THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING

REVIEWER FOR PRE LIMINARY EXAMINATIONS

CHASE RYAN GUMPAL CANONIZADO
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING 1-2
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY ECHAGUE MAIN CAMPUS

Nursing theory- define, describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of nursing.
The word nurse is derived from the Anglo-French nurice and the Latin nutrica, both of which mean nourish.
1853 to 1856 – Florence Nightingale served in the Crimean War and set up a holistic system of nursing.
1859 – Notes On Nursing by Florence Nightingale was published. It was one of the first nursing manuals ever written.
1860 – The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing was opened in St. Tomas Hospital in London. Mark as the birth of
modern nursing.
Mid-1800’s – Nightingale recognized the unique focus of nursing and declared nursing knowledge as a distinct from
medical knowledge.
1950’s – Development of nursing knowledge as a guide in nursing practice.
1960’s-1980’s - Nursing as a Science to Nursing as a Profession - Period of rapid growth for associate nursing
programs.
1900’s, 2000’s - 2008 - Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure, Accreditation, and Certification &
Education
2010 – The Institute for the Future of Nursing released recommendations for improved health care. (The Future of
Nursing advocated for the removal of limits on nurses’ scope of practice.)
2015: OSHA Issues Guidelines to Improve Nurse Safety
2020 and Beyond: COVID Transforms Nursing as We Know It
Curriculum era- Courses included in nursing program
Research era- Role of nurses and what to research
Graduate era- Carving out a role in health care for master’s program
Theory era - Doctoral education flourished with additional nursing theories
Theory utilization era - Balanced between research and practice for knowledge development.
Discipline – a specific to academia and refers to branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of
knowledge.
Profession - refers to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge
of that discipline and accompanying practice abilities.
❑EPISTEMOLOGY – concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry.
◦RATIONALISM ◦ Rationalist epistemology emphasizes the importance of a priori reasoning as the appropriate
method for advancing knowledge and it is a theory-then-research strategy
◦ A priori reasoning utilizes deductive logic by reasoning from the cause to an effect or from a generalization to
particular instance
EMPIRICISM ◦ the empiricist view is based on the central idea that scientific knowledge can be derived only from
sensory experience and it is a research-then-theory strategy.
The inductive method ◦ the collection of facts precedes attempts to formulate generalizations
◦The strict empiricist view- is reflected in the work of the behaviorist Skinner.
Positivism, a term first used by Comte, emerged as the dominant view of modern science
Logical empiricists - offered a more lenient view of logical positivism and argued that theoretical propositions
A phenomenological approach- reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of their
particular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.
PHILOSOPHY ◦ Sets forth the meaning of phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical argument or
presentation
◦ NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODELS ◦ comprises the works of grand theories or pioneers in nursing
NURSING THEORIES ◦ Derived from works in other disciplines and related to nursing from earlier nursing
philosophies and theories, from grand nursing theories or from nursing conceptual models
MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES ◦ Narrower focus yet and is much more concrete than grand theory or nursing theory in
its level of abstraction
Nursing Paradigms- Are patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among existing theoretical works in
nursing.
The Metaparadigms of Nursing
1. Person- the recipient of nursing care like individuals, families, and communities.
2. Environment- the internal and external aspects of life that influence the person.
 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
REVIEWER FOR PRE LIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
CHASE RYAN GUMPAL CANONIZADO
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING 1-2
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY ECHAGUE MAIN CAMPUS

3. Nursing- interventions of the nurse rendering care in support of, or in cooperation with the client.
4. Health- the holistic level of wellness that the person experiences.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
1820-1910
1837: Wrote in her diary “God spoke to me and called me to His service”
◦ 1852: accepted her training to become a nurse at Kaiserwerth, Germany, a Protestant religious community with a
hospital facility
1853: She became the superintendent of the hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen in London
◦ November 1854: During Crimean war she went to Scutari, Turkey together with 34 newly recruited nurses to care
for the wounded British Soldiers
“LADY OF THE LAMP” –she made rounds at night providing emotional comfort to those soldiers
Her theory of the FIVE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH: *PURE AIR, *PURE WATER, *EFFICIENT DRAINAGE, *CLEANLINESS AND *LIGHT)
PROPER VENTILATION ◦ greatest concern of nightingale
LIGHT ◦ she identified direct sunlight as a particular need of patients. She noted that “light has quite as real and
tangible
effects upon the human body...who has not observed the purifying effect of light and especially direct sunlight, upon
the air of a room?’’
CLEANLINESS ◦She noted that a dirty environment (floors, carpets, walls and bedlinens) was a source of infection
through the organic matter it contained
WARMTH ◦ provided a description for measuring the patient’s body temperature through palpation of extremities to
assess for heat loss
QUIET ◦ Noise created by physical activities in the environment was to be avoided because it could harm the patient
DIET ◦ Instructed not to only assess the dietary intake but also to assess both the meal schedule and its effect on the
patient.
PETTY ENVIRONMENT ◦ the nurse was in control of the environment both physically and administratively to protect
the patient from both physical and psychological harm.
◦ PET VISITS – might be of comfort to patient
NURSING ◦ Nightingale believed that every woman, at one time in her life, would be a nurse in the sense that nursing
is having the responsibility for someone else’s health
◦ Notes on Nursing – provide women guidelines for caring for their loved ones at home and think like a nurse
◦ Trained nurses- learned and applied additional scientific principles to their work and were more skilled in
observation and reporting of patient’s health status while performing interventions
PERSON Referred to by Nightingale as “the patient”
HEALTH Defined as being well and using every power (resource) that the person has to the fullest extent in living
his or her life.
ENVIRONMENT ◦ Those elements external to and which affect the health of the sick and health person and included
everything from the patient’s food and flowers to the patient’s verbal and nonverbal interactions
USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ◦Her reports describing health and sanitary conditions in the Crimea and in England
identify her as an outstanding scientist and empirical researcher
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS ◦Nightingale believed that disease weas a reparative process; disease was nature’s effort
to remedy a process of poisoning or decay, or a reaction against the conditions in which a person was placed.
LOGICAL FORM ◦ SHE USED INDUCTIVE REASONING TO EXTRACT LAWS OF HEALTH, DISEASE AND NURSING FROM
HER
OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCES.
JEAN WATSON
Philosophy and Science of Caring / Transpersonal Caring
She was born in Southern West Virginia and grew up during the 1940s and 1950s in the small town of Welch, West
Virgini
in the Appalachian Mountains.
 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
REVIEWER FOR PRE LIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
CHASE RYAN GUMPAL CANONIZADO
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING 1-2
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY ECHAGUE MAIN CAMPUS

