This document discusses post-tensioned concrete design principles and provides examples of post-tensioned structures. It describes how post-tensioning works by placing concrete members in compression through tensioning tendons, controlling cracking and deflection. Key benefits are reduced thickness, weight, and construction time compared to conventionally reinforced concrete.
This document discusses post-tensioned concrete design principles and provides examples of post-tensioned structures. It describes how post-tensioning works by placing concrete members in compression through tensioning tendons, controlling cracking and deflection. Key benefits are reduced thickness, weight, and construction time compared to conventionally reinforced concrete.
This document discusses post-tensioned concrete design principles and provides examples of post-tensioned structures. It describes how post-tensioning works by placing concrete members in compression through tensioning tendons, controlling cracking and deflection. Key benefits are reduced thickness, weight, and construction time compared to conventionally reinforced concrete.
Post Post--tensioned Concrete: tensioned Concrete: Design Principles Design Principles Design Principles Design Principles ccourtesy of ourtesy of Carlos Palomino (Suncoast Post Carlos Palomino (Suncoast Post--tension) tension) SUNCOAST POST-TENSION Suncoast was founded in 1983, and today we are the largest supplier of fabricated, un-bonded post-tensioning materials and services in the United States for buildings and foundations. We provide the specialty fabricated materials, equipment, engineering support, and technical field services necessary to meet any post-tensioned concrete structural job requirements. Suncoast currently operates 16 branch offices in the United States. SCPT has the presence and capabilities to serve projects in North, Central, and South America. SAMPLES OF POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURES CONCRETE STRUCTURES This structure is a cylinder, square in plan. The rear rib is supported by columns, and the front rib is essentially an arch supported at the abutments, and at the crown, laterally, by prestressing cables running across the top of the shell. Pre-stressed arches at the Moscone Center - San Francisco 1981. Demonstrated effective use of prestressing to meet strict architectural guidelines (spans of 275 ft) THRUST RESISTED BY PRESTRESSED CABLES Arch under gravity loads Thrust forces at base Prestressed cables added at foundation level The Normandy Bridge - 1995. Built on the river Seine, near Le Havre (FR). At the inauguration date, it was the worlds record of cable-stayed bridges with a 856-m span and a total length of 2141-m. The two towers are the world bridge's highest ones in prestressed concrete. Also prestressed concrete main span deck was utilized. Falconhead Golf Course, Golf Green Cantilevered Slab (Bee Cave, TX). Bonded, encapsulated post-tensioned slab (thickness: 32" at cantilever support. 18" at cantilever tip). The main cantilevered slab spans 20 feet and is completed by a tip-cantilever which adds an additional 8-foot span to the cantilevered slab Pike at Rainbow Harbor Parking Building Long Beach California shows long Beach California shows long cantilevered spiral ramps built using post-tensioned concrete Calgary Olympic Oval-1988. First 400m covered speed skating oval. Roof consists of a series of post-tensioned concrete arches Juan Pachn Vicens Auditorium - sports venue in the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico - Designed by T.Y.Lin and built on 1972. 138 ft cantilevered. FOUR 8EA8ON8 FOUR 8EA8ON8 FOUR 8EA8ON8 FOUR 8EA8ON8 HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL HOTEL - -- - MAM MAM MAM MAM 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. 8uperstructure. Tallest tower Tallest tower Tallest tower Tallest tower south of New south of New south of New south of New York, 72 stories York, 72 stories York, 72 stories York, 72 stories PT PROJECTS Largest developments in the U.S.A. are using post- tensioned concrete slabs in commercial buildings. High Rise Commercial High Rise Commercial (Condo units) Office Buildings Began in 1950 with pre-cast lift-slabs PT cast in place slabs started in 1960s EVERGLADE8 EVERGLADE8 EVERGLADE8 EVERGLADE8 ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY ON THE BAY AX8 CONDO AX8 CONDO AX8 CONDO AX8 CONDO AXIS CONDO LATTUDE ON THE RVER LATTUDE ON THE RVER LATTUDE ON THE RVER LATTUDE ON THE RVER AXIS CONDO Courtesy of Brokers Cervera Real Estate 500 500 500 500 BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL AXIS CONDO BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL BRCKELL OPERA OPERA OPERA OPERA TOWER TOWER TOWER TOWER Courtesy of Florida East Coast Realty Behavior of concrete member Concrete beam or slab Span between supports Loaded member Deflection issue Effect of the loading Top face feels compression Top length shortens top bot Original member length Bottom face feels tension Bottom length increased bot Response of member Top face feels compression Bottom face feels tension Concrete weak in tension Starts cracking soon If member is not reinforced with steel Cracks will continue to open until If member is not reinforced with steel Collapse is imminent Now if member has rebar Bottom reinforcement added Bottom face feels tension Cracks will still develop Cracks will be smaller and controlled Collapse is prevented NOW IF THE MEMBER HAS POST-TENSIONING Top face feels compression Bottom face feels tension EFFECT OF THE LOADS NOW IF THE MEMBER HAS