpu;g;gf;fj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;tjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;. (10
mb tiuapyhd ePsk; NghJkhdJ.)
 khztdpd; ghjk; njhlhjthwhd gyifj;Jz;L (jbj;j ml;il) rhk;gy;
jl;bd; Nky; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
 mNj Neuk; Vida FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fg; ghjq;fs; itf;fg;
glhj epiyapy; gyifj; Jz;Lfs; rhk;gypd; Nky; ,Uf;Fkhapd;
mjid cldbahf mfw;Wtjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,t;tpisahl;by; <LgLtjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; j;ij toq;fpa
jd; gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy
elj;jTk;.
 ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;g;gf;fj;ij mile;j FOf;fspd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzk; vJ
vd;gjid khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 Njhy;tpaile;j FOf;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 FO vjpu;g;gf;fj;ij mila Kd;du; midtUk; xd;wpize;J fye;Jiu
ahlhik> jiytnuhUtiu epakdk; nra;ahik> gazpf;Fk; NghJ rpwe;j
njhlu;ghlnyhd;W fhzg;glhik Nghd;w fhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;jr;
nra;aTk;.
128
 vjpu;g;gf;fj;ij miltjw;fhfg; fLikahf Kaw;rpia vLj;j epiyapd;
NghJ jkf;F Vw;gl;l jilfs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 ,k;Kiwf;fika Kaw;rpahsnuhUtUf;Fk; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij mile;J
nfhs;tjw;fhd gazkhdJ kpff; fbdkhd $ba mu;gg ; zpg;Gld; nraw;gl
Ntz;banjhd;W vd;gJld; ,q;F Vw;gLk; jilfis cgha topKiwfspd;
%yk; ntw;wp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

 #oypy; fhzg;gLk; tha;gG ; f;fis Mf;fuPjpahf mwpeJ
; ,liu Vw;Wg; Gj;jhf;fk;
Gupgtu; Kaw;rpahsu; vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
 Kaw;rpahsu; vd;gtu; ahu; vd;gjid tpsf;Ftjw;F cWjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;
gl;l tiutpyf;fznkhd;W ,y;iy. Kaw;rpahsu; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk;
tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itf;fyhk;.
 ~~re;ijapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis tzpfj;jpw;fhd tha;gn; ghd;whff; fUJk;
egu; Kaw;rpahsdhthu;. Gj;jhf;fk; GidjNy mtuJ MAjkhFk;.||
- gPl;lu; vg;. lf;fu; -
 Kaw;rpahsUf;Fk; tzpfUf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis gpd;tUkhW Kd;
itf;fyhk;.
Kaw;rpahsu; tzpfu;
 jdJ fUj;J my;yJ Gjpa  eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;J

vz;zf;fUtpw;fika tzpf my;yJ vz;zf;fUtpw;fika
nkhd;iw Muk;gpg;ghu;. tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;ghu;.
 Kaw;rpahsupd; tzpfj;jpw;fhd  tzpfj;jpwF; g; Nghl;bahsu;fs; gyu;
Nghl;bahsu; mtNuahthu;. fhzg;gLthu;.
 Kaw;rpahsu; Gjpa tzpf  tzpfu; jdJ tzpff; fUkq;fs;
tha;gG ; f;fs; njhlu;gpy; Maj;j njhlu;gpNy njhlu;rr ; pahff; ftdk;
khthu;. nrYj;Jthu;.
 Gj;jhf;fk; Gidgtuhthu;.  ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgtuhf
 ,lu;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;ghu;. ,Ug;ghu;.
 gpur;rpidfs; cUthFk;NghJ  ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; fUkq;
mtw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;ghf Kfk; fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
nfhLg;ghu;.  gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk; nghOJ
cw;rhfkpog;ghu;.

 Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; nghJthd gz;GfSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ,lu;fis Vw;gjw;fhd tpUg;gk; (Willingness to take risk)
,lu;fisj; jtpu;jJ
; f; nfhs;tij tpl mt;tplu;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;g
jw;fhd tpUg;gj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;. vdpDk; ve;jnthU ,lu;fSf;Fk;
Kfq;nfhLg;gJ ,jd; fUj;jy;y.
 Mf;fuPjpahdJ vd (Creativity)
tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwapy; fhZjy;> vz;Zjy;> fUkkhw;Wjy;.
129
 mu;gg
; zpg;G (Commitment)
jdJ Nehf;fk; epiwNtWk; tiuapy; jhd; nra;Ak; fUkq;fisf;
$ba cw;rhfj;Jld; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
 jd;dk;gpf;if (Selfconfidence)
Kaw;rpahsu;fs; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gL
tJld; mtw;wpwF ; ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;J mg;gpur;rpidfis vjpuT
;
nfhs;s KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifNa jd;dk;gpf;ifahFk;.
 RahjPdkhdJ (Self reliant)
Vidatu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fhJ jdJ fUj;jpid
Ak; jpwidAk; KbAkhd tiuapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,Uf;Fk;
tpUg;gkhFk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

 jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd; (Leadership Skills)
jdJ tzpfj;jpd; jiytd; jhNd. jdf;Ff; fPo; gzp GupNthu;fisf;
nfhz;L fUkq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F mtu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp
Kiwahf newpg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Mspilj; njhlu;Gj; jpwd; (Inter Personal Skills)
cs;sf> ntspaf gpuptpdu;fSld; rpwe;j ,ilj;njhlu;gpidg; NgZthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; jpwd;
jfty; mtUf;fhd tsnkhd;whFk;. Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;
fhf rpwe;j njhlu;nghd;wpidg; NgZthu;.
 mbg;gil Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwd; (Basic Management Skills)
jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> newpg;gLj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w mbg;gil
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ikg; gz;GfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
Kiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
 Rakjpg;gPL
Kjyhtjhf Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fis cWjpahf ,dq;fz;L mj;jpwd;
fs; jd;dplk; ve;jstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> jd;dplk; fhzg;glhj jpwd;fs;
vit? ,d;Dk; Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sNtz;ba jpwd;fs; vit? Nghd;w
Rakjpg;gn
P lhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 gapwr
; p
Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW
gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpll
; q;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 fy;tp
nghJthd fy;tpf;F Nkyjpfkhf Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;gpy; ngWfpd;w
fy;tp.
 mDgtq;fspd; %yk; gyidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
NtW Kaw;rpahz;ikfspy; fUkkhw;Wtjd; %yk; my;yJ jhd; Kaw;rp
ahsuhff; fUkkhw;Wtjd; Clhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; mDgtq;fs;.

130
Nju;r;rp 6.0: rpwpa> eLj;ju msthd tzpfq;fs; nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf;F toq;Fk; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : rpwpa> eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfisj; Nfl;
lwpe;J mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid kjpg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epajpfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju
msT tzpfq;fSf;F tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; tpNrl gz;Gfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 ehl;bd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;
fspdhy; fpilf;Fk; gq;fspg;gpw;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F Kaw;rpahz;ik Kf;fpaj;
Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJk;> mjid elj;jpr;
nry;Yk;NghJk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fs; ntw;wpailtjw;F my;yJ Njhy;tp
ailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

 gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fs; rpytw;wpd;
ngau;fis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;L mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjTk;.
 mr;rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msthd tzpfq;fspy; njhopy; nra;gtu;fspd;
vz;zpfi ; f> gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUl;fs;> gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopyE
; l;gk;>
mt;Tw;gj;jpfF; f; fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ij> gpuNjrj;jpwF
; toq;Fk; Nrit Nghd;w
gz;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 mj;jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; gz;G
fis tpsf;fTk;.
 ghupasT tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhf vLj;J mJ rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju
msT tzpfq;fspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;w Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fisg; ghupasT tzpfq;fspypUe;J
NtWgLj;Jfpd;w fhuzpfisg; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;.
 mf;fhuzpfis (epajpfis) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju
msT tzpfq;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhzKbAk; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpwpa
kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd tiutpyf;fznkhd;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

 NkNy fye;Jiuahba tplaq;fspd; cjtpAld; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT
tzpfq;fs; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;w Kiwapidj;
njspTgLj;jTk;.

 khztu;fs; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;ghsu;fshapd;>
mt;tzpfq;fis Muk;gpf;f Kd;du; ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;ba tplaq;fisg;
gl;bay;gLj;jr; nra;aTk;.
131
 khztu;fs; Kd;itf;fpd;w tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpwpa kw;Wk;
eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpr; nry;fpd;wNghJ ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

 gpuNjrj;jpy; Njhy;tpaile;j tzpfnkhd;iw epidtpw;nfhzur; nra;J mt;
tzpfk; Njhy;tpaile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; gy;NtW epajpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
msT uPjpahd> gz;G uPjpahd fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahfNt
me;epajpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; fzpf;ff;$ba fhuzpfNs msT uPjpahd
fhuzq;fshff; fUjg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: Kjyplg;gl;l %yjdj;jpd; msT> <LgLj;jpAs;s Copau;fspd;
vz;zpf;if> gad;gLj;Jk; rf;jp> tUlhe;jg; Gwo;T.
 vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; mstpl Kbahj fhuzpfs; gz;G uPjpahd
fhuzpfs; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: tzpf xOq;fikg;G Kiw> gad;gLj;Jfpd;w njhopy;El;gk;>
re;ijapd; jd;ik.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njrpa ru;tNjr uPjpapy;
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk;: RahjPdkhd cupikAk; kw;Wk; RahjPdkhfr; nraw;gLfpdw ; Jk;>
mNjNghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; mjpfhukw;w tzpfk; rpwpa
tzpfq;fshFk;.
If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; ];Nlhy;gp];d]; ml;kpdp];Nlrd;
epWtdk; (Small business administration institute - USA)
 rpwpa tzpfq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ,yq;ifapYk; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs;
gy;NtW epajpfshfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;:
epWtdk; epajpfs;
1. ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpr; rig 1. <LgLj;jpAs;s %yjdk; &gh
4 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;glhj tzpfk;.
2. ifj;njhopy; njhopy;El;g epWtdk; 2. <LgLj;jpAs;s %yjdk; &gh
3. rpW ifj;njhopy; jpizf;fsk; 3. <LgLj;jpAs;s %yjdk; &gh
4. ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp mikr;R 4. Kjyplg;gl;Ls;s %yjdk; &gh
20 kpyy
; paDf;F Nkw;glhj tzpfq;fs;
5. Fbrdg; Gs;sp tpguj; jpizf;fsk; 5. Copau; vz;zpf;if 25 ,w;Ff;
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; tzpfq;fs;.
6. fpuhkpa ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp mikr;R 6. epiyahd Copau;fspd; vz;zpf;if
50,w;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
tzpfq;fs;.
7. ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp 7. gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kpd;rf;jp tY
fpNyhNthw;W> mk;gpau; 50 ,w;Ff;
Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;Jk; tzpfq;fs;.
132
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fspd; gz;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
 re;ij rpwpajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l %yjdj;jpd; msT rpwpajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Fiwe;j Copau; vz;zpf;if.
 FLk;gj;jpd; ciog;Gf; $Ljyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
 jd;dplKs;s jfty;fis khj;jpuk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPuk ; hd
nkLj;jy;.
 tzpfj;jpd; Kfhikahsu; Rje;jpukhdtu;. ngUk;ghYk; cupikahsNu
gpujhd Kfhikahsuhtu;.
 ngUk;ghYk; re;ijahdJ cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijahff; fhzg;gLk;. (vdpDk;
rpy rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspdhy; ntspehl;Lr; re;ijf;Fk;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.)
 ghupa tzpfq;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; epjpf; flg;ghL FiwthFk;.
 etPd njhopDl;gg; ghtid FiwthFk;.

 ehnlhd;wpd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fr; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT
tzpfq;fs; gy;NtW Kiwapy; jkJ gq;fspg;gpid toq;Ffpd;wd.
cjhuzk;:
 ,t;tzpfq;fs; Copau; ciog;G $Ljy; vd;gjdhy; $Ljyhd njhopy;
tha;gG ; f;fis toq;f Kbjy;.
 cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
 cs;ehl;L tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 gpuNjrq;fs; mgptpUj;jpailtjdhy; efukakhf;fk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w
gpur;rpidfs; ,optiljy;.
 tUkhdg; guk;gypd; Kuz;ghLfs; Fiwtiljy;.
 ghupa tzpfq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUs;fs;> KbTg;nghUs;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 ghupa tzpfq;fs; <Lglhj tzpff; fUkq;fspy; <Lgly;.

 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Muk;gpfF ; k;NghJk; elhj;jpr; nry;Yk;
NghJk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:
 jdJ Mw;wy; kw;Wk; jpwd; njhlu;gpy; mwpe;J nfhs;sYk; kjpg;gplYk;
 cw;gj;jpf;fhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w re;ijAk; mjid mila KbAkh vd;gJ
njhlu;ghdJ
 njhlf;f %yjdk;> Njitahd njhopy;gL %yjdk; njhlu;gpy; mwpjy;.
 tzpf xOq;fikg;G Kiw njhlu;gpy; mwpjy;.
 tzpf xOq;fikg;G KiwAk; eilKiwapYs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;
 rkfhyg; Nghl;b epiyik

 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fs; ntw;wpailtjpy; my;yJ Njhy;tp
ailtjpy; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;sd.
133
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp
As;s fhuzpfs;:
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; NjitahdsT fhzg;gly;.
 epjp kw;Wk; tup tpLjiy Nghd;w Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;.
 tpupthd re;ij fhzg;gly;.
 gy;NtW epWtd uPjpahd kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.
 jpwikahd Kfhik fhzg;gly;.
 tzpfu;fspd; <LghLk; mu;gg
; zpg;Gk;
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fs; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
 epjpg; gpur;rpid
 re;ijg;Nghl;b epiyikf;F Kfk; nfhLg;gjpy; fhzg;gLk; rpukk;
 Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gytPdk;
 Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd; Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; NghJkhdsT fhzg;glhik.
 Gjpa njhopy;El;g mwpT Fiwthff; fhzg;glYk; Gjpa njhopy;El;g
mwptpidg; gad;gLj;jhikAk;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F Kaw;rpahz;ik Kf;fpak;
ngWtJld; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gJ ,lu;fSld; $banjhd;whFk;. vdpDk; Kaw;rpahs
uplk; fhzg;gLfpdw; ,lu; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;af;$ba jpwdpD}lhf mjid
,opTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 Kaw;rpahsupd; mu;gg ; zpgG
; > <LghL vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ngUk;ghYk;
tzpfq;fs; ntw;wpailAk;.
 Kaw;rpahsupDs; fhzg;gLfpdw ; jd;dk;gpfi
; f> Cf;fk; vd;gd rpwpa kw;Wk;
eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;.
 mj;Jld; Kaw;rpahsupDs; fhzg;gLfpd;w Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if vLg;gjd; %yk; tzpfq;fis
ntw;wpailar; nra;a KbAk;.
134
Nju;r;rp 6.0: rpwpa> eLj;ju msthd tzpfq;fs; nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf;F toq;Fk; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : rpwpa> eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis ntw;wpfukhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;w Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisj; Njb
awpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 07
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F vLf;Fk;
eltbf;iffisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;FtpgG
; f;fis epjprhu;ej
; > epjprhuhj vDk; tifapy;
tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk;
epWtdq;f isAk; mit toq;Fk; Cf;F tpg;Gf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
ml;ltiznahd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
 njupT nra;j tzpfnkhd;wpd; cjtpAld; mjw;F toq;fg;gLfpdw ; Cf;FtpgG; f;
fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw epjprhu;ej
; > epjprhuhj vDk; tifapy; tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F epfo; fhyj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nraw;wpl;lq;
fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 njupT nra;j tzpfj;jpw;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;w nraw;
wpll
; q;fisAk; mjd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpdw
; Cf;FtpgG
; f;fisAk; ml;ltizg;
gLj;Jthu;.

 rpwpa Foe;ijnahd;W vOe;J epw;gjw;F if nfhLf;Fk; jhnahUtupd;
glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;wpy; <LglTk;.
 Foe;ij elg;gjw;F mDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tiuapy; if nfhLj;J
cjtp nra;a Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdJ vdTk;> jdpahf elg;gjw;F KbA
khFk;NghJ if nfhLj;jy; mtrpakw;wjhFk; vdTk;>
 mt;thNw rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfu;fSf;Fk; $l jdpj;J epd;W
ntw;wpailtJ vd;gJ rpukkhdJ vdTk;>
 ,jw;fhfg; gy;NtW Kiwfspyhd cjtpfSk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSk; Njit
ahdJ vdTk;>
 tzpfu;fs; ntw;wpaile;jjd; gpd;du; if nfhLj;jy; mtrpakw;wJ vdTk;>
gpd;du; mtu;fs; tzpfq;fis ntw;wpia Nehf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;tu;
vdTk;>
135
 rpwpa Foe;ijf;Ff; if nfhLg;gjw;Fj; jha; Mu;tk; fhl;LtJ Nghd;W
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F muR gy;NtW
eilKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ vdTk;> ,jw;fhf mur epWtdq;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp mury;yhj Vida epWtdq;fSk; $lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk;
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; g; gpdt; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<Lglr; nra;aTk;.
 khfhz tzpff; fofr; rk;Nksdj;jpy; NjdPu; ,ilNtisapd;NghJ
re;jpj;j tzpf ez;gu;fs; rpyupilNa Vw;gl;l Neub ciuahlNy fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;TiuahlypD}lhf cq;fsJ FOtpwF ; toq;fg;gLfpdw ;
tzpfupd; $w;wpy; mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;jTk;.
nry;tk;: vdJ gp];dRf;Fg; NghLtjw;F ,d;Dk; ,Ugj;ije;J ,yl;rk;
,Ue;jhy; khfhzj;jpd; nkhj;jr; re;ijiaAk; gpbf;f Kbe;jpUf;Fk;.
rhd;: vdJ gpur;rpid mJty;y. jahupff ; g;gl;l nghUl;fis tpwf ; f;$ba
Kiwnahd;W ,y;yhjpUg;gNj gpur;rpidahFk;. nghUs;fis
tpw;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gpd; ehd; NkNy te;jpLNtd;.
tpy;gl;: ,g;NghJ ehd; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ae;jpu cgfuz Kiwfspdhy;
re;ijiag; gpbf;f KbahJ. Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fis XusthtJ
Njbf; nfhz;lhy; ntspehl;Lr; re;ijf;Fk; mDg;g KbAk;.
rhyp: ehd; Nghl;l KjYf;Ff; fpilg;gJ NghjhJ vd;W ehd; epidf;
fpNwd;. rpyu; ,e;jsT fhir <LgLj;jhJ ey;y Kiwapy;
gp];d]; nra;J nfhz;L Nghwhq;f. ehd; epidf;fpNwd;. ehd;
rupahd tifapy; fhir <LgLj;jtpy;iy.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j tzpfupd; $w;wpy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jp
mtuJ Njitg;ghl;il (gpur;rpidia) ,dq;fz;L vOjTk;.
 mJ epjprhu;e;j Njitnahd;wh> epjprhuhj Njitnahd;wh vd;gij ,dq;
fhzTk;.
 mj;Njitia toq;Ftjw;fhf vq;fsJ ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fs;
my;yJ jdpegu;fis cs;slf;fpa gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 me;epWtdq;fs; mur epWtdq;fsh? NtW epWtdq;fsh? vd;gjid
,dq;fhzTk;.
 me;epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nrit njhlu;ghd gl;banyhd;iwj;
jahupf;fTk;.
 khztu;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;Jf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;jusT tzpfq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf muR vLj;jpUf;Fk;
eltbf;iffis epjprhu;ej ; > epjprhuhj vDk; tifapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
 mt;t+f;Fgpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fis mue epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; muR
my;yhj Vida epWtdq;fshf tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; Jk; ePqf
; s; mwpej ; Jkhd tzpfnkhd;iwj;
njupT nra;J mt;tzpfj;jpw;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jpUf;Fk;
nraw;wpl;lq;fisAk;> mitfs; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisAk;
ml;ltizg;gLj;jTk;.
136
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf muR filg;gpbj;
jpUf;Fk; gbKiwfis ,U gpujhd gFjpfshf tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 epjp rhu;e;j Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;
 epjp rhuhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F muR vLj;jpUf;Fk;

epjp rhu;e;j Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 FWq;fhy> ePz;lfhyf; fld;fs;
 epjp uPjpahd fld;fs;
 tupr;rYif
 kPs; epjpaply; trjpfs;
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F muR vLj;jpUf;Fk;

epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 MNyhridr; Nrit
 Kaw;rpahz;ik mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
 Ma;Tk; njhopy; El;gr; Nritfs;
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;Fjy;
 re;ij trjpfis toq;fy; / tpw;gid trjpfs;
 rpwe;j rhjidfSf;fhd gjf;fq;fis toq;fy;
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk;

epWtdq;fis ,U gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 mur epWtdq;fs;
 Vida epWtdq;fs;
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk;

mur epWtdq;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpr; rig
 Vw;Wkjp mgptpUj;jpr; rig
 ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs; epWtdk;
 Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp
 ifj;njhopy; njhopy;El;g epWtdk;
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk; Vida epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fs; rpytw;wpw;fhd cjhu
zq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
 ru;Nthjak;
 [a;fh ([g;ghd; ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;G mikg;G)
 tup mwpf;iffisj; jahupj;J toq;Fk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;
 rdr (rpf;fdf; fld; toq;Fk; rq;fk;)
 jdpahu; tq;fpfSk; epjp epWtdq;fSk;
137
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk;
epWtdq;fSk;> mitfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fspy; rpyTk; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
epWtdk; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;
 Njrpa Kaw;rpahz;ik  epjprhu;e;j trjpfis toq;fy;
mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig  Kaw;rpahz;ik mgptpUj;jpg; gapw;rp
(NEDA) Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis elj;Jjy;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT  ntspehl;Lr; re;ij trjpfis
Kaw;rpahz;ikr; rig toq;fy;.
 ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpr;  MNyhridr; Nrit
rig  njhopy;El;g mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.
 cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
 Vw;Wkjp mgptpUj;jpr; rig  re;ijg;gLj;jy; trjpfs;
 MNyhridr; Nritfs;
 ,yq;ifj; juf; fl;lisfs;  MNyhridr; Nrit
epWtdk;
 Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp  epjp trjpfis toq;fy;
 njhopy;El;g epWtdk;  njhopyE
; l;g mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 MNyhridr; Nritia toq;fy;.
 ,yq;if rpwpa kw;Wk;  epjp trjpfs;
eLj;ju msT ifj;njhopy;  rpwe;j rhjidahsu;fSf;fhd tpUJ
rig (SLCSMI) fis toq;fy;.
 rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;F

tjw;fhf jw;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; nraw;wpl;lq;fspy; rpy fPNo
jug;gLfpd;wJ.
 kfspu; rpw;wsT Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fld; gpizg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;l Kiw
(ypa ,RU)
njhopw;gL %yjd cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfg; gpuNjr
mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapD}lhfg; gpizfs; mtrpakw;w rpwpa kfspu; Kaw;rp
ahsu; fld; gpizg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;l Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- 2014k; Mz;L kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;if
 Rtd
ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd [g;ghd; tq;fpapd; (JBIC) epjp mDruizAld;
Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ kPs; epjpaply; trjpfis toq;FtJ
rpW ifj;njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fis cau;jJ ; tjw;fhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;w Kd;nkhopTj; jpl;lkhFk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,J (Smalls & micro
industries leader & enterpreneur promotion project) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
epfo;fhyj;jpy; ,jd; III tJ gbKiwiaNa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
138
 r`d;ah
rpw;wsT tzpfu; fld; toq;Ftjw;fhf Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpapd;
epjp mDruizapd; fPo; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fld; jpl;lKiw
xd;whFk;. ,jpy; DFCC tq;fp kw;Wk; Vida tzpf tq;fpfSk;
njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sd.
 rdr fld; jpl;lk;

tptrhak;> fhy;eil> rpWifj;njhopy;> tpahghuk; Nghd;w tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffSf;fhd fld; toq;Fk; jpll ; nkhd;whFk;. Njrpa mgptpUj;jp
ek;gpfi
; f epjp kw;Wk; mq;fj;jtu;fsJ itg;Gf;fs; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLtJld; rdr kj;jpa mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; epu;thf eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
 $l;LwTf; fpuhkpa tq;fpf; fld;

tptrhak;> kPdg
; pb> fhy;eil tsu;gG
; > tpahghuk; kw;Wk; tu;jj
; f eltbf;if
fSf;fhd fld; toq;fy; ,jd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. Njrpa
mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;if epjpak; mq;fj;jtu;fspd; itg;Gf;fs; vd;gd
,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhfg; gy Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fKk;
$l;LwT mgptpUj;jp jpizf;fsKk; epu;thff; fUkq;fSf;fhd gq;fspg;
Gf;fis toq;Ffpd;wd.
 rKu;j;jp tskhd tho;tgpUj;jpf; fld; jpl;l Kiw

rKu;j;jp tskhd tho;T tq;fpr; rq;fj;jpD}lhfr; rKu;j;jp cjtp ngW
Nthu;fSf;Ff; fld; toq;fy; kl;Lkd;wp Vida NritfSk; toq;fg;
gLtjw; f hf ,j;jpl;l Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;g l;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F j;
Njitahd epjpahdJ mur gq;fspg;Gld; kl;Lkd;wp mq;fj;jtu;fspd;
itg;Gf;fs; %yk; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Nrkpg;Gg; gzj;njhifapypUe;J ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
tskhd tho;T mgptpUj;jpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; ,jd; epu;thfk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. (rKu;jj
; p tskhd tq;fpahdJ gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp
tq;fpAld; xd;wpizf;fg;gLk; vd muR mwptpj;Js;sJ - 2014 ,yq;if
kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;if)
 fkey tq;fpg; gpujpepjpj; jpl;lk;

tptrha mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; fkey Nrit mikr;rpd; fPo; fhzg;gLk;
fkey mgptpUj;jpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; nraw;wpll
; nkhd;whFk;. gapur
; n
; ra;if
eltbf;iffSf;fhf tptrhapfSf;Ff; FWq;fhyf; fld;fs; kw;Wk;
ePz;lfhyf; fld;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. tptrha mikr;rpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptrhapfspd; ek;gpf;if epjpak; kw;Wk; mq;fj;jtu;
fsJ itg;Gf;fSk; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; nraw;wpl;lq;fspy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jr;
nra;aTk;.)
139
Nju;r;rp 7.0: tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; gzk;
kw; W k; epjp epWtdq; f spdhy; toq; f g; g Lfpd; w
gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg;

gzg;ghtidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 gzk; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.
 gupkhw;wk; nra;tjw;Fg; gzj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 gzj;jpd; fUkq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cjhuzq;
fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
 ey;y gzj;jpd; gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 gupkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW gz tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.

 Ra tpUg;gj;Jld; Kd;tUfpdw
; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L gpdt
; Uk; ghj;jpuNkw;W
ebj;jiy tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy; 1 - ghj;jpuq;fs; - 2
 kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpahsUk;> ney; cw;gj;jpahsUk;
ghj;jpuq;fspd; elj;ij:
 kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpahsu; ney; cw;gj;jpahsupd; mUfpy; tUfpwhu;.
 kl;ghz;lj;ij toq;fp ney;iy Ntz;Lfpd;whu;.
 gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
 ,UtUk; jpUg;jpAld; ntspNaWfpd;wdu;.

 kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpahsUk;> jsghl cw;gj;jpahsUk;
 kl;ghz;l cw;gj;jpahsu; kl;ghz;lq;fisf; fhtpf; nfhz;L jsghl
cw;gj;jpahsuplk; tUfpd;whu;.
 kl;ghz;lq;fisf; nfhLj;Jf; fjpiunahd;iwf; Nfl;fpd;whu;.
 kl;ghz;lq;fs; Njitapy;iynadTk;> fjpiuia toq;Ftjhapd; vdf;F
muprp Njit vd;fpd;whu;.
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
 ,UtUk; jpUg;jpaw;w epiyapy; ntspNawpr; nry;fpd;wdu;.
 rpy;yiw tpw;gid epiya cupikahsUk;> thbf;ifahsUk;
 thbf;ifahsu; gz;lq;fisj; njupTnra;J mjw;Fupa gzj;ijr; nrYj;J
tjw;F ehzaj;jhs; xd;iw Kd;itf;fpd;whu;.
 ehzaj;jhisg; ngl;lfj;jpy; ,l;lgpd; kPjpg; gzj;jpid toq;Ffpd;whu;.
 thbf;ifahsu; jpUg;jpAld; ntspNawpr; nry;fpd;whu;.
140
 rpwg;Gr; re;ij cupikahsUk; thbf;ifahsUk;
 thbf;ifahsu; gz;lq;fisj; njupT nra;J gzj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf
tpahghu epiya cupikahsUf;Fg; gpsh];jpfF ; ml;ilnahd;iw toq;F
fpd;whu;.
 ml;ilapid ,ae;jpuj;jpy; ,LtJ Nghd;w ghtid nra;j gpd;du; gw;Wr;
rPl;nlhd;iw toq;Ffpd;whu;. mjpy; thbf;ifahsu; ifnahg;gkpLfpd;whu;.
 thbf;ifahsu; jpUg;jpAld; ntspNawpr; nry;fpd;whu;.
 ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypd; ,Wjpapy; gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fye;
Jiuahlnyhd;iw elhj;jTk;.
 KjyhtJ ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypd;NghJ gz;lj;jpw;Fg; gz;lk; gupkhw;wg;
gl;lJ vd
 ,uz;lhtJ ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypd;NghJ gz;lg; gupkhw;wk; g+uzj;Jtk;
milatpy;iy vdTk; mjw;Fupa fhuzq;fs; rpy cz;nld
 %d;whtJ ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypy; rl;lg;gzk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; epiwtile;jJ vd
 ehd;fhtJ ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jypy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; epiwT ngw;w
KiwAk;> nfhLg;gdTf; fUtpnahd;whff; fld; ml;il / tuT ml;il
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lnjd
 jw;fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fiyj; jPug ; ;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW nfhLg;gdTf;
fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdnjd
 nghUl;fspd; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gzj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bidj; njspthfr; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.
 gzj;jpd; fUkq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW

FOf;fshf;fp gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
epg;uh[; jdJ Nkhl;lhu; tz;bia &gh 30 ,yl;rpj;jpwF ; yh`Pu; vd;gtUf;F
tpw;gid nra;fpwhu;. yh`Pu; 20 ,yl;rk; &ghit epg;uh[_f;F toq;fpaJld;
mg;gzj;ij epg;uh[; tq;fpapy; itg;Gr; nra;fpwhu;. vQ;rpa nrYj;j Ntz;ba
10 ,yl;rk; &ghit 2 khjj;jpDs; nrYj;Jtjhf yh`Pu; cWjpaspf;fpwhu;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j epfo;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.
 me;epfo;tpy; gzj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; eltbf;if
fs; vit vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njliy KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 gzj;jpd; fUkq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cjhuzq;
fSld; tpsf;fTk;.
 ey;y gzj;jpd; gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 gupkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW gz tiffis tpsf;fTk;.

