Land Ceiling in India - Features, Benefits, Limitations Notes4UPSC

Mrunal (http://mrunal.
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[Land Ceiling] Meaning, Reasons, Pro and Anti Arguments
polity (http://mrunal.org/category/polity) / 3 years Ago /
29 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2013/10/land-reforms-land-ceiling-meaning-pro-anti-arguments.html#co
1. Prologue
2. What is Land Ceiling?
3. Why Ceiling on Land holdings?
4. Land Ceiling in India
5. Land Ceilings: BeneጽHts/Advantages/Positive Points
1. With political Will
2. Production increased
3. Employment increased
4. Naxal reduced
5. Social Justice
6. Growth of New political parties
6. Land Ceiling: Pro and Anti arguments
7. Mock Questions
Prologue
So far we’ve seen
1. Three land tenure system of the How the British had di‱㠷culty learning the land Revenue
British: Their features, system of Desi Nawabs. So, they came up with Permanent
implications. settlement, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems.
2. Peasant struggles for land But the British tenure systems caused much pain and
reforms in British Raj: causes anguish among Indian peasants and led to numerous
and consequences. revolts.
3. Land reforms, Before
independence: by Congress After the Provincial elections of 1937, Congress ministries
governments in Provinces, their took measures to protect tenant farmers. But by and large
beneጽHts and limitations. shied away from zamindari abolition.
4. Land reforms, After

After freedom, State Governments enacted Zamindari
independence: Abolition of Abolition Acts. As a result erstwhile (superior) tenants
Zamindari, Reasons, Impact, became virtual owners of their land. =>This is First tool of
Land reform.
Obstacles, Limitations.
Now comes the new problem:
1. After abolition of Zamindari, the (superior) tenant farmers became virtual owners of the land. They
owned tens and hundreds of acres of land. While other (inferior tenants/sharecroppers/landless
laborers) owned nothing.
2. Many Zamindars themselves kept lot of land in pretext of ‘personal cultivation’.
Therefore, State governments enacted land ceiling acts. E.g.an individual farmer cannot own land
beyond say 10 acres. Thus, if a farmer owned 12 acres, government would take away 12-10=2 acres of
surplus land from him, and “distribute” it to some landless laborers. This is Second tool of Land
reform.
before going further let’s again recap the players in a tenancy system
What is Ceiling on Land Holdings?
It means ጽHxing maximum size of land holding that an individual/family can own.
Land over and above the ceiling limit, called surplus land.
if the individual/family owns more land than the ceiling limit, the surplus land is taken away (with
or without paying compensation to original owner)
This surplus land is
a. distributed among small farmers, tenants, landless labourers or
b. handed over to village panchayat or
c. Given to cooperative farming societies.
Why Ceiling on Land holdings?

1. Because DPSP Art.38 seeks to minimize the inequalities of income, status, facilities and
opportunities. Land ceiling minimize inequality in the land ownership and thus reduces inequality
of income.
2. Because DPSP Art.39 wants to ensure that the operation of economic system does not result in
the concentration of wealth. In a village, land=wealth, hence land ceiling is necessary to prevent
concentration of wealth in the hands of few.
3. Because DPSP Art.39 wants to give right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens. Land
ceiling (and subsequent land redistribution) provides self-employment opportunities to landless
agricultural laborers.
4. If there is no land ceiling, rich farmers will buy all the land of entire village and tehsil. But since they
cannot cultivate all the land by themselves- they’ll ‘lease’ it to small farmers (tenants). Small farmer
(tenant) doesn’t have any ‘motivation’ to work harder because he doesn’t own the land and he has
to give 30-50-70% of the produce to that rich farmer, as “rent”= exploitation.
5. So, After abolishing Zamindari, IF State Governments had not implemented Land ceiling, then rich
farmers/superior tenants would have become the new de-facto/virtual Zamindars of Modern India.
Although, economists who believe in free market / capitalism, donot like land ceiling. We’ll see their
anti-land ceiling arguments at the end of this article. But for the moment, let’s continue with the
assumption that land ceiling is beneጽHcial.
Land Ceiling: Pro and Anti arguments
Like I said in the middle of the article- the economists believing in free market / capitalism- they don’t
like land ceiling. So let’s hear their arguments
Anti-Land Ceiling Pro Land Ceiling

