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Ebook PDF Turbomachinery Basic Theory and Applications Second Edition PDF
Ebook PDF Turbomachinery Basic Theory and Applications Second Edition PDF
Ebook PDF Turbomachinery Basic Theory and Applications Second Edition PDF
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Boca Raton london New York
Use of the first edition during the past twelve years has led to the develop-
ment of supplementary material for classroom instruction. This material has
been integrated into the present edition.
The new material comprises equations, graphs, symbol lists, and illus-
trative examples that clarify the theory and demonstrate the use of basic
relations in performance calculations and design. Additionally, a large
number of problems has been added in Chapters 2 through 8. Most of
these problems were developed as numerical or analytical exercises;
however, a few were generated for design projects. In the latter case, the
designs correspond to existing hardware for which performance data and
dimensions are available.
Some material used in the first edition was relocated in the second
edition and some was expanded to provide a complete, but concise picture
of current knowledge useful in preliminary design. The axial-flow pump
material from Chapter 6 has been relocated to Chapter 4. The axial-flow fan
and compressor material has been combined in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 treats
radial-flow gas turbines only and is an expansion of material formerly in
the single gas-turbine chapter. Chapter 8 was enlarged and handles axial-
flow gas turbines exclusively.
The reorganization has evolved from attempts to find packages of
material suitable for classroom instruction that are optimal in both size and
content. Although the book was spawned from classroom instruction of
fourth-year engineering students, it can be used by practicing engineers
outside the classroom and by engineering technology students in the
classroom envirnoment. It is assumed that the student or practicing engineer
iii
iv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
has studied basic fluid mechanics and thermodynamics .. With this academic
background, one should be able to undertake and complete a study of this
volume.
There is sufficient material in the first eight chapters for a one semester
course. It is recommended that the first four weeks be devoted to Chapters
1 through 3, three weeks to Chapter 4, and two weeks each to Chapters 5,
6, 7, and 8. Experience with the material presented in this edition has
indicated that, after 15 weeks of instruction in a three-semester-hour course,
students are able to perform a very satisfactory preliminary design of any
of several types of turbomachines.
v
Contents
1 Types of Turbomachines 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Geometries 2
1.3 Practical Uses 7
2 Basic Relations 9
vii
viii CONTENTS
3 Dimensionless Quantities 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Turbomachine Variables 29
3.3 Similitude 32
3.4 Examples 36
References 39
Problems 39
Symbols 42
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Impeller Flow 46
4.3 Efficiency 49
4.4 Performance Characteristics 52
4.5 Design of Pumps 57
4.6 Fans 62
4.7 Examples 63
References 71
Problems 71
Symbols 76
5 Centrifugal Compressors 79
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Impeller Design 82
5.3 Diffuser Design 86
5.4 Performance 90
5.5 Examples 92
References 101
Problems 101
Symbols 105
CONTENTS ix
AppendixA 243
AppendixB 247
AppendixC 249
AppendixD 253
Appendix£ 255
AppendixF 257
Index 259
TU.AIOMACHINEAY
1 Types of Turbomachines
1.1 Introduction
and gravitational forces. On the other hand, the pressure at the bottom of a
reservoir could be used to produce a flow through a hydraulic turbine, which
would then produce a turning moment in the rotor against the resistance to
turning offered by the connected electric generator.
1.2 Geometries
-
rotot ion
-E
Rotor vanes
turbine; the water exits axially and is conducted away and discharged at
atmospheric pressure.
Ifthe substance flowing through the impeller of Figure 1.1 were a gas,
then the device would be a centrifugal compressor, blower, or fan, depend-
ing on the magnitude of the pressure rise occurring during transit from inlet
to outlet. For the reversed flow case, i.e., a radially inward flow, the machine
would be called a radial-flow gas turbine or turboexpander.
A different type of turbomachine is shown in Figure 1.2. Here the flow
direction is generally axial, i.e., parallel to the axis of rotation. The machine
shown in this figure represents an axial-flow compressor or blower, or with
a different blade shape an axial-flow gas or steam turbine, depending on the
direction of energy flow and the kind of fluid present.
In all of the machines mentioned thus far, the working fluid undergoes
a change in pressure in flowing from inlet to outlet, or vice versa. Generally,
pressure change takes place in a diffuser or nozzle, and in the rotor as
well. However, there is a class of turbines in which pressure change does
not occur in the rotor. These are called impulse, or zero-reaction, turbines,
as distinguished from the so-called reaction turbine, which allows a pressure
decrease in both nozzle and rotor. A hydraulic turbine with zero reaction
is shown in Figure 1.3, and a reaction-type hydraulic turbine appears in
Figure 1.4.
Centrifugal machines are depicted in Figure 1.5 through 1.7, and
axial-flow turbomachines are indicated in Figures 1.8 through 1.10. A
mixed-flow pump is shown in Figure 1.11. This class of machine lies part
way between the centrifugal, or radial-flow, types and the axial-flow types.
Sizes vary from a few inches to several feet in diameter. Fluid states
vary widely as well. Steam at near-critical conditions may enter one turbine,
while cool river water enters another. Room air may enter one compressor,
4 TYPES OF TURBOMACHINES
Stationary
guide vanes
diffuser
vane
Casing
------
Figure 1.9 Steam turbine.
Rotor blades
Stator blades
---
-+---- - - - - - - --- L - - - ---
Rotor axiS
Stator vanes
Miksi Eedla oli aina näin kylmän koppava Iisakille, vaikka tämän
sydän heltyi ja pehmeni joka päivä? Miksi ei tyttö pistänyt lapiotaan
multaan ja tuikannut kättä Iisakille syvään niiaten ja kysynyt, mitä
kuuluu vieraalle? Jos hän olisi näin tehnyt, olisi Iisakki myhähtänyt
ilosta ja arvellut ei muuta kuuluvan kuin hieman sydäntautia vain,
jolle oli nyt tullut tänne saamaan lievitystä.
Mutta tämä tyttö oli kylmä kuin kala järvessä ja nytkin vain käänteli
multaa, ähkäisten joka lapiopistolle.
— No mitä?
*****
— No mitä nyt?
— Voi hyvä isä, kun juoksin niin että henki oli katketa!
— Ka, mikä nyt? Onko suutari sairas?
— Voi hele…!
— Mutta kyllä minä vaan pelkään sittenkin, että Rietula minut nai.
— Älä?
— No varmasti!
— Voi hyvä isä… nyt meni kylien viimeinenkin maine. Ei sitä enää
paljoa ollutkaan, mutta sekin vähä nyt meni ijäksi.
Hiljainen kesä-yö.
Onpa siinä nyt lysti piippuvalkea, kun vaan olisi Eedla toisella
puolella istumassa ja kahvia keittelemässä…
— Itse sinä riivattu olet sen päästänyt irti, kivahti Rietula. Jos
minulla nyt olisi pyssy, niin pian siltä lähtisi sisu!
— Vai pyssyllä sinä… kun se onkin palkittu sonni, vieläpä Kuopion
näyttelyssä.