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Brief Contents
PART 1
Welcome to College Reading, Writing, and
Thinking
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to College Reading and Writing
Theme: How Can You Develop a Successful College Mindset?
CHAPTER 2
Active Reading and Writing
Theme: What Is the Effect of Multitasking on Your Work or
Learning?
CHAPTER 3
Reading and Writing during the Writing Process
Theme: How Do Writers Write?
PART 2
Essential Elements of College Reading and
Writing
7
CHAPTER 4
Reading and Writing Paragraphs
Theme: How Can We Deal with Procrastination?
CHAPTER 5
Reading and Writing Essays
Theme: Why Is Sleep So Important?
CHAPTER 6
Writing about Reading
Theme: What Is the Value of a College Education?
PART 3
Reading and Writing about Texts
CHAPTER 7
Responding to Texts
Theme: What Makes People Happy?
CHAPTER 8
Reading and Writing Arguments
Theme: Should the Minimum Wage Be Raised?
CHAPTER 9
Planning a Research Paper
Theme: Researching Antibiotic Resistance: How Can We Stay
Healthy Using Antibiotics?
CHAPTER 10
Writing a Research Paper
8
Theme: Writing about Antibiotic Resistance: How Can We Stay
Healthy Using Antibiotics?
vi
PART 4
Anthology of Theme-Based Readings
THEME
Do Social Media Connect Us—or Isolate Us?
THEME
What Makes Us Healthy?
THEME
Can Head Injuries Be Prevented in Sports?
9
Contents
Preface
PART 1
Welcome to College Reading, Writing,
and Thinking
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to College Reading and Writing
Theme: How Can You Develop a Successful College Mindset?
Identifying Your Use of Strategies for Success
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 1.1 Complete the College Reading,
Writing, and Learning Survey
Recognizing Key Factors for Succeeding in College
Reading and Writing about Fixed and Growth Mindsets
“Brainology: Transforming Students’ Motivation to Learn”
by Carol S. Dweck
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 1.2 Engage with the Reading 1
Reading and Writing about Infographics
Developing a Critical-Thinking Mindset
“Impact of Poverty on Students: All in Their Minds?” by
Mary Ellen Flannery
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 1.3 Engage with the Reading 2
Chapter Review
10
CHAPTER 2
Active Reading and Writing
Theme: What Is the Effect of Multitasking on Your Work or
Learning?
Recognize Reading and Writing as Processes
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 2.1 Read for Comprehension
Previewing and Freewriting before Reading
“Don’t Multitask: Your Brain Will Thank You” by Issie
Lapowsky
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 2.2 Engage with the Reading 1
Identifying the Topic, Thesis, and Main Ideas in a Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 2.3 Read and Write about the
Topic, Thesis, and Main Ideas
Writing while Reading: Annotating and Summarizing
“Multitasking May Hurt Your Performance but It Makes You
Feel Better,” Ohio State University
viii
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 2.4 Engage with the Reading 2
Reading and Writing about Pie Graphs
Chapter Review
CHAPTER 3
Reading and Writing during the Writing Process
Theme: How Do Writers Write?
An Overview: Identifying Steps in the Writing Process
Defining the Purpose of a Writing Task
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.1 Evaluate Topics
Prewriting: Choosing a Topic and Generating and Organizing
Ideas
11
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.2 Choose a Topic and Generate
Ideas
Drafting: Writing Multiple Drafts
“Rethinking the Writing Process: What Best-Selling and
Award-Winning Authors Have to Say” by Michael R.
Sampson, Evan Ortlieb, and Cynthia B. Leung
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.3 Engage with the Reading 1
Reading and Writing about Illustrations
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.4 Write a First Draft
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading: Rereading Your Writing with
Your Reader in Mind
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.5 Revise a First Draft
“Writing as a Process: An Interview with Mike Rose” by Tina
Arora
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.6 Engage with the Reading 2
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 3.7 Edit and Proofread a Second
Draft
Chapter Review
PART 2
Essential Elements of College
Reading and Writing
CHAPTER 4
Reading and Writing Paragraphs
Theme: How Can We Deal with Procrastination?
Identifying the Parts of a Paragraph
12
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.1 Choose a Prompt for a
Paragraph on Procrastination
“Why Your Brain Loves Procrastination” by Susannah
Locke
ix
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.2 Engage with the Reading
Reading and Writing about Sidebars
Shaping Your Writing to Your Purpose and Audience
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.3 Recognize Audience and
Purpose
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.4 Generate Ideas for a
Paragraph
Drafting: Writing an Effective Paragraph
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.5 Evaluate a Paragraph
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.6 Draft a Paragraph
Revising Paragraphs for Unity and Coherence
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 4.7 Revise a Paragraph for Unity
and Coherence
Chapter Review
CHAPTER 5
Reading and Writing Essays
Theme: Why Is Sleep So Important?
