Applied Mechanics BCE I/II Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal4.3. Use of Parallel axis Theorem: Relevant Examples Centroid Location Symmetrical Objects Centroid location is determined by an object's line of symmetry. ‘ina cect ae mul ness tenis meta ab recon one Ines ose 4.1, Concepts and Calculation of Centre of Gravity and Centroid: Examples 4.2. Calculation of Second Moment of Area / Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration and Relevant usagesCentre of Gravity (C. G.): * Centre of Gravity of body is defined as the point through which resultant of the force (weight) acts for any orientation of the body. The position of C. G. depends upon the shape of the body and this may or may not necessarily be within the boundary of the body. Further, (i) A body has only one Centre of gravity, (ii) Its location does not change even with a change in the orientation of the solid body. Whatever may be the orientation of the body, there is no change in the position of mass particle relative to each other. Obviously then the resultant of the gravitational forces on the body acts through the same point. (iii) It lies in a plane of symmetry, if any, of a body. The plane of symmetry of a body is a plane through the body such that the mass distribution is symmetrical on either side of the plane. (iv) Itis an imaginary point which may occur inside or outside the body. The plane figures such as rectangle/parallelogram, triangle/polygon, circle and line etc. have only the length, area and volume and no mass or weight. The point where the entire length, area is assumed to be concentrated is called the centroid. ‘The moment of area about any axis passing through the centroid is zero. The term Centre of gravity applies to bodies with mass and weight and the centroid applies to plane figures which gave area only but on mass. When thickness, i.e. mass of the body is not considered, the CG and centroid are synonymous and pass through the same point. Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalAxis of symmetry: The axis which divides the line, area or volume into two identically equal area is known as axis of symmetry. The C.G. lies on the axis of symmetry and the first moment of area about that axis must be zero. For Rectangle having two axes of symmetry, the centroid (C.G.) coincides with its geometric Centre. Axis of Symmetry i i Fig. Rectangle t Axis of Reference: The C.G, of a body is always calculated with reference to some assumed axis known as axis of reference. Reference Axis The axis of reference of plane figures is generally taken as the lowest line of the figure for calculating ¥ and the left line of the figure for calculating . Axis of Symmetry Axis of \ Lac Syenmetry 4 +H Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalLocation of Centroid / Centre of Gravity: The co — ordinates (X, 7) of the centroid are determined from the fact that moments of all small areas (dA) comprising the area (A) about an axis must be equal to the moment of area (A) itself about the same axis. With reference to Figure, moment of areas of all the strips about Y ~ ax = ayxytayxy.....ta,x, = DLy ai. Taking moment of total area (A) about y — axis AX = (a,tayt +a,) X =X hoa. eee EQ), ‘Now equation equations (1) and (2), we get Or, AX = Yhp ax; Or, X fdA =f X,dA OXr402X0+ a ta2+ imilarly, when the moments of area are taken about x — axis, we get Pe LMA _ aa Vy tant yt oon Qn¥n ak carter Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalDetermination of centroid of simple plane figure by method: (1) Rectangle: Let us consider a rectangular plane area of breath “b’ and depth ‘d°. To determine x and y - coordinate of the centroid of this rectangle, consider a small strip of thickness “dx’ parallel to y - axis located at a distance x from y - axis. We have, Area of rectangle (A) = f dA te: on, = fe’ydx on = fd x dx (x18 b d A= fdA=bd Calculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (|,) = f xcdA or, = 7 xydx 27> or, = fxd x dx 1 ‘db? ov= (2) or, (Iy) = fxd = [xed () b faa ~ (bd) 2 So that the centroid of Rectangular plane area about Y — axis (X) = Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwalreese ee Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (I,) = { ycdA 01, = fpSxd x dx Or = SF ax on [et ‘bd? or, = ) Or. (hy) = fyedA ba? F So that the centroid of rectangular plane area about X — axis y) = La ©) ="Fan Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal(2) Triangle: Let us consider a triangular plane area of breath b and height h. To determine x and y - coordinate