141
 nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; gupkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
ve;jnthU ClfKk; gzk; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.
 gupkhw;wj;jpwF
; g; gzj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;bidg; gpdt; UkhW Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gzkpd;wp ,lk;ngw;w Neubg; gupkhw;wk; gz;lkhw;W
vdg;gLk;.
 gz;lkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ gy gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
 mjdhy; gz;lkhw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghJ
thd Clfnkhd;wpd; Njitg;ghL czug;gl;lJ.
 mg;gupkhw;W Clfk; gzk; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
 mjw;Nfw;gg; gupkhw;wj;jpwF; g; gzk; kpf mtrpakhdJ vd;gJ njspthfpdw ; J.

 gzj;jpd; fUkq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
 gupkhw;W Clfnkhd;whff; fUkkhw;wy; (A medium of exchange)
 ngWkjpfis mstpLk; mstPl;Lf; fUtpnahd;whff; fUkkhw;wy;
(Standard of value)
 ngWkhdj; jpul;lhff; fUkkhw;wy; (Store of value)
 gpw;Nghlg;gl;l nfhLg;gdT Clfnkhd;whff; fUkkhw;Wjy;
(Differred payment)
 gupkhw;W Clfnkhd;whfr; nraw;gly;
nghUs;fs; Nritfspd; gupkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ ,ileLtnuhUuhff; fUk
khw;WtjhFk;. my;yJ nghUs;fs; Nritfspd; ngWkjpahdJ gzj;jpd;
%yk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpnahd;iw &gh 30 000j;jpw;Ff;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
 ngWkjpfis mstpLk; mstPl;Lf; fUtpnahd;whff; fUkkhw;wy;.
nghUs;fs; Nritfspd; ngWkjpfis mstpLtjw;fhfg; gzk; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wJ. ,J tpiy (Price) vdg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; fzf;F itj;jyhdJ
,yFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; fzf;flP ;L myF (Unit of Account) vdTk; ,J
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzk;: xU Nrhbg; ghjzpfs; &gh 1 999.90 vd tpiy Fwpj;jy;.
 ngWkhdj; jpul;lhff; fUkkhw;wy;.
gzj;jpidr; Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;. ehzak;> ehzaj;jhs;fs; fhyq;
fle;jitahjypd;wpAk;> Nja;tilahkYk; Nrfupj;J itj;J vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
nghUs;fs; Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
cjhuzk;: fhR &gh 10 000 Nrkpj;jy;.
 gpw;Nghlg;gl;l nfhLg;gdT Clfnkhd;whff; fUkkhw;wy;.
vjpuf; hyg; gzf; nfhLg;gdTf;fhf epfo;fhyj;jpy; xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s
yhk;. mjhtJ vjput ; Uk; jpfjpnahd;wpy; gzj;ijr; nrYj;Jk; epge;jidapd;
fPo; nghUs;fs; Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a KbAkhapUj;jiyf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: 2016 [dtup khjj;jpy; &gh 5 000j;jpw;Ff; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;
gl;l nghUs;fSf;F 2016 khu;r; khjj;jpy; gzj;ijr; nrYj;J
tjw;F xg;ge;jk; nra;jy;.
142
 ey;y gzj;jpd; gz;Gfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;bUj;jy;.
 ePz;lfhyk; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Nghypfis cUthf;FtJ fbdkhapUj;jy;.
 ,yFthff; nfhz;L nry;yf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ,yFthf ,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; vDk; Xupdj;jd;ik nfhz;
bUj;jy;.
 rpwpa myFfshfg; gpupf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 gpd;tUkhW gzj;ij tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

rl;lg;gzk; (Currency)
jpiwNrup mjpfhupapd; cj;jutpd; fPo; ntspaplg;gLfpd;w ehzak;> ehzaj;
jhs;fs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpdw ; d. rl;lg;gzkhdJ mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;l gzk;
vdg;gLtJld; ,tw;wpd; jputj;jd;ikahdJ 100% khff; fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: Fw;wp ehzaq;fSk; jhs;ehzaq;fSk;
tq;fpg;gzk; (Bank money)
tzpf tq;fpfspy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w Nfs;tp itg;Gfs; vdg;gLfpd;w eilKiw
itg;Gf;f spy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kPjpfs; tq;f pg;gzkhFk;. ,g;gzkhdJ
fhNrhiyfs; %yNk nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. rl;lg;gzj;ijg;
Nghd;W 100% jputj;jd;ik fhzg;glhtpbDk; mz;kpa gzj;ij tplf;
$ba jputj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;.
cjhuzk;: tzpf tq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w eilKiw itg;Gf;fs;.
mz;kpa gzk; (Near money)
rl;lg;gzj;jpidg; Nghd;W 100% jputj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;buhj vdpDk;
ngWkjpfN; fw;gg; ngWkhdj; jpul;Lf; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;wf;$baJk; ,yF
thfg; gzkhf khw;wf;$baJkhd nrhj;Jf;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;: tzpf tq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; nghJkf;fspd; epiyahd NrkpgG
;
itg;Gf;fs;> jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs;> tzpfg;gj;jpuq;fs;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; (E money)
jfty; kw;Wk; b[ply; (vz;khd) njhopDl;gk; vd;gtw;wpd; ngWNgwhf cUthfp
As;sJk; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspdN ; ghJ nfhLg;gdT
fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJkhd gzNk ,JthFk;.
cjhuzk;:
tuT ml;il (Debit card)
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;w gzj;njhifahdJ ,yj;jpudpay; mbg;gilapy; tq;fpf;
fzf;fpy; tuT itf;fg;gLk;. tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; gzKs;stu;fSf;F khj;jpuk;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba ml;ilahFk;.
fld; ml;il (Credit card)
tq;fpf; fzf;nfhd;W ,y;yhtpbDk; fldhfg; nghUs;fs; Nritfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ml;il tifnahd;whFk;.
Kw;gzf; nfhLg;gdT ml;ilfs; (Prepaid card)
Kd;$l;bNa gzj;jpidr; nrYj;jpg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba ml;ilahFk;.
143
 ,e;j ml;ilfs; %yk; nfhLg;gdTfs; Nkw;nfhs;tij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;Fg;
gpd;tUk; Nritfs; (trjpfs;) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuk; / ATM ,ae;jpuk; (Automic teller machine)
 jd;dpaf;f itg;G ,ae;jpuk; / ADM ,ae;jpuk; (Automic Deposits machine)
 fhNrhiy itg;G ,ae;jpuk; / CDM ,ae;jpuk; (Cheque Deposits machine)
 tpw;gid epiyaq;fspy; ,yj;jpudpay; epjp khw;wYf;F tif nra;Ak;
tiyaikg;G Kiw (Eletronic funds transfer piont of sales)
 njhiytq;fp trjpfs; (Tele banking)
 tiyaikg;G tq;fpf; fUkq;fs; (Internet banking Online banking)
 njhiyf;fhl;rp tq;fp trjpfs; (Television banking)
144
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : ,yq;ifapd; tzpf tpUj;jpf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;

epjp epWtd Kiwikfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,yq;i f kj;jpa tq;f p Mz;lwpf;i fapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,yq;ifapd; epjp epWtd Kiwikapid tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l epjp epWtdj; njhFjpia xt;nthU tiffspd; fPo; NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 xt;nthU tiffSf;FKupa epjp epWtdq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
 xt;nthU tiffSf;FKupa epjp epWtdq;fs; tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

 fpl;ba tUlnkhd;wpd; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;ifia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L ,yq;ifapd; epjp epWtd Kiwikapid tifg;gLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 epjp epWtdq;fspd; njhFjpnahd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
kf;fs; tq;fp> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nrypq;Nfh epjpf; fk;gdp> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
rk;gj; Fj;jiff; fk;gdp> ng];l; nfgply; l;u]uP]; ypkpll;> ,yq;if
kj;jpa tq;fp> `l;ld; e\dy; tq;fp> Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp> nfgply;
vyad;]; ypkpll;> ehky; ghJfhg;G epjpak;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nrd;uy;
gpdhd;];> gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp tq;fp> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vy;. gP. epjpf;
fk;gdp> N[. gp. nrFAupB]; (jdp) fk;gdp> rPNgq; ghJfhg;G epjpak;> Mrh
gpypg;]; gpizf; fk;gdp> DFCC PLC> ,yq;if xnuf;]; Fj;jiff; fk;gdp.
,tw;iwg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 kj;jpa tq;fp
 cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w tzpf tq;fpfs;
 cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpfs;
 cj;juthjk; ngw;w epjpf; fk;gdpfs;
 tpNrl Fj;jif epjpf;fk;gdpfs;
 Kjy;epiy tzpfu;fs;
 gq;Fj; jufu;fs;
 myFg; nghWg;G
 xt;nthU tiffSf;FKupa epjp epWtdq;fSk; tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghL
fSf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 xt;nthU tiffSf;FKupa epjp epWtdq;fis cjhuzq;fNshL tpsf;fTk;.
145
 ,yq;ifapYs;s epjp epWtdq;fs; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 tq;fpj;Jiw
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp
 cj;juT ngw;w tzpf tq;fp
 cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fp
 itg;Gf;fis Vw;Fk; Vida epjp epWtdq;fs;
 cj;juT ngw;w epjpf; fk;gdp
 $l;LwTf; fpuhkpa tq;fp
 rpf;fdf; fld; toq;Fk; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; (rdr)
 tpNrl epjp epWtdq;fs;
 tpNrl Fj;jif epjpf; fk;gdpfs;
 Kjy; epiy toq;Fdu;fs;
 gq;Fj; jufu;fs;
 myFg; nghWg;G / myFg; nghWg;G Kfhikj;Jtf; fk;gdpfs;
 re;ijj; jufu;fs;
 Kaw;rpahz;ik %yjdf; fk;gdpfs;
 xg;ge;j Nrkpg;G epWtdq;fs;
 fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs;
 Copau; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
 Nrit toq;Fdu;fspd; nghWg;G epjpak;
 mq;fPfhukspf;fg;gl;l Xa;t+jpa kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
 mur Nritfs; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
(2015 Mk; Mz;L kj;jpa tq;fp Mz;lwpf;iff;fika)
 epjp epWtdq;fs; tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw:
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp (Central Bank of Sri Lanka)
,yq;ifapd; epjpf; nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpd; gpujpepjp
nahUtuhfr; nraw;gLk; kj;jpa epiyaNk ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpahFk;.
(,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Nritfs; njhlu;ghfj; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.3 ,y;
fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.)
 cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w tzpf tq;fpfs; (Licensed Commercial Banks)
eilKiwf; fzf;F cl;gl Vida itg;Gf;fisg; Ngzpr; nry;tJld;>
gzj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Mw;wYk; nfhz;l ntspehl;by; tjpahNjhu;
ehzaf; fzf;Ffisg; NgZk; epjp epWtd tifahFk;.
,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp kw;Wk; jpiwNrupapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l cj;juT
ngw;w tzpf tq;fpfs; mNdfk; fhzg;gLtJld; ,tw;Ws; rpy mur
Jiwf; F k; ngUk; g hyhdit jdpahu; Jiwf; F k; nrhe; j khdjhf
,Uf;fpd;wd.
cjhuzk;:-
mur JiwapYs;s tzpf tq;fpfs;:- ,yq;if tq;fp> kf;fs; tq;fp
jdpahu; JiwapYs;s tzpf tq;fpfs;:- rk;gj; tq;fp> tu;j;jf tq;fp>
nryhd; tq;fp> `l;ld; e\dy; tq;fp
(cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w tzpf tq;fpfspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; Nju;r;rp
kl;lk; 7.4 kw;Wk; 7.5 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.)
146
 cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpfs; (Licensed specialzed Banks)
tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpNrl tq;fpfshf tzpf eltbf;iffis elj;jpr;
nry;tjw;F kj;jpa tq;fpaplkpUe;J cj;juTg; gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
tpNrl epWtd tifnahd;whFk;. ,tw;wpw;F eilKiwf; fzf;Ffisg;
Ngzpr; nry;tjw;Fk;> ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy;
<LgLtjw;Fk; mDkjp ,y;iy vd;gJ ,jd; tpNrl gz;GfshFk;. MapDk;
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;> fhy itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs; vDk; tifapy; nghJkf;fspd;
gzitg;Gf;fis Vw;gjw;F mDkjp cz;L.
cjhuzk;:- Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp
,yq;if Nrkpg;G tq;fp
gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp tq;fp
mur <l;L KjyPl;L tq;fp
cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w tzpf tq;fpahdJ tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghl;bw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw:
 fhy> Nrkpg;G itg;Gf;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
 gy;NtW Jiwfspd; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;Ff; fld; toq;Fjy;.
 fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ftoq;fypd;NghJ cWjpg; nghWg;gspj;jy; fUkq;fspy;
<Lgly;.
 Fj;jif trjpfis toq;fy;.
 Kfhikj;Jt MNyhridr; Nritfis toq;fy;.
 cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w epjpf; tq;fpfs; (Financial Companies)
fhy itg;Gf;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;> me;epjpapd; mbg;gilapy; fld; toq;fy;>
KjyPlL; trjpfis toq;fy; vd;gtw;Wld; epjpr; rl;lg;gpukhzj;jpdbg;gilapy;
,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; cj;juTg; gj;jpunkhd;iwg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nghJf;
fk;gdp tifnahd;whFk;.
cjhuzk;:- vy;. gP. gpdhd;]; gP. vy;. rp.
rpq;` Gj;ju gpdhd;]; gP. vy;. rp.
j gpdhd;]; fk;gdp gP. vy;. rp.
rpq;fu; gpdhd;]; gP. vy;. rp.
cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w epjpf; fk;gdpfspd; fUkq;fspy; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 thliff; nfhs;tdT Kiw trjpfs; toq;fy;.
 Mjdk;> fhzp> tpahghuk; nra;jy;.
 Fj;jif epjpaPl;lk;
 FWq;fhyf; fld; toq;fy;.
 mur gpizg;gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;jy;.
 fhy itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 $l;LwT fpuhkpa tq;fpfs; (Co-operative Rural Banks)
mq;fj;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; mq;fj;jtu;fsy;yhNjhu;fspd; fhy> epiyahd itg;Gf;
fis Vw;wYk; kw;Wk; mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F fld; toq;fYk; Nghd;w
fUkq;fisg; gpujhdkhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtd tifnahd;whFk;. ,J
gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; tq;fp tzpfg; gpupnthd;whFk;.
cjhuzk;:- tufhg;nghy gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; $l;LwTf;
fpuhkpa tq;fp.
147
$l;LwT fpuhkpa tq;fpfspd; fUkq;fs;:
 mq;fj;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; mq;fj;jtuy;yhjtu;fspd; itg;Gf;fis Vw;wy;.
 mlFr; Nritfs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 Nrkpg;G itg;Gf;fisAk; epiyahd itg;Gf;fisAk; Ngzy;.
 mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F tptrha> cw;gj;jp> ifj;njhopy; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
eltbf;iffSf;fhff; fld; trjpfis toq;fy;.
 fpuhkpa kf;fspilNa $l;LwT tho;f;if Kiwiag; gpugy;ag;gLj;jy;.
 rpf;fdf; fld; toq;Fk; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; (rdr)
Nrkpg;ig Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Ff; fld; toq;FtijAk;
Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;L mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Nrkpg;Gf;fs; kl;Lk; mq;fj;Jtg;
fl;lzk; Nghd;w Kiwfspy; gzj;jpidg; ngw;W mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F kl;Lk;
fld; toq;Ffpd;w $l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;LwT Mizahsuplk; gjpT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba epWtd tifnahd;whFk;.
cjhuzk;:- mj;jdfy;iy rdr rq;fk;
neYk; Fsk; rdr rq;fk;
rdr rq;fq;fs; gpd;tUk; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wfpd;wd.
 mq;fj;jtu;fspd; cw;gj;jpfis re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
kj;jpa epiyaq;fis elj;Jjy;.
 rq;fk; <LgLk; Jiwf;Fupa cgfuzq;fis kypT tpiyapy; tpw;gid
nra;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- kPd;gpbf; $l;LwTr; rq;fk; kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fis toq;fy;.
 itg;Gf;fis Vw;wYk; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Ff; fld; toq;fYk;
 tpNrl Fj;jif epjpf; fk;gdpfs; (Special Leasing Companies)
Fj;jif eltbf;iffSf;nfd;W kj;jpa tq;fpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdp
tifnahd;whFk;. tzpfu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida
nrhj;Jf;f isg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;f hf mtu;fsJ Ntz;LNfhSf;f ika
Fj;jiff;F vLg;gjw;fhf epjp trjpfis toq;fy; gpujhd tzpf eltbf;if
ahff; nfhz;Ls;s epjp epWtd tifnahd;whFk;. cupa nrhj;Jf;fisf;
Fj;jiff;F tpLtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; thlif tUkhdk; ,e;epWtdq;fspd;
gpujhd tUkhdkhFk;.
cjhuzk;:- mrl;iyd; yP]pq; fk;gdp ypkpll;
vy;. X. V. rP ikf;Nuh fpubl; ypkpll;
v];. vk;. gP. yP]pq; gP. vy;. rp.
,RU yP]pq; fk;gdp ypkpll;
Fj;jiff; fk;gdpfs; %yk; tzpfUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;:
 ghupa ngWkhdk; nfhz;l nrhj;Jf;fis KOj;njhifiaAk; nrYj;jhJ
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; k; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 Fj;jiff;fhfr; nrYj;jg;gLk; thlifahdJ tUkhd tupapypUe;J tpyf;
fspf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
 ,ae;jpuk; fhyk; fle;jitahf khWk; nghOJ Vw;gLfpd;w el;lj;ijAk;
%yjd el;lq;fisAk; jtpu;jJ ; f; nfhs;sy;.
 ghupasT njhifia KjyPL nra;ahJ $ba tUkhdj;ij <l;l Kbjy;.
148
 Kjy; epiy tzpfu;fs; (Primary Dealers)
murpd; gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis Kjd;Kiwahf tpw;gid nra;J gzj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; re;ijNa Kjyhk; epiyr; re;ijahFk;. ,k;Kjy; epiyr;
re;ijapy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; mDkjp toq;fg;
gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; Kjy; epiy tpw;gidahsu;fs; vdg;gLtu;.
mur fld; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; Kjy; epiy Vy tpw;gidfSf;Fg;
gq;Fgw;wYk;> jpiwNrup Kwpfs; njhlu;ghf ,uz;lhk; jur; re;ijapy; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; nra;tJk; Kjy; epiy tpw;gidahsu;fspd; fUkkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:- nfg;gply; vyhapd;]; fk;gdp
nrypq;Nfh rpwPuhk; gpizg;gj;jpuf; fk;gdpfs;
,yq;if tq;fp
rk;gj; gpizg;gj;jpuf; fk;gdpfs;
 gq;Fj; juFf; fk;gdpfs; (Share Brokers)
$l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ffis my;yJ njhFjpf; fld;fis
tpwg
; id nra;jy;> nfhs;tdT nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;ghf ,ileLtuhf;
fUkkhw;Wfpdw; epWtdk; gq;Fj; jufu; epWtdk; vdg;gLk;. gq;Fj; jufu;fshf
tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;Fg; gpizafr; nryhtzp Mizf;FO
tpduplkpUe;J cj;juTg; gj;jpunkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:- Mrh gPgy;]; gpizaff; fk;gdp
Vrpah gpizaf (jdp)f; fk;gdp
N[hd; fPy;]; gq;Fj; jufu; (jdp)f; fk;gdp
N[. gP. nrFAUB]; (jdp)f; fk;gdp
gq;Fj; jufu; fk;gdpfspd; gzpfs;:

 KjyPll ; hsu;fspd; nfhs;tdTf; fl;lisfisAk; tpw;gidf; fl;lisfis
Ak; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
 KjyPll; hsu;fs; rhu;ghf kj;jpa itg;gf Kiwapy; fzf;Ffis Muk;gpjj ; y;.
 gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; njhFjpf; fld;fspy; KjyPL nra;tJ njhlu;ghf KjyPl;
lhsu;fSf;F MNyhridfis toq;fy;.
 gq;Fr; re;ijia Ma;T nra;jy; kl;Lkd;wpr; re;ij kjpg;gl
P l
; wpf;iffisj;
jahupgg; jd; %yk; KjyPll ; hsu;fspd; cr;r mD$yq;fis cr;rg;gLj;jiy
cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
 fk;gdpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jtjw;F mDruiz toq;fy;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpfSf;F %yjdkPll
; Yf;F cjTjy;.
 myFg; nghWg;G / myFg; nghWg;G Kfhikf; fk;gdpfs;

(Unit trust / Unit trust management Companies)
KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F myFfis (Unit) tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk; Nrfupf;fg;
gLk; gzj;njhiffis cs;slf;fpa KjyPl;L epjpNa myFg; nghWg;G
epjpak; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; Nrfupff ; g;gLk; gzj;njhifahdJ njhopy;rhu;
epjp Kfhikahsu;fspdhy; KjyPl;Lf; fyitapy; <LgLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;
mD$ykhdJ myFg; nghWg;gpy; myFfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;j KjyPll ; hsu;
fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk;.
149
 myFg; nghWg;nghd;wpd; fl;likg;ghdJ %d;W gpuptpdu;fis cs;slf;fpa
jhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(1) myFg; nghWg;ghsu;
(2) epjp Kfhikj;Jtf; fk;gdp
(3) myF cupikahsu; vDk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
,g;gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpidg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd; %yKk;

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
(3) myF cupikahsu;fs;
A B C D E
 


(1) myFg; nghWg;G (2) epjpapid


epjpa myFg; nghWg;ghsu;

  Kfhikj;Jtg;Lj;Jk;
epWtdk;
 


gq;F njhFjpf;fld; mur gpizg; gj;jpuq;fs; tzpfg; gj;jpuq;fs;
KjyPl;Lf; fyit
cjhuzk;:-
myFg; nghWg;G epjp Kfhikj;Jtf; fk;gdpfs;
ehky; myFg; nghWg;G Njrpa nrhj;J Kfhikj;Jtf; fk;gdpfs;
rP Ngq;f; myFg; nghWg;G j Adp bu];l; Kfhikj;Jtf; (jdp)f; fk;gdpfs;
rpNyhd; Nrkpg;G epjpak; rpNyhd; nrhj;J Kfhikj;Jtf; fk;gdpfs;
myFg; nghWg;Gf;fspdhy; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; milAk; gad;fs;:

 gy;ypdj; jd;ik nfhz;l KjyPLfspy; gzk; ,lg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf
,lu; Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.
 KjyPl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhfj; njhopy;rhu; Kfhikahsu;fspd; Nrit
iag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
150
 re;ij ,ilj;jufu;fs; (Market intermidieries)
xg;GWjpahsu;fs;> KjyPlL
; Kfhikahsu;fs;> fhuzpgg ; Lj;Jk; toq;Fdu;fs;
Nghd;Nwhu; ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLtJld; epjpf; fUtpfis tpw;gid nra;Ak;
,ileLtu;fshf ,tu;fs; fUkkhw;Wtu;. epjpf; fUtpfis tpw;gid nra;J
nfhLg;gjw;fhd Nritf;fl;lzj;ij nfhs;tdthsuplkpUe;Jk; tpw;gid
ahsuplkpUe;Jk; mwtpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk;.
 xg;GWjpahsu;fs; (Under writers)

nghJkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpdw ; gpizg;gj;jpu toq;fypd;nghOJ Fwpgg
; pll
;
fhyg;gFjpapy; jpll
; kplg;gl;l epjp mstpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahjNghJ
KjyPl;lhsu;fspdhy; nfhs;tdT nra;ahJ vQ;rpa gpizfisf; nfhs;
tdT nra;tjw;F xg;ge;jk; nra;Js;s epWtdNk ,JthFk;.
nghJkf;fSf;Fg; gpizfis toq;Ftjw;fhf gy;NtW Nritfis toq;
Fk; epWtdq;fNs KjyPl;L Kfhikahsu;fs; vdg;gLtu;. ,itfspdhy;
toq;fg;gLfpd;w Nritfshtd:
 toq;fy; njhlu;ghf KjyPl;bw;fhd tpz;zg;gg;gbtq;fis toq;fy;.
 KjyPl;L tpz;zg;gq;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;.
 KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;Fg; gpizfisg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;
 toq;fy; njhlu;ghd epjp Kfhikj;Jtk;
 tpsk;gu eltbf;iffs;
tpahghu epWtdq;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F toq;fpapUf;Fk; tpahghuf;
fld;fis mwtply; kw;Wk; fld;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw
(Factoring) Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtdNk fhuzpg;gLj;Jk; toq;Fdu; vd;wiof;
fg;gLk;.
 Kaw;rpahz;ik %yjdf; fk;gdpfs; (Venture Capital Companies)

Gjpa Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhd %yjdj; Njitg;
ghl;bid epiwT nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpy; nraw;gLfpd;w epWtd tifnahd;
whFk;. Gjpjhf tzpfq;fis Muk;gpj;jy;> jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; tzpfj;ij
tpupTgLj;jy;> tzpfj;ij ifafg;gLj;jy;> nfhs;tdT nra;jy; Nghd;w
fUkq;fspdN ; ghJ epjpak; toq;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf gq;FfSf;F
cj;juthjkspj;jy;> fld;fis xOq;fikj;jy; Nghd;wdtw;wpYk; <LgLk;.
cjhuzk;: nrd;uy; gpdhd;]; ntd;ru; gd;l; ypkpll;
,yq;if ntd;ru; ypkpll;
vd;. b. gP. ntd;ru; ,d;nt];nkd;l; (jdp)f; fk;gdp
151
 fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; (Insurance Companies)
fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfspd; gy;NtW fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jq;fis toq;Ftjd;
%yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;w epjpapid epjpr; re;ijapy; fld; toq;fy;
kw;Wk; KjyPL nra;tjd; %yk; epjp ,ilj;juFgLj;jypy; <LgLk; epWtd
khFk;.
cjhuzk;: tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,yq;iff; fhg;GWjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nrypq;Nfh fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdp
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l [drf;jpf; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdp
 ek;gpf;if epjpak; kw;Wk; Xa;t+jpa epjpak;

mur Kfhikj;Jtj;ijAk; jdpahu; Kfhikj;Jtj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa
Xa;t+jpa epjpak;> ek;gpf;if epjpak; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:- mur Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYs;s epjpak;
 Nrit toq;Fdu;fspd; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
,J nfhs;if cUthf;fy;> nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;>
rpWtu; kw;Wk; ,isQu; njhlu;ghd fyhrhu nraw;gLfspd;
fPo; ,aq;Fk; Nrit toq;Fdu;fspd; ek;gpf;if epjpar;
rigapd; %yk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mur Copau; ek;gpf;if epjpak;

,J Xa;t+jpaj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;ag;gLk;.
Copau; ek;gpf;if epjpak;
,yq;ifapy; jdpahu; Jiwf;fhff; fhzg;gLk; ghupasT
nfhz;l Xa;t+jpa epjpakhfpa ,J njhopy; Mizahs
updhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;. epjpapid Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak;
nghWg;G ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpaplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 jdpahu; Kfhikj;Jtj;jplk; cs;s epjpak;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Xa;t+jpa kw;Wk; ek;gpf;if epjpak; njhopy;
jpizf;fsj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
152
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.3 : ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfisj; Njb
awpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp njhlu;gpy; mwpKfk; nra;thu;.
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Nehf;fq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopwg
; hLfs; tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp njhlu;gpy; mwpKfnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;fTk;.

 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfis tpsf;fTk;.

 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfs; tzpfq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;J
fpd;w Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.

 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 gpd;tUk; nra;jpj; njhFg;G njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
kj;jpa tq;fp ntspehl;L ehzaq;fspd; ngWkjpfisg; gpd;tUkhW
ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyu; &gh 134
a+Nuh &gh 143
];Nuu;ypq; gTz; &gh 208
,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW khfhzq;fisg; gpujpepjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
&gh 10 ngWkjpahd ehzaf;Fw;wpnahd;W ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
re;ijapd; Nkyjpf jputj;jd;ikapid cs;suP g
; G
; r; nra;tjw;fhf ,yq;if
kj;jpa tq;fpahdJ jpiwNrup cz;bay;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
tzpf tq;fpfs; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapy; NgzNtz;ba xJf;F tPjk;
mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jdpahu; Jiwia Nru;e;j Copau;fspd; Copau; Nrkyhg epjpaj;jpd;
kPjpapd; mbg;gilapy; 30% Copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;.
 NkNy jug;gl;l xt;nthU nra;jpj; njhFg;gpYk; cs;slq;fpAs;s ,yq;if
kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfis ,dq;fhzTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l xt;nthU tplaq;fSk; tzpfj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;w
Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njliy KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.
153
 1949 Mk; Mz;L 58 Mk; ,yf;f epjpg;gpukhzr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1950 Mf];l;
28 Mk; jpfjp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpahdJ ,yq;ifapd;
epjpf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpd; gpujpepjpnahUtuhf
nraw;gLfpd;w Kf;fpa epWtdnkhd;whFk;. ,jd; Muk;g MSeuhf ,Ue;jtu;
N[hd; vf;];lu; vd;gtuhtu;.
 kj;jpa tq;fpapd; xOq;fikg;Gf; fUkq;fs; 5 Ngu;fis cs;slf;fpa epjpr;rig
apdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; mr;rigapy; kj;jpa tq;fp MSeu;> epjp
mikr;rupd; nrayhsu; kw;Wk; epakpf;fg;gl %d;W mq;fj;jtu;fisAk;
cs;slq;fpapUg;gu;.

 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpahdJ gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; ,uz;bid Kd;itj;Jf;
fUkkhw;Wfpd;wJ.
 nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tpiykl;lq;fspd; cWjpapidg; NgZjy;.
 epjp Kiwapd; cWjpapidg; Ngzy;.
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tpiykl;lq;fspd; cWjpapidg; NgZjy;

cs;ehl;Lg; gzj;jpd; ngWkjpapid cWjpahfg; NgZjy; vdg;gLfpd;w
ghJfhg;ghdJ tpiykl;l cWjp vdg;gLk;. gztPf;fk; kw;Wk; gzr; RUf;f
epiyikfsw;w nghUshjhuj;jpid NgZtjw;F ,jd; %yk; vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gL
fpd;wJ. gztPf;fk; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;NghJ nghUshjhuk;
ey;y epiyapy; nraw;gLk;. epiyahd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> $ba
Ntiy tha;gG ; f;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,J fhuzkhaikAk;.
epjpj;Jiwapd; cWjpapidg; Ngzy;

nghUshjhuj;jpw;F <LnfhLf;ff;$ba Mw;wy; epjpKiwapd; epiyahd
jd;ik vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ epjpKiwikapy; ghJfhg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;
cWjpj; jd;ikf;F Vw;glf;$ba mr;RWj;jy;fis ,dq;fhzy; kw;Wk;
mtw;iw ,opT gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; epjpKiwapid tYt+lL
; tjw;F
,aYkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; %yk; itg;ghsu;fs;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs; vDk;
,U gpuptpdu; fSf;Fk; mD$ykhd epiyiknahd;W cUthfyhk;.

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp jdJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gpdt
; Uk;
njhopw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpwJ.
 ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfs;:
 ehzaf; nfhs;if / gzf; nfhs;ifapid newpg;gLj;jy;.
 ntspehl;L ehzakhw;Wf; nfhs;ifapid newpg;gLj;jy;.
 ,yq;ifapd; rl;luPjpahd ntspehl;L xJf;f Kfhikj;Jtk;
 rl;lg;gzj;jpid ntspaplYk; toq;fYk;
 tq;fp> tq;fpay;yhj epWtdq;fspd; Nkw;ghu;itahsuhfj; njhopw;gly;.
 murpd; nghUshjhu MNyhrfuhfTk;> tq;fpahsuhfTk;> epjpg; gpujpepjpahf
Tk; njhopw;gly;.
 kj;jpa tq;fpapy; jPug
; ;gdTf; fzf;Ffisg; Ngzpr; nry;Yk; tzpf
tq;fpfSf;Fk;> Muk;g tzpfu;fSf;Fk; jPug
; g
; dT kw;Wk; jPut
; f trjpfis
toq;Fjy;.
154
 kj;jpa tq;fpapd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs;:
 murpd; fld; Kfhikj;Jtk;
 ntspehl;L ehzaf; fl;Lg;ghL
 rpwpastpyhd epjpal
P l
; y; Ntiyj;jpll
; q;fSf;Ff; fpuhkpaf; fld; Kd;nkhopT
Kiwfs; njhlu;gpy; jiyik epWtdnkhd;whfj; njhopw;gly;.
 Copau; Nrkyhg epjpapid Kfhik nra;jy;.

 tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfs; cjTfpd;w Kiw
apidg; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;f KbAk;.
 ,yq;ifapYs;s tq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd nfhLg;gdT Kiwik
(Sri Lanka Inter - bank Payment System - SLIPS)
 fzpdpapidg; gad;gLj;jp tq;fpfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fisj; jPuj ; ;J itg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Kiw ,J
thFk;. ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ,e;j
tq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd nfhLg;gdT Kiwik ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpAk;
kw;Wk; tzpf tq;fpfSk; gq;FupikAs;s tiuaWf;fg;gl;l yq;fh
fpspaupq; (jdpf;) fk;gdpf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l yq;fh fpspaupq; (jdpf;) fk;gdpahdJ gpd;tUk; jPut
; f
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
 fhNrhiyfs; tq;fp Mizfs; vd;gtw;wpd; gupkhw;wKk;> Njwpa kPjp
apidf; fzpj;jYk;.
 mj;Njwpa kPjpfis kj;jpa tq;fpf;Fk; Vida tzpf tq;fpfSf;Fk;
mwptpj;jy;.
 yq;fh fpspaupq; (jdp) fk;gdpahdJ ~~yq;fh Ng|| (Lanka Pay) vDk;
FwpaPl;Lg; ngaupd; fPo; nfhLf;fy; thq;fYf;fhd Gjpa ml;ilnahd;iw
mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
 ru;tNjr tq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd epjp ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; tiy

aikg;G - ];ntg;l; njhlu;ghly; tiyaikg;G
(SWIFT - Sri Lanka world wide inter bank financical Telecommunication)
 etPd njhoy;El;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j cyfshtpa uPjpapYs;s
epjp epWtdq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;s njhlu;ghly; tiyaikg;ghFk;. ru;t
Njr uPjpapy; tq;fpfSf;filapy; ,lk;ngWfpdw
; epjpg; gupkhw;wq;fs; njhlu;gpy;
,J fUkkhw;Wfpd;wJ.
 mNj Neu jPug

; ;gdT Kiwik (RTGS - Real Times Gross Settlement System)
,yq;ifapYs;s tq;fpfSf;fpilapy; ngWkjp $ba nfhLg;gdTfisf;
fhyk; jho;jj
; hJ cau; njhopDl;gj;ijAk; ju epakq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpj;
jPug
; ;gdT nra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzpdpf; nfhLg;gdT Kiw
nahd;whFk;. kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; jPug
; g
; dTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbtjhy;
,J Kf;fpakhd Kiwnahd;whFk;. ,J ehl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghupa
ngWkjpAld; $ba xNunahU cs;ehl;Lf; nfhLg;gdT Kiwnahd;whFk;.
155
 gj;jpuq;fsw;w (Mtzq;fs;) gpizafj; jPug ; ;gdT Kiw
(SSDS - Scriptless Securities Depository System)
mr;rplg;gl;l gpizg;gj;jpug; ghtidf;Fg; gjpyhf gpizg; gj;jpuq;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F my;yJ tpw;gid nra;tjw;Fupa nfhLf;fy; thq;f
nyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Mtzq;fspd;wpg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w Kiwnahd;
whFk;. ,J yq;fh nrf;FA (Se cure) vDk; ngaupYk; miof;fg;gLk;.
mr;rplg;gl;l gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisj; jk;trk; itj;jpUf;Fk;NghJ my;yJ

tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ Vw;f Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;w ,lu;fs; ,jd; %yk;
,y;yhky; NghFk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U KiwfisAk; xd;whf vLf;Fk;NghJ mJ yq;fh nrl;by;

Kiwik vdg;gLk;.
RTGS + SSDS = Lanka Settle System
 ,jw;Nfw;g tzpfq;fspy; KjyPL nra;jy; njhlu;gpy; ghJfhg;G cUthtJld;

gzf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSk; ,yFthf miktJ kl;Lkd;wp tpidjpwdhf
Tk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ vd;gjdhy; tzpff; fUkq;fspd; ntw;wpf;Fk; ePz;l
fhyk; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; njhopw;ghLfs; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wd.
156
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW itg;G

fSk; mtw;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fld;fSk; tzpfq;
fspd; nraw;ghLfspYk; tsu;r;rpfspYk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW itg;G tiffis mwpKfg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW itg;G tiffSf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis xg;gpl;L mwpthu;.
 tzpf tq;fpfshy; Ngzg;gLfpdw
; gy;NtW itg;G tiffs; tzpfnuhUtUf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;w Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpf tq;fpfshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w fld;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpf tq;fpfs; toq;Ffpdw
; gpujhd Nritfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 itg;Gj; njhlu;ghd Nritfs;> fld; njhlu;ghd Nritfs; vd;gd gpujhd
NritfshFk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.
 tzpf tq;fpfs; NgZfpd;w itg;G tiffisAk; khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J
mt; xt;nthU itg;G tiffspd; tpNrl gz;GfisAk; tpsf;fTk;.
 gy;NtW itg;G tiffs; tzpfu;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpdw
; Kiwapidr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

 nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 tzpf tq;fpfs; NgZfpd;w %d;W tifahd itg;Gf;fspd; Nrhbfs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
eilKiw itg;Gk;> Nrkpg;G itg;Gk;
Nrkpg;G itg;Gk;> epiyahd itg;Gk;
eilKiw itg;Gk;> epiyahd itg;Gk;
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j itg;G tifr; NrhbfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;
gLfpd;w xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis xg;gPL nra;f.
 khztuJ Njliy KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; fld;fis tifg;gLj;jp> mt; xt;nthU

tif njhlu;ghfTk; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 157
 tzpf tq;fpfs; toq;Ffpd;w gpujhd Nritfs; ,uz;lhFk;.
 itg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd Nrit
 fld; njhlu;ghd Nrit
 itg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd Nrit
eilKiw itg;G (Nfs;tp itg;G)> Nrkpg;G itg;G> epiyahd itg;G
vd;gd tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; Ngzg;gLfpd;w itg;Gj; njhlu;ghd Nrit
fshFk;.
 eilKiw itg;G (Nfs;tp itg;G) - Currunt Accounts
fhNrhiy %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; trjp nfhz;l>
kPjpapd; mbg;gilapy; tl;b fpilf;fg; ngwhj itg;G tifNa ,JthFk;.
,jw;F tq;fpahdJ Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpapid mspg;gJld; nlyu;
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fYk; nra;ayhk;.
 Nrkpg;G itg;G - Savings Accounts
Nrkpg;ig Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,f;fzf;F
tiff;F kPjpapd; mbg;gilapy; tl;b fpilf;fg;ngWk;. itg;ghsupd;
tpUg;gg;gb gzj;ij itg;gpyplNth kPs; vLf;fNth KbAk;. nlyu;
ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jp nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;ayhk;.
 epiyahd itg;G - Fixed Deposits
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg; gFjpf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l gzj;njhifapidf; Fwpj;j tl;b
apd; fPo; itg;gpypliyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Nrkpg;G itg;Gf;fNshL xg;gpLk;
NghJ cau;e;j tl;b fpilf;fg; ngWk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l itg;G tiffspy; eilKiwitg;ig NgZtjhy; tzpfu;
fSf;Fg; gpd;tUk; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 fhNrhiy %yk; nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 Neubg; ngWtdTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 epiyahd fl;lisapd; mbg;gilapy; nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;s
Kbjy;.
 Nkyjpfg;gw;W trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 tq;fpAld; nra;j nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpfi
; fapidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy; (tq;fpf;$w;W).