Analyzing Essay Structure
Identifying Purpose and Audience in a Writing Prompt
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.1 Choose a Writing Prompt for an
Essay on Students and Sleep
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.2 Annotate an Essay Prompt
“Forget A’s, B’s, and C’s—What Students Need Is More
Zzzz’s” by Mary A. Carskadon
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.3 Engage with the Reading
13
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.4 Prewrite after Reading
Reading and Writing about Tables
Drafting a Tentative Thesis and an Essay Plan
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.5 Write a Tentative Thesis and an
Essay Plan
Writing an Effective Essay Introduction
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.6 Read and Write Introductions
Writing Body Paragraphs
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.7 Read and Write Body
Paragraphs
Writing a Strong Conclusion
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.8 Read and Write Conclusions
Revising and Editing to Improve an Essay Draft
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 5.9 Read to Revise a Draft
Chapter Review
x
CHAPTER 6
Writing about Reading
Theme: What Is the Value of a College Education?
Choosing a Topic for Readings-Based Writing
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.1 Evaluate Topics and Choose a
Writing Prompt about College Student Debt
Summarizing from a Text
“The Average American Has This Much Student-Loan Debt”
by Matthew Frankel
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.2 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.3 Summarize from a Reading
Reading and Writing about a Line Graph
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.4 Summarize from a Line Graph
14
Quoting from a Text
“86 Percent of College Students View Higher Education as a
Good Investment” by Elise Rich
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.5 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.6 Summarize and Quote from a
Text
Categorizing and Outlining Information from Readings
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.7 Organize Notes and Create an
Outline
Writing a Readings-Based Body Paragraph Using Pie Structure
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.8 Write a PIE Paragraph
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 6.9 Write an Essay Based on
Readings
Chapter Review
PART 3
Reading and Writing about Texts
CHAPTER 7
Responding to Texts
Theme: What Makes People Happy?
Reading Critically to Respond in Writing
Identifying Types of Support
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.1 Analyze Prompts for
Responding to a Text on Happiness
“More Money Does Make You Happier” by Ellie
Zolfagharifard and Ollie Gillman
15
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.2 Engage with the Reading
xi
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.3 Prewrite for Writing Prompt 1 or
2
Reading and Writing about a Bar Graph
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.4 Prewrite about Visuals
Using the SOS Organizational Pattern
“Can Money Really Buy Happiness?” by John Grohol
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.5 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.6 Prewrite for Writing Prompt 3
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.7 Generate Ideas and Draft a
Response Paragraph
Drafting an Essay in Response to a Text: Applying the SOS
Organizational Pattern
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.8 Draft a Response Essay
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.9 Check Your Draft
Organizing and Developing Body Paragraphs
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.10 Revise Body Paragraphs for
Order and Development
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 7.11 Analyze Drafts
Chapter Review
CHAPTER 8
Reading and Writing Arguments
Theme: Should the Minimum Wage Be Raised?
Identifying Parts of an Argument
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.1 Evaluate Essay Prompts for
Reading and Writing about Raising the Minimum Wage
“Congress Should Increase the Minimum Wage and Index
It,” Statement by US Senator Tom Harkin, 14 March 2013
16
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.2 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.3 Prewrite on a Topic
Reading and Writing about Political Cartoons
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.4 Use Information from Visuals in
an Argument
Organizing Arguments in Paragraphs and Essays
“Congress Should Not Increase the Minimum Wage,”
Statement by Connecticut State Senator David Rutigliano,
14 March 2013
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.5 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.6 Develop an Argument
Responding to Others’ Arguments with Counterarguments
Evaluating to Revise an Argument
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.7 Draft an Argumentative Essay
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 8.8 Evaluate an Argumentative
Essay
Chapter Review
xii
CHAPTER 9
Planning a Research Paper
Theme: Researching Antibiotic Resistance: How Can We Stay
Healthy Using Antibiotics?