of the centroid of this triangle, consider a small strip of thickness “dx” parallel to y - axis located at a distance x from y — axis. From similar Triangle, we get or, = fy dx ot, = "ae or, = 2 (b—x)ax ap "le on, = 5 [bx ail =(0"-8) ont) or, A= fdA= Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal YCalculation of first moment of area about ¥ — axis (Iy) = J x¢dA = EL) (bx — x?) dx mothe —af4-2) wails) rs (ly) = fixed = Sxaa _(*) b faa my 3 Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (Ix) = [ ycdA So that the centroid of triangular plane area about Y — axis (X) = or, = i%y dx 1 pbfh(@b-x))? , hn? ¥¢ nab oe } a= ant _ “Be -p+2)- n+ (Ix) = Syeda = So that the centroid of triangular plane area about x axis (Y)3) Quarter Circle Let us consider a quarter circle of radius R. To determine x and y - coordinate of the centroid of this quarter circle, consider a small strip of thickness ‘dr’ located at a distance r from origin along radial direction. Area of small element (dA) = r dr * d8 Now, Total Area (A) = f dA on= f° ier x dr x do = firx ar {2.40 27R = on= Fl, x [0] R? on= XT aR? or= Now, Calculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (Iy) = f xcdA or= =f rows x (rx dr x dé) =(* x ar ffe coséd8 on= EE ali x [sino}s ore Ext Bs ee # ce Tek shar Fatalgy _ xed So that the centroid of triangular plane area about Y ~ axis (X) = 44 = Jaa ee an Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (Iy) =fycdA on= f° fersino x (rx dr x d8) on, = 1? x dr {2 sin 8 48 aR = or= El, x [-cos 0]; on= Ex (+1) RS on= = z So that the centroid of triangular plane area about X — axis, 4 4R @- Er. Tek eamagyyKatuwal(4) Semi — Circle: Let us consider a semi - circle of radius R. To determine x and y - coordinate of the centroid of this semi -circle, consider a small strip of thickness “dr” located at a distance r from origin along radial direction. Area of small element (dA) =r dr «d8 Now, Total Area (A) = f dA one fe for x dr x 0 or, = f'r x dr fo" d0 ey tes xT cee 2 Now, Calculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (Iy) = J xed on= fy’ [ercos0 x (rx dr x d0) or, = f'r? x dr {cos do ee = on= Fh x [sin 6] Re x (0-0) or,= 0 Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal(4) Semi - Circle: So that the centroid of triangular plane area about Y - axis (X) = — “= 0 Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis dy) = fycdA on, = f° fotrsin@ x (1 x dr x d@) or, = i'r? x dr f"sin 6 d0 yk on= El, x [-cos 0]F one = x (141) ae on= yi So that the centroid of triangular plane area about X — axis Syeda sda 2R? _\3) aR 2 (= 30 ee) Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal(5) Circle: Let us consider a circle of radius R. To determine x and y - coordinate of the centroid of this circle, consider a small strip of thickness “dr’ located at a distance r from origin along radial direction. Area of small element (dA) = r dr xd® Now, Total Area (A) = [dA on= foo" x dr x a8 R of / 1 or, = f'rx dr fo"de Ye =r Sind ry on= ER x [oy on= © x 2m = WR? Now, Calculation of first moment of area about Y-axis (ly) = f xcdA on= ff" rcos 0 x (r x dr x d8) or, = fr? x dr f" cos 0.40 on= Ef x [sin o]3" or=©x (0-0) =0 Sxda__o So that the centroid of triangular plane arearabout®-saxis (X) =“ = Gay = 0(5) Circle: Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (Ix) = f ycdA ne if So" rsin@ x (r x dr x d@) or, = f°? x dr fo" sin 0 d0 aR or= FI, x [-cos 6]3" on= =x (+1) or= 0 So that the centroid of triangular plane area about X — axis (Y) _SyedA_ 0 = Tia GR Hence, the centroid of circular plane area lies at center of the area. Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalDetermine the centroid of given parabolic spandrel: When x =a, y =h, substituting these values in the equations of the curve, we get, h = ka” K=hia? 2 Now, Equation of the curve is y = = Consider an elementary strip of height y, thickness dx and located at distance x from the y ~ axis. For this elemental strip, Area(dA) = ydx We have, Area of parabola (A) = [dA n= fo ydx on = frig te or, = oh x?dx on all, - =) on, = faa=9 Calculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (Iy) = f xcdA a = fy xydx or, = if ee dx = wid B. EJ Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwalw= 3) 1 eG (2) mee ha? or (Iy) = fxd = So that the centroid of triangular plane area about Y — axis (X _preaa _ (%) 3a Got yo Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (Ix) = f y¢dA ot, = fo Zydx ; on= 3h CS) &x or, = = oxox o= SE], : on (ly) = Syeda = So that the centroid of triangular plane area about X ~ axis (Y) = s Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalDetermine the centroid of given plane area by using integration method When x =a, y =h, substituting these values in the equations of the curve (2) and straight line (1). In equation of Straight line Y=mx Or, h=ma. Or, m= hia So that the equation of straight line is, Y = (hx)/a And in equation of Curve Y=KX? Or, h= Kat Or, k = h/a? So that the equation of Curve is, Y = (hx?)