 She earned BS Nursing in 1964 at Boulder Campus at Colorado.

 MS in Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing in 1966 at the Health Sciences Campus
 PhD in Educational Psychology and Counseling in 1973 at the Graduate School, Boulder Campus
 1980s- established the Center for Human Caring at the University of Colorado
 Established a nonprofit organization – Watson Caring Science Institute (WCSI)
 Served as chairperson and assistant dean of undergrad program at UC
 1978-1981- director of the PhD program at UC
CLINICALIZATION (therapeutic control and manipulation of patient)
 “Transpersonal caring relationship- It is a special kind of human care relationship- a union with another
person—high regard for the whole person and their-being-in-the world.
Caring- Nurturing way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of
commitment and responsibility.
Curing- Medical term referring to elimination of disease
 CARITAS CONSCIOUSNESS- an awareness and intentionality that forms the foundation of a caritas
nurse essential care provided by nurses
Formation of Humanistic-Altruistic System of Human Values by practicing loving-kindness, compassion, and
equanimity (calmness) with self/other (embrace) - satisfaction through giving and extension of the sense of self
and increased understanding of the impact of love and caring to self and other. .
Being authentically present; enabling faith, hope, and belief system; honoring subjective inner, life world of
self/others (INSPIRE) -develop effective nurse-patient interrelationship and helping patient adopt health-seeking
behaviors
Being sensitive to Self and Others by Cultivating own spiritual practices, beyond ego-self to transpersonal presence
(TRUST) - recognition of feelings leads to self-actualization through self-acceptance for both nurse and patient
Nurses –lifelong exploration of personal values and belief system
Development and Sustaining Loving, Trusting-Caring Relationship (NURTURING) -Promotes and accepts the
expression of positive and negative feelings
- CONGRUENCE -real, honest, genuine, authentic
-EMPATHY- understand the person’s perceptions
-NONPOSSESIVE WARMTH- moderate speaking volume, relaxed open posture, congruent facial expressions with
other communication
-EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION- Cognitive, affective and behavior response components
Allowing for expression of positive and negative feelings—listening authentically to another person’s story
(FORGIVE)
-sharing is risk taking experience
Creative problem-solving- “Solution Seeking” Through Caring process, full use of Self and Artistry of Caring-
Healing practices via use of all ways of Knowing/ Being/ Doing/Becoming (DEEPEN) -Use knowledge creatively in
practicing caritas nursing
Engaging in transpersonal Teaching and Learning within the context of caring relationship, Staying within other’s
frame of reference (BALANCE) - Allows patient to be informed and shifts the responsibility of wellness and health to
the patient.
Creating a Healing Environment at all levels, a subtle environment for energetic, authentic caring practice (CO
CREATE) -recognize the internal and external envt of individual
Reverentially assisting with basic needs as sacred acts, sustaining human dignity (MINISTER)
-must recognize the lower-order needs and higher order needs.
Opening and Attending to the Spiritual, Mystery, Unknowns—Allowing miracles (OPEN)
- most difficult to understand and can be best understood through her own words.
Person- Human being refers to “a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted; in
general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self
-she views the person as “a unity of mind/body/spirit/nature”
Environment- NURSES ROLE: attending to supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal and
spiritual enviroments’
 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
REVIEWER FOR PRE LIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
CHASE RYAN GUMPAL CANONIZADO
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING 1-2
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY ECHAGUE MAIN CAMPUS

Health- Refers to unity and harmony within the mind, body and soul.
Nursing- “Human science of people and human health-illness experiences that are mediated/intervened by
professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care transactions”

PATRICIA BENNER
FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT: EXCELLENCE AND POWER IN CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE
◦ 1964- earned Bachelor of Arts degree in nursing from Pasadena College
◦ 1970- earned master’s degree in nursing major in medical-surgical nursing at University of California, San Francisco
School of Nursing
◦ 1982- PhD in stress, coping and health –University of California, Berkeley
2011- the American Academy of Nursing honored her as a LIVING LEGEND
Acknowledges that her thinking is influenced by Virginia Henderson
ARTICULATION RESEARCH – Describing, illustrating and giving language to taken-for-granted areas of practical
wisdom, skilled knowhow and notion of good practice
NURSING ❑Described as a caring relationship, an enabling condition of connection and concern
PERSON ❑Described as a SELF-INTERPRETING BEING, that is, the person does not come into the world redefined but
gets defined in the course of living a life
HEALTH ❑Defined as what can be assessed, whereas WELL-BEING is the human experience of health or wholeness.
SITUATION ❑Used situation instead of environment because it conveys a social environment with social definition
and meaningfulness.
❑Used phenomenological terms BEING SITUATED and SITUATION MEANING ❑The person’s engaged interaction,
interpretation and understanding of the situation.