Agricultural income= exempted from income
Land ceiling should be abolished. even tax.
corporate sector should be allowed to buy So, if land ceilings are removed, the rich people
agri. land. will rush to buy farm land.
This will enable the enterprising farmer to Thus land prices will soar. A new ‘intermediary’
enlarge his holding by buying or leasing group of Agri.land maጽHa will emerge.
lands of small farmers. But millions of small and marginal farmers will
Although landlessness will increase but be pushed o浔‵ their land.
these small farmers could ጽHnd Hence, the time is not yet ripe to bring forth
employment in agri. and allied sector as a such drastic reforms (of removing land
result of capitalist mode of production. ceilings).
Capitalist mode of agriculture=>more

surplus income=> invested back into the Capitalist mode of agriculture uses more
agriculture=economic growth. machines, less laborers=>unemployment
if corporate sector is allowed to enter in increased.
agriculture=> Agri. exports will Yes, Economic growth will be achieved but at
increase=>more foreign exchange the cost of unemployment and subsequent fall
incoming=>Current Account deጽHcit gone, in human development.
rupee will strengthen.
large farms tend to prefer monoculture (single

crop), because they can be easily managed with
heavy machinery. = more susceptible to pest
small farms are not productive because
attacks, not good from soil fertility point of
they hinder mechanised farming
view.
Small farmers have limited capital to
Small farmers usually have mixed crops
invest in improving agro. Production.
(intercropping), they combine and rotate crops
and livestock, with manure => soil fertility
improves.
Land ceiling and distribution => poverty
and disguised unemployment continues.
Some people need to be shifted from Villagers should be kept self-employed, even if
agricultural sector to on small and marginal farms.
manufacturing/service sector. There is no This ጽHts with Gandhian ideas of village
need to give land to each and every republics.
landless person.
Land Ceilings: BeneጽHts/Advantages/Positive Points
With political Will
States with political will in favour of land ceiling=showed great progress. Example
1. Jammu and Kashmir, Land ceiling laws fully implemented and by the middle of 1955 about 230,000
acres of surplus land had been handed over to tenants and landless labourers, that too without
having to pay any compensation.
2. West Bengal had less than 3% of total cultivate land in India. Yet more than 25% of the total
surplus land that was distributed throughout India, belonged to WB.
Production increased
1. Earlier large tracts of wasteland belonging to big zamindars/farmers remain uncultivated. Now this
given to landless laborers= increases area under cultivation=food security.
2. More Production: Equal distribution of land will encourage intensive cultivation resulting in
increased agricultural production.
3. Some Farm management studies conducted in India testiጽHed that small farms yielded more
production per hectare. It is so because family members themselves cultivate small farms.
4. Even one hectare of land is also an economic holding these days on account of improvement in
agricultural technique. Hence, small size of holding due to ceiling will not have any adverse e浔‵ect
on agricultural production.
5. Atleast some of the Land owners shifted to direct ‘e‱㠷cient’ farming in order to get ‘exemption’
from land ceiling.
1. Landless laborer= gets employment only during sowing and harvesting
season but now he given land ownership = he is 24/7 self-employed
farmer.
Employment 2. Even if he did not get land, still other farmers got land=> more demand for
increased
agri.labourers= wage bargaining power increased.
3. In other words, land ceiling increased employment opportunities.
1. With reduction in inequality among the villagers, possibility of class

struggle will be minimised.
Naxal
reduced 2. They will live with perfect peace and harmony and not join Maoists/Naxals
movements any longer. (atleast in theory)
3. In a rural economy, whoever controls land, controls the power.

4. Land ceiling Reduced this power inequality among villagers.
Social
Justice 5. Promoted spirit of cooperation among villagers. Will help develop
cooperative farming later on (atleast in theory).
Growth of New political parties
1959: N.G. Ranga, C. Rajagopalachari and Minoon Masani setup the Swatantra party.
Because they were against land ceiling, compulsory cooperativization, nationalization of private
industries etc. policies of Congress government.
1967 Charan Singh formed BKD
1974 BKD+ Swatantra Party + other parties merged=>BLD
BLD was major component of Janta Government under the great Morarji Desai who
1977
defeated Indira Gandhi.
Thus, in a way land ceiling helped destroying Congress monopoly / One party rule in Indian politics.
In the next articles, we’ll the two phases of Land Ceiling laws in India.
Mock Questions
1. Land ceiling is more of an impediment than a catalyst for economic growth. Comment
2. Evaluate the signiጽHcance of Land ceiling as a measure of land reforms.
3. The positive impacts of Land ceiling did not trickle down below the middle rung of peasantry.
Comment.
4. DeጽHne Land ceiling. Why was it necessary to enact land ceiling acts in post-independent India?
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So far 29 Comments posted
REPLY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/2013/10/LAND-REFORMS-LAND-CEILING-MEANING-PRO-ANTI-
ARGUMENTS.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=103391#RESPOND)
Rush
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::)))) Nice bro
 ARGUMENTS.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=376303#RESPOND)
PREVENTIVE
In India it is only the farmer who has a restriction on the size of land that
he can hold a builder can have as much land that he wants, an
industrialist can have as much as he wants but not a farmer. I have
heard that Infosysis having 800 acres of campus, reliance is having 1600
acres of mango farm in jamnagar but there is a ceiling on land that a
farmer can hold. he can not practice economies of scale. why does
Infosysis need so much land it can be operated from a huge building like
Petronas tower and if reliance is being allowed such a large orchard why
not a farmer.
if socialist fundas are to be applied so that every one should have land
then give ESOPS to every worker in the industry (if every tenant has a
right to land then worker should have ownership in the industry)
well if enterprise is being promoted every where then why not in
agriculture if tperson doning any other profession is not being told not
to scale up his operations then why farmers are being restricted from
scaling up the operations.
REPLY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/2013/10/LAND-REFORMS-LAND-CEILING-MEANING-PRO-
 ANTI-ARGUMENTS.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=390762#RESPOND)
Sachin Sinnarkar
i want to know under which section a company can purchase
hundreds or thousand acres land…reply me the on my mail
J&K
superb!!!!!!! Kamal ke chij ho aap….Lakh Lakh Dhanyavadd.
raghu bv
mast……….. sir ji, thank u
sikandar
sir it would be better to concentrate on some other topics for mains 2013(esp.
current) than to go into so much details on a single topic.thanks
Kartavya
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tarunendu singh
thank you very much sir
Manish
Great post. Thanks for doing such a great work and share it.
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પણ પહ〠〠 ?
લી છે
Gunasekaran M
Keep it up.
deepak
gr88 sirji….
vinod
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JA
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subhashbinani
Dear Sir
Pl provide information on the following points:-
1. circumstances/reasons under -which law- land purchase by golder forest

was declares surplus and taken over by State Govt. of Punjab, UK etc.
subhashbinani
Dear Sir
Pl provide information on the following points:-
1. circumstances/reasons under -which law- land purchase by golden forest