/a? Consider an elementary strip of height y, thickness dx and located at distance x from the y — axis. For this elemental strip, Area(dA) = ydx We have, Area (A) = f dA Or, = S01 — ya)dx ov EE) a hx? a? on = [-FI, ; = (ua = ( 7) Ye =(Y1+¥2)/2 on == L OnsA=fda=2 aan Er.Tek Bahadur Katuwal — "XC=X=Calculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (ly) = J xcdA 2 Or, = Jo (Vs — y2)dx a (hx hx? a (hx? hx? orm aE) ac= EM) a a a a = = = (2h _ a2h)_ (ha? on= (5-4 (F) 04, (ly) = fxedA =“ So that the centroid of triangular plane area about Y - axis (X) = Syeda Calculation of first moment of area about X ~ axis (I,) sree Or, = fr ARH (y, — yo)dx ov = fon? —vaxe5 f(z) — CE) fox Or, Or, 5 Ore Ch) = Syed = SE (2) a aa So that the centroid of triangular plane area about X - axis (¥) = = a Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalDetermine the centroid of given plane area by using integration method When x =a, y=h, substituting these values in the equations of the curve (2) and straight line (1). In equation of Straight line . Y=mx Or, h=ma yam \ia,h} Or, m=h/a So that the equation of straight line is, ¥ = (hx)/a And in equation of Curve Y=ke Or, h= Ka? Or, k= h/a? So that the equation of curve is, Y = (hx?)/a? Consider an elementary strip of height y, thickness dx and located at distance x from the y — axis. For this elemental strip, Area(dA) = ydx We have, Area of parabola (A) = f dA Or, = fo — y2)dx j (a,h) or, = f° (™— BS) ax fe S hx? xt]? 06 = bea ~ atl 1 Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalCalculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (ly) = f xcdA - ae yore fe i @hy _ me) 15 rs (ly) = f xed = so a the centroid dof triangular plane area about Y — axis (= CE) _ Jaa "(ay “35 Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (I,) = f yedA ty) Or, = fy SWE Cy, — yp)ax ov= Soon? ~yehave ie (Cz) — CB) fa ‘ [z= wer lo Ye =(Y1+Y2)/2 3a? 7a oe see wat) a 3a? Tas One (le) = Syed = ah aa Er. Tek Bahadur KatuwalDetermine the centroid of given plane area by using integration method ‘When x =a, y =b, substituting these values in the equations of the curve (2) and Curve (1). In equation of Curve 1 So that the equation of straight is, Y, And In equation of Curve 1 Y)=K,X!? Or, b=K,a!? Or, K, = b/ al? So that the equation of straight is, Y. Consider an elementary strip of height y, thickness dx and located at distance x from the y — axis. For this elemental strip, Area(dA) = ydx We have, Area of parabola (A) = f dA Or, = Y2 — yx)dx On = fo (F vE - 3 x?) dx Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal ~’ XC= 2XCalculation of first moment of area about Y — axis (Iy) = J xc¢dA 1, = Ip xO2 — ya)dx = {Ox (% VE - 3 x?) dx Y = KvX on BF : ; on= (3-32) = G5) cer 2S ba? Or. (Iy) = J xed = So that the centroid of triangular plane area about Y — axis ox Soca | @ =o Calculation of first moment of area about X — axis (Ix) = fycdA ~ XC=X ~ Or, = fo Satyeex ae (yi — ya)dx ox = Ht eda ¥f (v8) "Jo ee ee OceSlas etl akan =) 1 (ab? ab?" Bab? on =3(F-4)= 20, Gy) = Syeda = Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal1. Calculate the centroid of given plane figure. 50mm | 100mm 400mm. 1 150mm ol 300mm—~ S.N. | Plane Area | Area (Ai) mm? (Xi) mm (¥i)mm_ | (AiXi) mm* | (AiYi) mm* 1 Rectangle 200x400=80000 | 200/2=100 |400/2=200 | 8000000 | 16000000 2 | Rectangle | 199x150=15000 a 150/2=75 | 3750000 | 1125000 3 | Triangle | (200x150)/2=15000 | (2*200)/3 | 400+(150/3) eae |e 1999950 | 6750000 Ai =110000 dani Yaw = 137499550 = 23875000 x2 Now, X= "yar = “a10000 _ Saivi _ 23875000 Also, ¥ = “Far = “r10000 = 217.045mmi tek Bahadur katuwal2. Determine the centroid of given plane area. SN. [Plane Area [Area(Ai)em? — [(Xi)em | (Yi)em (AiXi) ems] (AFYi) em? 1 Rectangle 12x8 = 96 12/2=6 8/2= 4 756 384 2 Triangle (12x6) /2 = 36 | 12/3=4 ~6/3=-2 144 S72 3_|Semi-circle | _(nx6*)/2= 56.55 | 12/2=6 | 8+(4x6)/3n=10.55 | 339.3 596.603 4 | Circle (nxa2) = — 50.26 6 8 — 301.56 | — 402.08 Peal 1e29 dani Yam = 757.74 =506.523 x — DAM _ 757.74 _ Now, X= S95 = Tagg = 5:479em. y _ DAM _ 506.523 _ Also, ¥ = S50 = “hag = 3-662em Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal