30 12

Wireless Transmission and Radio

Propagation
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on

performance of wireless communication systems.
The transmission path between the transmitter and receiver may
vary from simple line of sight to one that is severely obstructed
by buildings, mountains and foliage.
Modeling of radio channels has been one of the most difficult
issues in system design.
The mechanisms behind electromagnetic wave propagation are
diverse but can generally by attributed to
Reflection enteringwater
willbreak
wave obstacle
ex light

f
Refraction breaking ofsignal signal
surrounds
indirectly
station a
destination
reaches dest
Diffraction obstacle between base
ed such as light mentioned to
Scattering reflecting in scatters applies
gapingwaves electromag
light other signal
Propagation Models

Propagation Models have traditionally focused on predicting the

average received signal strength at a given distance from the
transmitter, as well as the variability of the signal strength in
close spatial proximity to a particular location.
received points
predict specific
at
Propagation Models power

Large-Scale Models anwar

Small-Scale or fading models.

f
BT
2 1
Large-Scale & Small-Scale
Propagation Models
Large-Scale models predicts the average signal strength for an
arbitrary transmitter-receiver separation distance and estimates
the radio coverage area of a transmitter.
The average signal received power is computed by averaging
signal measurements over a measurement track of 5 to 40
WL
t represents
lambda

Small-Scale or fading models characterizes the rapid

fluctuations of the received signal strength over very short travel
distances (a few wavelengths) or short time durations (in the
order of seconds).
In Small-Scale fading, the received signal power may vary by as
much as 3 to 4 orders of magnitude when the receiver is moved
by only a fraction of a wavelength.
4 X
Large-Scale & Small-Scale
Propagation Models

sinceany
pwertaken

i
sinceins
power
ta

t
Transfer Reliever
Large Scale Models
Free Space Propagation Model
mathematical analytical model
Free space propagation model is used to predict the
received signal strength when the transmitter and the
receiver have a clear unobstructed LOS path
between them. line of sight

Free space propagation model is typically used in

Satellite communication systems and microwave
LOS radio links. ex mmwane

Free space power received by antenna separated by

a distance d from the transmitter is given by Friis
Free Space Equation.
 Friis Free Space Equation
Friis Free Space Equation:

assume I
if notgiven
Pt : Transmitted Power
inW Pr (d) : Received Power at acertainpointdistancefromTx
Gt : Transmitter Antenna Gain
Gr : Receiver Antenna Gain
D : Separation Distance
inn L : System Loss Factor (not related to propagation)
rightfulness
: Signal Wavelength
Now t
Ing int
 Path Loss
The Path Loss represents signal attenuation as a
positive quantity measured in dB and is given by

I
of
ratio yo
recited
worth

my
Fraunhofer Region
Friis free space equation is only valid in the Fraunhofer
I Region which is the region beyond the far field distance.

Far-field distance can be calculated by

1anythinglessdistance
his thefield Y
man
is
win
near
Firtunesmithmis
where D is the largest physical linear dimension of the
antenna.
Received Power
Using a reference distance, the received power at
another location can be calculated by

where do is the reference distance.

 For FINAL needto memorize eqn's practice solving convert
units etc t practicing dB relations

Example
P
If a transmitter produces 50W of power which is applied on a
unity gain antenna with a maximum dimension of 1m and D
GE operating at a 900MHz carrier frequency, find the following:
foof the transmitted antenna
a) The far-field distance
b) The transmitted power in dBm
c) The transmitted power in dBW (dB)
D
d) The received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100m
from the antenna.
d
e)
r The received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100Km
from the antenna.
f) The received power in dBW (dB) at a free space distance of
50Km from the antenna.

Assume a unity gain for the receiving antenna and a unity

System Loss Factor
a
Is 212
21112 2
3 10
1
x1o2
8 00 106
Speedof light

2 6m
5
34

b dBm to log Ppf to log So 103

to flogso t log103
to 1.7 t 310gto 1
to 1.7 341
10 4.7 47 IBM

C Pt ABW PildBml 30 47 30 17 dBw

tolog 50 1011.7

d Pr 1100 Pt Ge Gr 12 5011 1 1312

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tjd4
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Con to

PraldBm 10 Log 3.52 10 61 54.5 dBm

e Pr nooooo 50 1 1 13 s o w

oon
1
PraldBm 10 Log 3.5 10121 114.6 dBm