Writing a Research Question
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.1 Choose a Prompt for a
Research Paper on Antibiotic Resistance
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.2 Create a Research Question
Locating Academic Sources
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.3 Locate Sources
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.4 Search for Sources Using
Keywords
17
Preparing with Background Reading
“Antibiotic Resistance Questions and Answers,” Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.5 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.6 Use Information from a Source
Reading and Writing about Diagrams
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.7 Use Information from a
Diagram
Evaluating Researched Sources
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.8 Evaluate Sources
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 9.9 Prepare a File of Materials for
Your Research Paper
Chapter Review
CHAPTER 10
Writing a Research Paper
Theme: Writing about Antibiotic Resistance: How Can We Stay
Healthy Using Antibiotics?
Reviewing Your Research Paper Plan
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.1 Review Your Research Paper
Plan
Reading and Taking Notes on Sources
Taking Effective Notes
Recognizing and Avoiding Plagiarism
“Back to the Future with Antibiotic Resistance” by Chris Del
Mar
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.2 Engage with the Reading
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.3 Take Notes on Sources
Synthesizing Information from Sources
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.4 Create a Chart to Organize
Notes
18
Developing an Outline and a Thesis
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.5 Create an Outline
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.6 Create a Formal Outline and
Add Support
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.7 Write a Thesis Statement
xiii
Drafting, Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Your Research
Paper
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.8 Draft, Revise, Edit, and
Proofread a Research Paper
Documenting Sources
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.9 Cite and Document Sources
Formatting a Research Paper
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY 10.10 Format a Research Paper
Chapter Review
PART 4
Anthology of Theme-Based Readings
THEME
Do Social Media Connect Us—or Isolate Us?
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Choose a Prompt for an Essay on
the Effects of Social Media
“Be Here Now” by Sarah Weld
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
“Adapt to Inaccuracy in Social Media” by Larisa Manescu
19
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
“Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?” by Stephen Marche
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
THEME ACTIVITY Write in Response to a Chosen Prompt
THEME
What Makes Us Healthy?
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Choose a Prompt for an Essay or
Paragraph on Healthy Habits
“Why We’re So Fat: What’s Behind the Latest Obesity
Rates” by Rachel Pomerance Berl
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
“Weight-Loss and Nutrition Myths” US Department of Health
and Human Services, Updated October 2014
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
“Freshman Fifteen: Fact or Fiction?” by Jennifer A.
Carithers-Thomas, Shelley H. Bradford, Christopher M.
Keshock, and Steven F. Pugh
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
THEME ACTIVITY Write in Response to a Chosen Prompt
xiv
THEME
Can Head Injuries Be Prevented in Sports?
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Choose a Prompt for an Essay on
Head Injuries in Sports
“Facing the Truth” by Patrick Hruby
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
“Don’t Put Me in, Coach” by Marie-Eileen Onieal
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
20
“This Is What Happens to Your Brain When You Get Kicked
in the Head” by Jenna McLaughlin
READ TO WRITE ACTIVITY Engage with the Reading
THEME ACTIVITY Write in Response to a Chosen Prompt
21
Preface
22
Why an Integrated Approach to
College-Level Composition?
Reading and writing are complementary processes that
experienced readers and writers engage in recursively.
Unfortunately, community colleges today are filled with developing
readers and writers who require more guided practice and explicit
strategies instruction to be successful in first-year composition.
Reading provides students with concrete exemplars of how good
writing is structured; idea generation when they lack background
knowledge; and aids in generating complex and thoughtful text.
That’s why Writing to Read, Reading to Write presents reading,
writing, and critical thinking as engaging and complementary
endeavors. This focus on reading also gives students who are
underprepared for the first-year composition course, or in the co-
requisite support
xvii
sections, a chance to practice those skills and re-apply them as
they develop college-level work.
Designed for the broad mix of students who enter today’s first-
year composition course—and for the instructors who support
them—Writing to Read, Reading to Write offers a process-
oriented, recursive approach that supports student learning. Each
chapter is based on a thought-provoking question to provide
opportunities for critical thinking, and includes essay prompts for
students to focus their reading and plan their writing.
The structure of Writing to Read, Reading to Write allows for
flexibility in different approaches to teaching first-year
composition:
23
Part 2, Essential Elements of College Reading and Writing
presents paragraph and essay structure, and the elements of
writing about reading.
Part 3, Reading and Writing About Texts leads students
through an Argument assignment. Students plan and write a
research paper, and learn how to locate and evaluate sources.
Part 4, Anthology of Theme-Based Readings is a brief
collection of nine additional readings with essay prompts.
The Grammar and Style Handbook presents grammar in
context by modeling the use of effective words, sentences,
and punctuation through examples of professional or student
writing. This approach encourages students to read as writers
and to emulate strong writing.