POST-TENSIONING Possible TENSION at top face Deflected shape EFFECT OF THE POST-TENSIONING OPPOSITE EFFECT FROM THE LOADS Bottom face feels COMPRESSION Cracks, deflections, loadings, behavior is controlled by active reinforcement called post-tensioning. W prec a P P W load T T Forces in the member after tendons are stressed and anchored T a P P W load Reduced load Final effective forces in the member after tendons are stressed and anchored ADVANTAGES In summary, designer of a post- tensioned structure has a great flexibility in choosing the amount and location of in choosing the amount and location of the prestressing steel to best resist the anticipated loads and deflection. Active reinforcement POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE Main Advantages: Reduction of slab thickness (material savings). Thinner slabs mean savings in time and labor. Reduction of deflections. Reduction of building height (cladding, mechanical, etc.) Reduction of building weight (foundation savings). Reduction of building weight (foundation savings). Because prestressing steel has higher strength than mild steel, PT slabs are built with approximately 60 to 70% less steel (more space for MEP installations). Reduction of cracking due to permanent pre-compression, better corrosion resistant Architectural freedom of larger spans and irregular slab geometries Reduction in construction time since early stripping of formwork is permitted CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES - Regular Strength Concrete - !nitial Crack occurs soon - !nitial Crack occurs soon - Reinforcement = Steel Rebar - F Y = 60 ksi (Typical) - Passive Reinforcement - After Concrete Cracks - Stresses and Deformations have to occur before rebar starts working !N FLOOR SYSTENS: Span Length is generally subject to deflection Span Length is generally subject to deflection and punching shear issues: -Typical (spanfslab thickness) Ratio = 28 Post-Tensioned Concrete Structures: -High Strength Concrete -High Strength Concrete -High Strength Strands (Tendons) -F y = 250 ksi Active Reinforcement -!nduces Balanced stresses in concrete -Efficient Design PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER PLAN CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER RENFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER PRE8TRE88ED MEMBER Design Concerns: -Serviceability: -Cracks -Deflections -Ninimum Rebar Requirements -Ninimum Rebar Requirements -Safety: -Collapse -Strength: Flexural Shear Basic Load Combinations: Transfer 1.0 D.L. + 0 L.L. + 1.08 Pre-Stressing Service 1.0 D.L. + 1.0 L.L. + 1.0 Pre-Stressing Service 1.0 D.L. + 1.0 L.L. + 1.0 Pre-Stressing Safety 1.2 D.L. + 1.6 L.L. + 1.0 Pre-Stressing Overload, Naterial Deficiencies: Long Term 3.0 D.L. + 1.0 L.L. + 3.0 Pre-Stressing Losses due to material behavior, creep, wedge seating, shrinkage, long term creep, relaxation, etc. Service Checks By ACIJ31S {Chapter 1S): -Naximum stress at tensile fiber: -6 fc (Two Way) -12 fc (One way) -12 fc (One way) !f Naximum Stress is Greater than 2 fc Bonded Reinforcement is required at positive moment Ninimum Reinforcement (for ductility and reduced crack width and spacing) Minimum Bonded Reinforcement Required - Top Rebar @ supports A s = 0.00075 A cf - One Way Slab Nin. Rebar =0.00+ A - One Way Slab Nin. Rebar =0.00+ A Strength Design {Factored): MDemand MResisting vDemand Results of structural analysis vProvided EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS STRAIN COMPATIBILITY MATERIAL STRENGTH BANDED TENDON PERSPECTIVE DISTRIBUTED TENDON PERSPECTIVE TOP STRESSES AT POST-TENSIONED SLAB One-way slab on beams or walls Flat Plate TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 Slab with wide shallow beams Slab with column capitals and drop panels Waffle slab Two way slab on beams TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 {cont.} One way slab with joists General framing layout of pan joist system. TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 {cont.} Mat foundations TYPE8 OF PO8T-TEN8ONED 8LAB8 {cont.} Slabs on grade STANDARD SYSTEM: Usually utilized in non-aggressive environments. Tendon is coated with corrosion inhibiting grease within a plastic sheathing by the process of extrusion. ENCAPSULATED SYSTEM: TYPES OF UNBONDED P.T. SYSTEMS System that provides watertight connection at all stressing and dead ends and has the anchor cavity of the anchorage covered by a watertight cap. Provides better corrosion resistance. Tendon is still coated with corrosion inhibiting grease within a plastic sheathing by the process of extrusion. Note: Even though codes do not strictly mandate for one or another, we recommend encapsulated, especially for parking structures (exposure condition, wide temperature variations) What does the code define as aggressive environment? One in which structures are subject to direct or indirect applications of deicing chemicals, seawater, brackish water, or spray from these sources; structures in the immediate vicinity of seacoasts, and structures where anchorage areas are in direct contact with soils. TYPES OF UNBONDED P.T. SYSTEMS With the exception of those building located near the coast, nearly all enclosed buildings (office, condos, apartments) are considered to be non-aggressive environments. As per PTI recommendations for Construction and Maintenance of Concrete Parking Structures, and also as per ACI-362-Guide for Design of Durable Parking Structures, Aggressive environments are defined as areas within 5 miles of the Atlantic Ocean (Coastal Chloride Zone I) and the Encapsulated System is recommended.