CHEMISTRY REVIEWER

STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry MOLES TO MASS:
- the determination of the proportions in
which elements or compounds react with
one another.

GAS LAWS
Boyle’s Law
- Gas pressure and volume are inversely
proportional.
MASS TO MASS:
- When the temperature is kept constant, as
volume increases, pressure falls and vice
versa.
MASS TO MOLES:
Formula:

FORMULA WHEN:

FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
MO
�� �� �� ��
LES TO MOLES: �� = �� =
�� ��

FINDING �� :
�� ��
�� =
��

FINDING �� :
�� ��
�� =
��
 FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
�� �� �� ��
�� = �� =
�� ��
Charles’ Law
Combined Gas Law
- When pressure is held constant, the kelvin
temperature and volume will be indirectly - Product of pressure, volume and, absolute
proportional. temperature of gas is equal to constant.
Formula: Formula:

FORMULA WHEN:
FORMULA WHEN:
FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
�� �� ����
�� = �� = �� =
�� �� ��
�� =
�� ����
�� ��
�� �� �� � �

FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
�� �� �� ��
�� = �� = �� =
�� �� ��
�� =
�� ����
�� ��
�� �� � � ��

Gay Lussac’s Law

FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
- When the mass is fixed and volume is
constant, pressure is proportional to �� �� �� �� ����
temperature.
�� = �� ��
�� = �� ��
Formula:

Ideal Gas Law

- Also called “the general gas law”
- Under the same temperature, pressure
FORMULA WHEN: and, colume all gases contain the same
number of molecules (but not the same
FINDING �� : FINDING �� : mass).
�� �� ���� Formula:
�� = �� =
�� ��
 Dalton’s Law od Partial Pressure
FORMULA WHEN:
- Total pressure exerted by a mixture of
FINDING P: FINDING V:
gases is equal to the sum of the partial
��� ��� pressure of the gases in the mixture.
�= �
�= � Formula:

FINDING n: FINDING T:
�� ��
�= �=
�� ��
Gas Stoichiometry

FINDING R: - Using the ideal gas law to solve

stoichiometry problems for chemical
�� reactions involving gases at any
�= temperature and pressure.
��
Formula:

Avogadro’s Law
- When the temperature and pressure
are held constant, volume of gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles of
gas.
Formula:

FORMULA WHEN:

FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
�� � � �� � � Quantum Mechanical Model
�� = ��
�� = ��
Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
- Motion of extremely small particles like
electrons.
FINDING �� : FINDING �� :
Quantum Numbers
�� � � �� � �
�� = �� = - Values of conserved quantities in the
�� ��
dynamics of a quantum system.
 - Allowed values  F Orbitals make up 7 boxes,
max of 14 electrons.
3 Rules for Creating Orbital Diagrams
4 QUANTUM NUMBERS
1) Aufbau Principle
1) Principal Quantum Numbers (n)
- The lowest energy orbitals are filled
- Always look at the very first number of the
before the higher energy orbitals
last electron number.
2) Hund’s Rule
2) Angular Momentum Quantum Number /
- Each orbital gets one electron first, before
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
adding the second electron to the orbital
- Look at the letter of the last number.
3) Pauli Exclusion Principle
Write the value of the corresponding
- Only 2 electrons, of opposite spins, can
number.
only occupy each orbital
3) Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
- S - 0

- P - -1 0 1

- D - -2 -1 0 1 2

- f - -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

4) Spin Quantum Number (ms)

- Look at your orbital configuration for the
element. Go to the last number. Where
does the VERY LAST arrow point ? If it’s
� �
up, then
�
, if it points down -� .
Orbital Diagram
- Help visualize which orbitals the electron
in an atom are
- Region around nucleus in which an
electron will most likely to be found.
The Basics of Orbitals Diagram Electron Configuration
o Different types of orbitals have - Arrangement distribution of electron in
different types of energy levels successive sublevels and orbital in an
o They are filkled with electrons (the atom.
amount of electrons depends on - Where electrons are located around the
which element you are looking at) nucleus of an atom.
 S Orbitals make up 1 box,
and contain a mas of 2
electrons.
 P Orbitals make up 3 boxes,
max of 6 electrons (2 in
each box)
 D Orbitals make up 5 boxes,
max of 10 electrons (2 in
each box)
Electronegativity
- Index of the tendency of an atom to
attract electrons.
- Proportional to the difference between an
atom’s ionization potential and its
electron affinity.

Lewis Dot Structure

- Diagrams that represent the valence
electrons of atoms within a molecule.

How to Draw a Lewis Structure

1) Find total valence electrons
2) Draw skeleton structure using single
bonds
3) Assign remaining valence electrons
4) Make multiple bonds if all octets aren’t
filled