The Documentation Resource Guide includes explanations
and examples of how to correctly format a paper, use in-text
citations, and create a list of sources in MLA and in APA style.
It also demonstrates how to create attribution, use appositives,
and acknowledge sources in sentences so students can
strengthen their writing by giving proper credit and by citing
the credentials of sources.
24
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with the soles of the soft-footed camels. Besides these forms a flat
rock surface with very shallow groves, known as rusuf, is
occasionally met with.
Some of the limestone boulders lying on the surface of the
plateau are perforated in the most extraordinary way. The driving
sand apparently eats its way into the softer portions of the stone,
boring holes into its surface. Small pebbles are often to be seen
which have been blown into these holes. These fly round and round
in the excavation under the influence of a strong wind, and
presumably continue the erosion of the sand blast, in the same way
as a stone wears a pot-hole in a stream. In course of time the whole
boulder becomes so riddled with holes as to resemble a gigantic
sponge.
In several places are large patches of desert more or less closely
covered with round boulders up to a foot in diameter, a type of
erosion known to the natives as battikh, or water-melon desert.
In other places in the desert perforated rocks and small natural
arches are to be seen; while near Farafra village were a number of
fine “mushrooms” and table stones cut out of the chalk by wind-
driven sand. Similar “mushrooms” of sandstone were, moreover, met
with near the centre of the desert.
In Kharga Oasis there is an area several square miles in extent
covered by curious clay ridges. These, which seemed all to be under
twenty feet high, were evidently formed by the erosion of the earth
by the wind-driven sand, for they all ran roughly from north to south,
in the direction of the prevailing wind.
Apparently, as the sand wore away and lowered the surface of the
desert, it encountered here and there harder portions of the clay
which resisted its erosive action. These consequently remained
protruding above the surface of the desert as the surrounding clay
was eaten away by the sand blast, and consequently acted as a
protection to the earth immediately to leeward of them, which
remained intact above the level of the desert in the form of a ridge
running in the direction of the prevailing northerly wind. I have found
similar forms to the west of Dakhla and in that oasis itself.
While in the central part of the desert in my first season, I found
embedded in a sand dune two short pieces of dried grass much
frayed and battered;[24] so, as has already been mentioned, on
leaving the camp next day, we followed the line of the sand belt, to
the north as showing the direction of the prevailing wind, and so
found the place from which the dried grass embedded in the dune
had come.
The occurrence of this grass so far to windward of the piece I had
picked up among the dunes is only another illustration of the great
part the strongly predominant character of the northerly wind plays in
this desert. Had we continued marching towards the north, along the
same bearing as we had during the day, we should have found the
oases, or hattias, of Bu Mungar, Iddaila and Sitra, all on the same
line. The original seed, of which the grass we found were the
descendants, were probably specimens carried by the wind from
Sitra to Iddaila, where they took root and produced seed that was
similarly carried to Bu Mungar and from thence—perhaps through
another hattia, or oasis—to the place where we found it growing.
Very probably the line of plantations of the grass may even reach to
the Sudan, should there be any places along it where the seed could
germinate.
ERODED ROCK, SOUTH-WEST OF DAKHLA.
NOTE
Since this Appendix was written, Hassanein Bey has visited and
fixed the positions of Arkenu and Owenat (Owanet). My information
upon Owanat seems to have been fairly accurate. The well at the
base of the cliff, the pass leading from it, the high-level oasis above,
the vegetation and the sand dunes in the district, and even the
Barbary sheep, have all been verified. The position I gave it, too,
from my native information was reasonably correct, being only about
twenty-one miles out, as compared with an error of about twenty-five
miles in the position of Kufara as fixed by Rohlfs’ expedition by
astronomical observations.
My estimate, however, of the nature of Jebel el Owanat—the high
land above the well—seems to have been wrong. But this, I think, is
due to misunderstanding on my part and not to any error on the part
of my informant. “Jebel”—the term he used to describe the high land
at Owanat, means literally mountain, but is a term used in the
western desert of Egypt to signify the high flat tablelands of which
the desert in that part is mainly composed. The oases in this district
all lie near the foot of the precipitous scarps that bound these
tablelands; so, as he mentioned a cliff in the proximity of the well at
Owanat, I assumed the “Jebel” to be of the same character as in the
neighbourhood of the Egyptian oases.
