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Ebook PDF Discovering Psychology 8th Edition by Sandra e HockenburDownload Ebook PDF Discovering Psychology 8th Edition by Sandra e Hockenbury PDF
Ebook PDF Discovering Psychology 8th Edition by Sandra e HockenburDownload Ebook PDF Discovering Psychology 8th Edition by Sandra e Hockenbury PDF
8
remote areas in the Himalayan regions of Nepal and the Tibetan
Plateau.
Susan A. Nolan is
Professor of
Psychology at Seton
Hall University in New
Jersey. Susan
researches the
interpersonal
consequences of mental
illness and the role of
gender in science
careers. Her research
has been funded by the
National Science
Foundation (NSF).
Susan is a past
president of the Eastern
Psychological
Association (EPA) and a Fellow of the EPA, the American
Psychological Association (APA), and the Association for
Psychological Science (APS). She holds an A.B. from the College of
the Holy Cross and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University.
9
for Diversity and International Relations of the Society for the
Teaching of Psychology. She was a 2015–2016 U.S. Fulbright Scholar
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where she and her husband have a home.
She is an avid traveler. Susan uses the examples she encounters
through these experiences in the classroom, in this textbook, and in the
statistics textbooks that she co-authors.
10
Brief Contents
To the Instructor
To the Student: Learning from Discovering Psychology
SECTION 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Methods
SECTION 2 PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2 Neuroscience and Behavior
CHAPTER 3 Sensation and Perception
CHAPTER 4 Consciousness and Its Variations
SECTION 3 BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 5 Learning
CHAPTER 6 Memory
CHAPTER 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
CHAPTER 8 Motivation and Emotion
SECTION 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
CHAPTER 9 Lifespan Development
CHAPTER 10 Personality
SECTION 5 THE PERSON IN SOCIAL CONTEXT
CHAPTER 11 Social Psychology
SECTION 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, DISORDERS,
AND TREATMENT
CHAPTER 12 Stress, Health, and Coping
CHAPTER 13 Psychological Disorders
11
CHAPTER 14 Therapies
APPENDIX A Statistics: Understanding Data
APPENDIX B Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
12
Contents
To the Instructor
To the Student: Learning from Discovering Psychology
13
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis
John B. Watson: Behaviorism
Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology
Contemporary Psychology
Major Perspectives in Psychology
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?
Specialty Areas in Psychology
The Scientific Method
The Steps in the Scientific Method: Systematically Seeking
Answers
Building Theories: Integrating the Findings from Many
Studies
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE:
What Is a Pseudoscience?
Descriptive Research
Naturalistic Observation: The Science of People- and
Animal-Watching
Case Studies: Details, Details, Details
Surveys: (A) Always (B) Sometimes (C) Never (D) Huh?
Correlational Studies: Looking at Relationships and Making
Predictions: Can Eating Curly Fries Make You Smarter?
Experimental Research
Experimental Design: Studying the Effects of Testing
Experimental Controls
14
Limitations of Experiments and Variations in Experimental
Design
CRITICAL THINKING: How to Think Like a
Scientist
15
Introduction: Neuroscience and Behavior
The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication
Characteristics of the Neuron
Glial Cells
Communication Within the Neuron: The Action Potential
Communication Between Neurons: Bridging the Gap
Neurotransmitters and Their Effects
How Drugs Affect Synaptic Transmission
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System:
Communication Throughout the Body
The Central Nervous System
IN FOCUS: Concussions, Cumulative Impacts,
and CTE
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Endocrine System
A Guided Tour of the Brain
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Imaging the
Brain
The Dynamic Brain: Plasticity and Neurogenesis
The Brainstem: Hindbrain and Midbrain Structures
The Forebrain
Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Language and the Left Hemisphere: The Early Work of
Broca and Wernicke
16
CRITICAL THINKING: “His” and “Her”
Brains?
Cutting the Corpus Callosum: The Split Brain
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE:
Brain Myths
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Maximizing Your Brain’s Potential
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
17
Introduction: What Are Sensation and Perception?
Basic Principles of Sensation
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE:
Subliminal Perception
Perception
18
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Ways
of Seeing: Culture and Top-Down Processes
The Perception of Shape: What Is It?
Depth Perception: How Far Away Is It?
The Perception of Motion: Where Is It Going?
Perceptual Constancies
IN FOCUS: The Dress That Broke the Internet
Perceptual Illusions
The Müller–Lyer Illusion
The Moon Illusion
The Effects of Experience on Perceptual Interpretations
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Culture
and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The Carpentered-
World Hypothesis
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Strategies to Control Pain
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
19
4 Consciousness and Its Variations
PROLOGUE: A Knife in the Dark
Introduction: Consciousness: Experiencing the “Private I”
Attention: The Mind’s Spotlight
The Perils of Multitasking
Cycles of Consciousness: Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
Biological and Environmental “Clocks” That Regulate
Consciousness
The Dawn of Modern Sleep Research
The Onset of Sleep and Hypnagogic Hallucinations
IN FOCUS: What You Really Want to Know
About Sleep
The First 90 Minutes of Sleep and Beyond
Why Do We Sleep?
20
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Sleep-
Deprived Emotional Brain
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Blocked Breathing During Sleep
Narcolepsy: Blurring the Boundaries Between Sleep and
Wakefulness
The Parasomnias: Undesired Arousal or Actions During
Sleep
Hypnosis
Effects of Hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis: Consciousness Divided?
CRITICAL THINKING: Is Hypnosis a
Special State of Consciousness?
Meditation
Scientific Studies of the Effects of Meditation
Psychoactive Drugs
Common Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
21
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Addicted
Brain: Diminishing Rewards
The Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Tranquilizers
The Opioids: From Poppies to Demerol
The Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and
Cocaine
Psychedelic Drugs: Mescaline, LSD, and Marijuana
Designer “Club” Drugs: Ecstasy and the Dissociative
Anesthetic Drugs
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Overcoming Insomnia
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
22
5 Learning
PROLOGUE: The Killer Attic
Introduction: What Is Learning?
Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli
Principles of Classical Conditioning
Factors That Affect Conditioning
From Pavlov to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism
Conditioned Emotional Reactions
Other Classically Conditioned Responses
IN FOCUS: Watson, Classical Conditioning, and
Advertising
23
Predispositions to Learn
IN FOCUS: Evolution, Biological Preparedness,
and Conditioned Fears: What Gives You the
Creeps?
24
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Do
“Learning Styles” Affect Learning?
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Using Learning Principles to Improve
Your Self-Control
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
25
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
President in the Philippines sufficed fully, it was contended,
for every purpose of temporary or provisional government
there, except in its lack of ability to grant franchises and
to dispose of the public lands. Hence it was freely charged
that the controlling influences which pressed this measure on
the government came from capitalists and speculators who were
reaching after valuable franchises, mining rights and land
grants in the archipelago. Said Senator Daniel in the debate:
"So far as any legislation which looks forward to the opening
of the way to civil government may be involved to the
softening of the conditions which exist, to the amelioration
of the distresses which are upon the Philippine people, I
would give most cheerful acquiescence. But because we desire
to do these things in a good spirit, in a resolute and
patriotic spirit, let us not permit the provocation of
difficult conditions to lead us into enacting any kind of
provision of law that is not necessary to these ends. Let us
not undertake to give to the President of the United States
any power of disposing of the permanent assets of the
Philippine people; let us not put him in the attitude of being
a franchise giver or a franchise seller or a franchise lessor.
The franchises of those islands—their rivers, their ferries,
their streets, their roads, the thousand and one privileges
which are granted by public authority—are as important and as
valuable to that people and as permanently associated with
their happiness and their prosperity as are their fields or
their mines or their fisheries or anything else which belongs
to their country. … It is true there is the reservation of the
right to alter, amend, or repeal, but while that is legally
broad enough for any remedial legislation whatsoever to
follow, we know that practically it is of very small
consequence. If capital goes in and invests itself in
improvements which are in themselves of a permanent nature, if
railroads are constructed, telegraph lines run, telephones
established, ferries built, steamers and boats, gas
establishments, electrical establishments—if those things are
disposed of, the man who once gets in will never be gotten
out. In all such affairs possession is nine points of the law
before they get into court, where it is generally made the
tenth."
Senator Hoar called attention "to the fact that the report of
the Taft commission urges that power be given to sell the
public lands at once, as it is necessary for their
development, and a large amount of capital is there now
clamoring to be invested," and he remarked: "So I suppose that
one of the chief purposes of this is that the public lands in
the Philippine Islands may be sold before the people of the
islands have any chance whatever to have a voice in their
sale." He then quoted the following passages from the report
of the Taft commission:
Congressional Record,
February 25-March 1, 1901.
{402}
The new tariff for the Islands, which the Commission had been
long engaged in framing, was submitted, in March, to the
government at Washington for approval. "In his letter of
transmittal Judge Taft says that the proposed bill follows
largely the classification of the Cuban tariff, 'but has been
considerably expanded by the introduction of articles
requiring special treatment here by reason of different
surroundings and greater distance from the markets.' Judge
Taft says also that the disposition of the business interests
of the islands is to accept any tariff the commission
proposes, provided only that the duties are specific and not
ad valorem. The question of revenue was kept steadily in view
in the preparation of the schedules, but it was not the only
consideration. Raw materials of Philippine industries, tools,
implements and machinery of production, materials of
transportation, the producers and transmitters of power and
food products are taxed as lightly as possible. … Export
duties are levied on only six articles—hemp, indigo, rice,
sugar, cocoanuts, fresh or as copra, and tobacco. The free
list admits natural mineral waters, trees, shoots and plants,
gold, copper and silver ores, fresh fruits, garden produce,
eggs, milk, ice and fresh meat, except poultry and game. There
is also a list of articles conditionally free of duty. The
importation of explosives is prohibited, but that of firearms
is not."
It is announced from Washington that "Judge Taft and General
MacArthur have agreed upon July 1 as the date for the
establishment of civil government in the Philippines. The
military regime in the islands will therefore cease on June
30, when General Chaffee will relieve General MacArthur of the
command, and Governor Taft will be inaugurated the next day
with considerable ceremony."
{403}
PHŒNICIANS, The:
Modified estimates of their influence upon early
European civilization.
"As soon as the plague broke out at Hong Kong, the great
Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato and the French doctor Yersin,
who is well known for his work with Roux on the serum
treatment of diphtheria, were already on the spot. Yersin
obtained from the English authorities permission to erect a
small straw hut in the yard of the chief hospital, and there
he began his researches. Both Kitasato and Yersin had no
difficulty in ascertaining that the plague buboes teemed with
special bacteria, which had the shape of tiny microscopic
sticklets, thickened at their ends. To isolate these bacteria,
to cultivate them in artificial media, and to ascertain the
deadly effects of these cultures upon animals, was soon done
by such masters in bacteriology as Kitasato and Yersin. The
cause of the plague was thus discovered. It was evident that
infected rats and swine—especially swine with the Chinese, who
keep them in their houses—were spreading the disease, in
addition to men themselves. The same bacteria teemed in the
dead animals. As to men, the discharges from their buboes, and
even, in many cases, their expectorations, were full of plague
bacteria. Besides, Yersin soon noticed that in his
'laboratory,' where he was dissecting animals killed by the
plague, the flies died in numbers. He found that they were
infested with the same bacteria, and carried them about:
inoculations of bacteria obtained from the flies at once
provoked the plague in guinea-pigs. Ants, gnats, and other
insects may evidently spread infection in the same way, while
in and round the infested houses the soil is impregnated with
the same bacteria. As soon as the pest microbe became known,
experiments were begun, at the Paris Institut Pasteur, for
finding the means to combat it; and in July 1895 Yersin,
Calmette, and Borel could already announce that some very
promising results had been obtained."
P. Kropotkin,
Recent Science
(Nineteenth Century, July, 1897).
{404}
{405}
PLURAL VOTING.
PLYMOUTH COLONY:
Return of the manuscript of Bradford's History to