fld; njhlu;ghd Nritfs;
 Nkyjpfg;gw;W trjpfs;
 fld;
 tzpff; fld;
 Efu;Tf; fld;
Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpfs;
 tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpfs; vd;gJ tq;fp eilKiwf; fzf;fpYs;s
kPjpia tplf; $Ljyhff; Fwpg;gpl;l msT tiu fhNrhiy toq;F
tjw;F tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w mDkjpahFk;. ,J
jw;fhypf Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpfs;> epiyahd Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpfs;
vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
158
 tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjp toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mg; ngWkhdj;
njhif tiuf;Fk; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; fhNrhiyfSf;fhd nfhLg;
gdTfs; tq;fpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mt;thW eilKiwf;
fzf;Fupikahsupd; (thbf;ifahsu;) eilKiwf; fzf;fpYs;s
kPjpia tplf; $Ljyhf toq;fg;gLk; fhNrhiyfspd; ngWkhdkhdJ
tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. nghJthf Nkyjpfg; gw;Wf;fhf
tl;b mwtplg;gLk;.
 epiyahd Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjp vd;gJ njhlu;r;rpahf ahNjDk;

Fwpg;gpl;l Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjp toq;fg;gLtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
epiyahd Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghOJ
nrhj;Jf;fisg; gpizahf itg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
 jw;fhypf Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjp vd;gJ epiyahd Nkyjpfg;
gw;nwhd;wy;yhJ kPjpia tplf; $ba njhiff;F fhNrhiy
toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; nghOJ tq;fp mjw;Fg; gzk; nrYj;JtjhFk;.
 tq;fpf; fld; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l tl;b tPjj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w

fld; njhif kw;Wk; mjw;Fupa tl;bAld; kPsr; nrYj;Jk; epge;jidAld;
xg;ge;jk; nra;J tq;fpnahd;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w gzj; njhifahFk;.
 tq;fpf; fld; tiffs; ,U tifg;gLk;.

 tzpff; fld;
 Efu;Tf; fld;
 tzpff; fld; vd;gJ jdp egnuhUtUf;F my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;F
jkJ tzpff; fUkq;fSf;fhff; FWq;fhy> eLj;ju fhy> ePz;l
fhyj;jpw;F Njitg;gLfpd;w epjp trjpfis toq;FtjhFk;.
 Efu;Tf; fld; vd;gJ nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fk; jpBnud
Vw;gLk; ,lu;fis eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;Fkhf Efu;NthUf;F tq;fp
toq;Ffpd;w fldhFk;.
 tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W trjpapidg; ngWtjw;F eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;W

fl;lhakhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;> tq;fpf; flidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;W Njitaw;wJ.
159
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.5 : tzpf tq;f pfspdhy; toq;f g;g Lfpd;w Nritfs;
tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfisg; gl;bay; gLj;Jthu;.
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; xt;nthU NritfisAk; ntt;Ntwhf
tpsf;Fthu;.
 mr; Nritfs; tzpf eltbf;iffspd; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 njupT nra;j tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpwF
; tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba Nritfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J gl;bay; gLj;Jthu;.

 itg;Gf;fis NgzYk;> fld; toq;fYkhfpa ,U gpujhd NritfSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf tzpfq;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gilajhf tzpf tq;fpfsp
dhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Vida Nritfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 khztu;fs; ntspf;fhl;ba Jyq;fy;fspy; rpytw;iwf; fye;Jiuahbajd;
gpd;du; nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tzpf epWtdnkhd;iwj; njupT
nra;aTk;.
 me;epWtdk; tzpf tq;fpfspypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;s Nrit
fis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jTk;.
itg;G tiffs;
fld; tiffs;
Vida Nritfs;
khztu; Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Vida Nritfs; tzpf eltbf;if

fspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
160
 itg;Gf;fis Vw;wy;> fld; toq;fy; vd;gtw;wpwF
; Nkyjpfkhf tzpf tq;fpfs;
tzpfr; nraw;ghLfspy; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; gpd;tUk; NritfisAk;
toq;Ffpd;wd.
 gpujp fu;j;jhr; Nrit
tzpf tq;fpfs; thbf;ifahsu;fspd; Njitfspd; NghJ thbf;ifahsu;fs;
rhu;ghf gpujpepjpnahUtu; vDk; tifapy; Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:-
 gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpw;gid nra;jYk;.
 epiyapaw; fl;lisapidr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
 fld; fUtpfspd; Nrfupg;Gk; nfhLg;gdTk; nra;jy;
- fhNrhiyfSk; nryhtzp cz;bay;fSk;
 kpd;rhug; gl;bay;> ePu;g;gl;bay; nfhLg;gdTfs;
 Fj;jifr; Nrit
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 ,y; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fpr; Nrit - E-Banking

,iza tiyg; gpd;dypD}lhf tq;fpf; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf
thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; trjpfs; ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fpr;
Nrit vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd trjpfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 tPl;L tq;fp - Home Banking
jdJ jdpg;gl;l fzpdpapd; %yk; tiyg;gpd;dypD}lhf tq;fpapd;
tiyaikg;gpy; gpuNtrpj;J ,ufrpa ,yf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jd;dpaf;f
tq;fp trjpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
 njhiyNgrp tq;fpr; Nrit - Tele Banking
thbf;ifahsu;fs; tq;fpf;Fr; nry;yhJ jdJ njhiyNgrpiag; gad;
gLj;jp tzpf tq;fpf; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.
 mlFr; Nrit
jq;f Mguzq;fisg; gpizahf Vw;W mtru gzj; NjitfSf;fhf
fld; toq;FtJ tzpf tq;fpfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w gpujhd
Nritnahd;whFk;.
 ghJfhg;G trjpfs;
jdp egu;fspd; jq;fk;> nts;sp> Kj;Jf;fs;> ,uj;jpdf;fw;fs;> Mguzq;fs;>
cWjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w ngWkjpahd nghUs;fs; kl;Lkd;wp Kf;fpa
Mtzq;fisAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhLj;jYk; tzpf tq;fpfspd; %yk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf tzpf tq;fpfspy; tpNrl ghJfhg;Gg;
ngl;lfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
161
 ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpf; (ehzaf;) nfhs;tdT tpwg
; idf; fUkq;fspy;
<Lgly;.
nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L tpjp Kiwfspdbg;gilapy; thbf;ifahsu;fspd;
ntspehl;L ehzaq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk;> mtu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd ntspehl;L ehzaq;fis tpw;gid nra;jYk; tzpf
tq;fpfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
 fldl;ilr; Nrit
VNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdk; tiuapy; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w epWtdq;
fspypUe;J nghUs;fs; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW tzpf
tq;fp my;yJ mjpfhuk; ngw;w epWtdq;fs; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; tpNrl
ml;il tifnahd;whFk;. fldl;ilfs; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iy
tiuapy; jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuq;fspypUe;J gzj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:- - tPrh ml;il
- kh];lu; ml;il
- mnkupf;fd; vf;];gpu]; ml;il
 epiyapaw; fl;lisg; ngWtdT eltbf;iffs;
fzf;Fupikahsu; rhu;ghf mtUf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk; njhif
fis mtuJ fzf;fpy; Nru;g;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. ntspehl;by;
trpfF
; k; egnuhUtUf;Fg; gzj;ij xg;gilg;gijg; Nghd;W ntspehl;by;
,Uf;Fk; jdpegu;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;f Ntz;ba gzj;njhifiar;
Nrfupj;jYk; ,jd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk;.
 gazpfs; fhNrhiyfis toq;fy;

cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L cy;yhrg; gpuahzpfs; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
,yFthfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
fhNrhiy tifnahd;whFk;. gazpfs; fhNrhiyfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l gz tiffspy; gy;NtW ngWkhdq;fspy; toq;fg;gLk;.
jd;dplk; ,Uf;Fk; gzj;ij tq;fpf;F toq;fp mg;ngWkhdj;jpw;F Vw;g
tq;fpaplkpUe;J gazpfs; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJld;
gpuahzj;jpy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NghJ mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s tzpf tq;fpf;F
mf;fhNrhiyia toq;fp mjw;Fupa gzj;njhifia kPsg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk;. fhNrhiy toq;Fk; NghJ tq;fpapdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l
Nritf; fl;lznkhd;W mwtplg;gLk;.
 jd;dpaf;f tq;fpr; Nrit

tq;fpf; fzf;Fupikahsu;fSf;Fj; jdJ tq;fpapdhy; toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
trjpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdtw;iw tq;fpfF
; r; nry;yhJ ehspd; ve;Neuj;jpYk;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,yj;jpudpay;
gzg;gupkhw;W Kiwnahd;whFk;. ,jd; %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F
tq;fpfspypUe;J gpd;tUk; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
162
 jd;dpaf;f tq;fpr; Nritfs; %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
ed;ikfs;:
 nlyu; ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp fzf;fpypUe;J gzj;ij kPs
vLj;jy;.
 gzj;ijf; fzf;fpy; itg;Gr; nra;jy;.
 xU fzf;fpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; fzf;fpw;Fg; gzj;ij khw;Wjy;.
 fzf;fpd; kPjpapid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
 nfhLg;gdTg; gl;bay;fspd; ngWkhdq;fisr; nrYj;jf;$ba trjp
fhzg;gly;.
 jd;dpaf;f tq;fpr; Nritfspdhy; tq;fpfSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;:

 nryT FiwtilAk;.
 neUf;fbfs; FiwtilAk;.
 cz;ikj; jd;ik cau;tilAk;.
 Copau; FOtpdiuf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 tq;fpr; Nrit tpuptile;J tq;fpfspd; ,yhgj; jd;ik mjpfupfF
; k;.
 ehzaf; fbjq;fis toq;fy;

,wf;Fkjpahsupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fika ,wf;Fkjpahsupd; tq;fpapdhy;
mtu; rhu;gpy; gzk; nrYj;Jtjhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;L Vw;Wkjpahsupd;
tq;fpf;F rku;g;gpf;Fk; MtzNk ehzaf; fbjkhFk;.
 Vida Nritfs;
cjhuzk;:-
 fhg;GWjpr; Nrit - tzpf tq;fpfs; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfSld; ,ize;J
jdJ tq;fpapd; fzf;Fupikahahsu;fisf; fhg;GWjp nra;jy;.
 itj;jpar; Nritfis toq;fy; - E-Channalling, E-Billing
 $Ljyhf kf;fs; elkhLkplq;fspy; jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuq;fis
(ATM) nghUj;Jjy;.
 fhNrhiy kw;Wk; gzk; vd;gtw;iw itg;gpypLtjw;fhf tpNrl
jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuq;fisg; (ATM) nghUj;Jjy;.
163
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.6 : fhNrhiyfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

,yFgLj;j pf; nfhs;s f;$ba Kiwfisr; Rl;b f;
fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 fhNrhiyapid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpujhd gpuptpdu;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 fhNrhiy njhlu;gpy; mwpe;J fhNrhiynahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhNrhiyapid tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 fl;lisf; fhNrhiyf;Fk;> fhtpapd; fhNrhiyf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhNrhiynahd;iw vOJk;nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;ba tplaq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 fhNrhiynahd;wpy; Nfhbliy mwpKfg;gLj;jp mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nfhblg;gl;L toq;fg;gLfpd;w fhNrhiyiar; rupahf mwpe;J mtw;wpy; fhzg;
gLfpd;w Nfhbly; tiffis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 nghJKiwf; Nfhbly;> rpwg;G Kiwf; Nfhbly; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba
Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhNrhiy kWf;fg;gliy mwpKfg;gLj;jp kWf;fg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; q;fisj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; VNjDk; nfhLg;gdnthd;wpw;f hd
fhNrhiyapd; khjpupnahd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
 fhNrhiynahd;iw khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;b mJ njhlu;gpy; mtu;fs;
mwpe;jtw;iwf; $WkhW Nfl;fTk;.
 khztu; Jyq;fy;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp fhNrhiy vd;gij tiutpyf;
fzg;gLj;jTk;.
 fhNrhiynahd;Wld; njhlu;Gila gpujhd gpuptpdu;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

 fhNrhiynahd;wpd; Gifg;glg; gpujpfs; jyh xd;W tPjk; khztu; FOf;fSf;F
toq;fp gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 fhNrhiyapid ed;whff; ftdpf;fTk;.
 fhNrhiyapy; ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l jfty;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
164
 fhNrhiynahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis tpsf;fTk;.
 fhNrhiynahd;wpd; khjpupapid tiue;J fhNrhiynahd;wpd; $Wfis
mjpy; Fwpf;fTk;.

 fhNrhiyapd; tiffis tpsf;fTk;.

 fhNrhiynahd;iw vOJk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fis
njspTgLj;jTk;.

 fhNrhiyapy; Nfhbliy mwpKfg;gLj;jp mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fTk;.

 gy;NtW NfhblYld; $ba fhNrhiyfspd; Gifg;glg; gpujpfis my;yJ
khjpupfis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;F fpilj;j fhNrhiyfis ed;whff; ftdpf;fTk;.
 mtw;wpYs;s NfhLfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 mf;NfhLfspd; fUj;J vd;d vd;gjid tpsf;fTk;.
 mf;NfhLfspy; ePq;fs; fz;l NtWghLfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 khztu; Njbawpjy;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fspd; cjtpAld; Nfhbly; tiffis tpsf;fTk;.
 nghJKiwf; Nfhbly; kw;Wk; rpwg;G Kiwf; Nfhbly; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sf;
$ba Kiwfisj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 fhNrhiyapy; NfhblypdN
; ghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gjq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fTk;.

 fhNrhiyapd; Gwf;Fwpg;gpliy mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
 kWf;fg;glYf;Fupa rpy mwptpg;Gf;fis khztu;fSf;F Kd;itj;J mjpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tplaq;fisf; Nfl;lwptJld;> fhNrhiynahd;W kWf;fg;gliy
mwpKfg;gLj;jp kWf;fg;gLk; re;ju;gg; q;fis tpsf;fTk;.

 eilKiw itg;G cupikahsu; xUtupdhy; (fhNrhiy tiuNthd;) mjpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s njhifapidg; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l egUf;F (ngWNthd;)
my;yJ nfhz;L tUgtUf;Fr; nrYj;JkhW tq;fpf;F (tiuAzp) ,Lk;
vOj;J %ykhd fl;lis fhNrhiy vdg;gLk;.
fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpujhd gpuptpdu;fs;:

fhNrhiy tiuNthu; - Drawer - fzf;Fupikahsu;.
tiuAzp - Drwee - fzf;fpidg; NgZk; tzpf tq;fp.
ngWNthu; - Payee - fhNrhiyapy; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l> fhNrhiyapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l njhifapid ngWtjw;F cupikAs;stu;.
165
fhNrhiynahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;
9 2
1
3
4
5
5
(1) jpfjp
(2) tq;fpapd; ngaUk; fpisapd; ngaUk;
(3) ngWNthd; ngau;
(4) my;yJ nfhz;L tUgtUf;F vd;w cs;sPL
(5) fhNrhiyapd; ngWkhdk; vOj;jpYk; ,yf;fj;jpYk;
(6) nrYj;jTk; vd;w nrhy;
(7) gpwg;gpg;gtu; ifnahg;gk;
(8) fhe;j ik epuy; (KiwNa fhNrhiy ,yf;fk;> tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk;>
fpis ,yf;fk;> fzf;F ,yf;fk; Nghd;wd ,q;F fhzg;gLk;.)
(9) fhNrhiyapd; mbf;fl;il

 gpujhdkhf fhNrhiy ,U tifg;gLk;.
fhtpapd; fhNrhiy (Brearer Cheque)
fhNrhiyapy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;s ~~my;yJ nfhz;L tUgtUf;F|| vd;w
nrhy; ntl;lg;glhJ tplg;gl;Ls;s fhNrhiyahFk;. Gwf;Fwpg;gplypd;wp
(rhl;Leu;) fhtpapd; fhNrhiyia ,d;ndhUtUf;F xg;gilf;f KbAk;
vd;gJld; ngUk;ghYk; ,J gzj;jpdhy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;jjw;F
xj;jjhFk;.
fl;lisf; fhNrhiy (Order Cheque)

~~my;yJ nfhz;L tUgtUf;F|| vd;w nrhy;iy ntl;b my;yJ mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf ~~fl;lisf;F|| vd vOjg;gl;Ls;s fhNrhiyahFk;. ,t;thwhd
fhNrhiyapid ,d;ndhUtUf;F rhl;Ljy; nra;Ak;NghJ Gwf;Fwpgg; pLjy;
fl;lhakhFk;. fhtpapd; fhNrhiyia tplf; fl;lisf; fhNrhiyfspd;
ghJfhg;ghdJ mjpfkhFk;.

166
 fhNrhiynahd;iw vOJk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs;:
 fhNrhiynahd;iw vOJk;NghJ mopahj ik tifapidg; gad;gLj;J
jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mbf;fl;ilapy; cupa tpguq;fis Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
 vOJk;NghJ Vw;gLk; jtWfis xU jdpf;Nfhl;bdhy; ntl;bg; gpwg;gpg;g
tupd; KOikahd ifnahg;gj;ij ,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
 xNu nkhopapidNa gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 gpwg;gpg;gtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij cupathW ,l Ntz;Lk;.
 fhNrhiyapy; ,lg;gLfpd;w jpfjp> mjd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ntw;Wf; fhNrhiyapy; ifnahg;gkplhjpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

 fhNrhiyapy; Nfhbly; (Crossing the Cheques)
fhNrhiyapd; Kfg;gpy; FWf;fhf ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfis tiujy;
my;yJ tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpd; ngaiu vOjy; fhNrhiyapy; Nfhbly;
vdg;gLk;. fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila ve;jnthU gpuptpdUf;Fk; Nfhbliy
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJld;> ,lg;gl;l Nfhl;ilf; fhNrhiyia gpwg;gpj;j
tuhy; khj;jpuNk ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbAk;.
 fhNrhiyapy; Nfhblypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 fhNrhiyf;F Nkyjpf ghJfhg;gpid toq;Fjy;.
 fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngWkjp> ngWNthUf;F fpilf;fg;
ngWtij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
 tq;fpf; fUk gPlj;jpypUe;J gzk; vLg;gijj; jLj;jy;.

 Nfhblypd; tiffs; ,uz;lhFk;.
 nghJ Kiwf; Nfhbly;
 rpwg;G Kiwf; Nfhbly;
nghJKiwf; Nfhbly; (General Crossing)

Fwpg;gpl;l nrhw;gjq;fs; my;yJ ,d;wp fhNrhiyapd; Kfg;gpy; FWf;fhf
vspa rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; ,uz;ilf; fPWjy; nghJ Kiwf; Nfhbly;
vdg;gLk;.
(1) (2) (3) (4)

;
k
;L
ifkhwj;jfhjJ &gh 5 000 tiu kl;Lk;

l
k
F;
f
z
; f
hu
Nt
W
ng
167
rpwg;G Kiwf; Nfhbly; (Special Crossing)
vspa rkhe;jukhd ,U NfhLfSld; my;yJ NfhLfspd;wpf; fhNrhiy
nahd;wpd; Kfg;gpy; FWf;fhf tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpgg ; ply;
rpwg;G Kiwf; NfhblyhFk;. ,t;thwhd fhNrhiyfis NfhLfspy;
ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tq;fpapYs;s fzf;fpy; itg;Gr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
;Lk
;
hy k ;
(1) ;fp (2) (3) (4)
ng ; L
kl
;fp J
q
;fh k l
q hj
t
f ;F
; t ;jf
f
uf u
;i
q fz
j
;fp t i
;fs hw
q
> t
y
kf fk
,
;fp
; t d;
t 0
i
f 00
q
;fsNt
kf W
q 5
ng
;i
, gh
y
&
 fhNrhiynahd;wpd; NfhLfspilNa ~~ifkhwj;jfhjJ|| vd;w nrhy;
vOjg;gLtjd; fUj;J vd;dntd;why; ,t;thwhd fhNrhiyfisf;
Gwf; Fwpg;gpl;L ,d;ndhUtUf;Fr; rhl;Ljy; nra;a KbAk; vd;gJld;>
mf;fhNrhiyapidr; rhl;Ljy; nra;Ak;NghJ rhl;lg;gLNthDf;F
rhl;Lgtiu tplf;$ba cupik fpilf;fg; ngwhJ vd;gjhFk;. MfNt
,t; t hwhd Nfhblg; g l; l fhNrhiynahd; i wg; ngWk; N ghJ
fhNrhiyia rhl;Lgtu; Kd;du; ,Ue;j cupik njhlu;gpy; ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 fhNrhiynahd;wpd; NfhLfSf;fpilNa ~~ngWNthu; fzf;F kl;Lk;||

vd;w nrhy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gpd; fhNrhiyapy; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
ngWgtupd; fzf;fpy; khj;jpuk; mjid itg;Gr; nra;J gzkhf
khw;w KbAk; vd;gJ fUj;jhFk;. ,J rhl;Ljiy tiuaWf;Fk;
Nfhbly; KiwahFk;.
 fhNrhiynahd;wpd; NfhLfspDs; ~~&gh 5 000 tiu kl;Lk;|| vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;L gzj;njhif tiuaWf;fg;gLtjd; fUj;J vd;dntdpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia tplf; $bajhf fhNrhiyapy; gzj;njhif
apidf; Fwpg;gplf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhFk;.

 fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply; (Endorsement)
fhNrhiyapd; Kfg;gpy; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;Ls;sthNw ngWgtu; jdJ ngaiuf;
fhNrhiyapd; gpdg; f;fj;jpy; vOJjy; Gwf;Fwpgg ; ply; vdg;gLk;. (fhNrhiy
iag; ngw;Ws;s ve;j xUtUk; fhNrhiyiar; rhl;Lk;NghJ mtupd;
ngaiu vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.) fhNrhiy rl;l uPjpahfr; rhl;lg;gl;lJ
vd;gJ Gwf;Fwpg;gply; %yNk cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
168
 Gwf;Fwpg;gply; Njitg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fs;:
 ngWgtu; fhNrhiyapid tq;fpapy; itg;Gr; nra;Ak;NghJ
 fl;lisf; fhNrhiy xd;whapd; ,d;ndhUtUf;Fr; rhl;Ljy; nra;Ak;
NghJ
 Nfhblg;glhj fhNrhiyapid tq;fpf; fUk gPlj;jpy; toq;fpg; gzk;
ngWk;NghJ
 fhNrhiy kWf;fg;gly; (Dishonour of Cheques)

nfhLg;gdTf;fhf tq;fpf;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fhNrhiynahd;Wf;fhd
gzf; nfhLg;gdit tq;fp epuhfupjj
; y; fhNrhiy kWf;fg;gly; vdg;gLk;.
 fhNrhiy kWf;fg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fs;:

 fzf;fpy; NjitahdsT gzk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy;.
 gpwg;gpg;gtu; nfhLg;gdit epWj;Jjy;.
 gpwg;gpg;gtu; Kwptiljy;.
 gpwg;gpg;gtu; kuzpj;jYk; mJ njhlu;gpy; tq;fpf;F mwptpj;jpUj;jYk;
 ePjpkd;wf; fl;lisnahd;W fpilj;jy;
 vOJk;NghJ Vw;gl;l jtWfs;.
 fzf;F %lg;gl;bUj;jy;.
gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.
rpahk; vd;gtUf;F &gh 10 000 gzj;njhifapid ePqf ; s; nrYj;j
Ntz;bAs;sjhf fUjTk;. cq;fsJ eilKiwf; fzf;F kfufk
,yq;if tq;fpf; fpisapYk;> rpahkpd; eilKiwf; fzf;F
FUehfy; kf;fs; tq;fpf; fpisapYk; Ngzg;gLfpdw; J. Nkw;Fwpgg
; plg;
gl;l njhifapid fhNrhiy %yk; ,d;W nrYj;Jtjw;F vz;Z
fpd;wPu;. fhNrhiynahd;wpd; khjpupapid tiue;J cr;r ghJfhg;G
fpilf;Fk; tifapy; mjid vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.
169
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.7 : ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;i jg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;f y;

thq;fy;fis ,yFgLj;jf;$ba Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,yj;jpudpay; gz tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilnahd;wpd; gz;GfisAk;> mg;gz ml;ilAld;
njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp
$yq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w xt;nthU ,yj;jpudpay; gz tiffspd; rpwg;Gj;
jd;ikfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilfs; rpytw;iw tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mt;
tl;ilfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; mwpe;j jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspgg
; Lj;jpf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw newpg;gLj;jTk;.
ml;ilfspd; tiffs;> ml;ilfspd; gz;Gfs;> toq;Fk; epWtdk;
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

 jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpdw
; ,yj;jpudpay; gztiffisj; njspT
gLj;jTk;.

 ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilnahd;wpd; gz;Gfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztu;
FOf;fSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; ml;ilfs; xd;W tPjk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;Jg; gpdt
; Uk;
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilia ed;whfg;
guprPyid nra;aTk;.
 mt;tl;il vt; ml;il tifiar; rhu;e;jJ
 mt;tl;ilia tpepNahfpj;j epWtdk;
 mt;tl;ilapd; ,yf;fk;
 mt;tl;il cupikahsupd; ngau;
 mt;tl;il fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp
 Vida Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfis ,dq;fz;L vOjTk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilnahd;wpd; gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

 ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fis tpsf;fTk;.

 ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjdhy;
fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.

170
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; (E-Money)

,yj;jpudpay; Kiwapy; my;yJ fzpdp tiyaikg;gpD}lhf gupkhw;wg;gLfpd;w
gzk; ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; ngWNgwhf xU gpuptpduplkpUe;J
,d;ndhU gpuptpdUf;F epjpahdJ khw;wg;gLk; (Electronic Fund Transfer).

,yj;jpudpay; gz tiffs;
 fld; ml;il (Credit Cards)
 tuT ml;il (Debit Cards)
 Kw;nfhLg;gdT ml;il (Pre-Paid Cards)
 ];khu;l; ml;il (Smart Cards)
 Ez;zl;ilfs; (Micro Chips)
 fld; ml;il
VjhtJ Fwpjj ; ngWkjpnahd;W fhl;lg;gl;L> mq;ff
P hukspf;fg;gl;l tpahghu
epWtdq;fspy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
,aYkhdthW tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpdhy; my;yJ mjpfhuk; ngw;w epWtd
nkhd;wpdhy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;w ml;il fld; ml;il vd miof;fg;gLk;.
tzpfnuhUtUf;Ff; fld; ml;ilnahd;iw Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ mjd; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; jd;ikapidAk; fld; tiuaiwapidAk; guPlr ; pgg
; jw;F ,yj;jpu
dpay; cWjpgg
; Lj;jy; Kiw (Electonic Verification Systerm) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
tzpfj;jpYs;s ,ae;jpuj;jpDs; fld; ml;ilapid cl;nrYj;jpdhy; mj;
juTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
vdpDk; ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfj;jpd;NghJ fld; ml;iliar; rku;g;gpf;f

Ntz;ba mtrpakpyi ; y vd;gJld;> ,izaj;jpD}lhff; fld; ml;ilapd;
jfty;fis khj;jpuk; cl;nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:-  rP Ngq;f; tprh - ,yq;if tq;fp
 gPg;gy;]; tprh - kf;fs; tq;fp
 kh];lu; fhu;l; - rk;gj; tq;fp
 nryhd; tprh - nryhd; tq;fp
 fld; ml;il %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjdhy; fpilf;fg; ngWk;
mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs;
thbf;ifahsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:

 fld; ml;ilapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F fzf;nfhd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w mtrpakpy;iy.
 Fwpgg
; pll
; fhy tiuaiw tiu tl;bapy;yhj flndhd;whff; fhzg;gly;.
 mDkjpf;fg;gl;l tiuaiwapDs; ATM ,ae;jpuj;jpD}lhfg; gzj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 fopTk;> Nkyjpfg; (Bonus) Gs;spAk; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
171
thbf;ifahsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gpujp$yq;fs;:
 fld; ml;ilf;Fg; gzk; nrYj;JtJ jhkjkhFkhapd; jz;lg;gzk;
nrYj;j Ntz;b Vw;gly;.
 rfy tpwg
; id epiyaq;fspYk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a KbahjpUj;jy;.
tzpfUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:
 fld; tpw;gidf;fhd gzk; fpilg;gJ cWjpahjy;.
 Gus;T mjpfupg;gjd; fhuzkhf ,yhgk; mjpfupj;jy;.
 ,ytrkhf tpsk;guk; fpilj;jy;.
tzpfUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gpujp$yq;fs;:
 tq;fpf;Fj; juFg; gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;b Vw;gly;.
 tpNrl ,ae;jpunkhd;iw epWt Ntz;b Vw;gly;.
 tuT ml;il
tq;fpapy; fzf;F itj;Js;s xUtUf;F jdJ fzf;fpYs;s gzj;jpid
tpahghu epiyaq;fspy; nfhLg;gdTfisj; jPug ; g
; jw;F toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;>
nlyu; ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gzj;jpid kPs vLg;gjw;fhfTk;>
tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w tpNrl gpsh];jpf; ml;il tif ,JthFk;.
fzf;fpy; ,Uf;Fk; kPjp tiuapy; kl;Lk; tuT ml;il cupikahsUf;Ff;
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:- SET - rk;gj; tq;fp
PET - kf;fs; tq;fp
CAT SUPER - nfhku;rpay; tq;fp
tuT ml;il %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjdhy; thbf;ifahsUf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:
 fzf;fpYs;s gzj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; tl;b nrYj;j Ntz;ba
jpy;iy.
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; mt;NtisapNy ,lk;ngWk;.
 ATM ,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
tuT ml;il %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjdhy; thbf;ifahsUf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; gpujp$yq;fs;:
 fzf;nfhd;W ,Ug;gJ fl;lhakhff; fhzg;gly;.
 fzf;fpYs;s kPjp tiu khj;jpuk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fiy Nkw;nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Kw;nfhLg;gdT ml;il
Kd;dNu gzk; nrYj;jpg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba ml;il tifNa ,JthFk;.
fhR my;yJ fhNrhiyf;Fg; gjpyhfg; ghJfhg;ghdJk; ,yFthdJkhd
,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiwnahd;whFk;. tq;fpf; fzf;F ,y;yhj
xUtUf;Fk; $l Kw;nfhLg;gdT ml;ilapidg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
,yj;jpudpay; Kiwapy; nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:- njhiyNgrp ml;ilfs;
Travell Pass
172
 ];khu;l; ml;ilfs;
,J Intergrated Circuit Card xd;whFk;. ,q;F gzg; ngWkjpAldhd Chip
xd;W cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jidg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;f
nyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ mf;nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd; ngWkjpahdJ
tuT itf;fg;gl;L kPjp FiwtilAk;. cupa epWtdj;jpw;F gzk; nrYj;jp>
,ilf;fpilNa gzj;ij fsQ;rpag;gLj;jyhk; (Re-Loard). ];khu;l; ml;ilapd;
%yk; fld; ml;il> tuT ml;il> ATM ml;il vd;gtw;wpd; fUkq;fisAk;
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJld; ,jid ,yj;jpudpay; gzg;ig E-Purse)
nahd;whfTk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; gz ml;ilfspy; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fhz KbAk;.

Kfg;gf;fk;
gpd;gf;fk;
 toq;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; ngaUk;> FwpaPLk;

 ml;il tif
cjhuzk;: (Debit Card, Credit Card, ATM Card)
 ml;il ,yf;fk;
 FwpaPl;L tif (Brand Lodge)
cjhuzk;: Visa Master
173
 fhyhtjpahFk; jpfjp
 ml;il cupikahsu; ngau;
 fhe;j epuy; (Magnetic Stripe)
 ifnahg;g epuy; (Signature Stripe)
 ml;ilapd; ghJfhg;Gf; FwpaPL (Card Security Code)
 Kg;gupkhzg; glk; (Hotogram)
 toq;fpa epWtdj;jpd; ngau;> Kftup> epge;jidfs;
 thbf;ifahsu; Nrit epiyaj; njhiyNgrp ,yf;fk;
(Customer Service Hot line)
 ,yj;jpudpay; gzj;jpD}lhff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fiyj; jPuf

; F
; k;NghJ gpdt
; Uk;
gpuptpdu; mjDld; njhlu;GgLthu;.
 ml;ilapd; cupikahsu;
 ml;ilapid tpepNahfpf;Fk; epWtdk;
 tpahghup vDk; tpw;gidahsu;
 fld; ml;ilr; rq;fk;
cjhuzk;:- tprh> kh];uu;> mnkupf;fd; vf;];gpu]; (AMEX)

 ,yj;jpudpay; gzf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;
fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
mD$yq;fs;:
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd;NghJ fpuak; Fiwtiljy;.
 gzj;jpd; ghJfhg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;.
 ehspd; 24 kzp NeuKk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fYf;Fg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
 nfhLg;gdTf; fUkq;fs; ,yFthf mikjy;.
 gy;NtW mD$yq;fs; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 ntspehl;Lf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
gpujp$yq;fs;:
 tl;b> jhkjf; fl;lzk; Nghd;w fpuaq;fis Vw;f Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
 Nkhrb eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngwy;.
 Njitaw;w Efu;T KiwfSf;Fg; gof;fg;gly;.
 njhopy; El;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jtWfs; fhuzkhff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy;
jilfs; Vw;gly;.
 rfy thbf;ifahsUf;Fk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhd Mw;wYk;
gyKk; fhzg;glhik.
 ~~,yj;jpudpay; gzf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjd; %yk; thbf;ifahsu;
fSf;Fk; tzpfu;fSf;Fk; vg;NghJk; mD$yq;fs; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wJ||
vDk; jiyg;gpdbg;gilapy; tFg;G khztu;fis ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J
tpthjnkhd;iw elj;jTk;.
174
Nju;r;rp 8.0: tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Ff; fhg;GWjpapd; Njitg;
ghl;bid cWjp nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1: tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkha; mikAk;

fhg;GWjpr; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,lu; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpfq;fs; Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk; ,lu;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj;
jahupg;ghu;.
 fhg;GWjp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu;fs;> fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj ,lu;fs; vd
,lu;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp cjhuzq;fisr;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj ,lu; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp cjhuzq;fisr;
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Ff; fhg;GWjpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cWjpgg
; Lj;Jthu;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;bay;
gLj;Jthu;.

 MASf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fis khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 mt;tplu;fis cs;thq;Ftjw;fhfg; gy;NtW fhg;GWjp KiwikfSk;> mjDld;
njhlu;Gila fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid tpsf;fTk;.
 ,lnuhd;W cs;slf;fg;gLtjhff; fhg;GWjpf;F cl;gLk; gpuptpdu;fs;> fhg;GWjp
epWtdj;Jld; cld;ghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; vd;gjid tpsf;fpf;
fhg;GWjpf;F tiutpyf;fznkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

 gpd;tUk; ,lu;fis khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;fTk;. mit fhg;GWjp nra;af;
$ba ,lu;fs;> fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj ,lu;fs; vd NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F
MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 fs;tu; tPl;bw;Fs; Eioe;J jq;f Mguzq;fis vLj;Jr; nry;yy;.
 khztnuhUtu; f.ngh.j. (c.j) guPl;irapy; rpj;jpailatpy;iy.
 ckf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Nkhl;lhu; tz;b tpgj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ.
 ckJ Nkhl;lhu; tz;b Nja;tiljy;.
 fld;gl;NlhuplkpUe;J ngwNtz;ba fld; gzk; fpilf;fhky; tply;.
175
 nfhs;tdT nra;j nyhj;ju; rPl;L nty;yg;gltpy;iy.
 cq;fSf;F Mrpupau;fspd; md;G fpilf;fg; ngwhik.
 fhl;L ahidapd; jhf;Fjyhy; ckJ tPL Nrjkile;jJ.
 vjpu;tUk; tUlj;jpd; NghJ tzpfj;jpw;F el;lk; Vw;gly;.
 tzpfj;jpd; fzpdpahdJ njhopy;El;g uPjpapy; goikahdJ.
 ,lk;ngWk; rfy ,lu;fSk; fhg;GWjpapd; %yk; cs;thq;fg;gl KbahJ
vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

 tzpfq;fspd; tho;jd;ikf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhg;GWjp gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.

 fhg;GWjpAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fis tpsf;fp mg;gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilNa
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; cld;ghl;L xg;ge;jj;ij tpsf;fTk;.

 fhg;GWjpapy; gz uPjpahf mstplf;$ba ,og;nghd;W Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;gg
; j;ij
,lnuhd;W vd tpsf;f KbAk;.
 tzpf eltbf;iffis elj;jpr; nry;Yk; nghOJ gy;NtW Kiwfspy; ,lu;fs;
Vw;gl KbAk;.
 tzpfkhdJ jPg;gw;Wjy;
 fs;tu;> giftu; mghak;
 tzpfk; el;lkiljy;
 tzpfj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba Nrjk;
 fhg;GWjp nra;gtupdhy; jtizf; fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; fhg;GWjp
mghaq;fs; fhuzkhff; fhg;GWjp nra;gtUf;F Vw;glf;$ba el;lj;jpw;fhf
fhg;GWj;JNthd; ,og;gPL nfhLg;gjw;Fk; fhg;GWjp nra;gtUf;Fk; fhg;GWj;J
NthUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; cld;ghnlhd;Nw fhg;GWjp vd
miof;fg;gLk;.

 ,lu;fisf; fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu;fs;> fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj ,lu;fs;
vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu;fspy; ,Uf;ff;$ba gy gz;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW
fhl;l KbAk;.
 ,liu vjpu;T $wf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 vjpuf
; hyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba ,liu gz uPjpahf mstplf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ,luhdJ eprr ; akhf ,lk;ngwf;$bajy;yhjjhf ,Uj;jy;. mjhtJ vNjr;ir
ahfNt el;lk; Vw;gly;.
 njhlu;GfspypUe;J ePff ; g;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy;. mjhtJ ,lk; ngw;w el;lkhdJ
NtW fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; el;lq;fSld; njhlu;gw;wpUj;jy;.
 cWjpg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;. mjhtJ el;lk; Vw;glf;$ba fhuzk;>
fhyk;> ,lk;> ngWkhdk; vd;gtw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;af;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
176
 fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lnuhd;whf ,Ug;gjw;F Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tp;laq;fs; g+u;j;jp nra;ag;glhjpUg;gpd; mtw;iwf; fhg;GWjp
nra;a Kbahj ,lu;fshff; fUjg;gLk;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba ,lu;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSf;fhfg; gpdt
; Utdtw;iwf;
 fl;llk; jPg;gw;Wjypd; %yk; ,lk;ngWk; ,lu;
 thfd tpgj;J ,lu;
 topg;gwpg; gzf; nfhs;is %yk; ,lk;ngWk; ,lu;
 fld;gLduplkpUe;J ngwNtz;ba gzk; fpilf;fg; ngwhikf;fhd ,lu;
 fhg;GWjp nra;a Kbahj ,lu;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

 tzpfkhdJ el;lkiljy;
 ,aw;iff; fhuzq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; ,lu; (Nja;TWjy;> goikailjy;>
Mtpahjy;)
 jdJ jpwd;> gyk; vd;gtw;wpdbg;gilapy; jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gLk; ,lu; (guPl;ir
apy; rpj;jpailahik> fhjy; Njhy;tp)
 tbtikg;Gf;fs; khw;wkiltjhy; Vw;gLk; ,lu;

 tzpfq;fspd; ePbj;j tho;jd;ikf;Ff; fhg;GWjp kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 fhg;GWjpapd; %yk; tzpf ,lu;fs; cs;thq;fg;gLtjdhy; tzpfq;fis
Muk;gpg;gjw;F KjyPl;lhsu;fs; J}z;lg;gLtu;.
 mq;ftPdkhd epiy my;yJ ,wg;gpd;NghJ epjp uPjpahd ghJfhg;G Copau;
fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
 fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; jkJ epjpaj;ij kPz;Lk; KjyPL nra;tjd; %yk;
ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.
 flyghaf; fhg;GWjpapd; fhuzkhf ru;tNjr tpahghuk; tpUj;jpailAk;.

 fhg;GWjpg; ghJfhg;nghd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpug
; hu;jj
; pUf;Fk; egupdhy;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopTg; gj;jpunkhd;iwf; fhg;GWjp epWtdk;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; mt;tpU gpuptpdu;fSf;FkpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; vOj;J %y cld;ghNl fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jkhFk;.
 vtnuhUtupd; MASf;F my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fSf;Ff; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;W
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd;du; mjw;fhf fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpapd; %yk; fhg;GWjp
nra;gtUf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w rhd;wpjNo fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;wpy; ,U gpuptpdu; njhlu;GgLthu;.
 1k; gpuptpdu; (fhg;GWjp nra;gtu;):
fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopTfisr; rku;gg ; pf;Fk; mjhtJ fhg;GWjpg; ghJfhg;igg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; egu;.
 2k; gpuptpdu; (fhg;GWj;JNthd;):
fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopTfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gpuptpdu; mjhtJ fhg;GWjpf;
fk;gdp.
177
 ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf %d;whtJ gpuptpdu; vDk; ngaupyhd gpuptpdu;fSk;
,Uf;f KbAk;. xg;ge;jj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bD}lhf Vw;gLk; ntspaf uPjpahd
gpuptpdu; njhlu;ghd njhlu;Ng ,k; %d;whk; egu; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;W nry;Ygbahtjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis mJ

nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rl;l uPjpahd flg;ghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; vz;zk;
 Kd;nkhopTfs;
 Vw;Gilik
 rl;luPjpahd jd;ik - rl;lj;jpw;F cld;ghLilaJ vd.
 xt;nthU gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk; rl;l uPjpahd flg;ghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd ,aYik.
178
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2: fhg;GWjpapd; eilKiw uPjpahd gad;ghl;bw;F Jiz

ahf mikAk; fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupikapid cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;wpd;NghJ cr;r ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;gl Ntz;bajd;
Njitg;ghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l Mjdnkhd;wpwF; Vw;gl;l Nrjk; njhlu;gpy; ,og;gl
P b
; idr;
nrYj;Jk;NghJ ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpid njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 gjpyhs; itg;Gj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fp mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 gq;fspg;Gj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fp mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 ,og;gPl;bidr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd; NghJ mz;kpa fhuzpfs; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk; Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
 fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs; fhg;GWjpfF
; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapid kjpg;ghu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l tpla Ma;tpd; cjtpAld; fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 kWfhg;GWjp> xg;GWjp vd;gdtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

 ghupa kunkhd;wpd; glj;jpid tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 mJ njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; fUj;jpidf; Nfl;fTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jp fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 kuj;jpd; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik> cWjp vd;gd kuj;jpd; Ntu;fspNy jq;fp
As;sJ vd.
 Ntu;fSf;F Nrjk; Vw;gLkhapd; kuj;jpw;F ePz;l tho;jd;ik fhzg;glh
jpUf;Fk; vd.
 fhg;GWjpahdJ tzpfj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;bw;Ff; fhg;GWjp jj;Jtq;fs;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd.
 mjw;Nfw;g fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJk;> eilKiwg;
gLj;jpr; nry;Yk;NghJk;> mjd; mD$yq;fisr; nrYj;Jk;NghJk; ,uj;Jr;
nra;Ak;NghJk; fhg;GWjpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; cjTfpd;wnjd.

; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
179
gpd;tUtd fhg;GWjp epWtdnkhd;wpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l rpy $w;Wf;fshFk;.
mtw;wpy; ckJ FOtpw;F fpilf;Fk; $w;Wf;fspd; Nrhb njhlu;gpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
$w;Wf;fspd; Nrhb - 1
 ryPkpd; xNunahU cwtpdu; %j;j rNfhjuuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtupd; MAis
ryPKf;F fhg;GWjp nra;a KbahJ.
 fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ VQ;ry; jdJ Nehapid
ntspg;gLj;jhikahy; ,og;gPl;bidr; nrYj;j KbahJ.
 Njtdpd; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; &gh 15 ,yl;rj;jpwF
; fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhYk;
&gh 2 ,yl;rk; ngWkjpahd Nrjk; xd;W Vw;gLk;NghJ Nrjj;jpwf ; hd ,og;gl P hf
&gh 2 ,yl;rj;ij khj;jpuNk ngwKbAk;.
 ge;Jy jdJ njhopw;rhiyapid &gh 10 ,yl;rk; tPjk; jyh 4 fhg;GWjp
epWtdq;fspy; fhg;GWjp nra;jpUe;jhYk; Vw;gl;l &gh 5 ,yl;rk; ,og;gl P b
; w;F
4 fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j ,og;gL P &gh 5 ,yl;rk;
khj;jpuNkahFk;.
 el;l <l;bid nrYj;j Kd;du; tpgj;jpy; Nrjkile;j jpNdrpd; nyhwpapid
fhg;GWjp epWtdj;jpw;F xg;gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jP kw;Wk; ntbf;ff;$ba nghUs;fs; vd;gtw;wpdhy; ghJfhg;Gg; ngwf;$ba
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iwg; ngw;wpUe;j RNurpd; tzpfkhdJ jPtputhjpfspd;
nraw;ghL fhuzkhf Nrjj;jpw;Fs;shdJ. fyfj;jpdhy; ,e;j el;lNkw;gl;lik
apdhy; ,og;gPl;bidr; nrYj;j KbahJ.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j epfo;Tfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; FOf;
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 epfo;Tfspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; cq;fsJ FOtpd;
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 mf;$w;Wf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhg;GWjp nra;gtu; ePq;fshapd;> ,j;
jPuk
; hdq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
 $w;Wf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhg;GWjp nra;gtu; vLj;j jPuk; hdq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; ePq;fs; jpUg;jpailfpwPu;fsh? fhuzq;fis tpsf;fTk;.
 khztu; Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fuPjpahf KOtFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;F
Maj;jkhfTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw newpg;
gLj;jTk;.
 ryPKf;F mtupd; %j;j rNfhjuiu fhg;GWjp nra;a KbahJ vdTk;>
mjw;Ff; fhuzk; xUtUf;F ,d;ndhUtUld; fhzg;gLfpd;w cwT Kiw
fhuzkhf fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik fpilf;fg; ngWtjpy;iy vdTk;>
,jw;Ff; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupikf; Nfhl;ghNl fhuzkhFk; vd;gijj;
njspTgLj;jTk;.
180
 VQ;rs; jdf;fpUe;j Nehapid kiwj;jikahy; ek;gpf;if ,of;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gJld;> mjd; fhuzkhf xg;ge;jk; fhyhtjpahfpd;wJ. ,jw;F cr;r
ek;gpf;if Nfhl;ghNl fhuzkhFk; vdTk; tpsf;fTk;.
 Njtdpd; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; &gh 1 500 000 tpwF ; fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;bUg;gp
Dk; Vw;gl;l ,og;gPl;bd; ngWkjp &gh 200 000 khj;jpuNk vd;gjdhy;
Vw;gl;l Nrjj;jpw;F ,og;gPlhf &gh 200 000 khj;jpuNk fpilf;fg;ngWk;.
,jw;Fupa fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtkhf miktJ ,og;gl P L
; j; jj;JtkhFk; vd;gij
tpsf;fTk;.
 ge;Jytpd; njhopw;rhiyf;F Vw;gl;l Nrjj;jpw;F ,og;gPlhf &gh 5 ,yl;rk;
khj;jpuNk fpilf;fg;ngWk; vd;gJld; mj;njhifapid fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fs;
ehd;Fk; tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; gfpu;e;J mtUf;F nrYj;Jk; vdTk; ,jw;Fupa
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtkhf miktJ gq;fspgG ; j; jj;JtNk vd;gijAk; tpsf;fTk;.
 ,og;glP b
; id toq;f Kd;du; jpNdrpd; nyhwpapd; vQ;rpaitfisf; fhg;GWjp
epWtdj;jpw;F xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mjw;Fupa fhg;GWjpj;
jj;Jtkhf miktJ gjpyhs; itg;Gj; jj;JtkhFk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;fTk;.
 jPf; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iwg; ngw;Ws;s RNu\; tzpfkhdJ jPtputhjp
fspd; nraw;ghL fhuzkhf moptile;jikahy; mjw;fhd ,og;gl P ;bidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ vdTk;> ,jw;Fupa fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtkhf Fwpg;
gplf;$baJ mz;kpa fhuzpj; jj;Jtk; vdTk; tpsf;fTk;. mj;Jld;
xUtUf;Fj; Njitahapd; jPtputhjpfspd; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w NtW
Nrjq;fisAk; cs;slf;fp Nkyjpf jtizf; fl;lzk; nrYj;jp jPff ; hg;GWjp
xg;ge;jnkhd;iw ePlr ; pgg
; Lj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gijAk; njspTgLj;jTk;.

 fhg;GWjp tzpfj;ij Kiwahf elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;Ff; fhg;GWjp Nfhl;ghLfs;
gpd;gw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 fhg;GWjpf; Nfhl;ghLfis gpd;tUkhW gl;baw;gLj;jyhk;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik
 cr;r ek;gpf;if
 ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk;
 gjpyhs; itg;G
 gq;fspg;G
 mz;kpa fhuzpfs;
 ahNjDk; nrhj;njhd;W njhlu;e;J epiyj;jpUf;Fkhapd; mjd; %yk;
nghUshjhu ed;ikfSk; mJ moptilAkhapd; nghUshjhu uPjpahd jPik
fSk; Vw;glf;$ba ve;jnthU tplak; njhlu;ghfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;w cupik
fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 fztupd; capu; njhlu;gpy; kidtpf;Fk;> kidtpapd; capu; njhlu;gpy;
fztUf;Fk; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 VNjDk; Mjdnkhd;wpd; rl;luPjpahd cupikahsUf;F me;j Mjdk;
njhlu;gpy; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik fhzg;gLfpdw
; J. (jd;Dila Nkhl;lhu;
thfdk;> fhzp vd;gd.)
 fld; nfhLeUf;F fld;gl;Nlhupd; MAisj; jdJ fldpd; mstpw;Ff;
fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
181
 fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; nrhj;Jj; njhlu;gpy; fhg;GWjp nra;gtUk; fhg;GWjpia
Vw;Fk; epWtdKk; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhf ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;ba rfy jfty;fisAk; kiwf;fhJ ntspg;gLj;Jjy; cr;r ek;gpf;if
vdg;gLk;.
 VjhtJ Mjdnkhd;wpw;F Nrjk; Vw;gLkhapd; me;j Mjdj;ij cupa
epiyikf;F nfhz;L tUtjw;F Njitahd njhifapid khj;jpuk; el;l
<lhf toq;Fjy; ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
&gh 40 ,yl;rk; ngWkjpahd Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W mNj njhiff;F
fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; epiyikapy; &gh 2.5 ,yl;rk; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lhy;
,og;gPlhf fpilf;Fk; njhif &gh 2.5 ,yl;rk; khj;jpuNkahFk;.
 VjhtJ Mjdnkhd;W xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fspy; fhg;GWjp
nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mr;nrhj;jpwF
; VjhtJ Nrjk; Vw;gbd; me;j ,og;gl P L
; j;
njhifapid rfy fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fSk; tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; gfpue ; J
; nrYj;JtJ
gq;fspg;Gj; jj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
&gh 10 ,yl;rk; ngWkjpahd Mjdnkhd;W A, B, C Mfpa fhg;GWjp
epWtdq;fs; 3 ,y; KiwNa &gh 5 ,yl;rk;> &gh 3 ,yl;rk;> &gh 2
,yl;rk; vdf; fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; me;j Mjdj;jpw;F
&gh 1 ,yl;rk; el;l<L Vw;gLkhapd; 5 : 3 : 2 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; A - &gh
50 000> B - &gh 30 000> C - &gh 20 000 vd;wthW ,og;gPl;bidg; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;sy; gq;fspg;G vdg;gLk;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l Mjdnkhd;wpwF
; Vw;gl;l Nrjnkhd;wpwf
; hd ,og;gl
P b
; idf;
fhg;GWjp epWtdk; nrYj;jpa gpd;du; ntspaf gpuptpduplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba Vida ed;ikfis fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; epWtdk; cupikahf;fpf;
nfhs;sy; gjpyhs; itg;Gj; jj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
&gh 50 ,yl;rj;jpw;F fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W
Vw;gl;l jpBu; tpgj;jpdhy; KOikahf mopTw;wjhapd; fhg;GWjp epWtdk;
,og;glP hf &gh 50 ,yl;rj;ijr; nrYj;JtJld; Nkhl;lhupd; vQ;rpa fopTg;
ngWkjpfis fhg;GWjp epWtdk; jdf;F cupikahf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.
 fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l Mjdnkhd;wpw;F my;yJ MASf;F Vw;gl;l Njrnkhd;
wpd;NghJ mr;Nrjk; Vw;gl;ljpy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpapUg;gpd;
Nrjk; Vw;gl;likf;fhd kpf mz;kpa fhuzk; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpy; cl;gLj;jg;
gl;bUe;jhy; khj;jpuk; ,og;gPL toq;fg;gLk; vd;gij mz;kpa fhuzpfs;
jj;Jtk; $Wfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:-
 fstghaf; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iwr; nra;Js;s xU egupd; tPL jPapdhy;
mopTWkhapd; mjw;fhd ,og;gl P b
; idg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ. mjw;fhd
fhuzk; Nrjk; Vw;gLtjpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa epfo;thfpa jPahdJ fstghaf;
fhg;GWjpapy; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjdhyhFk;.
182
 MAs; fhg;GWjpiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik cr;r
ek;gpf;if mz;kpa fhuzpfs; Nghd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; khj;jpuk; ,jDs; njhlu;
GilajhFk;. ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;JtKk; mjDld; ,ize;j Jizj;jj;Jtq;
fshfpa gq;fspg;Gj; jj;Jtk;> gjpyhs; itg;Gk; jj;Jtk; vd;gd MAs;
fhg;GWjpf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; MAs; Nrjkiljiy my;yJ
tpgj;njhd;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gly; Nghd;w tplaq;fisg; gzj;jpdhy; mstpl
KbahikapdhyhFk;. MAs; fhg;GWjpapd;NghJ xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;s
Fwpj;j ngWkjp ,og;gPlhf toq;fg;gLk;.

 fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpnahd;wpdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fhg;GWjp ,lnuhd;iw
me;epWtdk; NtW xU fhg;GWjp epWtdj;jpy; my;yJ gytw;wpy; fhg;GWjp
nra;jy; kW fhg;GWjp vdg;gLk;. kW fhg;GWjp %yk; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfspd;
nghWg;Gf;fs; gutyhf;fg;gLfpdw; ikahy; fhg;GWjp nra;gtuplk; mwtplg;gLfpdw
;
jtizf; fl;lzkhdJ Fiwe;j mstpy; fhzg;gLk;.
 ghupa ngWkjpapidf; nfhz;l nrhj;njhd;W njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w el;l

,lupidg; gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; rpytw;wpwF
; xg;gilj;jYk;
VjhtJ tpgj;njhd;wpdhy; nrhj;J Nrjkilapd; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l el;l ,lupd;
mstpw;F mt;ntht;nthU fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfSk; ,og;gl P b
; idr; nrYj;Jjy;
xg;GWjp vdg;gLk;.
183
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.3: tzpfq;fisg; gy;NtWgl;l ,lu;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;ff;

$ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j tiffisg; guprPyid nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpfnkhd;wpw;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j tiffisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 mt; xt;nthU fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j tiffspYk; cs;slf;fg;gLk; ,lu;fis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 MAs; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; Vida fhg;GWjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 jP mghaf; fhg;GWjpapd; fPo; fhg;GWj;jg;gLtJk; fhg;GWj;jg;glhjJkhd
,lu;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; fhg;GWjpapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j
tiffis tpgupg;ghu;.
 flyghaf; fhg;GWjpapd;NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba gy;NtW fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j
tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 toq;fg;gLk; tpla Ma;tpd; JizAld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba fhg;GWjp
xg;ge;j tiffisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

 gpd;tUk; fhl;rpfspy; fhzg;gLk; glq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 fl;llnkhd;W jPg;gw;wp vupAk; fhl;rpnahd;W.
 ,U Nkhl;lhu; tz;bfs; xd;wpw;nfhd;W Nenujpuhf Kl;b NkhJz;l fhl;rp
nahd;W.
 fg;gypd; rpW gFjp flypy; %o;fp ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rpnahd;W.
 tzpfj;jpw;Fs; fs;tu; cl;GFk; fhl;rpnahd;W.
 glq;fs; %yk; fhl;rpgg

; Lj;jg;gLk; epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;
fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 ,t;thwhd epfo;TfSf;fhf vLf;ff;$ba topKiwfis khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 gy;NtW tifapyhd ,lu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd.
 ,t;tplu;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;gpidf; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jq;fs; %yk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk; vd.
184
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; nraw;
ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 r%fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fs; %d;W njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws; cq;fs; FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; ghj;jpuj;
jpd; kPJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jr; nra;aTk;.
rhkh: vOJtpidQu; gjtpapy; cs;stu;. mtUf;Fg; 10 tajpYk;
Fiwthd %d;W gps;isfs; cs;sdu;. fztu; ,we;Js;shu;.
fztdpd; cupikapd; %yk; tPLk; nrhj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd.
jdghyh: jsghl cw;gj;jp epiyankhd;iwAk; rpy tpwg; idafq;fisAk;
elj;jpr; nry;Yk; xUtuhthu;. fsdp fq;iff;F mUfhik
apNyNa mtuJ njhopwr ; hiyAk; fhzg;gLfpdw; J. jkJ cw;gj;jp
fis jdf;Nf cupj;jhd ,U nyhwpfspd; %yk; ehL KOtjp
YKs;s tpahghupfSf;F tpepNahfpf;fpd;whu;.
jduh[;: gy Njapiy> ,wg;gu; Njhl;lq;fSf;F cupikahsuhthu;. ,U
Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiyfs; mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ. Copau;
fSf;Fr; rk;gsk; nfhLg;gjw;fhfj; Njhl;lq;fSf;Fk; njhopw;
rhiyfSf;Fk; nry;tJ mtuJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ
cw;gj;jpfis mtNu Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;whu;.
 cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w ghj;jpuj;jpd; eltbf;iffs;> tho;f;ifg;
Nghf;F vd;gdtw;iw mwpe;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w egUf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b
Vw;gLk; ,lu;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.
 mt;tplu;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhff; fhg;GWjpr; re;ijapypUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba xg;ge;j tiffisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 khztu;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;g
jw;F Maj;jkhfTk;.
 xt;nthU epfo;TfSf;Fkika egu;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk;
,lu;fisAk; mt;tplu;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j tiffisg; gpd;tUkhW Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 rhkh jdJ MASf;F ,Uf;Fk; ,lupd; rhu;ghf MAs; fhg;GWjpnahd;iwg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vdTk;> jq;fp tho;Nthu;fshf jdJ gps;isfspd;
ngau;fis Kd;nkhopa KbAk; vdTk;> tPl;bd; rhu;ghf jPf; fhg;GWjp
nahd;iwAk;> jdJ nrhj;Jf;fspd; rhu;ghf nrhj;J Mtzf; fhg;GWjp
nahd;iwAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vdTk; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 jdghyhtpw;Fj; jdJ MASf;F ,Uf;Fk; ,lupd; rhu;ghf MAs; fhg;GWjp
xd;iwAk;> Copau;fspd; rhu;ghf Copau; nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjpnahd;iwAk;>
jhd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jsghlg; nghUs;fSf;fhf cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; fhg;GWjp
xd;iwAk; njhopwr; hiyapd; rhu;ghf jP mghaf; fhg;GWjpnahd;iwAk;> Nkhl;lhu;
thfdj;jpw;fhf Ntz;b Nkhl;lhu; fhg;GWjp Nghd;w nrhj;J Mtzf; fhg;GWjp
fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;. mNjNghd;W fsdp
fq;iff;F mUfpy; njhopwr ; hiy mike;jpUg;gjdhy; jPff ; hg;GWjpfF
; ,ize;j
jhf nts;s mghaf; fhg;GWjpiaAk; cs;slf;f KbAk; vd;gjidj; njspT
gLj;jTk;.
185
 jduh[; jdJ MASf;fhd ,lUf;F MAs; fhg;GWjpiaAk;> njhopwr ; hiyf;
fhf jP> fs;tu; Nghd;w fhg;GWjpfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gijr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;. ,jid tpl mtUf;F topg;gwpg; gzf; fhg;GWjp> topr;
ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjp Nghd;w fhg;GWjpfisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;
vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.

 fhg;GWjp tiffs; ,uz;lilAk; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 MAs; fhg;GWjp / ePz;lfhyf; fhg;GWjp
 nghJf; fhg;GWjp
MAs; / ePz;lfhyf; fhg;GWjp (Life Insurance)
fhg;GWjp nra;Nthdpd; ,wg;G kw;Wk; cly; uPjpahd cghijfs; fhuzkhd
,lu;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghJ fhg;GWjp nra;gtDf;F my;yJ mtupy;
jq;fp tho;Nthu;fSf;F epjp uPjpahd mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;
MAs; fhg;GWjpapy; ,lk;ngWk;.
,wg;G> vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; my;yJ taJ Kjpu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf vtNuDk;
egnuhUtUf;F Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;jpw;F ghJfhg;gpid toq;FtNj MAs;
fhg;GWjpapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
MAs; fhg;GWjp Fwpg;gpl;l epiyahd fhynkhd;wpw;fhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;
gLtJld; fhg;GWjp nra;Nthd; mf;fhyg; gFjpapDs; ,wg;ghuhapd; cld;ghl;bw;
Fl;gl;l nkhj;jf; fhg;GWjpg; ngWkhdkhdJ jq;fp tho;Nthu;fSf;F my;yJ
ngau; Fwpf;fg;gl;l egUf;F cupj;jhtJld; fhg;GWjp nra;Nthd; mf;fhy
tiuaiw KbtilAk; tiuapy; capUld; ,Ug;ghuhapd; mf;fhy ,Wjpapy;
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jg; ngWkhdj;Jld; mD$yq;fSk; mtUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
 MAs; fhg;GWjp Vida fhg;GWjp tiffspypUe;J NtWgLk; Kiwapidg;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 MAs; fhg;GWjpapy; ,lu; eprr
; akhf ,Ug;gJld;> Vida fhg;GWjpfspy;
,lu; epr;rakw;w epiyiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 MAs; fhg;GWjp njhlu;ghf ,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk; nghUj;jkw;wjhf
,Ug;gJld; Vida fhg;GWjpfSf;F ,j;jj;Jtk; nghUj;jkhdjhf
,Uf;Fk;.
 MAs; fhg;GWjp Nrkpg;gjw;F xj;jjhf ,Ug;gJld;> Vida fhg;GWjp
fspy; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk ,og;gPl;bidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
 MAs; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijr; rhl;Ljy; nra;a KbahjpUg;gJld;
Vida fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jq;fisr; rhl;Ljy; nra;a KbAk;.
 nghJf; fhg;GWjp (General Insurance)
 nghJf; fhg;GWjpiag; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 jP mghaf; fhg;GWjp
 fstghaf; fhg;GWjp
 ,aw;if mdu;j;jf; fhg;GWjp
186
 flyghaf; fhg;GWjp
 Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; fhg;GWjp
 nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp
 topr; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjp
 topg; gzf; fhg;GWjp
 jP mghaf; fhg;GWjp
vtNuDk; egnuhUtUupd; fl;llk; my;yJ Vida nrhj;Jf;fSf;F jPapdhy;
Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;jpidf; fhg;gPL nra;tjw;fhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
fhg;GWjp jP mghaf; fhg;GWjpahFk;.
 jP mghaf; fhg;GWjpapd; mbg;gilapy; jP mghaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf
Nkyjpfj; jtizf; fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; jP mghaf; fhg;GWjp
xg;ge;jj;ij ePl;rpg;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; ,lu;fisAk; cs;thq; ff;$bajhf
,Uf;Fk;.
 NtiyepWj;jq;fspyhd el;lk; / rz;il rr;ruTfs;
 ntbg;Gf;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; Nrjk;
 kpd;rhu xOf;fpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Nrjk;
 g+kp mjpu;r;rp / Mopg;Nguiy
 nts;sg;ngUf;F / #whtsp / tul;rp Nghd;wd
 Mfha tpkhd tpgj;J
 Nghuhl;lq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; Nrjk;
 ,ize;jjhf Vw;glf;$ba el;lr; Nrjk;
 fstghaf; fhg;GWjp (Theft Insurrance)
tzpf epiyaq;fspy; my;yJ tPLfspy; ,lk;ngwf;$ba fs;tu; mgha
,liu cs;thq;Ftjw;fhff; fstghaf; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ,aw;if mdu;j;jf; fhg;GWjp (Natural Disaster Insurance)
nts;sk;> tul;rp Nghd;witfspdhy; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;ij
cs;thq;Ftjw;fhf ,aw;if mdu;jj ; f; fhg;GWjpnahd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
 flyghaf; fhg;GWjp (Marinle Insurance)
fly; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;NghJ fg;gYf;Fk; fg;gypy; cs;s nghUs;
fSf;Fk; Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;ijf; flyghaf; fhg;GWjpapd; %yk; cs;thq;fg;
gLk;.
 flyghaf; fhg;GWjpia ,U mbg;gilfspy; tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 fg;gy; jz;lf; fhg;GWjp (Hull)
 fg;gy; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjp (Cargo)
fg;gy; jz;lf; fhg;GWjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW fhg;GWjp xg;ge;j
tiffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 rfy ,lu; xg;ge;jk;
 g+uzkhd el;lj;ij kl;Lk; nrYj;Jk; xg;ge;jk;
 JiwKf xg;ge;jk;
 gOJghu;j;jy; xg;ge;jk;
 epu;khzr; Nrj xg;ge;jk;
187
 fg;gy; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpdbg;gilapy; gy;NtW xg;ge;j
tiffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 kjpg;gplg;gl;l xg;ge;jk;
 jpwe;j xg;ge;jk; / mirAk; xg;ge;jk;
 vjpu;fhyg; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk;
 Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; fhg;GWjp (Motor Traffic Insurance)

Nkhl;lhu; thfd tpgj;Jf;fs; %yk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fSf;Fk;>
mt;thfdq;fspy; gazpf;Fk; egu;fSf;Fk; GwuPjpahd gpuptpdu;
fSf;Fk; Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;jpw;fhf ,og;gPL ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;
fhf Nkhl;lhu; thfd cupikahsUf;Fk; fhg;GWjp epWtdj;jpw;F
kpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; cld;ghlhFk;.
 Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; fhg;GWjpapd; fPo; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba fhg;GWjp
tiffs; rpy cs;sd.
 g+uzkhd nghWg;Gld; $ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk; / tpupthd
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk;
 2k; gpupTj; jP kw;Wk; fstghaf; fhg;GWjp
 Fiwe;jJ 3k; gpupTf; fhg;GWjp
 KOikahd nghWg;Gld; $ba fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; Fwpgg ; pll
;
thfdj;jpwF
; k;> thfdj;jpy; gazpfF
; k; egu;fSf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk;
Vw;gLk; NrjKk; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
 ,uz;lhk; gpupTj; jP kw;Wk; fstghaf; fhg;GWjpapd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l
thfdj;jpwF; j; jPapdhYk;> fsTfs; %yKk; ,lk;ngWk; Nrjq;fSf;F
kl;Lkd;wp gpw egu;fSf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLk; Nrjk; cs;slf;
fg;gLk;.
 Fiwe;jJ %d;whk; gpupTf; fhg;GWjpapd; %yk; 3k; gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk;
nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLk; Nrjq;fs; kl;Lk; cs;thq;fg;gLk;. Nkhl;lhu;
thfdnkhd;W tPjpapy; gazpg;gjw;fhf Fiwe;jJ 3k; gpupTf; fhg;GWjp
xg;ge;jnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp (The liability Insurance)

,d;ndhU gpuptpdu;fSf;F ,lk;ngWk; el;lk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gLk;
nghWg;gpidf; fhg;GWjp nra;tNj nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp vdg;gLk;.
,f;fhg;GWjpapdhy; tzpfu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fs; fhuzkhf Vida
gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLk; Nrjk; njhlu;ghd nghWg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWtjw;F ,aYkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjpapd; fPo; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp
xg;ge;j tiffs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW:
 nghJ (kf;fs;) nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp (General Liability Insurance)
Mjdk; my;yJ tzpf eltbf;iffspdhy; Nknyof;$ba vjpug ; huhj
epfo;nthd;wpd; fhuzkhf 3k; gpuptpdu;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba Nrjk;
rhu;ghf mr;nrhj;Jupikahsu; %yk; my;yJ tzpfu;fs; %yk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; fhg;GWjpahFk;.
188
 cw;gj;jpg; nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp (Product Liability Insurance)
tzpfnkhd;W tpw;gid nra;Ak; cw;gj;jpfis Efu;T nra;tjd;
%yk; Efu;Nthu;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;ij cs;thq;Ftjw;
fhf tzpfu;fspdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fhg;GWjp tifahFk;.
 Copau; nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp (Employer Libility Insurance)

Copau;fs; Nritapy; <LgLk; nghOJ mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;
fs; rhu;ghf ,og;gPL nrYj;JtJ njhopy; toq;Fdu;fspd;
nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpdw; J. mt;thwhd re;ju;gg
; q;fspd; NghJ ,og;gLP
nrYj;Jk; nghWg;gpid fhg;GWjp epWtdj;jpw;Fr; rhl;Ljy; nra;a
KbAk;.
jdf;Ff; fPo; Nrit GupNthu;fSf;Fr; Nritapy; <LgLk; nghOJ
mr;Nritapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; fhaq;fs;> RftPdq;fs; vd;gd
fhuzkhf ,og;gPL toq;Ftjw;Fr; Nrit toq;Fdu;fspdhy;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fhg;GWjpr; Nrit toq;fy;fs; nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp
vdg;gLk;.
 topr; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjp
topr; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjpapd;NghJ jiu khu;f;fkhfg; nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfj;jpw;Fg; nghUl;fs;
Vw;wg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpypUe;J mg;nghUl;fis jiuapy; ,wf;Fk;
tiuapy; Vw;glf;$ba Nrjq;fis cs;thq;Ftjw;fhfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; fhg;GWjp topr; ruf;Ff; fhg;GWjpahFk;.
 topg; gzf; fhg;GWjp

Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fg; gzj;ijf; nfhz;L
nry;Yk;nghOJ ,lk;ngwf;$ba Nrjj;ij cs;thq;Ftjw;fhfg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fhg;GWjp topg; gzf; fhg;GWjpahFk;.
189
Nju;r;rp 9.0: tzpff; fUkq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F j; njhlu;ghliyg;
gaDWjpahfg; gad;g Lj;Jtjd; Njitg;g hl;b id
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1: njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F cWJizahf

mikAk; fhuzpfisj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 njhlu;ghliy tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpff; fUkq;fspd;NghJ njhlu;ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
 r%f eltbf;iffspd;NghJ njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspT
gLj;Jthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiwapidg; gha;rr ; y; Nfhl;L tiuglj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
 njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 gaDWjp nfhz;l njhlu;ghlnyhd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfspd; gl;ba
nyhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
 nra;jpnahd;iwj; jahupf;Fk;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jpr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpwF
; g; nghUj;jkhd nra;jpnahd;iwj;
jahupg;ghu;.

 tFg;gpy; Kjyhtjhf mku;e;jpUf;Fk; khztiu mioj;J VNjDk; ,ufrpa
nkhd;iw mtuplk; $Wq;fs;.
 mjidg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; khztDf;F mwptpf;FkhW MNyhrid
toq;fTk;.
 mt;thW midj;J khztu;fsplKk; mr;nra;jp nrd;wile;jjd; gpd;du;
,Wjpahf mku;ej ; pUf;Fk; khztidf; nfhz;L mr;nra;jpiaf; fUk;gyifapy;
vOjr; nra;aTk;.
 Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j khztDf;F toq;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa ,Wjp khztDf;Fk;
fpilf;fg; ngw;wjh vd;gjidf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 nra;jpahdJ NtWgl;ljhf ,Ug;gpd; mjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpajw;fhd
fhuzq;fis mwpeJ ; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 nra;jpia toq;fpatu; nra;jpiaj; njspthf toq;fhik.
 nra;jpiag; ngw;wtu; njspthff; Nfl;fhik.
 nra;jpahdJ njsptw;wjhf ,Uj;jy;.
 nra;jpapy; fhzg;gl;l nrhw;gjq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahik.
 tpisjpwd; nfhz;l njhlu;ghlYf;Fr; rupahfr; nra;jpahdJ gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;
gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;jp> tzpf eltbf;iffs;
kw;Wk; r%f eltbf;iffSf;Fj; njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.
 190
 njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfis tpsf;Ftjw;fhf khztu;fisg;
gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpid khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
epWtdj;jpdhy; 20XX brk;gu; khjk; 02 Mk; jpfjpapy; eilngWk; Nritf;
fhyg; gapwr; p Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU gpuptpYKs;s midj;J Copau;
fisAk; gq;F ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkdg; gpujhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhup
apdhy; rfy Kfhikahsu;fSf;Fk; mwptpj;jy; fbjj;jpD}lhf mwptpf;fg;
gl;lNjhL> jkJ gpupTfspYs;s midj;J Copau;fSf;Fk; ,r;nra;jp
toq;fg;gl;lJld;> mjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;
Ls;sJ vdTk; rfy Kfhikahsu;fspdhYk; gpujhd epiwNtw;W
mjpfhupf;F kpd; mQ;ry; %yk; jfty; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,t;tpla Ma;T njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
 ,t;tpla Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
 nra;jpia mDg;gpa egu;
 mDg;gg;gl;l nra;jp
 nra;jp mDg;gg;gl;l jfty; Clfk;
 mr;nra;jpiag; ngw;w egu;fs;
 nra;jp njhlu;ghf mtu;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjk;
 mtu;fs; vLj;j eltbf;iffs;> kPz;Lk; nra;jp mDg;gpa egUf;F
mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gl;l Kiw Mfpatw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfspD}lhf xt;nthU njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilfisAk;

gpd;tUkhW njspTgLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.
 nra;jpia mDg;Ggtu; gpujhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhup vdTk;>
 nra;jp: 20XX brk;gu; 2 Mk; jpfjpapy; eilngWk; Nritf;fhyg;
gapw;rp Ntiyj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fr; rfy Copau;fisAk;
gq;Fgw;wr; nra;aTk; vdTk;>
 Clfk;: vOj;J %yk; vdTk;>
 ngWgtu;: rfy Kfhikahsu;fSk; vdTk;>
 Jyq;fy;: nra;jpiag; ngwg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; Kfhikahsu; mJ
njhlu;ghf Copau;fSf;F mwpTWj;jr; nra;J Njit
ahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; vdTk;>
 kPstypAWj;jy;: Njitahd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F
kpd; mQ;ry; nra;jpnahd;iw toq;fpajd; %yk; gpujhd
epiwNtw;W mjpfhupf;Fj; njupag;gLj;Jjy; vdTk;
njspTgLj;jTk;.
 njhlu;ghy; nray;Kiwia tiuglnkhd;wpy; FwpjJ ; f; fhl;b xt;nthU
mbg;gilfisAk; tpsf;fTk;.

191
 tpisjpwd; nfhz;l njhlu;ghlnyhd;wpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;GfisAk;
nra;jpiaAk; jahupf;Fk; nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fis
tpgupg;gjw;F khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 njhlu;ghlnyhd;W Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rpy re;ju;gg
; q;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
mtw;Ws; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspd; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
 ghlrhiy Neuj;jpd; gpd;du; rfy gpupTj; jiytu;fspdJk; $l;lnkhd;W
mjpgupdhy; %yk; elj;jg;gLk; vd cupa gpupTj; jiytu;fSf;Fk;
mwptpj;jy;.
 jpBnudr; RftPdKw;w epWtdj;jpd; CopanuhUtu; Nritf;Fr; r%fkspff ;
KbahJ vd epWtdj;jpw;F mwptpj;jy;.
 epWtdj;jpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l tpNrl tpLKiw jpdnkhd;W njhlu;ghf
ehL KOtJk; fhzg;gLk; rfy fpisfSf;Fk; mwptpj;jy;.
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j nra;jpia mDg;Ggtu;> ngWgtu; MfpNahu;
fisf; FOf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;wpd; %yk; ,dq;fhzTk;.
 mDg;Ggtu; %yk; mDg;g Ntz;ba nra;jpia FOf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk;
jahupf;fTk;.
 mr;nra;jpia mDg;gf;$ba Kiw njhlu;ghd Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;nkhopa
Tk;.
 cq;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l nra;jpahdJ mDg;Ggtu; Kjy; ngWgtu; tiuapy;
mDg;Gk; nghOJ ,lk;ngWk; nray;Kiwiag; glnkhd;wpd; %yk; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.
 NkNy cq;fs; FOtpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l nra;jpiaj; jahupf;Fk; nghOJ
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
 gpd;tUk; fUkq;fSf;fhfj; njhlu;ghly; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapidr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhf
 r%f eltbf;iffSf;fhf
 khztu;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;g
jw;F Maj;jkhfTk;.

 xU gpuptpduplkpUe;J kw;Nwhu; gpuptpdu;fSf;F my;yJ gy gpuptpdu;fSf;Fj;
jfty;fis toq;fy;> ngWjy;> jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;> gfpu;e;J
nfhs;sy; vd;gdtw;iwj; njhlu;ghly; vd;wiof;f KbAk;.
 njhlu;ghlyhdJ tzpf eltbf;iffSf;F kl;Lkd;wp r%f eltbf;iffSf;
Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhd njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
 tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilNa
fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf.
 Nrit toq;Fdu;> Nrit ngWeu; MfpNahu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpidg;
Ngzy;.
 khdpl> ngsjPf tsq;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;F
 tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffSf;fhf
192
 r%f eltbf;iffSf;fhd njhlu;ghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 r%f uPjpahff; fUj;Jf;fisAk; nra;jpfisAk; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F
 ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;gLk; epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf tpiuthf mwpe;J nfhs;t
jw;F
 fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
 njhopy;El;g tpUj;jpNahL Vw;gLk; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;t
jw;F
 cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L uPjpahd r%fj; njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F

 njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiwiag; gpd;tUk; tiugpd; %yk; fhl;l KbAk;.
mDg;Ggtu;  nra;jp  Clfk;  ngWgtu;



gpd;D}l;ly;  Jyq;fy;
 njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfs;:

 mDg;Ggtu; (Sender):
nra;jpia mDg;Gk; gpuptpduhtu;. tha;nkhop %ykhapd; Ngr;rhsu;>
tpupTiuahsu; vDk; tifapYk;> vOj;J tbthapd; mjpy; ifnahg;gkpLgtu;
my;yJ epWtdk; vDk; tifapy; miof;f KbAk;.
 nra;jp (message):
nra;jpia mDg;Ggtu; nra;jpiag; ngWgtUf;F toq;Fk; jftiyf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
 Clfk; (media):
vt;thW jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ> vt;t+lfj;jpd; %yk; jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ njhlu;ghdJ.
cjhuzk;:- tha;nkhop Clfk;> vOj;J %y Clfk;.
 ngWgtu; (Receiver):
nra;jpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; egiuf; Fwpf;Fk;. mtu; thrfnuhUtuhf>
nrtpkLg;gtuhf> ghu;itahsuhf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
 Jyq;fy; (Reaction):
ngWgtuhy; nrtpkLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ngwg;gl;l nra;jp njhlu;ghfr; nraw;
gLk; KiwahFk;.
 gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed back):

nra;jp fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ vdTk;> mjd; %yk; tpsf;fk; ngwg;gl;lJ
vdTk; cWjpg;gLj;jp nra;jpiag; ngw;wtu;fshy; nra;jpia mDg;GtUf;F
fpilf;Fk; Jyq;fiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
193
 tpisjpwd; nfhz;l njhlu;ghlnyhd;wpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba gz;Gfs;:
 jpUj;jkhdJ / nrk;ikahdJ
 RUf;fkhdJ
 KOikahdJ / g+uzj;Jtk;
 njspthdJ
 newpKiwfSf;Fl;gl;lJ
 cWjpahdJ
 mq;fPfupf;ff;$baJ
 fpuak; FiwthdJ
 JupjkhdJ / tpiuthdJ
 nra;jpnahd;iwj; jahupf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 nra;jpapd; jd;ik
 KOikahdJ
 jpUj;jkhdJ / nrk;ikahdJ
 newpKiwfSf;Fl;gl;lJ
 cs;thq;FgtUf;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wy;
 RUf;fkhd jd;ik
 cWjpahdJ
194
Nju;r;rp 9.0: tzpff; fUkq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F j; njhlu;ghliyg;
gaDWjpahfg; gad;g Lj;Jtjd; Njitg;g hl;b id
cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2: gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J gaDWjp

nfhz;ljhfj; njhlu;ghlypy; <LgLthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 xt;n thU njhlu; ghly; Clfq; f Sf; F khd njhlu; g hly; Kiwfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 etPd ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; Kiwapid tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yj;jpdpayy;yhj njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 tzpf epWtdq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; mf> Gw njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
 gaDWjp tha;ej
; njhlu;ghlYf;Ff; fhzg;gLk; jilfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 njhlu;ghlYf;F s;s jilfis jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;f hd Kiwfis
Kd;nkhopthu;.
 gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahLthu;.

 ghlrhiy mjpgu; fhiyf; $l;lj;jpy; ciuahw;Wjy;> ghlNtisfspd;
khw;wq;fis mwptpjj ; y;> khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;gpy; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F
mwptpj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;w njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis khztu;
fsplk; Nfl;fTk;.
 mjpgu; fhiyf; $l;lj;jpy; ciuahw;WtJ tha;nkhop %ykhFnkd.
 ghlNtis khw;wq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F FwpaL P fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; njd.
 khztu; Kd;Ndw;wq;fisg; ngw;NwhUf;F mwptpg;gjw;F vOj;J %ykhd
Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wnjd.
 ,t;thW tzpfq;fSk; njhlu;ghlYf;fhfg; gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fis
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd vdTk;> mj;njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; fPo; gy;NtW
njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wnjdTk; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J gpd;tUk; fw;wYf;fhd
Kd;nkhopTfis toq;fpr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
195
 gpdt
; Uk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; cq;fsJ FOtpwF
; f; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 tha;nkhop %y njhlu;ghly; Clfk;
 vOj;J %y njhlu;ghly; Clfk;
 rkpf;iQfisf; nfhz;l njhlu;ghly; Clfk;
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;Fupa njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis
,aYkhd tiu vOjTk;.
 mj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis mf> Gw njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; vd NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;lTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpwF
; upa njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;J
tjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 mk;Kiwfis eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w jilfisf;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 mj;jilfis ,opTgLj;Jtjw;Fupa cq;fsJ Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;
itf;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; Njly;fis Mf;fuPjpahf tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

 njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 tha;nkhop %y Clfk;
 vOj;J %y Clfk;
 rkpf;iQfSk; FwpaPLfSk;
 tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwf;fika gpd;tUk;
tifapy; tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 mf / cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly;
 Gw / ntspafj; njhlu;ghly;
 cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ tzpf epWtdj;jpDs; gy;NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;
fpilNa jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW
njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 mfuPjpahd njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ>
 cupikahsu;fs; - Kfhikahsu;fSf;fpilNa
 Copau;fs; - Copau;fSf;fpilapy;
 jpizf;fsq;fs; - jpizf;fsq;fSf;fpilNa gy;NtW jfty;fspd;
gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngWk;.
 ntspafj; njhlu;ghly; vd;gjd; fUj;J tzpf epWtdnkhd;wpw;F ntspNa
As;s gpuptpdu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;Jld; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wk; nra;tjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; KiwfshFk;.
 ntspafj; njhlu;ghlypd;NghJ
 tzpfk; - thbf;ifahsu;fSld;
 tzpfk; - Vida tzpfk; - toq;Fdu;fSf;fpilNa jfty;
gupkhw;wk; ,lk;ngWk;.
196
 gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspD}lhf njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWfpdw
; Kiwf;fhd
cjhuzq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
mfuPjpahd ,yj;jpudpay; ,d;lnfhk;

,yj;jpudpay; Neu;Kf ciuahly;> fUj;juq;F
tha;nkhop my;yhj cs;sf uPjpahd $l;lq;fs;
%y Clfk; GwuPjpahd ,yj;jpudpay; njhiyNgrp> ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp>
xypngUf;fp> xypmQ;ry;.
,yj;jpudpay; Nksk;> kf;fs; $l;lk;
my;yhj
mfuPjpahd ,yj;jpudpay; ,yj;jpudpay; mwptpj;jy; gyif

E-mail
vOj;J ,yj;jpudpay; nkNkh gbtk;> mwptpj;jy;fs;>
%y Clfk; my;yhj mwptpj;jy; gyif> mwpf;if
GwuPjpahd ,yj;jpudpay; njhiyefy;> ,yj;jpudpay; jghy;>
,yj;jpudpay; mwptpj;jy; gyif>
FWQ;nra;jp (SMS) Nrit.
,yj;jpudpay; fbjk;> gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif> gjhif>
my;yhj Rtnuhl;b> tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy;.
mfuPjpahd ,yj;jpudpay; ,yj;jpudpay; kzp> cs;sf tpgj;jpid

mwptpf;Fk; rkpf;iQ.
,yj;jpudpay; kzp> tPjpf; FwpaPLfs;> epWtd
my;yhj miktplj;ijf; fhl;Lk; jpl;lk;> tyk;>
rkpf;iQfSk; ,lk; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd
FwpaPLfSk; ghj milahsq;fs;.
GwuPjpahd ,yj;jpudpay; tpgj;Jf;fis mwptpf;Fk; CJFoy;>
kpd;rkpf;iQfs; (Colour light),
mk;gpAyd;]; rkpf;iQ.
,yj;jpudpay; nghjpaply; FwpaPLfs;> Gifapuj
my;yhj kw;Wk; ngUe;njU tPjpr; rkpf;iQ>
nrtplu;fSf;fhd rkpf;iQ>
tpisahl;L eLtu; jPu;khdq;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J
thfd xOq;fikg;ghsupd; cly;
mirTfs;.
197
 ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly;
 jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpUj;jpAld; cUthd njhlu;ghly;
,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
 etPd ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfspy; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW
tpsf;fyhk;.
 ,izak; (Internet)
tpupthd gFjpnahd;iw cs;slf;fpajhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fzpdp tiy
aikg;G vdg;gLfpd;w ru;tNjr uPjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;w fzpdp tiyaikg;
nghd;whFk;. tiyaikg;Gf;fspd; tiyaikg;G vd ,izaj;ij tpsf;f
KbAk;. ,q;F gy;NtW ,lq;fspypUe;Jk; cl;GFj;jg;gLfpd;w jfty;fisj;
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; jghy; (E-mail)

fzpdpapypUe;J fzpdpf;F cyfshtpa tiyaikg;gpD}lhf nra;jpfisg;
gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sjy;> ,yj;jpudpay; jghy; (E-mail) vdg;gLk;. ,yj;jpudpay;
Kiwapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l nra;jpapid ,d;ndhUtUf;F mDg;Gtjhapd;>
mDg;GtUf;Fk; nra;jpiag; ngWgtUf;Fk; ,iza tiyaikg;G trjpAk;
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; KftupAk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mf ,izak; (Intranet)
,izaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tzpf epWtdj;jpDs; fhzg;gLfpd;w
juTfis milaf;$bajhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtf uPjpahd tiyaikg;
nghd;whFk;. ,j; jdpegu; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; fhzg;gLk;
tiyaikg;nghd;whf ,Ug;gJld; ,jd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Nritapid
mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F kl;LNk ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 xypaQ;ry; (Volum mail)

mDg;Gtupdhy; njhiyNgrp Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;jp tha;nkhop %yk; toq;fg;
gLfpd;w nra;jpapid tiyaikg;gpd; %yk; nkhop khw;wg;gl;Lg; gpd;du;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jl;nlhd;wpy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; vdg;gLfpd;w xypg;
gjpTr; nrad;Kiwiknahd;whFk;.
 njhiyefy; ,ae;jpuk; (Fax)

rhjhuz njhiyNgrp Kiwiknahd;wpD}lhff; fbjq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs; vd;g
tw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf cldbahf mDg;Gtjw;Fupa jpwd; nfhz;l ,yj;jpu
dpay; cgfuzk; njhiyefy; ,ae;jpukhFk;. njhiy efy; Kiwapy;
nra;jp mDg;gg;gLfpd;w njhiy efy; ,ae;jpuj;jpy; cupa Mtzq;fspd;
glg; gpujpfs; b[pl;ly; KiwapD}lhfg; ngw;W mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
njhiy efy; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;F gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;.
198
 ifg;Ngrp (Mobile Phone)
jw;fhyj;jpd; njhlu;ghly; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; ntw;wp fhuzkhf nra;kjp
njhopy; El;gj;jpd; cjtpAld; gy;NtW tzpff; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
ifg;Ngrpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 ,d;lnfhk; (Inter Com)

njhiyNgrp tiyaikg;gpd; cjtpAld; epWtdj;jpDs; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; epWtg;gLfpd;w njhiyNgrp tiyaikg;
nghd;whFk;.
 tpisjpwd; nfhz;l njhlu;ghlnyhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; jilfSs; rpy

gpd;tUkhW:
 Gjpa njhopy; El;g Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghf fhzg;gLk; mwpT
gytPdkhff; fhzg;gly;.
 njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ,lk;ngWk; ntspaf
uPjpahd jilfs;.
 gioa njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 njhlu;ghly; ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLk; jilfs;.
 njhlu;ghly; jpl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gytPdk;.
 nkhop> mwpT> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;.
 Gwr; #oypy; Vw;gLk; jilfs;.
 njhlu;ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; jilfis mfw;Wtjw;Fr; rpy cgha Kiwfs;

gpd;tUkhW jug;gLfpd;wJ.
 Gjpa njhlu;ghly; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 njhlu;ghly; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW rl;l jpl;lq;fis tpjpj;jy;.
 njhlu;ghly; NfhGuq;fis epu;khzpj;jy;.
 b[pl;ly; (vz;khdj;) njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 njhlu;ghly; Kiwapy; Kiwaw;w ghtid njhlu;ghfg; Gjpa rl;l jpl;lq;
fis cUthf;fy;.
 gy;NtW njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fspy; rpy

gpd;tUkhW:
tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;:
 gpur;rpidnahd;iw kpf tpupthf Kd;itj;Jf; fye;Jiuahb Kd;itf;f
Kbjy;.
 jfty;fis toq;FgtUk; ngWgtUk; Neubahfj; njhlu;GWjy;.
 jfty;fis kpf tpiuthfTk;> ,ufrpakhfTk; Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
tha;nkhop %yj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

 nkhop uPjpahd gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gly;.
 Ngr;R uPjpahd FiwghLfs; cs;s gpuptpdu;fSld; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;
Wk; nghOJ gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gly;.
 jfty; gupkhw;wg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; vJTk; fhzg;glhik.
199
vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;:
 $ba tpsf;fj;Jld; jfty;fis Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
 jfty;fs; njhlu;ghly; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gjw;Fk;> mit ngwg;gl;lJ
vd;gjw;Fkhd rhd;Wfis Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
 juTfs;> FwpgG
; f;fs;> ml;ltizfs; vd;gtw;iw ,yFthfj; njhlu;ghly;
nra;a Kbjy;.
vOj;J %yj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

 jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; gpur;rpidfs; cUthjy;.
 thrpg;Gj;jpwd; fhzg;glhtpbd; jfty;fisj; njhlu;ghly; nra;jy; rpuk
khdJ.
 jfty;fisj; njhlu;ghly; nra;Ak;NghJ jpupTgly;.
rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; FwpaPlL

; Clfq;fspd; mD$yq;fs;:
 jfty;fisr; RUf;fkhfTk; njspthfTk; Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
 jfty;fspd; rupahd jd;ik cau; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gly;.
 jfty;fis ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; Fwpal

P ;L Clfq;fspd; gpujp$yq;fs;:
 ghu;itg; gpur;rpidfSk; FiwghLfSk; cs;s gpuptpdu;fSld; jfty;
fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ gpur;rpidfs; cUthjy;.
 rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; jpupTgLjy; fhuzkhfj; jfty;fisj;
njhlu;ghly; nra;tjpy; jilfs; Vw;gly;.
 rpy rkpfi
; Q kw;Wk; FwpaL
P fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; rpukk; fhzg;gly;.
 rkpfi
; Q kw;Wk; FwpaL
P fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dwpT Njitahf
,Uj;jy;.
200
Nju;r;rp 10.0: Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; toq;fy; NritAk; (Logistics) tzpfq;
fspd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidj;
Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.1: tzpfq;fspd; ntw;wpf;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; gaDWjpahd

gq;fspg;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwapidf;
Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tzpf eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd Nritnahd;whfg; Nghf;F
tuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
 xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J mbg;gilfSf;Fkhd cjhuzq;fis toq;Fthu;.
 khw;Wg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
 xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfSf;Fkika Nghf;Ftuj;J mbg;gilfSf;F
khd cjhuzq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; xt;nthd;wpdJk; xg;gl
P ;L uPjpahd mD$yq;fs;>
gpujp$yq;fis xg;gpLthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapid tpidjpwdhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
Kd;nkhopTfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

 nfhOk;G efuj;jpypUe;J aho;gg
; hzj;jpw;Fg; gazpf;ff;$ba Kiwapid
khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
nfhOk;gpypUe;J aho;gg
; hzj;jpw;Fg; NgUe;J tz;b> Nkhl;lhu; tz;b>
Gifapujk;> Mfha tpkhdk;> fg;gy; Nghd;w gy;NtW Kiwfspy; gazpf;f
KbAk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 ,jw;fikag; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
 ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 Mfha tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 ePu; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
201
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztu;fisg; nghUj;j
khdthW FOf;fshf;fpg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; ehd;F gpd;tUkhW jug;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws;
cq;fs; FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; kPJ ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
 ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 Mfha tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 ePu; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 jiyg;igr; RUf;fkhf tpgupf;fTk;.
 jiyg;gpw;fika gad;gLj;jg;gLk; topKiwfisf; FOf; fye;Jiuahlyp
D}lhf ,dq;fhzTk;.
 mt;topfspy; gazpf;Fk; thfdg; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 mt;thfdk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba vupnghUs;
tiffisj; jdpj;jdpahfr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 mt;thfdq;fs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk; jupg;gplq;fisf; FOf; fye;Jiuahl
ypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
 mg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs; gpd;tUk; xt;nthU gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapid tpsf;fTk;.
 jdp egu;fSf;F
 tzpfu;fSf;F
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwikahdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J
eltbf;iffSf;fhf vt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdjhf
mikfpd;wJ vd;gjid tpsf;fTk;.
 cupa Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fis FOf;
fye;JiuahlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
 mg;Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapid tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cq;fshy;
Kd;nkhopag;gLk; MNyhridfis Kd;nkhopaTk;.
 khztu; Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;g
jw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
 khztu; Njbawpjy;fspD}lhf Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfis cjhuzq;
fNshL tpsf;fTk;.

 xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfspYk; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;
fis xg;glP ;L uPjpahfr; Rl;bf; fhl;b> mt; xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw
apdJk; tpidjpwDf;fhf khztu;fspdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l MNyhrid
fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

 Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
jdpegu;fs; my;yJ nghUl;fis nfhz;L nry;Yk; nray;KiwNa Nghf;Ftuj;
jhFk;.
 tzpf eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kpf mj;jpahtrpakhd
Jizr; Nritnahd;whFk;.
202
 Nghf;Ftuj;J Kf;fpakhd Clfnkhd;W kl;Lkd;wp gy mbg;gilfspYk;
rkkhf tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Jiwnahd;whFk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; $ba tsu;r;rpf;fhf Nghf;Ftuj;J mbg;gilfspd; tsu;r;rp
vDk; gutyhd jd;ik mtrpakhdjhFk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; mbg;gilfisg; gpd;tUkhW tpgupf;f KbAk;.
 tPjp (Way): Nghf;Ftuj;jpwf; hfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW topKiwfshFk;.
cjhuzk;:- ngUe;njU> Gifapuj khu;f;fk;> ePu;top> Mfha
khu;f;fk;.
 Clfk; (Mode): gy;NtW topfs; %yk; gazpf;Fk; thfdj;ijf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;:- Nkhl;lhu; tz;b> Gifapujk;> fg;gy;>
Mfha tpkhdk;.
 tO / rf;jp (Power): xt;nthU Clfj;ijAk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;
gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs; tif my;yJ tYthFk;.
cjhuzk;:- epyf;fup> fdpa vz;nza;> kpd;rhuk;>
thA.
 jupg;gplk; (Termimal): Nghf;Ftuj;J ClfkhdJ Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;if
fspd;NghJ epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;:- NgUe;J tz;bj; jupg;gplk;> Gifapuj
epiyak;> Kf;rf;fu tz;bj; jupg;gplk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J mbg;gilfs; kw;Wk; cjhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd;
%yk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
tPjp Clfk; tO / rf;jp jupg;gplk;
(Way) (Mode) (Power) (Termimal)
ngUe;njU js;Stz;b> kdpj ciog;G> NgUe;J tz;bj;

(Highways) Nkhl;lhu;tz;b> fhy;eil ciog;G> jupg;gplk; (Busstand)
Jtpr;rf;futz;b> Bry;> ngw;Nwhy;
nyhwp> NgUe;J thA> kpd;rhuk;.
tz;b
Gifapuj tPjp Gifapujk; epyf;fup> Bry;> Gifapuj epiyak;

(Railways) kpd;rhuk;. (Railway Station)
Mfha khu;f;fk; Mfha tpkhdk;> ngw;Nwhy;. tpkhd epiyak;

(Air ways) cyq;F thD}u;jp. (Airport)
ePu; top fg;gy;> ts;sk;> fhw;W> Bry;> JiwKfk; (Harbour)

(Water ways) njg;gk;. kdpj ciog;G epiyak; (Port)
203
 xt;nthU Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisg; gpdt
; UkhW
fhl;l KbAk;.
 ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;:
 Njitf;F Vw;wthW Clfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;a KbAk;.
 ehL g+uhTk; guk;gpf; fhzg;gly;.
 Njitahd ve;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 mNdfkhfg; gazk; KbAk; tiuapYk; xNu Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfj;ijg;
gpuNahfpf;f KbAkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

 $ba nghUs; njhFjpapid xNu jlitapy; nfhz;L nry;y Kbahik.
 ngUe;njUtpw;fhd guhkupg;Gr; nryT mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 jhkjk; kl;Lkd;wp tpgj;Jf;fSk; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gly;.
 fhyepiyj; jd;ikfspdhy; jilfs; Vw;glyhk;.
 Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;:

 $Ljyhd nghUs;fisAk; gpuahzpfisAk; xNu jlitapy; vLj;Jr;
nry;y KbAk;.
 ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij tplg; ghJfhg;Gf;$baJ.
 nghUs;fspd; jd;ikf;fika $lq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 Vida Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfq;fNshL xg;gpLk;nghOJ fl;lzk; Fiwthf
,Uj;jy;.
 rpw;Wz;br;rhiy> rad miw> ghu;itf;$lk; Nghd;w gy;NtW trjpfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 Gifapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;:

 Gifapuj tPjpfs; ehL KOJk; guk;gpf; fhzg;glhik.
 Njitg;gLk; ve;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; Nritapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbahJ.
 gazk; KbAk; tiuapy; gazpf;f KbahJ ,Ug;gjdhy; Vida
Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUj;jy;.
 kpd;rhur; rkpf;iQ jilg;gly;> Gifapuj tPjp gOjiljy; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fspdhy; fhy jhkjk; Vw;gl KbAk;.
 ePu; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;:

 ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;F cjTjy;.
 $Ljyhd nghUs; njhifia xNu jlitapy; nfhz;L nry;y Kbjy;.
 nghUs; tiffspd; jd;ikf;fikaf; fg;gy;fisj; njupT nra;a KbAk;.
204
 ePu; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;:
 gutyhff; fg;gy; Nrit fhzg;glhik.
 $Ljyhd fhyk; vLf;Fk;.
 Mfha tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; mD$yq;fs;:
 Ntfk; $baJ.
 tpiuthf mopTWk; nghUs;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
 tPjpg; guhkupg;Gr; nryT ,y;iy.
 Mfha tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwapd; gpujp$yq;fs;:
 mjpfkhdJk;> epiwapy; $baJkhd nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkw;wJ.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fpuak; cau;thff; fhzg;gly;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; $ba tha;gG
; z;L.
 Njitg;gLk; Neuq;fspy; Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s ,ayhik.
 nghUshjhu> r%f tpUj;jpapYk; g+NfhskakhjypYk; Kf;fpa fUtpnahd;whfg;
Nghf;Ftuj;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp> Efu;T vd;gd Nghf;F
tuj;jpd; fhuzkhfNt NtWgl;l ,lq;fspy; epfo;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;
wJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J tpahghuj;jpd; guk;gYf;Fk; jdpegu;fs; gutyhf;fg;gLtjw;
Fk; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. ,jw;fika gy;NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;Fg; Nghf;F
tuj;J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiwapidg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l
KbAk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J tzpfUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiw:
 %yg;nghUs;fis cupa Neuj;jpw;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 KbTg; nghUs;fis cupa Neuj;jpw;F re;ijg;gLj;j Kbjy;.
 Copau;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; mioj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 tzpfj; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngz Kbjy;.
 re;ijia tpupTgLj;j Kbjy;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J jdpegu;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiw:
 r%fj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;jpr;
nry;tjw;Fk;
 njhopy; tha;gG
; f;fSf;Fk; efu;TfSf;Fk;
 Rw;Wyhg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
 gupNrhjid> Ma;T> fy;tp Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;fhf
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kiw:
 Ntiytha;g;G kl;lj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;F
 ru;tNjrj; njhlu;Gfspy; tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
 ru;tNjr tpahghu tpUj;jpf;F
205
Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.2: re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw

apidiaAk; Nghf;F tuj;J Clfj;i jAk; njupT
nra;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wg; nghUj;jkhd Clf
nkhd;iwj; njupT nra;thu;.
 tpidjpwdhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfis
tpgupg;ghu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; etPd Nghf;Ffisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpid vjpu;T $Wthu;.

 jkJ gpuNjrj;jpwF
; f; fdpa vz;nza; ngwg;gLfpdw
; Kiwapid khztu;fsplk;
Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 fdpa vz;nzia vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpNrl
vz;nza;j; jhq;fpfs; %yNk gpuNjrj;jpw;F fdpa vz;nza; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; vd.
 mJ ngUe;njUf;fs; kw;Wk; Gifapuj topfspdhy; gazpf;Fk; Clf
nkhd;whFk; vd
 ,t;t+lfkhdJ kpfTk; ghJfhg;Gld; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; vg;gpuNjrj;ij
Ak; nrd;wilaf;$ba Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghijapD}lhf gazpf;fpd;wJ vd.
 fdpa vz;nza; Nghf;Ftuj;jpwf
; hf mt;t+lfj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ
,aysT> ghJfhg;G Mfpa fhuzpfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd.
 fye;Jiuahlypd; %yk; ngw;w jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Clfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba xt;nthU
fhuzpfisAk; cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fTk;.