Hassanein Bey fixed the western limit of this elevated ground and
also its northern and southern boundaries, but though he made a
survey of some twenty-five miles to the east of the well, he was
unable to fix its eastern extension. So far as it is possible to judge
from his description and photographs, this elevated land seems to be
of much the same flat-topped character as the “jebels” round the
oases of Western Egypt, but so far as is at present known its limited
area makes it correspond more to Colonel Tilho’s estimate of its
character of a detached massif than to a tableland strictly speaking.
It is to be hoped that future travellers before long will revisit this
district and fix the eastern limit of Jebel el Owanat. Similar high
ground was reported to me as lying to the north of “the Egyptian
Oasis,” some 130 miles to the east of Owanat, and it is possible, if
this information is to be relied upon, that these two places are
connected by some hill feature, of which the high land at Owanat is
the western limit.
The accurate mapping of Owanat, with its permanent water
supply by Hassanein Bey, should be of great assistance to future
travellers, as it affords a most useful base for further exploration.
The difficulty, however, is to reach it. The old road that I surveyed
to the south-west of Dakhla Oasis for some 200 miles
unquestionably leads to Owanat; but it is very doubtful whether it is
practicable with camels at the present time. The distance from
Dakhla to Owanat in a straight line is some 375 miles, or at least
fifteen days’ hard travelling by caravan. A small well-mounted party
travelling light, even in the most favourable part of the year, would
find this an extremely formidable journey, without the use of some
sort of depot or relay system.
This road has been disused probably for centuries, as in most
places all traces have been completely weathered away. But from its
size in the few sheltered places where it is still visible it obviously at
one time was one of the main caravan routes of the desert.
Moreover, there were indications upon it that it had been largely
used by the old slave traders.
It can, I think, be assumed with absolute certainty that no main
road of this kind can have existed that contained a waterless stretch
of 375 miles—especially one over which large numbers of slaves
were forced to travel, as the water supply in these caravans was
always a most serious problem.
We are consequently forced to the conclusion that an
intermediate well, or oasis, once existed between Dakhla and
Owanat. It may have been only a well with an ordinary vertical shaft,
which has long since been sanded up and obliterated; but it may be
the oasis containing olive trees, on which the palm doves I found
migrating from this direction into Dakhla had been feeding. The
direction from which they came, viz. 217° Mag.,[25] I discovered
afterwards to be almost exactly the bearing of Jebel Abdulla from
Mut and so of the old road that we followed to reach it. Justus
Perthes’ map on a scale of 1/4.000.000, published in 1892, and also
the 1/2.000.000 map, revised to 1899, published by the French
Service géographique de l’Armée show an unnamed well, or oasis,
by a high steep hill and another oasis to the east of it. The German
map describes the oasis as being uninhabited, while the French
states it to be inhabited. It has been suggested that Arkenu
represents the well by the hill and Owanat the oasis farther east, and
there can be little doubt that this Arkenu-Owanat district is the one to
which they refer. But neither Arkenu nor Owanat can claim to be
oases strictly speaking—they would both be more accurately
described as wells: so it would appear that one of them—probably
Owanat—represents the well and that the oasis has yet to be found.
Very likely the failure of the water supply at this point led to the road
becoming abandoned. A road running up from the Central Sudan, as
this does, towards Cairo and the other wealthy towns of the northern
part of Egypt, where slave traders could find the best possible
market for their wares, must have been so convenient that it would
not have been abandoned without very good cause. If this road
could again be made serviceable by the restoration of this water
supply, it might still prove to be one of great value.
From what I saw of that part of the desert, I feel certain that this
intermediate oasis, or well, is not nearer Dakhla than Jebel Abdulla—
my farthest point along the road—nor can it be much farther. It is
certainly not in the immediate vicinity of that hill, but it cannot, I think,
be more than 50 or, at the outside, 75 miles farther on. It probably
lies rather to the east of the direct line joining the hill and Owanat, as
the road seemed to be trending rather in that direction.
But the most promising side from which to reach Owanat seems
to be from the east, using Bir Natrun, Legia, Selima or Terfawi as a
jumping-off point. My information as to Merga was derived from
several informants whose intelligence—with one exception—all
agreed in the distance and bearings from Bir Natrun and Legia, so,
assuming these two places to be correctly placed on the map, the
position of Merga is not likely to be very far in error. The “Egyptian
Oasis”—if it exists—would make a still better starting-point.
Assuming that it does, there should be no difficulty in discovering it,
as it would only be necessary to follow the line of the sand dunes
until it was sighted.
APPENDIX II
I. IDENTIFIED AT TRING
Arctiidæ