was declared surplus and taken over by State Govt. of Punjab, UK etc. 2.
Whether land purchase by Mr. Robert Vadera in any state exceed ceiling limit.
subhashbinani
What is present maximum ceiling limit of land in UP and whether these rules
are still applicable in Uttrakhand.
Rajiv
Below given qts was asked in police sub inspector preliminary exam 2014
conducted by Maharashtra PSC :-
Ceiling on Land Holdings Act was applied in two stages.
(1) Upto 1961 and after 1962 (2) Upto 1971 and after 1972
(3) Upto 1972 and after 1972 (4) Upto 1982 and after 1982
After reading your article….. my answer option 3…
srinivas
I want to know how much time limitation period freedom to sell away my
ceiling land & what is G.O no. In Andhra Pradesh.
stinivas
about srno17
Sumit
There is no limit on any cooperative society owning land. Progressive farmers
can make society to practise economy of scale. Also, a rich farmer can sell 10
acres of poor land and buy more expensive farm.
This act has restricted the Indian tendency of hoarding and that’s why it
pinches us so much.
Sachin Sinnarkar
how much land an Agro Company can purchase and hold…what is the section
V.anuradha
Does a person who gave his land to ceiling has any right to sell or acquire that
land again
V.anuradha
Does a person has any hold on the surplus land.can he sell or transfer or
claim the surplus land.pl mention the section in favour of my query
V.anuradha
Does a person has any hold on the surplus land taken over under ceiling.can
he sell or transfer or claim the surplus land .pl mention the section in favour
of my query
K. LAXMINARAYANA
Sir. It is said by my Dad that since our ancestors were craftmen by profession,
they lost their whole land of some acres because of this land reform act. Then
full family su浔‵ered a lot by losing everything n living in rental cottages. The
story still continuinig but somehow we could manage to survive ourselves. But
d stuggle for food n butter itself is running Sir, is there any chance to regain
our ancestors property back ?
Majid Khan
Dear Sir,
Your articles on di浔‵erent topics as well as on di浔‵erent issues are very lucrative
for we people esp.for those whom are preparing for various competative
exams.So ,thanks for such a priceless e浔‵ort .
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26-Sep: Indian In.Carpet Tech (http://www.handicrafts.nic.in/)
26-Sep: SSC NW (http://ssconline.nic.in/sscselectionpost/)
26-Sep: SSC Karnataka (http://ssconline.nic.in/sscselectionpost/)
23-Sep: Nat.Uni.of Edu. (http://www.nuepa.org/New/recruitment%20per.aspx)
20-Sep: IIM Lucknow (http://www.iiml.ac.in/?page_id=76)
19-Sep: NIT Calicut (http://www.nitc.ac.in/index.php/?url=content/submenu/316/5)
19-Sep: Delhi Pharma. (http://www.dpsru.edu.in/)
18-Sep: Oil Gujarat Ref. (https://www.iocl.com/PeopleCareers/job.aspx)
15-Sep: UPSC (http://upsconline.nic.in/ora/VacancyNoticePub.php)
12-Sep: Nat. Cancer Inst. (http://www.cnci.org.in/)
11-Sep: Inst. of Coy.Sec. (http://www.icsi.edu/career/)
09-Sep: Min.of Earth science
(http://moes.gov.in/writereaddata/ጽHles/project%20scientist%20B%20%26%20C.pdf)
09-Sep: UPPCS (http://uppsc.up.nic.in/)
08-Sep: Nat. Hydrology Inst (http://nihroorkee.gov.in/jobs.html)
07-Sep: Odisha PSC (http://opsconline.gov.in/)
07-Sep: NTPC (http://www.ntpccareers.net)
07-Sep: UTI Infra
(https://www.utiitsl.com/UTIITSL_SITE/site/Permanent_Vacancies_24_08_2016.htm)
06-Sep: Singareni Collieries (http://scclmines.com/scclnew/index.asp)
 Deskjobs
02-Oct: SSC Western (http://ssconline.nic.in/sscselectionpost/)
26-Sep: Indian In.Carpet Tech (http://www.handicrafts.nic.in/)
26-Sep: SSC Karnataka (http://ssconline.nic.in/sscselectionpost/)
20-Sep: NABARD (https://www.nabard.org/english/career.aspx)
19-Sep: Dayalbagh Ed. Inst. (http://www.dei.ac.in/dei/)
17-Sep: Nat. Inst.Of Mental health (http://nimhans.ac.in/vacancy-announcements)
15-Sep: Rain Forest Res. Ins. (http://www.icfre.org/UserFiles/File/advertisement_job/RFRI-
Recruitment_25Jul16-28.pdf)
15-Sep: IT Gujarat (sports) (http://recruit.incometaxgujarat.org/recruitment/Instruction.html)
15-Sep: RG Centre for Biotech. (http://www.rgcb.res.in/positions.php)
15-Sep: UK high Court (http://www.highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/recruitment/view/99)
15-Sep: Income-Tax Kerala
(http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Lists/Latest%20News/Attachments/66/KOCHI-SPORTS-
RECRUITMENT-10-08-2016.pdf)
09-Sep: Infra. Devt. Ltd. (http://iidlindia.com/)
08-Sep: TN PCS (http://www.tnpscexams.in/)
08-Sep: TN newsprint (http://www.tnpl.com/Careers.aspx)
06-Sep: Punjab SSC (http://www.punjabsssb.gov.in/index.html)
 Faculty
03-Oct: JNU (http://www.jnu.ac.in/Career/)
22-Sep: ND Veterinary Sci. (http://www.mppcvv.org/)
22-Sep: MMM Tec. Uni (http://www.mmmut.ac.in/ViewAdvertismentforvaccantposition.aspx)
19-Sep: Delhi Pharm. (http://www.dpsru.edu.in/)
19-Sep: Dayalbagh Ed. Inst. (http://www.dei.ac.in/dei/)
15-Sep: MMM University (http://www.mmmut.ac.in/ViewAdvertismentforvaccantposition.aspx)
15-Sep: UPSC (http://upsconline.nic.in/ora/VacancyNoticePub.php)
15-Sep: University of Jammu (http://www.cujammu.ac.in//Default.aspx?
option=article&type=single&id=32&mnuid=734&prvtyp=site)
14-Sep: Indian Inst. of Sci. (http://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/job-faculty/)
10-Sep: Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (http://www.slbsrsv.ac.in/careers.asp)
10-Sep: Gujarat University (http://recr.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/)
07-Sep: Nat. Mental health Inst. (http://nimhans.ac.in/vacancy-announcements)
1. Online Form Part-I stops few days before deadline, so don't wait till last date. Dont forget
reg.id & roll no.Note'em in Google Drive (https://www.google.com/drive/)
2. I usually update vacancies weekly on Mon/Tue.Purple link= newly added,Blue= existing.Last
updated Sep-06-2016.
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Land Ceiling in India - Features, Benefits, Limitations Notes4UPSC