206
; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritapd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
ehd;F fPNo jug;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
jiyg;gpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 mDuhjGu itj;jparhiyapypUe;J nfhOk;Gj; Njrpa itj;jparhiyf;F
NehahsnuhUtiu vLj;Jr; nry;yy;.
 gz;lhutis kyu; Njhl;lnkhd;wpypUe;J nfhOk;G efuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
kyu; tpw;gidafnkhd;wpw;F ,aw;ifahd kyu;fs; nfhz;Ltuy;.
 nfhOk;gpypUe;J fhq;Nfrd;Jiwf;F xU njhif muprpapid vLj;Jr;
nry;yy;.
 `k;ghe;Njhl;ilapypUe;J gJis efuj;jpd; tpw;gidafnkhd;wpw;F
japu; vLj;Jr; nry;yy;.
 cupa fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba rfy Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfis
Ak; (top) FOf; fye;JiuahlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
 mt; xt;nthU topfspYk; gazpf;Fk; Clfq;fs; %yk; cq;fSf;Fupa
fUkj;jpw;Fk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Clfj;ijf; FOf; fye;Jiuahlyp
D}lhfj; jPuk
; hdpf;fTk;.
 mt;topapidj; njupT nra;tjw;F cq;fsJ FO ftdj;jpy; nfhz;l
tplaq;fis xOq;FgLj;jTk;.
 ePqf
; s; njupTnra;j topapdJk; Clfj;jpdJk; etPd Nghf;Ffis mwpKfg;
gLj;jTk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; vjpu;fhyk; njhlu;ghf cq;fshy; Kd;itf;ff;
$ba vjpu;T $wy;fis FOf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;wpd; %yk;
jPuk
; hdpf;fTk;.
 khztu; Njbawpjy;fis tFg;gpw;F Kd;itf;fTk;.

 khztu; Njbawpjy;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L xt;nthU re;ju;gg
; q;fSf;fika
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwiaAk; Clfj;ijAk; fhuzq;fSld;
Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 njhopy;El;g tsu;rr
; p> $ba Nghl;b epiyik Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; Nghf;F
tuj;Jj; JiwahdJ tpiuthf tsu;rr ; paile;J tUfpdw
; J vdTk;> ,jw;fika
,j;Jiwapd; vjpu;fhyk; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gjidAk; khztu;fspdhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l vjpuT; $wiyj; Jizahff; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf;
fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
207
 nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdk;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba rpy tplaq;fs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd.
 nghUspd; jd;ik:
,q;F nghUspd; jd;ik> ePbj;j jd;ik> epiw ngWkhdk; Nghd;w fhuzp
fspd; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfk; NtWgLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
 fdpa vz;nzia vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhf vz;nza;j; jhq;fp gad;gLj;
jg;gLk;.
 kuf;Fw;wpfis vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhf nyhwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 kPd; tiffis vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhf Fsp&l;lg;gl;l nyhwp gad;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
 fpuak;:
Nghf;Ftuj;jpwf
; hf Vw;gLk; nkhj;jr; nryNt fpuak; vdg;gLk;. Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;
fpua mjpfupg;ghdJ nghUspd; tpiy mjpfupg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikt
jdhy; ,J njhlu;ghf kpfTk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 tpiuT / Ntfk;:
rpy tif %yg;nghUs;fisAk; KbTg; nghUs;fisAk; kpf tpiuthf
nfhz;L nry;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. gOjiljy;> juk; Fiwtiljy;
Nghd;wd mjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. tpiuthd Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; %yk; nrytplg;
gLk; fhyk; FiwtilAk;. ,jD}lhf Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffis
tpidj;jpwdhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:- kPd;> kuf;fwp> gotif> japu;
 J}uj;jpd; msT:
J}uj;jpd; mstpwN
; fw;gTk; njupT nra;ag;gLk; Clfk; NtWgLk;. J}uj;jpd;
mstpw;fika Clfj;jpw;fhfr; nrythFk; fpuaKk; NtWgLk;.
 nfhs;ssT / ,aysT:
Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfnkhd;wpd; %yk; xU jlitf;F nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gpuahzpfspd; msT nfhs;ssT MFk;. nfhz;L
nry;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; mstpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd Clfnkhd;iwj;
njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:- ghupasT nghUl; njhifapid nyhwpfs; %yKk; rpwpasT
nghUl; njhifapid tpepNahf thd; tz;b %yKk; nfhz;L
nry;yy;.
208
 ghJfhg;ghdJ vd:
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; nghUs; my;yJ gpuahzpfs; ghJfhg;ghfg; gazk;
KbAk; tiuapy; nfhz;L nry;yf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:-  mg;gps;> jpuhl;ir Nghd;w goq;fspd; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
eltbf;iffspd; NghJ Mfha tpkhdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 Nehahsu;fisf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf mk;gpAyd;];
thidg; gad;gLj;jy;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; Nghf;fhdJ tsu;rr

; paile;j tz;zk; fhzg;gLtJld;
mtw;wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 Ruq;f topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 Nkk;ghyq;fis mikj;jy;
 mjpNtfg; ngUe;njUg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
 kpd;rhu Nkhl;lhu; tz;bfisg; gad;gLj;jy;
 #oYf;Fj; jPqf
; piof;fhj tY tiffisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;
gly;.
cjhuzk;: kuf;fwp> gotiffspdhy; vz;nza; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
 jhd; ,Uf;Fkplj;jpw;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfj;ij nfhz;L tur; nra;a
Kbjy;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; vjpu;fhyj;ij vjpu;T $Wtjw;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 à;gu; Y}g; vz;zf;fU:
vjpuf
; hy cyfg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpdw ; ,t;ntz;zf;
fU gpupjj
; hdpa ehl;ltuhd ,gyhd; kapff
; pd; vz;zf;fUthFk;. gpujhdkhf
FohapD}lhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jpnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp nghUl;fs; kl;Lk;
jdpegu;fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLtu;.
 Walkcar, Air wheel:

fhy;eilahf gazpg;gjw;f;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfr; rpwpa
cgfuznkhd;whFk;.
209
Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.3: tzpfq; f spd; ntw; w pf; F f; fsQ; r pag; g Lj; j iyg;
gaDWjpahfg; gq;f spg;G r; nra;A k; Kiwapidj;
Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 fsQ;rparhiyia epWTk; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fisg;
gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTk;NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;
fisj; jdpj;jdpahf tpsf;Fthu;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTtjw;fhd jPuk
; hdj;ijr; rupahf vLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUs;fisf; ifahSk; Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 nghjpaplg;gl;l nghUs;f spd; jd;i kf;f ika fsQ;r parhiynahd;wpy;
ifahsg;gLk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUs;fis ,lkhw;Wk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.

 ghlrhiynahd;wpd; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lj;jpy; cgfuzq;fs;> ,urhadg;
nghUs;fs; vd;gitfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiw njhlu;gpy; khztu;fis
mwpar; nra;aTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ntspf;nfhzur; nra;aTk;.
 tpQQ ; hd Ma;T$lj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd cgfuzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d
vd
 gy;NtW ngau;fspy; Fwpgg; plg;gLk; ,urhadg; nghUs;fSk; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d.
mit ntt;Ntwhd ,lq;fspy; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
vd
 nghUl;fisf; ifahSk;NghJ mtw;wpdJ msT> ghJfhg;G> ,yFthf
kPs; vLf;ff;$ba trjp Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;
gLk; vd
 mNjNghd;W gy;NtW nghUs;fs; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; gy;NtW Kiwfspy;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itg;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ
vd
 fye;Jiuahlypy; ngw;w jfty;fspd; cjtpAld;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; vd;why;
vd;d vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
210
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTk;nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba gy;NtW
fhuzpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vdTk; fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTtjw;fhd
jPuk
; hdk; epWtdj;jpw;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjidAk; tpsf;fTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; nraw;
ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
 fPNo jug;gLk; ehd;F tifahd nghUs;fspy; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff;
fpilf;fg; ngWk; nghUs; tiff;fhd fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTtjw;
fhd Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; fUjTk;.
 gris
 kPd;
 kUe;J tif
 ney;
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w nghUs; tiff;Nfw;gj; Njitg;gLk; fsQ;rpa
rhiyapd; mstpidj; jPuk ; hdpf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTk;nghOJ cq;fsJ toq;Fdu; njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd gl;banyhd;iwj;
jahupf;fTk;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTk;nghOJ cq;fsJ Efu;thsu; njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jNtz;ba tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd gl;banyhd;iwj;
jahupf;fTk;.
 fsQ;rparhiyia epWTk;nghOJ cq;fsJ nghUspd; jd;ikf;fika
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba Vida tplaq;fs; vit?
 ePq;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;l tplaq;fSf;fika fsQ;rparhiy
nahd;iw epWTtjw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ vd ePq;fs; jPuk ; hdpj;j
,lj;jpidr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWtpajd; gpd;du; mf;fsQ;rparhiyapy; nghUs;

fspd; ifahSk; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> mJ Nkw;
nfhs;sNtz;ba Kiw njhlu;gpy; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 nghUs;fspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g
 nghUs;fspd; tiff;Nfw;g
 kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba trjpf;Nfw;g vDk; tifapy;
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUs;fspd; ,lkhw;wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ vdTk;>
mjd;NghJ ngUk;ghYk; mjw;fhd tpNrl cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; J
vdTk; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
211
 fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; (Ware Housing) vd;gJ nghUs;fspd; njhifnahd;iwf;
nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; my;yJ cw;gj;jp nra;j re;ju;gg
; j;jpypUe;J
mtw;iwr; re;ijg;gLj;Jk; tiuapy; my;yJ Efu;tpw;F vLf;Fk; tiuapy;
my;yJ tpepNahfpf;Fk; tiuapy; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;Fk; (Storing) my;yJ
ePz;l fhyk; itj;jpUf;Fk; (Preserving) nrad;KiwahFk;.
 ,r;nrad;KiwahdJ>
 ,Ug;Gf;fisg; fpilf;fg; ngWjy; (Receipt)
 ,dq;fhzy; (Idenffication)
 gupNrhjpj;jy; (Inspection)
 rupahdnjd cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; (Verification)
 juj;jpidg; NgZjy; (Ensuring Quality)
 ,Ug;G itj;jy; (Putting away)
 toq;Ftjw;fhf kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; (Retrieving for Issue) Nghd;wit
fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
 mNjNghd;W ,Ug;Gf;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gjw;F my;yJ ePzl ; fhyk;

itj;jpUg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lk; ~~fsQ;rparhiy|| (Ware House)
vdg;gLk;.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTk;nghOJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 fl;llj;jpd; js mikg;Gj; jpl;lKk; fl;llj;jpDs; efu;j;Jtjw;fhd
trjpfSk; (Layout and flow of the building)
fsQ;rparhiyf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fl;lq;fspd; rpwe;j js mikg;Gj; jpl;l
nkhd;W (thapy;fspd; miktplk;> gug;gsT> fsQ;rparhiyapd; cauk;>
nghUs;fisf; ifahsy; Kiw Nghd;wd.) mf;fl;llj;jpDs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
nraw; g hl; L f; fUkq; f s; (nghUs; f isf; fsQ; r pag; g Lj; j p itj; j y; >
tpepNahfpj;jy;> nghjp nra;jy;> tpguj; Jz;bly; Nghd;wd) njhlu;gpy; $ba
jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. nghUs;fisg; nghjp nra;J itj;jpUf;fNtz;ba
epuy;fspd; vz;zpfi ; f> nghUs;fis itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd ,ltrjpfs;> fsQ;rpa
rhiyapd; cauk; vd;git mf;fl;lj;jpDs; nghUs;fis nghjp nra;tjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fis ,lk;khw;Wtjw;fhd
cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ tiuaiwfis epuz ; apfF ; k;. mNjNghd;W
fsQ;rparhiyf;F %yg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ KbTg; nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjpYk;> mq;fpUe;J mg;nghUs;fis tpepNahfpg;gjpYk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
mjdhy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; fl;llj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; ,ltrjpfs; tzpfu;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; nghUs;fis ,lj;jpw;fplk; ,lk; khw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lj;jpw;F
mikag; nghUj;jkhdjh vd Mokhfg; guprPyid nra;jjd; gpd;du; fsQ;rpa
rhiyf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fl;llnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
212
 nghUs;fspd; gad;ghl;bd; Ntfj;jpw;Nfw;gf; fsQ;rparhiyapy; tsq;fis
xJf;Ftjw;fhd Njit (Zoning and intensity of use)
fsQ;rparhiyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghl;Lf; fUkq;fs; vt;tsT
tpiuthdJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;@ mjhtJ> fsQ;rpar; rhiyapDs; nghUs;
fisf; ifahsy;> kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; vd;gd ve;jsT Ntfj;jpy; ,lk;
ngWfpd;wJ vd;gJk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F vjpug
; hu;fF
; k; fUkq;fs;
vit vd;gJ njhlu;ghfTk; fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw epWTk; NghJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fsQ;rparhiyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fUkq;fshtd>
nghUl;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpr; rpwpJ fhyk; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gJk;
my;yJ vspa nghUj;Jjy; fUkq;fSf;fhff; Fiwe;j Ntfj;jpy; nghUs;fis
,lj;jpw;fplk; khw;Wk; fUkq;fs; vd;gitahFk;.
xU ehspd; 24 kzpjj; pahyq;fspYk; nraw;ghl;Lf; fUkq;fs; ,lk;ngWkhapd;

kpf Ntfkhfg; nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfpj;jy; vd;gtw;
wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd trjpfisf; nfhz;l ,lnkhd;iwj; njupT nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 gpujhd njhlu;GfSf;F mz;kpj;jnjd (Proximity to major linkages)

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jk; gpujhdkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw vJ vd;gij mjhtJ Gifapuj
topah> Mfha topah my;yJ ePu; topah vd;gjw;Nfw;g fsQ;rparhiyapd;
,lj;jpid xJf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjpNtf tPjpapypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F my;yJ tpkhd epiyaj;ij kpf

tpiuthf mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,lnkhd;wpy; fsQ;rpa
rhiyapid epWTjy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
mjw;F Nkyjpf Efu;NthUf;F kpf mz;kpj;jjhff; fsQ;rparhiy ,Uj;jy;

kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzpnahd;whf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ cw;gj;jpapy;
mjpfstpyhd gFjp Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;L vQ;rpaJ ehl;bDs; rpy;yiw
tpahghupfSf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gLkhapd; fsQ;rparhiyia epu;khzpg;gijj;
jPuk
; hdpf;Fk; nghOJ JiwKfk; mjpNtf tPjp> Gifapuj tPjp vd;gtw;iw
,yFthfr; nrd;wilaf;$ba ,lnkhd;wpidj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gz;lf; fpuaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplf;$basTg; gFjp Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryT cs;slf;fp

cs;sJ. mjdhy; %yg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ KbTg; nghUs;fspd; tpepNahfj;
jpw;fhf Vw;fNtz;ba nryTfs; njhlu;gpy; $Ljyhff; ftdk; nrYj;jp
fsQ;rparhiyapid epWtNtz;ba ,lj;jpidj; jPuk ; hdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
213
 gz;lq;fis ,lj;jpw;fplk; khw;wf;$ba jpwd; (Metenial Handling
Capabilities)
nghUs;fisf; ifahsy; trjp kw;Wk; nghUs;fis ,lj;jpw;fplk; khw;wf;$ba
cgfuzq;fis xOq;FKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd trjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpdw ; jh
vd;gijf; fsQ;rpahrhiynahd;iw epWTk; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tpla nkhd;whFk;. nghUs;fis ,lj;jpw;fplk; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
l;uf; tz;b> nghUs;fisj; J}f;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;J
tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW nghUs;fis Vw;Wjy; ,wf;Fjy; vd;gitfSf;fhd
NkilfSld; $ba ,lk; NjitahdjhFk;. nghUs;fspd; tpepNahfk; kpfTk;
Ntfkhf ,lk; ngWkhapd; ,t;thwhd trjpfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fspd; jd;ik

ntbnghUs;fs;> jPg;gw;wf;$ba rpwpa nghUs;fs;> czTg; nghUs;fs;> kpf
tpiuthfg; gOjilaf;$ba nghUs;fs;> ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; vd;wthW
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; jd;ikf;fika kpfg; nghUj;jkhd fsQ;rpa
rhiyapidj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F #oy; fhuzpfisAk; ftdj;jpy;
vLf;fg;gl;L Fwpgg
; pll
; ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjd;> kio vd;gitfspdhy; ghjpgG
; f;fs;
Vw;glhj tifapYk; nghUs;fspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gg; nghUj;jkhd fsQ;rparhiy
apidj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;:-
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUshdJ tpiuthfj; jPg;gw;wf;$ba nghUs;fsh
apd; ePu;epiy my;yJ ePupid tpiuthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba trjpfs;
mz;kpjj ; jhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wjh vd;gJ njhlu;ghff; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 fpuak;
njhopw;rhiyf;F %yg;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd fpuak;> KbTg;
nghUs;fis ,Wjp Efu;NthUf;F tpepNahfpf;Fk; tiuapy; Vw;gLk; Nghf;F
tuj;Jf; fl;lzk;> Vw;wp ,wf;fy; fl;lzk; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpl;Lg; Nghf;F
tuj;Jf; fpuak; Fiwthd ,lnkhd;wpy; fsQ;rparhiyapid epWTjy;
Ntz;Lk;;.
,jd;NghJ>
 fsQ;rpa thlif (Rent)
 gpiz itg;G (Security Deposit)
 fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; (Insurans Rates)
 thfdj; jupg;gplj;jpw;fhd trjpfs; nryTfs; (Parking Location Rateted
Expences) Nghd;w nryTfs; njhlu;gpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
214
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUs;fisf; ifahsNtz;ba KiwfSs; rpy
gpd;tUkhW:
 ,uhf;if Kiwapyhd nghjpaply; (Pallet Racking)
trjpahdJk; Fiwe;j tpiy nfhz;l nghUs;fisf; ifahSk; Kiw
nahd;whFk;. nghUs;fis ,lj;jpw;f plk; ,lk;khw;wf;$bathW gy
jl;Lf;fis (pallets) mikj;J rl;lfnkhd;wpd; Nky; xd;wpd; kPJ nghUs;
fis itj;J ifahsg;gLk; ve;jnthU re;ju;gg ; j;jpYk; ve;jnthU jl;bid
Ak; ,yFthf milaf;$ba ,aYik ,q;F fhzg;gLk;. egnuhUtu;
Vzpapd; cjtpAld; my;yJ Nghf; ypg;l; l;uf;F (Fork lift truck) fSf;F
my;yJ fsQ;rparhiyapd; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; nghUs;fis ,lg;gLj;jp
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; jl;ilr; nrd;wilaf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 nghUs;fisf; Ftpayhf itj;jy; (Bloch stacking / Brlk storage)

xNu tifahd nghUs;fis fsQ;rparhiyapd; jiuapd; Xu; ,lj;jpy;
xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf ,lg;gLj;jy; ,q;F ,lk;ngWk;. ,jw;fika gy;NtW
tifahd nghUs;fspd; tiffs; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Ftpayhf itf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy; nghUs;fis itg;gjw;F ,whf;if my;yJ
nghUs; Nghd;w ngsjPf Clfnkhd;W Njitg;glkhl;lhJ.
cjhuzk;: muprp> rPdp> kh> fUq;fy;> nrq;fy;
 ,lj;jpw;fplk; nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba jl;Lf;fSldhd rl;lfk; (Pallet

floor)
,g;nghjpaply; KiwahdJ jl;L Kiwfs; (Pallet Reckit) gytw;iwf;
nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l gPsp my;yJ ,lj;jpwf ; plk; nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba
ehlhf;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,q;F cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fis
fsQ;rpag;gLj;JtJk;> kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJk; xNu gf;fj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;
$bathW (Driv-in) my;yJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fspd; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
xU gf;fj;jpYk; mtw;iw kPs vLj;jy; vjpug ; g; f;fj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwf;$bathW
(Drine-thru) tpidg; nghUj;j KbAk;. ,k;Kiwapy; nghUs;fisf; ifahSk;
nghOJ nfhs;tdT kpf cau;thf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,ltrjpapid kpfr;
rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. fpuak; kpff; $ba Fsp&l;lg;gl;l fsQ;rpa
rhiyapy; nghUs;fisf; ifahs;tjw;F ,k;Kiw kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
nghUs;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpgG ; f;fisj; jtpug; g; jw;fhf ,lj;jpwf; plk; nfhz;L
nry;Yk; Ntfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cgfuzq;fisg; nghUj;j KbAk;.
 gpd;gf;fkhf efu;j;jf;$ba ,whf;iffs; (Push Back Racks)

jl;Lf;fSld; $ba ,whf;iffSf;Fr; rpwpa rpyY ; fs; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;
Kiwnahd;whFk;. rpyY
; fs; xd;wpdN
; ky; xd;W tuf;$bathW gy jl;Lfis
itj;jpUf;f KbAk;. xU jl;bd; kPJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUis itj;j gpd;du;
mjidg; gpd;gf;fkhf efu;j;jpa gpd;du; mjw;F Kd;dhy; cs;s mLj;j
jl;bid Kd;nfhz;L tuKbAk;.
215
 ,U jl;Lf;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; Nkyjpfj; jl;L (Mezzanine)
fsQ;rpa rhiyapYs;s ,U jl;Lf;fSf;fpilapy; Nkyjpfj; jl;nlhd;wpid
cUthf;fpg; nghUs;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; ,q;F ,lk;ngWk;. ,k; Nkyjpf
jl;bd; kPJ itg;gjw;F NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ve;jnthU KiwiaAk; gpd;gw;w
KbAk;. ,k;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp epuk
; hzpff
; g;gLk; fl;llq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
,l trjpfs; ,Uklq;fhFk;.
 jd;dpaf;fg; nghjp ,ly; Kiw (Automated storage systen)

fzpdpj; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ae;jpunkhd;wpd;
ifKiwapyhd fUtpnahd;wpd; (Mechanical Arm divice) fsQ;rparhiyapy;
nghUs;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; kpfr; rpwpa cUg;gbfis
kpf ,yFthf kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,k;Kiw kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
mNjNghd;W Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gj;jfq;fs;> vOJfUtpfs;> fsQ;rpag;
gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gjpT$lq;fspy; (Record room) cupa cUg;gbnahd;wpid
,lg;gLj;jp itg;gjw;Fk; kPs vLg;gjw;Fk; ,k;Kiw nghUj;jkhdJ.
 fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; nghUs;fis ,lj;jpw;fplk; khw;Wtjw;Fg; gy;NtW

cgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: Nghf;g; ypg;l; (fork Lift)
ngy;l; [f;]; (Pallet Jacks)
gz;lq;fis ,lk; khw;Wk; ehlh (Conve Yorbelts)
Nghf;g; ypg;l; wf;l; (fork lift tracs)
 xOq;FKiwahf nghUs;fisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk;> fsQ;rparhiyapy;
nghUs;fis ,lk; khw;Wtjw;Fk; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fSw; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 fsQ;rparhiy kpfr; rpwg;ghf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
fsQ;rparhiynahd;wpy; Kiwahfg; nghUs;fisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk;
nghUs;fis ,lkhw;wk; nra;tjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfshf ,Ug;gJ
kl;Lkd;wp fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fsQ;rparhiy rpwg;ghf
xOq;fikf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; Copau;fSf;Fk; fsQ;rparhiy cupik
ahsUf;Fk; fsQ;rparhiyapid guhkupgg ; Jk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tJk;
,yFthf mikAk;.
nghjp ,lg;gl;l cw;gj;jpfSk; Copau;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gly;.

Copau;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; nghOJ mtu;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
mr;RWj;jy;fs; Vw;glhnjd;gJld; fsQ;rparhiyapDs; rpf;fy; nfhz;l
epiyiknahd;Wk; Vw;glhjpUf;Fk;. mNjNghd;W Kiwahfg; nghUs;
fisf; ifahs;tjd; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fis mtw;wpw;Fupa
,lq;fspy; itf;fg;gLtjdhy; mt;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; ghJfhg;ghd
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
216
Vw;fNtz;ba rpukq;fSk; NeuKk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
tpNrlkhf nghUs;fisf; ifahSjy;> kPs vLj;jy; ifKiwapy;
(manual system) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapdhy; fsQ;rparhiyapidg; guhkupgg
;
jw;Ff; $Ljyhd fhynkLf;Fk; fUknkhd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk;
Kiwahd Kiwiknahd;iwg; gpd;gw;wpf; fsQ;rparhiyapy; nghUs;
fis ,lg;gLj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mg; nghUs;fisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk;
kPs vLg;gjw;Fk; Vw;gLk; rpukj;ijAk; Neuj;ijAk; Nrkpf;Fk;.
fsQ;rpa rhiyapd; ,ltrjpfs; kPjkhf ,Uj;jy;.

Kiwahf nghUs;fis mLf;fp itj;jpUj;jy; fhuzkhff; fsQ;rparhiy
Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; xU ,lj;jpd;
rfytw;iwAk; Ftpj;J itj;J fsQ;rparhiyapDs; neUf;fbapid
cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhfg; nghUs;fis xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf itf;fg;
gLtjd; fhuzkhf (Stack) fsQ;rpa rhiyapd; ,ltrjpfs; kPjg;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fsQ;rparhiynahd;iw Nkw;ghu;it nra;J gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupj;J toq;F tjw;F
MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 ePqf
; s; Nkw;ghu;it nra;j fsQ;rparhiyapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;
nghUs; tiffs;.
 mt;ntht;nthU nghUs; tiffSk; nghjpaplg;gl;bUe;j Kiw.
 nghUs;fisf; ifahs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cgfuzq;fSk;
nghUs;fSk;
 ifahSk; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;l tpNrl tplaq;fs;.
 nghUs;fis ,lkhw;wk; nra;fpd;w Kiw.
 nghUs;fis mq;Fkpq;Fk; ,lkhw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa cgfuzq;fs;.
 khztu;fspd; mwpf;ifapid tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L nghUj;jkhdthW
kjpg;gl
P ;bw;Fl;gLj;jTk;.
217
Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.4: Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; toq;fy; Nrit njhlu;ghf mwpe;J

nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritapidAk; toq;fy; NritapidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; toq;fy; NritapdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; toq;fy; NritapdJk; gad;ghl;bidg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.

 gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; njhopw;rhiynahd;iw kdjpy; Nknyor; nra;AkhW
khztu;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gplTk;.
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fye;Jiuahliyf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
 njhopw;rhiynahd;wpDs; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> mtw;wpw;Fj;
Njitahd %yg;nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> mtw;iw cupathW
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> ,wf;Fjy; Vw;Wjy; njhlu;ghd fUkq;fs;> KbTg; nghUs;
fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Nghd;w gy fUkq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd vd
 %yg; nghUs;fisj; njhopw;rhiyapDs; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; KbTg;
nghUs;fis re;ijfSf;F tpepNahfpg;gjw;Fk; gy;NtW thfdq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd
cjhuzk;: nyhwp> fz;Nldu;> buf; tz;b> if coT ,ae;jpuk;.
 %yg;nghUs;fSk; KbTg; nghUs;fSk; cupathW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wJ vd
 KbTg; nghUs;fs; re;ijf;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahf tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd
 %yg;nghUs;fisAk; KbTg; nghUs;fisAk; ,wf;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;Wtjw;Fk;>
,lkhw;wk; nra;tjw;Fk; kdpju;fSk; kw;Wk; mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cgfu
zq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd.
cjhuzk;: Fork lift, Cranie (RikJ}f;fp)> Pallet Jacks, Bins
 ,t;thW epWtdj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;>
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> tpepNahfpj;jy; Nghd;w xd;Wld; xd;W
,ize;j fUkq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mjw;Fupa
nrad;Kiwfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; toq;fy; NritfshFk; vdr; Rl;bf;
fhl;lTk;.
218
 Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; toq;fy; Nrit vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;jp mjw;Fupa fUkq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fTk;.
 nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 ehd;F cw;gj;jp tiffs; gpd;tUkhW jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gog;ghF ([hk;)
 Rj;jkhd FbePu; Nghj;jy;
 nrq;fy;
 gog;ghdk;
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w cw;gj;jp njhlu;gpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 cq;fsJ cw;gj;jpfF ; upa gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fisf; FOf; fye;Jiuahlypd;
%yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
 %yg;nghUs;fs; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; KiwAk; mjid vLj;J tUk;
KiwAk;
 cs;sPl;L> ntspaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw
 %yg;nghUs;> KbTg;nghUs; ,Ug;gpidf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; KiwAk;
mjw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk;
 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fisr; re;ijf;F tpepNahfk; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;
Jk; Clfq;fSk;> mt;tpepNahfk; ,lk;ngWk; KiwAk;.
 fopTg;nghUs;fis Kfhik nra;Ak; KiwAk; mtw;wpwF ; j; Njitahd
cgfuzq;fSk;
 cq;fspd; Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fuPjpahf KOtFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;gjw;F
Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
 khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; g; gpdt

; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; epWtdk; njhlu;gpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 gog;ghF cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;E
 rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyankhd;W
 eWkzg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;W
 thA Kftu; epWtdnkhd;W
 FOf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; gpdt ; Uk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
 %yg;nghUs;fs; / KbTg;nghUs;fis toq;Fdu;fsplkpUe;J nfhs;tdT
nra;tJ njhl;L cw;gj;jpff
; hd re;ju;gg
; k; tiuapy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
fUkq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;.
 cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw KbTw;w re;ju;g;gk; njhl;L ,Wjp cw;gj;jp
my;yJ ,Ug;G ,Wjp Efu;NthDf;F tpdpNahfpf;Fk; tiu Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba fUkq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpidAk; toq;fy; NritapidiaAk; Kiwahfj; jpl;lkpL
tjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj;
jahupf;fTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njly;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 epWtdnkhd;wpd; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; toq;fy; Nritapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>

mD$yq;fs; vd;git njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fTk;.
219
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; toq;fy; NritAk; (Logistics) vd;gJ Efu;Nthu; Njit>
tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tij cWjpgg ; Lj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; nghUs;fs; Nritfs;
kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gha;e;J nry;yy;>
mtw;wpd; njhlf;fr; re;ju;g;gj;jpypUe;J (Point of Origin) EfUk; re;ju;g;gk;
tiu (Point of Consunpteion) tpidj;jpwdhfTk; gaDWjp nfhz;ljhfTk;
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiwnahd;whFk;.
 epWtdnkhd;wpd; nraw;ghl;Lf; fUkq;fs; rPuhfg; gha;e;J nra;tjw;Fj; jpl;l
kplg;gl;l Nghf;Ftuj;J> toq;fy; Nrit Kiwiknahd;W kpf mj;jpahtrpa
khdjhFk;. mt;thwhd Nghf;Ftuj;J> toq;fy; Nrit Kiwiknahd;wpy;
mbg;gilr; nrad;Kiwfs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 %yg;nghUs; KbTg; nghUs;fis toq;FduplkpUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;tJ
njhl;L cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; re;ju;g;gk; tiuahd mirTfs; (In bound
Logistics)
 cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfs; g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpypUe;J cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs; my;yJ Fwpj;j jfty;fs; ,Wjp Efu;NthDf;F toq;Fk;
tiuapdhd mirTfs; (Out bound Logistics)
Vendor > Manufacturer > Wholosule > Retailer > Customer
tpw;gidahsu; > cw;gj;jpahsu; > nkhj;j > rpy;yiw > Efu;thsu;
(toq;Fdu;) tpahghup tpahghup
< Inbound Logistics > < Outbound Logistics >

 epWtdq;fspd; jd;ik> cw;gj;jpfspd; jd;ik vd;gtw;wpw;fika gy;NtWgl;l
tifapyhd Nghf;Ftuj;J> toq;fy; Nrit Kiwiknahd;W fhzg;glyhk;.
mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 rkepiw nfhz;l Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; toq;fy; Nrit Kiwik (Balanced
Logistics Systems) mjhtJ cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdk; tiuapy; gha;jYk;
cw;gj;jpapd; gpd;du; Efu;Nthu; tiu gha;jYk; rkkhd Kiwiknahd;whf
,Uf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: ne];Ny> Adpyptu; Nghd;w Efu;Tg; nghUs;fis toq;Fk; epWtdk;.
 cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw tiu gha;jy; rpf;fy; nfhz;l Kiwik
(Heavy in bound Logistics Systems)
cjhuzk;: tpkhdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs;
tpkhdq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; Nritfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW ehLfs; njhlu;GgLtjd; fhuzkhf nrad;
KiwahdJ rpf;fy; nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gpDk; tpkhdr; re;ijg;gLj;jy; nrad;
KiwahdJ me;jstpy; rpf;fy; nfhz;ljd;W.
 cw;gj;jpapd; gpd;du; ,Wjp Efu;Nthdpd; iff;Ff; fpilf;fr; nra;jy; rpf;fy;
epiwe;j KiwikahFk;. (Heavy out bound Logistics Systems)
cjhuzk;: ,urhadg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf; fk;gdp ,urhadg; nghUs;fisf;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> ,lg;gLj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gdtw;iw
kpf mtjhdj;Jld; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gjdhy; ,r;nrad;
KiwahdJ rpf;fy; nfhz;lJ.
220
 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fis tpepNahfpjj ; gpdd
; u; kPsg
; ha;rr
; Yld; $ba Kiwik.
(Reverse Logistics Systems)
cjhuzk;: thAj; jhq;fp (Gas Slinder) Nghd;w kPs xg;gilf;fg;
gLk; nghUs;fs;.
gad;gLj;jpa nghUis mfw;wy;.
#oYf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; toq;fy; NritapdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW
Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 rupahd cw;gj;jp> rupahd msT> rupahd Neuk;> rupahd ,lk;> rupahd
tpiyapy>; ey;y epiyikapy; rupahd Efu;NthUf;F tpepNahfpgg ; jw;F
Nghf;Ftuj;J toq;fy; NritAk; NjitahdjhFk;.
 ruf;fpUg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL> cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lkply;> nghUs; nfhs;tdT>
Nghf;Ftuj;J> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Nghd;w fUkq;fis Kiwahf Nkw;
nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; toq;fy; NritAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 rfy ,ae;jpuq;fSf;Fk; midj;J Ntiy kj;jpa epiyaq;fSf;Fk;
Njitahd nghUs;fs; Njitahd mstpy; Njitahd juj;Jld;
cupa Neuj;jpy; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wjh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; toq;fy; NritAk; NjitahdjhFk;.
 re;ij Ma;T> Njitfisj; jpl;lkply;> cw;gj;jp nra;tjh nfhs;tdT
nra;tjh (Make - or - by) vd;gijj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk;
fpuaj;ij ,opTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; jpl;lr; rq;fpypapidj; njhlu;r;rp
ahfg; Ngzpr; nry;tjw;Fk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; toq;fy; NritAk; Kf;fpa
khdJ.
 Nghf;Ftuj;jpdJk; toq;fy; NritapdJk; mD$yq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW
 cw;gj;jpfisj; njhlu;rr
; pahfr; re;ijf;F toq;Ftjd; %yk; Efu;Nthdpd;
ek;gpf;ifapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 rfy fUkq;fSk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy; tPzhjy;>
tpuakhjy; vd;gd Fiwtjd; fhuzkhff; fpuaj;ij ,opTgLj;jpf;
nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 Nghl;bf;Fr; rpwg;ghf Kfq;nfhLf;f Kbjy;.
 ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fs;> Copau;fs; rhu;ghf Vw;gLk; tPzhd nryTfis
,opTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 cw;gj;jpfspd; juj;jpidg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 %yg;n ghUs; Kfhikj;J tk; ey; y Kiwapy; ,lk; n gWtjdhy;
gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glhjpUj;jy;.
 njhopypy; jiytuhf cUthf Kbjy;.
221
Nju;r;rp 11.0: cw;gj;jpfis tpepNahfpg;gjw;F tpahghuk; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Ak; Kiwapidj; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.1: tpahghuj;jpd; tiffs; njhlu;gpy; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 tpahghuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tpahghuj;ij tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tpepNahfr; nray;Kiwfs; ,lk;ngWk; gy;NtW Kiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
 tpepNahfr; nray;Kiw ,lk;ngWk; gy;NtW Kiwfis tiuglj;jpd; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
 toq;fg;gl;l gz;lnkhd;wpd; tpepNahfr; nray;Kiwfis tiuglnkhd;wpd;
%yk; fhl;Lthu;.
 tpahghu ,il eLtu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tpahghu ,il eLtu;fspd; njhopw;ghLfis kjpg;ghu;.
 gpujpepjpfis mtu;fs; toq;Fk; NritfSf;fika tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
 tpahghuj;jpwF
; ,ileLtu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;>
gpujp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

 gpd;tUk; Kiwapyhd tpahghu tpsk;gunkhd;iw khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;
gLj;jTk;.
twf;fhnghy efu vy;iyapy;
rpwpa tPnlhd;Wld; $ba
10 gu;r; msT nfhz;l fhzpnahd;W
&gh 25 ,yl;rj;jpw;F tpw;gidf;Fz;L.
Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; ifkhw;wYk;
fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
tpguq;fSf;F:- 03522.....
222
 fhzpf;fhf Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; ifkhw;wYf;F my;yJ &gh 25 ,yl;rj;jpw;F
tpw;gid nra;a KbAk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 fhzpia Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpwF ; f; ifkhw;Wk; nghOJ ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;F
kpilNa mg;nghUs;fspd; cupik ifkhw;wg;gl;lhYk; $l nfhs;tdthsiu
Ak; tpwg; idahsiuAk; njspthf NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz KbahJ vdTk;>
fhR %y tpahghuj;jpd; NghJ tpw;gidahsu;fisAk; nfhs;tdthsu;fis
Ak; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz KbAk; vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf tpahghuj;jpw;Fg; nghUs; $Wq;fs;.

 tpahghukhdJ gy;NtW Kiwfspy; eilngWtJld; mt;thwhd tpahghuq;
fis tifg;gLj;jf;$ba Kiwapidg; gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L ml;ltizapd;
%yk; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 tpahghukhdJ cs;ehl;L uPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp ntspehl;L uPjpahfTk; ,lk;ngWk;
vd;gjid khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.
 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij rpy;yiw tpahghuk;> nkhj;j tpahghuk; vdTk;>
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk;> ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk; vdTk;
,lk; ngWfpd;wJ vd tpsf;fg;gLj;jTk;.

 cw;gj;jpfis Efu;Nthu; iff;F khw;wg;gLk; nray; KiwahdJ gy;NtW
Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jp ml;ltiznahd;iw
tiuaTk;.

 nghUj;jkhdthW khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ ; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 gpd;tUk; epWtdq;fSs; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; epWtdj;jpd;
kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 Nkhl;lhu; tz;b cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;W
 ntJg;gf cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;W
 muprp cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;W
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; epWtdj;jpdhy; tpepNahfpf;Fk; nghUs;
fis cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J Efu;Nthd; tiuapy; tpepNahfk; nra;af;$ba
Kiwia ,ad;wstpy; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sTk;.
 mg;nghUs;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; KiwfSs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ vd
ePu; jPuk
; hdpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;Fupa fhuzq;fisAk;
Fwpg;gpLf.
 mk;KiwfSf;fhf ,il eLtu;fs; njhlu;GgLtjhf ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fs;
ahu;?
 mt;tpil eLtu;fs; njhlu;GgLtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;>
gpujp$yq;fs; vit?
 cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+ut ; khdjhf KO tFg;gpwF ; k; Kd;itf;fr;
nra;tjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
223
 tpepNahfr; nray; Kiwfspy; njhlu;GgLk; ,il eLtu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;lTk;.

 tpahghuj;jpw;fhf ,il eLtu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

 nfhs;tdthsnuhUtUf;Fk; tpw;gidahsnuhUtUf;FkpilNa cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fspdJk; NritfspdJk; cupikiag; gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; nray;
KiwiaNa tpahghuk; vdg; nghUs; $w KbAk;.

 tpahghuj;ij tifg;gLj;jf;$ba Kiwiag; gpd;tUk; gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L
ml;ltizapd; %yk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
tpahghuk;
 
cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; ntspehl;L tpahghuk;
   
rpy;yiw tpahghuk; nkhj;j tpahghuk; Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk;
 ehnlhd;wpd; murpay; vy;iyf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk; tpahghuNk cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;

(Home Trade) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij ,U tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuk;
 rpy;yiw tpahghuk;
 ahNjDk; ehnlhd;wpypUe;J NtnwhU ehnlhd;WlNdh my;yJ gy ehL
fSlNdh ,lk;ngWk; tpahghuk; ntspehl;L tpahghuk; (Foreign Trade)
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij ,U tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk;
 ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk;

 Efu;Tg; nghUs;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; topKiwfs;:
(1) cw;gj;jpahsd;  Efu;Nthd;
(2) cw;gj;jpahsd;  rpy;yiw tpahghup  Efu;Nthd;
(3) cw;gj;jpahsd;  nkhj;j tpahghup  rpy;yiw tpahghup  Efu;Nthd;;
(4) cw;gj;jpahsd;  Kftu;fs;  nkhj;j tpahghup  rpy;yiw tpahghup  Efu;Nthd;
 cw;gj;jpahsdplkpUe;J Efu;thsd; tiuapy; nghUs; tpepNahfk; nra;Ak;
gy;NtW Kiwfs; cs;sd vd Nkw;fhl;ba ml;ltizapd; %yk; mwpe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
224
 cw;gj;jpahsd; Neubahf Efu;thsDf;Fg; nghUs; tpepNahfk; nra;tij
,yf;fk; 01 ,d; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (Neub tpepNahfk;)
 tpepNahfr; nray;Kiwfspd; NghJ ,il eLtu;fs; njhlu;GgLtij ,yf;fk;
(2)> (3)> (4) ,y; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; tpepNahfpf;Fk; topKiwapy; cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; Efu;ths
Df;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; tpepNahf topKiwf;fhf Ntz;bj; njhlu;GgLk;
gpuptpdu;fisNa ,il eLtu;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtu;.
 ,ileLtu;fshfg; gpd;tUk; gpuptpdu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
 nkhj;j tpahghup
 rpy;yiw tpahghup
 Kftu;fs;
 kPs; tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf cw;gj;jpfis tpw;gid nra;Nthu;fis nkhj;j
tpahghupfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 ,Wjp Efu;tpwf
; hf nghUs;fs; Nritfis tpwg
; id nra;fpdw
; tu;fis rpyy
; iw
tpahghupfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 vtNuDk; Kjy;tupd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; VNjDk; fUknkhd;wpy; <LgLgtu;fis
Kftu;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. Kftu;fs; jkJ Kjy;tu; rhu;ghfg; nghWg;Gf;fisg;
nghWg;Ngw;ghu;fs;. ,jw;fhf ,tUf;Fj; juFk; gzk; cupjJ; ilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 Kftu;fis mtu;fs; toq;Fk; NritfSf;fika gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;j
KbAk;.
Kftu;fs;
    
juF Kftu;fs; jufu;fs; fhuzpfu;fs; nghWg;G Kftu;fs; ; idahsu;fs;
Vy tpwg
 Kjy;tUf;F mD$ykhFk; tifapy; jdJ tpUg;gj;jpdbg;gilapy; Kjy;tu;

rhu;ghfg; nghUs;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tJ my;yJ tpw;gid nra;tij
Nkw;nfhz;L mjdbg;gilapy; juFg; gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; KftNu
juF Kftu;fshtu;.
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;F mikthff; nfhs;tdthsu;fisAk; tpwg ; idahsu;
fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jr; nra;J nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; ,lk;ngWtjw;Fj; Njit
ahd jfty;fis toq;fp rpyNtisfspy; tpwg ; idahsu;fsplkpUe;Jk; my;yJ
nfhs;tdthsu;fsplkpUe;Jk; my;yJ rpyNtisfspy; ,U gpuptpdu;fsplkpUe;
Jk; jdJ Nritapd; nghUl;Lj; juFf; fl;lzj;ijg; ngWk; Kftu;fNs
jufu;fshtu;.
 Kjy;tupd; rhu;ghfg; nghUs;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; nghOJ my;yJ
tpw;gid nra;Ak; nghOJ mf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisj; jdJ jdpg;gl;l
ngaupy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kftu;fNs fhuzp Mtu;.
225
 Kjy;tu; rhu;gpy; nghUs;fisf; flDf;F tpw;gid nra;J mf;fld; gzj;
njhiff;Fupa gpuptpdu;fsplkpUe;J mg;gzj;ij mwtpl;Lf; nfhLg;gjw;fhfg;
nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; Kftu;fs; nghWg;G Kftu;fs; vdg;gLtu;. ,tu;fSf;Fr;
rhjhuz juFg; gzj;njhifAld; Nkyjpfkhfg; nghWg;Gj; juFg; gzKk;
toq;fg;gLk;.
 tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs; rhu;ghf gfpuq;fkhf tha;nkhop %yk;
$wg;gLk; tpiyfspy; $ba tpiyiaf; NfhUk; nfhs;tdthsDf;F Kjy;tupd;
nghUs;fis tpw;gid nra;J me;eltbf;iffisj; njhlu;GgLj;Jfpd;w
gpuptpdu;fis Vy tpw;gidahsu; vd miof;fg;gLtu;. ,jw;fhf mtUf;F
Vyf; fl;lzk; cupj;Jilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

 tpahghuj;jpw;fhf ,il eLtu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk;
mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
mD$yq;fs;:
 gy;NtW cw;gj;jpahsu;fspdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs;
Nritfisg; ngw;W cupa Ntisfspy; ,yFthd ,lj;jpy;
Efu;thsu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; eltbf;if ,lk; ngWk;.
 Gjpa nghUs;fs; Nritfis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ ,yFthdJ.
 re;ijj; jfty;fis cupa gpuptpdu;fSf;F ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;ff; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ,yFthfg; gupkhw;Wr; nray;Kiw ,lk;ngWk;.
gpujp$yq;fs;:
 re;ijapy; Njitaw;w nghUs; jl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;.
 nghUs;fspd; tpiy kl;lq;fs; cau;tilaf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
226
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.2: rpy;yiw tpahghuk; eilngWk; Kiwapidj; Njb

awpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghupapdhy; cw;gj;jpahsDf;Fk; nkhj;j tpahghupf;Fk; Efu;
NthDf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; Nritfis ntt;Ntwhf gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

 rpy;yiw tpahghuk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fpr; rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd;
gz;Gfis tpsf;fTk;.

 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rpyy
; iw tpahghu epiyaq;fspd; ngau;fs; rpytw;iw khztu;
fsplk; Nfl;L> mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf;
Nfl;lwpe;J fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw newpg;gLj;jTk;.
 mt;tpahghu epiyaq;fis rpyy; iw tpahghu epiyaq;fshfg; ngaupLtjw;
fhd fhuzq;fs;.
 mt;tpahghu epiyaq;fspdhy; Nritfs; toq;fg;gLk; gpuptpdu;fs;.
 me;j xt;nthU gpuptpdUf;Fk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; Nritfs;
 rpy;yiw tpahghupapdhy; cw;gj;jpahsUf;Fk; nkhj;j tpahghupf;Fk; Efu;
NthUf;Fk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; Nritfisj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; tpsf;fTk;.

 ,Wjp Efu;NthDf;Fg; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;jy; rpy;yiw tpahghuk;
vdg;gLtJld; mt;thW tpw;gid nra;gtu; rpy;yiw tpahghup vdg;gLthu;.
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhfg; nghUl;fs; my;yJ Nritfis tpw;gid nra;jy;.
 gy;NtW tifahd nghUl;fis tpw;gidf;fhf Kd;itj;jy;.
 Efu;NthUf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis Njitahd mstpy; Njitahd
,lj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; j;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,Uj;jy;.
227
 ngUk;ghYk; fld; mbg;gilapYk; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;jy;.
 Efu;Nthu;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpidg; Ngzpr; nra;jy;.

rpy;yiw tpahghupapdhy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; Nritfs;:
 cw;gj;jpahsUf;F
 cw;gj;jpahsupd; Gjpa cw;gj;jpfis Efu;NthUf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;.
 fhl;rpg; gjhiffs; my;yJ gjhijfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; khjpupfis
tpepNahfpjj
; y; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; nghUs; tpwg
; id Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjTjy;.
 nghUs; tpwg
; idapd; gpd;du; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; njhlu;gpyhd Efu;Nthu;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Njitahd Vida jfty;fisAk; cw;gj;jpahsUf;F
toq;Fjy;.
 nkhj;j tpahghupf;F
 nkhj;j tpahghup fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpa nghUl;fis Efu;NthUf;F tpep
Nahfpj;jy;.
 Efu;Nthupd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs; (Rit> Ritapdi
; k) re;ij njhlu;gpyhd
jfty;fs; vd;gdtw;iw toq;Fjy;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuf; fUkq;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
 Efu;NthUf;F
 Njitahd nghUl;fisj; Njitahd mstpy; Njitahd Neuj;jpw;F
toq;Fjy;.
 fld; mbg;gilapYk; nghUl;fis toq;fy;.
 Gjpa nghUl;f is mwpKfg;gLj;jYk;> Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
Njitahd MNyhridfis toq;fYk;.
 Efu;Nthupd; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gy;NtW tifahd nghUl;fis toq;fy;.
 Efu;NthUf;Fg; gy;NtW trjpfis toq;fy;.
(cjhuzk;:- Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;> ,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiwfs;.)
 rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; etPd Nghf;Ffs;

 rpwg;G tpahghu epiyaq;fs; (Rg;gu; khu;fl;) ehLg+uhTk; gutyile;J
tUjy;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; efuq;fspy; khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j
rpwg;G tpahghu epiyaq;fs;> fpuhkg; gFjpfspYk; gutyile;jpUj;jy;.
 Gjpa njhopy; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyaq;fs;
nraw;gly;.
cjhuzk;:- tpiyaply;
epuy; FwpaPl;L Kiw - (Bar Code)
msit epWit Kiwfs; - ,yj;jpudpay; mstPL (Digital Scale)
nfhLg;gdT Kiwfs; - fld; ml;il / tuT ml;ilg; gad;ghL
Nkw;ghu;it Kiwfs; - C.C.T.V Camera Kiw
228
 jpwe;jpUf;Fk; fhy mstpid ePbj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- ,uT Neuq;fspYk; tpLKiw ehl;fspYk; ve;jnthU re;ju;gg
; j;jp
Yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a Kbjy;.
 Nrit toq;fYld; rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyaq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- yhg; vupnghUs; epug;G epiyaq;fSld; rpwg;G tpahghu epiyaq;
fSk; Commercial mini bank tq;fpAld; Gargills rpwg;G tpahghu
epiyaq;fSk; fhzg;gly;.
 tpw;gidafq;fsw;w rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fs; (Non Store Retailing)
nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F Efu;Nthu; tpahghu epiyaq;fSf;Fr;
nry;yhJ njhiyNgrp> njhiyefy; (gf;];)> ,izak;> fl;nyhf; vd;g
tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd fl;lisfis ,l;L mjidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,J ,U Kiwfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
 ,iza tiyaikg;gpD}lhf ,lk;ngWfpd;w ,yj;jpudpay; rpy;yiw
tpahghuk; (Online Retailing)
 Neu; re;ijg;gLj;jy; - Direct marketing
,il eLtu;fspdw
; p cw;gj;jpfis Neubahf Efu;Nthu; iff;Ff; fpilf;fr;
nra;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- Neubj;jghy; - Direct mail
fl;nyhf; - Catalogues
njhiyNgrp> njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk;
 jd;dpaf;f tpw;gid ,ae;jpuk;
cjhuzk;:- ,dpg;Gg; gz;lq;fs;> nrhf;yl;> Fspu;ghdq;fs;
 Gjpa Kfhikj;Jt El;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
229
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.3: nkhj;j tpahghuk; eilngWk; Kiwapidj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s nkhj;j tpahghu epiyaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 nkhj;j tpahghupapdhy; cw;gj;jpahsDf;Fk; rpyy
; iw tpahghupf;Fk; fpilf;fg;
ngWk; Nritfis ntt;Ntwhff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

 nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;fp mjd; gz;Gfisj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

 cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpYs;s nkhj;j tpahghu epiyaq;fspd; ngau; gl;ba
nyhd;iw fUk;gyifapy; vOjTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;
gLkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw newpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 mt;tpw;gidafq;fs; nkhj;j tpahghu tpw;gidafq;fs; vdf; $wg;gLtjw;
fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
 mt;tpw;gidafq;fspdhy; Nritfs; toq;fg;gLk; gputpdu;fs;.
 mt; xt;nthU gpuptpdu;fSf;Fk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Nritfs;.

 kPs; tpwg
; id nra;Ak; vz;zj;jpy; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; nfhs;tdthsu;fSf;F
cw;gj;jpfis tpw;gid nra;jYk;> kPs; tpw;gid nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; cw;gj;jp
fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; nkhj;j tpahghuk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. mt;thW
cw;gj;jpfis tpw;gid nra;gtu; nkhj;j tpahghup vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpy; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fhz KbAk;.
 kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fpy; nghUs; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
 nkhj;jkhfg; nghUs;fs; tpw;gid nra;jy;.
 tpahghuf; fopTfis toq;fy;.
 nkhj;jkhfg; nghUs;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jy;.
 tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; fUkq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 re;ij njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfs; nra;jy;.
 nghUs;fis cupa ,lq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W xg;gilj;jy;.

230
nkhj;j tpahghupapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w Nritfs;:
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F
 cw;gj;jpahsupd; cw;gj;jpfis nkhj;jkhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 re;ij njhlu;ghd jfty;fis toq;fy;.
 cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- epjp trjpfs;> %yg;nghUs;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
rpy;yiw tpahghupf;F
 nghUs;fis nkhj;jkhf toq;fy;.
 rpyy
; iw tpwg
; idafq;fSf;Fg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nrd;W xg;gilj;jy;.
 fld; trjpfis toq;fy;.
 nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;jy;> nghjp nra;jy;> fyit nra;jy; Nghd;w
Nritfspy; <Lgly;.
231
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.4: ntspehl;L tpahghuk; kw;Wk; mjDld; ,ize;j

mD$yq;fs;> jilfs; gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;F mbg;gilahaike;j fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; tiffis ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; ed;ikfis kjpg;ghu;.
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jfk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpw;Ff; fhzg;gLk; jilfisr; Rq;ftup kw;Wk; Rq;ftup
mw;w jilfs; vDk; tifapy; tifg;gLj;jp> mtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

 khztu;fs; fhiy JapnyOe;jJ njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyf;F tUk;tiuapy;
gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fs; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsplk; Nfl;L> mg;nghUl;fspd;
gl;baiy fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
 fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nghUl;fis cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L cw;gj;jpfs;
vDk; tifapy; ,U gFjpfshfg; gpupg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
 ntspehl;L cw;gj;jpfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nghUl;fs; ,e;ehl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L
tug;gl;l ehLfs; njhlu;ghff; Nfl;lwpe;J ehnlhd;wpw;Fj; Njitahd rfy
nghUl;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ve;j ehl;bw;Fk; Kbahj fhupak; vd;gjdhy;
ntspehLfSld; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; ntspehl;L tpahghuk; vd;why; vd;d
vd;gij tpsf;fp ntspehl;L tpahghuk; cUthttjw;F mbg;gilahaike;j
fhuzpfis cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; tpsf;fTk;.

 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; tiffis ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;fTk;.
232
mtu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
 ~~ehnlhd;wpw;F ntspehl;L tpahghuk; Njit|| vDk; jiyg;gpwF
; r; rhu;ghf
Tk; vjpuhfTk; tplaq;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F tpthjnkhd;iw xOq;F
gLj;jTk;.
 tpthjj;Jld; njhlu;Gglhj khztu;fisf; nfhz;L tpthjj;jpd;NghJ
ntspehl;L tpahghuk; ehnlhd;wpwF
; mtrpakhdJ vd;gjw;Fr; rhu;ghfTk;>
vjpuhfTk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fspd; Fwpg;nghd;iw
vLf;fr; nra;aTk;.
 Fwpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; cjtpAld; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw newpg;gLj;jp
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; ed;ikfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lTk;.
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jfk; vd;gij tpsf;fp Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpw;Fs;s jilfisr;

Rq;ftup kw;Wk; Rq;ftupaw;w jilfs; vd tifg;gLj;jp mtw;iw tpsf;fTk;.

 xU ehL ,d;ndhU ehl;Lld; my;yJ ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w tpahghuk;
ntspehl;L tpahghukhFk;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;s rpy fhuzpfs;:
 ,aw;if tsq;fs; gfpug;gl;Ls;s KiwfspYs;s Kuz;ghLfs;:
xt;nthU ehl;Lf;Fk; rpy ,aw;if tsq;fs; cupikAila Kiwfspd;
Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf mjDld; njhlu;Gila cw;gj;jpfis me;ehLfspdhy;
khj;jpuNk Nkw;nfhs;s KbAkhapUj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:- kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfs; - fdpa vz;nza;
njd; Mgpupf;fh - jq;fk;
,yq;if - Njapiy
 xg;gPl;L uPjpahf fpua ed;ikfs;:
ehnlhd;W nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tJld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Fiwe;j
fpuaj;jpy; mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;af;$bajhf ,Ug;gpd; mg;nghUl;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;J Vw;Wkjp nra;aNtz;Lk; vdTk;> mg;nghUis cw;gj;jp
nra;tJld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Fiwe;j fpuaj;jpy; mtw;iw ,wf;Fkjp nra;af;
$bajhf ,Ug;gpd; mg;nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;gJk;
,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
cjhuzk;:- ,yq;if Mil cw;gj;jp.
233
 rpy cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; njhlu;gpy; rpy ehLfspy; rl;luPjpahd jd;dhjpff
; k;
fhzg;gly; (Patant & copy wright)
rpy cw;gj;jpfSf;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gk; rfy
ehLfsplKk; fhzg;glhikAk; my;yJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jYk;.
cjhuzk;:- NuhNgh njhopy;El;gk;
Nkhl;lhu; thfdj; njhopy;El;gk;
 gz;l Nkk;ghL:
jdJ cw;gj;jpfis cyf ehLfs; g+uhTk; re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW
Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
 tpahghuj; jilfs; Fiwtiljy;:

tpahghuj;jpwF
; j; jilahff; fhzg;gl;l jPui
; t tup kw;Wk; jPui
; t tupay;yhj
ngUk;ghyhd jilfs; mfw;wg;gl;lik.

 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; tiffspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk; - Imports
 Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; - Exports
 kPs; Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; - Re Exports
 ,wf;fpNaw;wy; tpahghuk; - Entrepot Trade
 VjhtJ ehnlhd;W ntspehnlhd;wpypUe;J my;yJ ehLfspypUe;J nghUl;fs;>

Nritfisf; nfhz;L tUjy; ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- ag;ghdpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fisf; nfhz;L
tUjy;.
 VjhtJ ehnlhd;W ,d;ndhU ehl;bw;F my;yJ ehLfSf;Fg; nghUl;fs;
Nritfis mDg;Gjy; Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- ,yq;if <uhf;fpw;Fj; Njapiy mDg;Gjy;.
 VjhtJ ehnlhd;wpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis ehl;bDs;
nfhz;L te;J mtw;wpy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;J my;yJ nra;ahJ kPsTk;
NtnwhU ehl;bw;F my;yJ ehLfSf;F mDg;Gjy; kPs; Vw;Wkjp tpahghuk;
vdg;gLk;. ,q;F ,wf;Fkjpapd;NghJ nrYj;jpa jPu;it tupapid Vw;Wkjpapd;
NghJ kPs mwtpl;Lf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:- Jzpfs; kw;Wk; Vida nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;J Mil
fis cw;gj;jp nra;J NtW ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jy;.
 ntspehl;bypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis ehl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L
tuhJ> JiwKfj;jpDs; kPs xOq;FgLj;jp my;yJ xOq;FgLj;jhky; kPs
,d;ndhU ehl;bw;F my;yJ ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jy;. ,wf;fp Vw;wy;
tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;. ,r;nrad;KiwahdJ JiwKfj;jpDs; ,lk; ngWtjdhy;
jPui
; t tup mwtplg;glkhl;lhJ.
cjhuzk;:- ,yq;if ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Njapiyapid ,wf;Fkjp nra;J
<uhdpw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jy;.
234

 ehnlhd;W ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLtjd; %yk; gpd;tUk; mD$yq;
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 kpif cw;gj;jpfis Vw;Wkjp nra;a Kbjy;.
 ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbahj cw;gj;jpfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Kbjy;.
 ntspehl;L ehzakhw;wpid cioj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 nghUshjhu uPjpahd rpf;fdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuk; fhuzkhf cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijf;F khj;jpkd;wp
cyfshtpa (g+Nfhs) re;ijf;Fk; cw;gj;jpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,t;thW
tpupthd re;ijf;Fg; ghupa mstpy; cw;gj;jpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhy;
nghUshjhu uPjpahd rpf;fdq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ru;tNjr tpahghuj; njhlu;Gfs;> ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;Gf;fs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
 Gjpa njhopy; El;g kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj; Nju;r;rpfs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
 nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Jizahf mikjy;.
cjhuzk;:-  Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; cUthjy;.
 kf;fspd; tho;f;if kl;;lk; cau;tiljy;.
 tsq;fspd; cr;r ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 ve;jtpjj; jilfSkpd;wp gy;NtW gpuptpdu;fSk; Rje;jpukhfg; nghUs;
,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; fhzg;gly; Rje;jpu
tu;j;jfk; vdg;gLk;.
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpw;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;w jilfs; jPu;it tup kw;Wk; jPu;it
tupaw;w jilfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 ehLfSf;fpilapyhd tpahghuj;jpy; jPui
; t tupapid tpjpj;jy; Rje;jpu
tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd jilnahd;whFk;.
 jPui
; t tup mwtPLfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Rje;jpu tu;j;jfj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; Vida jilfs; jPui
; t my;yhj jilfs; vdf; $wg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:-
,wf;Fkjpapid kl;Lg;gLj;jy; / Nfhl;lh Kiw
Vw;Wkjpapid kl;Lg;gLj;jy; / Nfhl;lh Kiw
,wf;Fkjp / Vw;Wkjpapidj; jil nra;jy;.
tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs;
fLikahd ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpf; nfhs;if
235
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.5: Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd Maj;jj;ij
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfis tpgupg;ghu;.
 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila epWtdq;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfspd; xt;nthU re;ju;gg
; q;fspdN
; ghJk; njhlu;G
gLk; epWtdq;fs;> mitfspdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fs;> mt;thtzq;
fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;w jfty;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; NghJ gzf; nfhLg;gdT ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapid
ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.

 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfis tpgupf;fTk;.

 Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fSk;> mt;
thtzq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mtw;iw toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w
tpguq;fis njspTgLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.

gpujpepjp xUtu; %yNk Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
mNdfkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. MapDk; Neubahff; fl;lis ,lg;gl;L nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fs; ,lk;ngWk; re;ju;gg; q;fisAk; fhz KbAk;. vt;thwhd Kiwfisg;
gpdg
; w;wg;gl;L te;jhYk; $l Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfspdN ; ghJ gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; Mtzq;fspy; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSk; ,lk;ngwhjpUf;Fk;.
 ,wf;Fkjp eilKiwfs;:
 ntspehl;L toq;Fdu; xUtiuj; njupT nra;jy;.
toq;Fdu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis tzpff; fofq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>
ntspaPLfs;> ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtuhyaq;fs;> tpahghuf; fz;fhl;rpfs;>
tiyg; gpd;dy;fs;> ,izaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfg; ngw;Wg; nghUj;jkhd
ntspehl;L toq;FdnuhUtiuj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
236
 tpiy tprhuizf; fbjk; mDg;Gjy;.
toq;FdnuhUtiuj; njupT nra;jjd; gpdd ; u; jhd; ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;fhff;
fUjg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; tpiy kl;lq;fis tprhuiz nra;ag;gLk;. ,jw;fhf
tpiy tprhuiznahd;iwj; njupT nra;j toq;FdUf;F mDg;gg;gLk;.
 tpiyf;$w;Wg; ngwy;.
toq;Fdu; (Vw;Wkjpahsu;) nghUs;fis toq;Ftjw;F cld;gl;l tpiy
kl;lq;fs;> epge;jidfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf tpiy tprhuidf;Fg;
gjpyhf tpiyf; $w;nwhd;W ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F mDg;gg;gLk;.
 ,wf;Fkjp mDkjpg; gj;jpunkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

rpy tif cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak;nghOJ ,wf;Fkjp
mDkjpg;gj;jpunkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J ,wf;Fkjp
Vw;Wkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,t;tDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;ij ,wf;Fkjp Vw;wkjpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njitahd
nghUs;fs; jPuk; hdpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gLk;.
 fl;lis (,d;nld;l;) rku;g;gpj;jy;.

toq;Fdupd; tpiyf;$w;Wf;F ,wf;Fkjpahsu; cld;gLkhf ,Ug;gpd;>
fl;lisnahd;iwr; rku;gg
; pj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fl;lisia ,d;nld;l; vDk;
ngau; nfhz;Lk; miof;fg;gLk;.
 Vw;WkjpahsUf;Ff; nfhLg;gdT njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;S

jy;.
mNdfkhf Vw;WkjpahsUf;fhd nfhLg;gdit Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf ehzaf;
fbjq;fSk; fldl;ilfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

cupa nfhLg;gdTfisr; nrYj;jpajd; gpd;du; Fwpj;j Mtzq;fisr;
rku;g;gpj;Jg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
ftdpf;fTk;:- Njitahd Mtzq;fs; gw;wpa tpguk; gpd;du; tpsf;fg;gLk;.
 Vw;Wkjp eilKiwfs;:
 Vw;WkjpahsnuhUtuhfg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sy;.
 ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;tdthsiu mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
 Njitg;gLkhapd; Vw;Wkjp mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 ,wf;FkjpahsuplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l tpiy tprhuizf;Fj; Jyq;fshf
tpiyf; $w;nwhd;iw mDg;Gjy;.
 ,wf;FkjpahsuplkpUe;J ,d;nlz;ilg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
 fg;gYf;Fg; nghUl;njhFjpia Vw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd ,lj;ij xJf;fpf;
nfhs;sYk; Njitahd Mtzq;fisj; jahupj;jYk;.
237
 fg;gYf;Fg; nghUs;fis Vw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; nghUs;fisg;
nghjp nra;jy;.
 Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;njhFjpiaf; fhg;GWjp nra;jy;.
 nghUs;fisf; fg;gypy; Vw;wg;gl;L Rikr;rPl;L / thu; ehkj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
 gzj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fupa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

 ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp tpahghuj;jpd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mtzq;fisg;
gpd;tUkhW RUf;fkhf tpsf;f KbAk;.
 ,wf;Fkjp / Vw;Wkjp mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;
,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjpfspd;NghJ mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; Njitg;gLk; nghUs;fis
,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; gpurpj;jg;gLj;jg;
gLk;. ,jw;fhfj; njhlu;GgLk; rpy epWtdq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplL ; f;
fhl;l KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:-
Njapiy - ,yq;ifj; Njapiyr; rig
,uj;jpdf; fw;fSk;
jq;f Mguzq;fSk; - ,uj;jpdf;fy; jq;f Mguz mjpfhu rig
kuf;fup Ritr;ruf;F
ntw;wpiy - ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;
 fl;lis / ,d;nld;l; (Indent / Order)

toq;Fdupd; tpiyf;$w;wpw;fika mtuplkpUe;J nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F ,wf;FkjpahsnuhUtu; cld;gLthuhapd; ,jw;fhff; fl;lis
nahd;W cupa toq;FdUf;F mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd;
NghJ ,f;fl;lisia ,d;nld;l; vd;w ngau; nfhz;L miof;fg;gLk;.
,f;fl;lis ,liy tiyaikg;gpD}lhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,wf;Fkjp
ahsnuhUtu; %yk; ntspehl;L toq;FdnuhUtUf;F mDg;gg;gLk;
,f;fl;lisapy; ,wf;FkjpahsUf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd
tpguq;fs;> tpiy> fg;gypy; Vw;Wtjw;Fupa jfty;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
 Rikr;rPl;L / thu;ehkk; (Bill of Lading / B/L)

fg;gy; fk;gdpapd; rhu;ghf fg;gy; jiytd; my;yJ mtuJ gpujpepjpnahUtu;
%yk; Vw;WkjpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk;. Rikr;rPl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nghUs;
njhFjp fg;gypdhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;lJ vdTk;> mg;nghUs;fs; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;l ehl;bd; KiwKfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W xg;gilf;fg;gLk; vdTk;
fg;gy; fk;gdpahdJ cld;ghL nra;Ak;. Vw;Wkjpahsu; %yk; ,wf;Fkjp
ahsUf;F ,jd; gpujpnahd;W mDg;gg;gLtJld; nghUs;fNshL fg;gy;
Fwpgg
; pll
; JiwKfj;ij mile;jTld; ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F mg;nghUs;fspd;
cupikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J mtrpakhd Mtznkhd;whFk;.
nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguk;> Vw;Wkjpahsupd; ngau;> ,wf;Fkjpahsupd;
ngau;> fg;gypd; ngau;> nghUs;fs; mDg;gg;gLk; JiwKfk; Nghd;w tpguq;fs;
,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.
238
 gl;bay; / ,d;nthap]; (Invoice)
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fsJ tpguq;fs;> tpiykl;lq;fs;> nfhLg;gdTf;
fhd epge;jidfs;> gazg; ghij epuhfupg;gjw;fhd epge;jidfs; Nghd;w
tpguq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;l Mtznkhd;whFk;.
 cw;gj;jp ehl;Lr; rhd;wpjo; / Njhw;Wtha;r; rhd;wpjo; (Letter of Origin)

fg;gypNyw;wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; ehl;bNy cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd cWjpgg; Lj;jg;gl;L Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tzpff; fofj;jpd;
%yk; my;yJ mur epWtdnkhd;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Mtznkhd;whFk;.
tupr; rYiffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfNt ,t;thtzk; Kf;fpakhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:- ,yq;ifapypUe;J INuhg;gpar; rq;f ehLfSf;Fg; nghUs;fis
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; nghOJ mg;nghUs; ,yq;ifapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd cw;gj;jp ehl;Lr; rhd;wpjo; KjyPlL
; r;
rigapd; %yNkh my;yJ ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd; %yNkh
toq;fg;gLk;.
 ehzaf; fbjk; (Letter of Credit [L/C])

Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tpahghuj;jpd;NghJ Vw;WkjpahsUf;Fg; gzk; nrYj;J
tjw;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfnkhd;whFk;. ,wf;Fkjp
ahsupd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fika ,wf;Fkjpahsupd; rhu;ghf mtuJ tq;fpapd;
%yk; Vw;Wkjpahsupd; tq;fpf;F ehzaf; fbjk; toq;fg;gLk;. Vw;Wkjpahs
nuhUtu; %yk; ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fSf;Fg;
gzk; nrYj;Jtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,wf;Fkjpahsdpd; tq;fpapdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; Mtzj;ijNa ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,wf;Fkjpf; Fwpg;G (Import entry)

,wf;Fkjpahsu; rhu;ghf JiwKfj;jpwF
; f; fpilf;fg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nghUs;fs;
njhlu;ghd cupikia ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,wf;Fkjpahsu; my;yJ
mtuJ gpujpepjpapd; %yk; Rq; f j;j pw; F r; rku; g ;g pf;f g; g l Ntz; b a
Mtzj;ijNa ,J Fwpf;fpdw ; J. Rikr;rlP L
; my;yJ ,d;nthap]pd; cjtp
nfhz;L ,t;thtzk; jahupf;fg;gLk;.
 Vw;Wkjpf; Fwpg;G (Export entry)

Vw;Wkjpahsu; Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghf
KOikahd tpguq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wkjpahsuhy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak;
ehl;bd; Rq;fj;jpw;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; Mtzj;ijNa ,J Fwpf;Fk;.
 fhg;GWjpg; gj;jpuk; (Insurance Certificate)

Vw;Wkjpf;Fupa nghUs; njhFjpapid Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak;nghOJ mg;nghUs;
njhFjpiaf; fhg;GWjp nra;J Vw;Wkjpahsu; my;yJ ,wf;Fkjpahsu;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fhg;GWjpg; gj;jpuj;ijNa ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. tpw;gid
239
xg;ge;jj;jpw;fika fhg;GWjpg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Vw;Wkjpahsu;
my;yJ ,wf;Fkjpahsupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
 fg;gy; jsr;rPl;L (Warfingers Receipt)

Rq;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUs;fs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; mg;nghUs;fs; nghWg;
Ngw;fg;gl;lJ vdf; Fwpg;gplL
; Rq;fj;jpdhy; Vw;WkjpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk;
MtzkhFk;.
 el;l<l;Lf; fbjk; (Letter of Indemnity)

Fw;wKs;s Rikr;rPl;bid toq;fp ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; j;jpd; NghJ ciljy;>
gOjiljy; fhzg;gLk;nghOJ mg;nghUs; njhFjpapy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
Vw;glf;$ba midj;J el;l ,lu;fSk; Vw;Wkjpahsupdhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gLk;
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L J}a Rikr;rPl;nlhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
mtupdhy; fg;gy; jiytDf;F toq;fg;gLk; Mtznkhd;whFk;.
fg;gYf;F Vw;wg;gl;l nghUs;fs; ey;y epiyikapy; fhzg;gLk; NghJ

toq;fg;gLk; Rikr;rPl;L J}a Rikr;Rl;L vd miof;fg;gLk;. fg;gYf;F
Vw;wg;gLk; nghUs;fspy; rpy my;yJ midj;Jk; gOjile;J> cile;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L toq;fg;gLk; Mtzk; Fw;wKila
Rikr;rPl;L vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 Rfeyr; rhd;wpjo; (Sanitary Certificate / Health Certificate)

,wf;Fkjp ehl;bd; Njitf;Nfw;g xU ehL Vw;wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;w rpy
tptrha cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd; ghtidg; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid cWjpg;
gLj;jp me;ehl;bYs;s Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epWtdnkhd;wpdhy; toq;fg;
gLfpd;w Mtznkhd;whFk;.
cjhuzk;:- - tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;F tptrhaj; jpizf;fsk;
- kPd;gpb cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePu; ts
mgptpUj;jp mikr;R
 fl;Lz;l gz;lfrhiy / Fj mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; (Ware House)
JiwKfj;jpw;F mz;kpj;jjhff; fhzg;gLk; fsQ;rparhiyahdJ fl;Lz;l
gz;lfrhiy (Ware house) vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. fl;Lz;l gz;lfrhiynahd;wpy;
nghUs;fs; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; Fjj;jpd; mjpfhupapdhy; mJ
njhlu;ghf cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,wf;FkjpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; MtzNk
fl;Lz;l gz;lfrhiy mDkjpg;gj;jpukhFk;.
fl;Lz;l gz;lfrhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ nghUs;fspd; cupikia

NtnuhUtUf;Fr; rhl;Ljy; nra;tjhf ,Ug;gpd; Fj mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;ijr;
rhl;Ljy; nra;tjd; %yk; mjidr; nra;a KbAk;. vdNt Fj mDkjpg;
gj;jpuk; rhl;Ljy; nra;af;$ba gj;jpunkhd;whFk;.
240
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpdw ; Kiwfis
gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fyhk;.
 ehzaf;fbjk;
 tq;fp Miz
egnuhUtu; jdJ tq;fpf;F cupa gzj;njhifapidAk; cupa fl;lzq;fis
Ak; nrYj;jp toq;fg;gl;l MNyhridfSf;Nfw;g ngau; Fwpgg ; plg;gl;l egUf;F
mg;gzj; njhifiar; nrYj;JkhW fl;lisapl;L> gzj;ij mDg;Gk; egupd;
tq;fpapdhy; fhR fpilf;f Ntz;ba egupd; tq;fpf;F my;yJ gpujpepjp
tq;fpf;F toq;Ffpd;w MtzkhFk;. ,J cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lg;
gzf;nfhLg;gdTfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiwfs;:

jw;fhyj;jpy; ,iza tiyaikg;gpidg; gad;gLj;jp gzj;jpid cldbahf
nrYj;jf;$ba Kiwfs; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.
cjhuzk;:- fld; ml;il (Credit Card)
gzf; nfhLg;gdTfSf;F ,k;KiwahdJ $Ljyhfg; gad;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. VISA, Master, Amreican Express Nghd;w
ml;ilfis tq;fpapD}lhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;g
Jld;> ,izaj;jpD}lhff; nfhLg;gdTr; rhjdnkhd;whf
,itfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 ,iza tiyaikg;G Kw;nrYj;Jif ml;il (Internet Pre paid card)

Njitahd gzj;njhifapid cupa ml;ilapy; itg;gpypl;L Njitahd
nfhLg;gdit Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F jw;fhypfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w ml;il
nahd;whFk;.
 ,iza Kw;nrYj;Jif trjpfs; (Internet Pre paid facility)

jdJ tq;fpf; fzf;fpD}lhff; nfhLg;gdTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;
nfhLg;gdtpw;fhd fl;lisapid toq;Ftjw;F ,iza tq;fp trjpfs;
Internet Banking) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. jw;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd tq;fpfs;
fzf;FupikahsUf;F ,t;trjpfis toq;fp ,Ug;gJld;> ,r;Nritfs;
Njitg;gLNthu; jk;ikg; gjpT nra;J jkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; fzf;Fupaik
ahsu; ngau; kw;Wk; ,ufrpa ,yf;fk; vd;gdtw;iwg; (User name, Pass-
word) gad;gLj;jp cupa tiyaikg;gpy; gpuNtrpj;Jf; nfhLg;gdTfis
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdTr; Nrit epWtdq;fspD}lhff; nfhLg;gdTfis

nra;jy; (Electronic payment system)
VjhtJ nfhLg;gdnthd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ cupa nghUs; my;yJ
Nritapid toq;fpa epWtdj;jpw;F Neubahff; nfhLg;gdTfisr;
nrYj;jhky; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhLg;gdT epWtdnkhd;wpD}lhff;
nfhLg;gdit Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiwnahd;whFk;.
cjhuzk;:- w.w.w.paypal.com
,k;Kiwapy; nfhLg;gdit Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Kjyhtjhf paypal
Kiwikapy; gjpT nra;tJld; tq;fpf; fzf;F my;yJ fld; ml;ilj;
jfty;fis paypal epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fp> paypal KiwikapD}lhf
nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jd;NghJ fzf;Fj; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fs; ntspegu;fSf;F toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
241
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.6: ru;tNjr rq;fq;fs;> tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs;

vd;gdtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd;
Nkk;ghl;bw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidj; Njb
awpthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 08
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpwF ; g; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpahghur; rq;fq;fs;> tpahghu
xg;ge;jq;fs;> ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; rku;g;
gpg;ghu;.
 tpahghur; rq;fq;fs; (tpahghu tyak;) ntspehl;L tpahghu Nkk;ghl;bw;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;ghu;.
 tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs;> ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gd ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; Nghf;Ffisj; Njbawpthu;.

 gpd;tUk; ml;ilfis xt;nthd;whf khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fSf;fhd
Rq;ftup cau;tiljy;.
GSP + rYif kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;F
cyf re;ijapd; vupnghUspd; tpiy cau;tiljy;
ru;tNjr epjpaj;jpd; %yk;

,yq;iff;Ff; Fiwe;j tl;bapy; fld;

 Rq;ftup mjpfupg;ghdJ ,wf;Fkjpf;Fj; jilnahd;whFk; vd
 GSP + rYif fpilg;gjd; %yk; Vw;Wkjp mjpfupf;Fk; vd
 ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; tpahghuj;jpw;F epjp cjtpfs; toq;fg;gLk; vd
 cyf re;ijapd; epfo;Tfs; ,yq;ifapd; tpahghuj;jpw;Fj; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; vd
 gpur;rpidfisj; jPuj; ;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ru;tNjr tpahghuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fisAk; xg;ge;jq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vdj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
242
 ,t;thwhd rq;f mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fkhd cjhuzq;fisf;
fye;JiuahlTk;.
 mt;thwhd rq;fq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs;> xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;gd ntspehl;L
tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;b ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd;
Nghf;fpidf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

 rpy ehLfs; xd;wpize;J tup> Rq;ftup kw;Wk; tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd
xg;ge;jnkhd;iw cUthf;fpf; fUkkhw;Wk; Rje;jpu tpahghug; gpuNjrk; tpahghu
tyak; (Trade Bloc) vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
 ,jid tpahghu tyak;> Rje;jpu tpahghug; gpuNjrk;> tpahghuf; $l;L>
tpahghur; rq;fq;fs; vDk; ngau;fspdhYk; miof;fg;gLk;.
tpahghu tyak;:
tpahghu tyaq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 INuhg;gpa rq;fk; (EU)
 Mrpahd; mikg;G (ASEAN)
 8 ehLfspd; FO (G8)
INuhg;gpa rq;fk; - European Union (EU)
INuhg;gpahtpy; mike;Js;s 26 ehLfisf; nfhz;l mikg;G ,JthFk;.
1957 ,y; MW INuhg;gpa ehLfspdhy; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l cNuhk xg;ge;jj;jp
D}lhf (Treaty of Rome) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l INuhg;gpag; nghUshjhu mikg;Ng
(European Economic Community) ,jd; Muk;gkhFk;.
,jd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; nghJthd tpahghu xg;ge;jk;> tptrha kw;Wk; kPd;
gpbf; nfhs;if> gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;if vd;gtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jp
tUtJld; 1999 ,y; EU ,d; %yk; ANuh (Euro) vDk; ngaupy; nghJthd
ehza mynfhd;Wk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
EU mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;:
 x];upah  ngy;[pak;  Nghye;J  gpd;yhe;J
 nrf; FbauR  nld;khu;f;  nrhy;Ntdpah  gpuhd;];
(zech Republic)  ypJNtdpah  irg;gpu];  N[u;kd;
 ,j;jhyp  neju;yhe;J  I];yhe;J  fpuP];
 Nkhy;lh  gy;Nfupah  yf;rk; Ngf;  ];ngapd;
 &Nkdpah  v];Nlhdpah  Nghu;j;Jf;fy;  `q;Nfup
 RtPld;  yj;kpah  ];ngapd;
 njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk; (Mrpahd; mikg;G)

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; 10 ehLfspd; murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;
fhd rq;fkhFk;. 1961,y; gpypg;igd;];> kNyrpah> jha;yhe;J Nghd;w %d;W
ehLfs; xd;W Nru;e;J Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mrpahd; mikg;Ng (Association of
South East Asia) ,jd; Muk;gkhFk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W ehLfSld; 1967
,y; ,e;NjhNdrpah> rpq;fg;g+u; vd;gd xd;W Nru;eJ
; Vrpad; (ASEAN) mikg;G
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
243
Mrpahd; (ASEAN) mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;:
 gpypg;igd;];  rpq;fg;g+u;
 ,e;NjhNdrpah  yhNth];
 tpal;dhk;  jha;yhe;J
 fhk;g+r;rpah  G&iz
 kNyrpah  kpad;khu;
vl;L ehLfspd; FO - Group of Eight (G8)
cyfpYs;s gpujhdkhd 8 ehLfs; xd;wpize;J mikf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr
rq;fk; ,JthFk;. 1973 ,y; cUthd vupnghUs; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid>
g+Nfhs uPjpapy; cUthd nghUshjhu ke;jepiy vd;gd ,r; rq;fk;
cUthtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaJld; 1974 ,y; If;fpa mnkupff ; f; FbauR>
Nkw;F N[u;kd;> [g;ghd;> gpuhd;]; vd;gd rl;luPjpaw;w Kiwapy; FOnthd;whf
xd;wpize;jik ,jd; Muk;gkhFk;. 1997 ,y; u\;ah rl;luPjpahd Kiwapy;
G7 mikg;Gld; njhlu;Ggl;lJld; ,J G8 vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ.
G8 ,d; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;:

 If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR (USA)  Nkw;F N[u;kd;
 If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; (UK)  fdlh
 ,j;jhyp  u\;ah
 gpuhd;];  [g;ghd;
tpahghu xg;ge;jk;:
,U ehLfs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfs; Fwpgg ; pll
; fhyg;gFjpnahd;wpDs;
tpahghug; nghUs;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;
cld;ghL tpahghu xg;ge;jk; vdg;gLk;. ,U ehLfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; xg;ge;jk; ,Ugf;f xg;ge;jk; vdTk; gy ehLfSf;fpilNa
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk; xg;ge;jk; gy;gf;f xg;ge;jk; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 tl mnkupf;fr; Rje;jpu tpahghu xg;ge;jk; (NAFTA)
 njw;fhrpa Rje;jpu tpahghu tyak; (SAFTA)
 Mrpa gRgpf; tpahghu xg;ge;jk; (APTA)
tl mnkupf;fr; Rje;jpu tpahghu xg;ge;jk;

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR> fdlh> nkf;rpNfh Nghd;w %d;W ehLfs;
mq;fj;Jtk; ngWk; ,t;nthg;ge;jkhdJ 1994 [dtup 1 Mk; jpfjpapy; Muk;gpff ; g;
gl;lJ. ,k;%d;W ehLfSf;fpilapyhd tpahghuj; jilfis mfw;Wjy;>
jPui
; t tupfis mfw;Wjy;> Copau;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sjy; vd;gd
njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs; xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
%d;W ehLfspdJk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; khj;jpuk; ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;slf;
fg;gl;Ls;sik ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; tpNrl gz;nghd;whFk;.
Vida ehLfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;fs; ,k;%d;W ehLfspilNa
gupkhw;wg;gLk; nghOJ Rq;ftup mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;. If;fpa mnkupff
; f; Fbaurpy;
244
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lit (Mading USA) fdlhtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lit
(Mading Canada) my;yJ nkf;rpNfhtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lit (Mading
Maxico) vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fSf;F kl;LNk Rq;f
tupapypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fg;gLk;.
njw;fhrpa Rje;jpu tpahghu tyak; - South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
rhu;f; tya ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;gpid tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
njw;fhrpatpy; Rje;jpu tpahghug; gpuNjrnkhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; rhu;f;
tya ehLfspd; nghUshjhu Kiwikapid g+Nfhskakhjypy; Vw;Gila
jhf;Ftjw;Fk; cUthf;fg;gl;l cld;ghlhFk;.
2004 Mk; Mz;by; ,];yhkhghj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w 12 MtJ SAARC khehl;bd;

NghJ ,t;nthg;ge;jk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;lJ.
rg;jh (SAFTA)
,t;nthg;ge;jk; te;jjd; gpdd ; u; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l ehLfspilNa

vt;tpjj; jilfSkpdw ; pr; Rq;ftupapid ePfF ; jy; JiwKf kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;> tpahghuj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Nritfis
toq;fy; vd;gd njhlu;gpyhd nghJthd cld;ghnlhd;W Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;
gl;lJ.
Mrpah - gRgpf; tpahghu xg;ge;jk; - Asia - Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA)

1975 Mk; Mz;by; ghq;nfhf; xg;ge;jk; vDk; ngaupy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,t;
nthg;ge;jkhdJ 2005 etk;gu; 02 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J Mrpa gRgpf; tpahghu
xg;ge;jk; vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfshtd gq;fshNj\;>
rPdh> ,e;jpah> yhNth];> nkhd;Nfhypah> ,yq;if> njd;nfhupah vd;gdNt
mitfshFk;. Mrpah> gRgpf; tyaj;jpYs;s kpfg; gioa Kd;ddp tpahghu
xg;ge;jNk ,t;nthg;ge;jkhFk;.
mq;fj;Jtkw;w ehLfspypUe;J nghUs;fs;> Nritfis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tij
tpl kpf rYiffSld; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspypUe;J nghUs;fs; Nritfis
,wf;Fkjp nra;af;$bathW tpahghuj; jilfis ,aYkhd tiuapy;
Fiwj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfspilNa nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapid tpiuT
gLj;JtJ ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs;
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;F vjpuhd jPui ; tfs;> nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr;

rl;l jpl;lq;fs;> Rq;fr; rl;l jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW jilfisf; Fiwg;g
jw; f hf cUthf; f g; g l; b Uf; F k; mikg; G f; f s; ru; t Njr mikg; G f; f s;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
mt;thwhd ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 cyf tpahghu mikg;G (WTO)
 rhu;f; mikg;G (SAARC)
 Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp (ADB)
 cyf tq;fp (IBRD)
 ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)
245
cyf tpahghu mikg;G - World Trade Organization (WTO)
ru;tNjr tpahghuj;ij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;tjw;fhfTk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr mikg;nghd;whFk;. 1995 [dtup 1 ,y; Muk;gpff
; g;gl;l
,t;nthOq;fikg;G g+Nfhs uPjpapy; ehLfSf;fpilNa tpahghur; rl;l jpll ; q;fs;
njhlu;gpy; fUkkhw;Wk;. WTO tpd; gpujhd fhupahyak; Rtpw;ru;yhe;jpd;
n[dpth vDk; efuj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. tpahghuj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf ehL
fSf;fpilapy; fye;Jiuahly;fis elhj;Jtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLg;gJk;> tpahghuj; jilfisf; Fiwg;gJk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; thOk;
kf;fspd; eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJk; WTO tpd; Kf;fpa ,yf;FfshFk;.
njw;fhrpa tya ehLfspd; xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd rq;fk;

South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
njw;fhrpa ehLfs; vl;bdJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; mikg;ghFk;.
1985 brk;gu; 8k; jpfjp ,t;tikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
SAARC mikg;gpd; xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd nraw;ghLfs; gpd;tUk; Jiwfspd;

fPo; ,lk;ngWk;.
 tptrhak; kw;Wk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp
 njhiyj;njhlu;G> tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; fhyepiyapay;
 RfhjhuKk; kw;Wk; Fbj;njhiff; fUkq;fSk;
 Nghf;Ftuj;J
 kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp
rhu;f; (SAARC) mikg;gpd; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;

 ,yq;if  ,e;jpah  ghfp];jhd;  gq;fshNj\;
 Neghsk;  khiyjPT  g+l;lhd;  Mg;fhdp];jhd;
Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp - Asian Development Bank (ADB)

1966 brk;gu; 19 Mk; jpfjp Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpahdJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpypg;igd;rpd; kzpyh efupy; jiyikafk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ
,jpy; 67 ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJld; ,tw;Ws; 48 ehLfs; Mrpah
tyaj;ijAk;> 19 ehLfs; gRgpf; tyaj;ijAk; Nru;ej ; itfshFk;. mq;fj;Jt
ehLfspd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapid Nkk;gLj;JtJ ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;fhf mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F fld;fisAk; Vw;ghLfisAk;
toq;fp me;ehLfspd; tWikapid ePf;Ftjw;F ,t;tq;fpahdJ nraw;gL
fpd;wJ.
kWrPuikg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr tq;fp (cyf tq;fp)

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
2 Mk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf mopTw;w INuhg;ghtpd; nghUshjhuj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf gpupl;bd; t+l;]; (Bretton Woods) xg;ge;jj;jpD}lhf 1945
brk;gu; 27 Mk; jpfjpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
246
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd; tWikapidf; Fiwf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;
me;ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fSf;Ff; fld; toq;Fk; tq;fpahf
,t;tq;fp fUkkhw;Wfpd;wJ.
tskhd vOr;rpf;fhf fUkkhw;Wjy;> tWikapidf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gd cyf

tq;fpapd; gpujhd ,yf;fhFk;.
ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; - International Montory Fund ÎMF&

epjp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJk; nryhtzp tpfpjk;
nfhLg;gdT kPjpfs; vd;gdtw;iw ghu;it nra;Ak; ru;tNjr mikg;ghf
(IMF) If; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. ,jd; gpujhd mYtyfk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd;
nthrpq;ld; efupy; mike;Js;sJ.
,J cyf ehLfspd; epjp xj;Jiog;gpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> epjp cWjpj;

jd;ikapid cWjpgg ; Lj;Jjy;> ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpwf
; hd trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;> Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis tpuTgLj;jy;> tskhd nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; tWikapidf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tpahghu rq;fq;fs; tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs;> ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gd

ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpy; gy;NtW jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:
 Rje;jpukhd tpahghuj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; Rq;ftup kw;Wk; Rq;ftup my;yhj
jilfs; ePq;Fjy;.
 ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;G Nkk;gly;.
 tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fspD}lhfj; jkJ ehLfspd; cw;gj;jpfSf;F epiyahd
re;ijnahd;W fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 epiyahd tpiynahd;W fpilg;gjdhy; tpiy Vw;w ,wf;fq;fspdhy;
Vw;glf;$ba gpujp$yq;fs; Fiwtiljy;.
 mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; rfytw;wpw;Fk; rkkhd cupikfs; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 g+Nfhs uPjpahd epjp xj;Jiog;G mjpfupj;jYk; epjp cWjpj; jd;ikapid
cWjpg;gLj;JjYk;.
 Ntiytha;gG ; f;fs; tpuptiljYk;> tskhd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpAk;>
tWik FiwtiljYk;.
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; etPd Nghf;FfSs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

 ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfj;jpd; %yk; ntspehl;L tpahghuk; cyfk; KOtJk;
tpuptile;jik.
 nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapidj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> nghUshjhug;
gpur;rpidfSf;Fr; rpwg;ghf Kfk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; Gjpa tpahghu tiy
aikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; tpahghuf; $l;Lf;fs; cUthjy;.
 ghuk;gupa Vw;Wkjpfspy; kl;Lk; jq;fpapuhJ cau; njhopy;El;gj;Jld;
$ba cw;gj;jpfisg; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
 mjp$ba ngWkjpfSldhd cw;gj;jpfis Cf;Ftpgg ; jw;fhf ntspehl;L
tpahghuf; nfhs;iffspy; <Lgly;.
 ,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjpg; gz;lg; nghjp njhlu;gpy; epfo;fhyj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gly;.
247
<LgLj;jTk;.
 ru;tNjr tpahghur; rq;fq;fs;> tpahghu xg;ge;jq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs;
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa %d;W njhFjpfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
A - rq;fq;fs; - EU
- ASEAN
- G8
B - xg;ge;jq;fs; - NAFTA
- SAFTA
- APTA
C - mikg;Gf;fs; - WTO
- IBRD
- IMF
 cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; njhFjp njhlu;gpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jTk;.
 mj;njhFjpapy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; rq;fk; / xg;ge;jk; / xOq;fikg;G vd;g
tw;wpw;fhd gpd;tUk; jfty;fis FOf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk;.
 miof;fg;gLk; KOikahd ngau;
 njhlf;fk;
 cupa ehLfs;
 Nehf;fq;fSk; fUkq;fSk;
 ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs;
 ePq;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; Mf;fg+u;tkhd rpwpa
ifNanlhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fisf; FOf;fspilNa gupkhwr; nra;J mtw;wpy;

cs;slq;Fk; jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;SkhW khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid
toq;fTk;.
248
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.7: ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfkhdJ tpahghuj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fg;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs;: 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
 ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk;> ,yj;jpudpay; tu;jj
; fk; vd;gtw;iw mwpeJ
; nfhs;thu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpd; eilKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpd; mD$yq;fisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; ,lk; ngWk; Kiwapid ntt;Ntwhf tpsf;Fthu;.

 etPd uf Mguznkhd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjhapd; mjidf; nfhs;tdT
nra;af;$ba Kiw njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk; tpdtp mjidf; fUk;gyifapy;
vOjTk;.
(Mguzj;ij Mguz tpwg ; idafnkhd;wpy; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> Mguzj;ijf;
fz;fhl;rpf; $lnkhd;wpypUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> ntspehl;Lr; Rw;Wyhtpd;
NghJ nfhs;tdT nra;jy;> ,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhff; fl;lis ,l;Lf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.)
 gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
 khztu;fspd; tpilfSf;fika gz;lk; my;yJ Nritnahd;iw tpw;gid
nra;af;$ba my;yJ nfhs;tdT nra;af;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfs; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd vd
 nghUs;fs; Nritfis tpw;gid nra;jy;> nfhs;tdT nra;jy; vd;gd
tw;Wld; njhlu;Gila fUkq;fs; tpahghuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJld;
tpahghuf; fUkq;fs; ,izaj; jsj;jpD}lhf ,lk;ngWkhapd; mt;tpahghuk;
,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; vdf; $wg;gLk; vd
 tpahghuf; fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; tpahghuj;jpw;fhfTk; cjTk; njhlu;ghly;>
Nghf;Ftuj;J> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Nghd;w Jizr; Nritfspd; nraw;ghL
fSf;fhf ,izaj;jsk; gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; mJ ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; vd
 re;ijg;gLj;jy; tpepNahfk;> epjpf; fUkq;fs;> epu;thff; fUkq;fs; Nghd;w
midj;J tzpff; fUkq;fSk; ,izaj; jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;
sg;gLkhapd; mt;thwhd tzpfq;fs; ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; vd miof;fg;
gLk; vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
249
; g; gpdt
; Uk; nraw;ghl;by;
<LgLj;jTk;.
 cw;gj;jp tiffs; ehd;fpidAk; mitfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehLfisAk;
gpd;tUkhW fPNo jug;gLfpd;wJ.
cw;gj;jpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL
nyg;nlhg; fzpdp [g;ghd;
tpisahl;Lg; ghjzpr; Nrhb rpq;fg;g+u;
Mguzj; njhFjp kNyrpah
ifg;ig gpuhd;];
 cw;gj;jpf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; cw;gj;jp njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
 cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUis cupa ehl;bypUr;J
,wf;Fkjp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJf.
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jfty;fis FOf; fye;
JiuahlypD}lhfg; ngw;W gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspdbg;gilapy; Nfhitg;
gLj;jTk;.
 toq;FdnuhUtiuj; NjbawpAk; Kiw
 tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; Kiw
 nghUs;fspd; nfhs;tdT> tpw;gidf; fUkq;fs; ,lk; ngWk; Kiw
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa nfhLg;gdTf; fUkq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiw
 ,yj;jpudpay; Kiwapy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; mjd;
%yk; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;fspd; gl;banyhd;iw
vOjTk;.
 cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
 khztu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpd; eilKiwfis tpsf;fTk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpD}lhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk;
tiuaiwfis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld; khztu;
fSf;F tpsf;fTk;.

 tpahghuf; fUkq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> fzf;fL P >
kdpjts Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w rfy Gwr; nraw;ghLfisAk;
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpidg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;n fhs;sg;gLk; tzpfj;i j
,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfnkhd;wpy;
fhzg;gLk; gFjpfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; jfty; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjDld;
xj;j fUkq;fSf;fhfj; jfty; njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tu;jj
; fk; vd;gJ ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfq;fspd; xU gpupT kl;LNk
ahFk;. mjhtJ tpahghuf; fUkq;fs; kw;Wk; tpahghuj;jpw;fhf cjTk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlu;ghly;> tq;fp Nghd;w Jizr; Nritf; fUkq;fSk;
,yj;jpudpay; tiyaikg;gpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;.
250
,yj;jpudpay; tzpfj;ijAk; ,yj;jpudpay; tu;jj
; fj;ijAk; gpd;tUk; tiu
glj;jpd; %yk; Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;.
,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk;
cw;gj;jp
toq;Fdu;   tpepNahfg; epjp re;ijg;gLj;jy;   Efu;Nthd;

gpupT
kdpj tsk;
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; vd;gJ nghUs;fs; Nritfspd; nfhs;tdT tpwg ; id

fshdJ ,izaj; jsj;jpd; cjtpAld; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fs;
KiwikapD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfj;jpd; eilKiwfisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l
KbAk;.
 ,izaj; jsj;jpD}lhf nfhs;tdthsUk; tpw;gidahsUk; njhlu;G
nfhs;sy;.
 tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
 nghUs;fspd; nfhs;tdT tpw;gidf; fUkq;fs; ,lk;ngwy;.
 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa nfhLg;gdTf; fUkq;fisj; jPuj ; ;jy;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuj;jpD}lhf tzpfu;fSf;Fk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fk;
r%fj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Rl;bf;fhl;l
KbAk;.
 tzpfu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;fs;:
 rpwe;j tpidjpwDlDk; tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhfTk; Nritapidg; ngw;
Wf; nfhLf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ed;kjpg;Gk; ,yhgKk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
 nryTfs; njhlu;ghd mD$yq;fs; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
cjhuzk;: ruf;fpUg;Gj; njhlu;ghd fpuak; Fiwtiljy;.
fhfpjhjpfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhlu;ghd fpuak;
Fiwtiljy;.
,ilj;jufu;fs; Fiwtiltjdhy; mjw;Fupa fpuak;
Fiwtiljy;.
 g+Nfhs uPjpahd vy;iy fhzg;glhikapdhy; re;ij tpuptiljy;.
 Efu;Nthu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:
 gz;lq;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd $ba trjpfs; fhzg;gly;.
 ,yFthfTk; kpf tpiuthfTk; fl;lis ,l Kbjy;.
 ehspd; 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fSk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; fUkq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 xg;gl
P ;L uPjpapy; cw;gj;jpapd; tpiy Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;.
251
 r%f uPjpapy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;fs;:
 Efu;Nthu;fsJ tho;f;ifj;juk; cau;tiljy;.
 Gjpa nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 Gjpa re;ijfSk; njhopy; tha;gG; f;fSk; cUthjy;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; tu;j;jfj;jpd; tiuaiwfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
 ,izaj; js trjpfs; rfy gpuNjrq;fspYk; gutyhff; fhzg;glhik.
 ghtid njhlu;gpy; Efu;Nthupd; mwpT Nghjhik.
 nfhLg;gdT Kiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;.
 tup mwtPL njhlu;ghd rl;l tiuaiwfs;.
 ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw njhlu;gpyhd ek;gpf;ifapd;ik.
 fzpdp KiwikAld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,lk;ngWk; NkhrbfSk; KiwNfL
fSk;
 ,yj;jpudpay; tpahghuk; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapidg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;l KbAk;.
 B2B - tzpfuplkpUe;J tzpfUf;F
tzpfnkhd;W kw;Nwhu; tzpfnkhd;Wld; ,lk;ngWk; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;:- tzpfnkhd;wpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; tzpfj;jpw;F ,iz
aj;jpD}lhff; fl;lis fpilf;fg; ngwy;.
 B2C - tzpfuplkpUe;J Efu;NthUf;F
tzpfnkhd;W VjhtJ nghUnshd;W my;yJ Nritnahd;wpid
,izaj;jpD}lhf Efu;NthUf;F tpepNahfpj;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J
,yj;jpudpay; rpy;yiw tpahghuk; (E-Retailing) vdTk; $wg;gLk;.
 C2C - Efu;NthdplkpUe;J Efu;NthDf;F
Efu;Nthd; xUtd; kw;Nwhu; Efu;NthndhUtDf;Fg; nghUs; my;yJ
Nritapid ,izaj;jpD}lhf tpepNahfpg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;:- E-bay ntg; jsj;jpD}lhf ,lk;ngWk; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 G2C - murplkpUe;J Fbkf;fSf;F
mur NritfSf;fhd rpy nfhLg;gdTfis Nkw;nfhs;tJk; Nrit
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJkhFk;.
cjhuzk;: Nky;khfhz kf;fs; jkJ Nkhl;lhu; thfd cj;juTg;
gj;jpuq;fis w.w.w. motortraffic.wp.govilk vDk; ntg;
jsj;jpD}lhfg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
 B2G - tzpfuplkpUe;J murpw;F
tzpfu;fspdhy; murpwF
; ,izaj; jsj;jpD}lhfr; rpy nryTfis
Nkw;nfhs;tJk; Nritfis toq;fYk;.
cjhuzk;: Copau; Nrkyhg epjpapidr; nrYj;Jjy;.
 G2B - murplkpUe;J tzpfUf;F
cjhuzk;: tq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd nfhLg;gdT Kiw (SLIPS)
 C2G - Fbkf;fsplkpUe;J murpw;F
cjhuzk;: gl;bay;fs;> guPl;irf;fl;lzk;> cj;juTg;gj;jpuf;
fl;lzk; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nrYj;Jjy;> gy;fiyf;fof
mDkjpf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jy;.
252

Wa0218.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Wa0218.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wa0218.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

tzpff;fy;tp

mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspal

 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> kfufk.

mr;Rg;gjpg;G: edpy gg;spNfrd; (jdpahu; fk;gdp)

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; guprPyid nra;tjw;fhd MNyhridfs; ix - x

fw;ww; NgWfSk; khjpupr; nraw;ghLfSk; 1 - 252

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;j p FzNrfu

fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L vjpu;fhyj;ij

,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;

,t;thwhd Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpjj

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;>

fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jp fUjp g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;l ,g;gzpapid kpfTk;

vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd

MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; : fy; t prhu; mYty; f s; rig

ghlj; jpl;l MNyhridf; FO: jpU. Nf.Mu; . gj; k rpup

jpU. Mde; j kj; J kNf

jpU. v]; . Nf. gpughfud;

jpU. b.vy; . ]p. Mu; . m[pj; F khu

jpU. v]; . Mu; . uj; d [P t

Nguhrpupau; jpU. netpy; tu; z Fy#upa

Nguhrpupau; jpUkjp. vk;. RNdj;uh rP ngNuuh

fyhepjp. jpU. B.Nf. fue; j nfl; b a

fyhepjp. jpU. vk; . vk; . B.Mu; . jP f `tJu

jpUkjp. Nf.V. re; j pah rpupahzp

jpUkjp. vy; . B. fy; a hzp

jpU. Mu; . V.gP . gz; l hu

fyhepjp. jpU. vd; . vd; . N[. etuj; d

jpUkjp. Mu; . nfhbg; g pyp Mur; r p

jpU. lg; s pA. V. jahuj; d

jpUkjp. Nf.B. G\; g h uQ; r dP

jpU. B.v]; . uh[gf; ]

jpUkjp. N[.vr;. vk;. Rkpj;u h Fkhup [atPu

jpU. Nf.vk; . lg; s pA. Fkhu

ntspthupahd tsthsu; gq;f spg;G :

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu(cau;ju) tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lk; vl;L tUlq;

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;ju) tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; juk; 12

,q;F cj;Njr ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfSf;fika tzpff;

rfy Nju;r ;r p kl;lq;f spd; fPOk; fhl;lg;gLk; ghlj;i jj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf

,t;thW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf MNyhridapd; kPJk; ghltplaq;fisj;

tzpff; fy;tpahdJ nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd ghlnkhd;whf ,Ug;gjdhy; md;whlk;

nraw;w pl;l j; jiytu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1: tzpf vz;zf;fUitg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:

 ghlrhiy khztnuDk; tifapy; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw

 cq;fsJ Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; %d;W epWtdq;fs; fPNo

 kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtJ nghUs;fs;> Nritfs;

 gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;it khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.

 ,yhg Nehf;fpd;wp kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf

 ,jw;fika tzpfnkd;gJ kdpjj; Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fis epiwT nra;tjw;

 czT> cil> tPL> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> njhlu;ghly;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> ghJfhg;G

 kdpjj; Njitfisg; g+u;jj

 czTj; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; gy;NtW Kiwfshd NrhW> ghz;>

 Njitfs;> tpUg;gq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;

czT NrhW> ghz;> ,bag;gk;> NjePu;