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Mrunal (http://mrunal.

So far we’ve seen

4. Land reforms, After

Now comes the new problem:

What is Ceiling on Land Holdings?

Why Ceiling on Land holdings?

Land Ceiling: Pro and Anti arguments

Anti-Land Ceiling Pro Land Ceiling

Land ceiling should be abolished. even tax.

agri. land. will rush to buy farm land.

Although landlessness will increase but be pushed o浔‵ their land.

result of capitalist mode of production. ceilings).

Capitalist mode of agriculture=>more

large farms tend to prefer monoculture (single

agricultural sector to on small and marginal farms.

manufacturing/service sector. There is no This ጽHts with Gandhian ideas of village

need to give land to each and every republics.

Land Ceilings: BeneጽHts/Advantages/Positive Points

With political Will

1. With reduction in inequality among the villagers, possibility of class

3. In a rural economy, whoever controls land, controls the power.

Growth of New political parties

1967 Charan Singh formed BKD

1974 BKD+ Swatantra Party + other parties merged=>BLD

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So far 29 Comments posted

Geo11_8_Composition and Structure of Atmosphere

what is bitcoin ? Explain in your terms sir.

1. circumstances/reasons under -which law- land purchase by golder forest

1. circumstances/reasons under -which law- land purchase by golden forest

After reading your article….. my answer option 3…

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