BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-a →

Drag = o

Estimate from what height, under free-fall conditions, a heavy stone would need to be
dropped if it were to reach the surface of the Earth at the speed of sound of
330 m s−1 .
[Answer][Analysis]
From conservation of energy, we know that
1
��ℎ = ��2
2
�2
ℎ= = 5560 m
2�

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-b
A motorcycle rider is propelled up the left side of a symmetric ramp shown in Figure
1.
U

式
T

Sy
S

lcoso

The rider reaches the apex of the ramp at speed of �, and falls to a point P on the
descending ramp. In terms of �, � and �, obtain expressions for,
(i) The time �� for which the rider is⼀空中
airborne.
(ii) The distance OP (= �) along the descending ramp.
[Answer][Analysis]
(i) In horizontal direction, we have
� cos � = � cos � × ��
Therefore,
�
�� =
�
(ii) In vertical direction, we have
1 .
−� sin � = � sin � �� − ��2�
2
⑧=
uttzatiiy
Therefore, the distance
 4�2 sin �
�=
�

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-c
Two buckets hang from a rope over a frictionless pulley as in Figure 2. The bucket on
the right has a mass �2 , which is greater than the mass of the bucket on the left �1
(�2 > �1 ). Bucket 2 starts at height ℎ above the ground. If the buckets are released
from rest, determine:
(i) the speed with which bucket 2 hits the ground in terms of �1 , �2 , ℎ , and the
acceleration due to gravity �, and
(ii) the further increase in height of bucket 1 after bucket 2 hits the ground and stops.
Ignore resistive effects and assume the rope is long compared to the height above the
ground.

0 GPE ( M 2)

R > OKE ()
ma

< KE (M , )
OGPE ( m 1 )

↓↑
magch migohtmir =

+=Ʃ z
m2 V
[Answer][Analysis]
(i) From conservation of energy of the system, we have
1
�2 − �1 �ℎ = � + �2 �2
2 1
。

Therefore, the speed

2 �2 − �1 �ℎ
�=
�1 + �2

(ii) After bucket 2 hits the ground and stops, bucket 1 continuous ascends. The further
increase in height can be determined by conservation of energy
1
� �2 = �1 �Δℎ
2 1
 →
s =
器⼆ 0
⼀号
�2 �2 − �1
Δℎ =
2�
=
�1 + �2
ℎ u 是正⼀问的
1

vr-
-

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-d
A rugby pitch lies in a north-south direction. In this question � represents a unit
vector due east, and � represents a unit vector due north. Rugby player Y collects the
ball and runs with a velocity 3� + 4� m s−1 . Player X, starting 20 m due east of
player Y, immediately gives chase at a speed of 8 m s−1 . She is an expert player and
runs in a straight line to intercept player Y. Calculate j
(i) the velocity of player Y,
↑→ i
(ii) the time taken for the players to meet, and
(iii) the displacement of Y from her original position at their point of contact.
[Answer][Analysis]
(i) The diagram is shown below.

λ .. ↑

@
㉚
20 m
The velocity of player Y is 5 m s−1 with angle � = 37° north of east.
(ii) Assume the time taken for the player to meet is �. From sine rule, we have
sin � sin �
=
8� 5�
Therefore, the angle
5 1
sin � = sin � =
8 2
� = 30°
� = 180° − � − � = 97°
Applying sine rule again, we have
sin � sin �
=
20 5�
 sin �
�=4 = 2.0 s
sin �
(iii) The displacement of Y �� = 6� + 8� m with a magnitude of 10 m and angle
� = 37° north of east.
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-e
A long wire of uniform diameter 1.40 mm has a resistance of 0.478 Ω. It is wrapped
into a ball in order to find its weight, which is 4.60 N. When weighed in water it is
4.08 N. Calculate the resistivity of the wire.
Density of water = 1000 kg m−3
[Answer][Analysis]
The upthrust from water
� = �� ������ = �� − �
Therefore, volume of the wire
�� − � 4.60 − 4.08
����� = = = 5.3 × 10−5 m3
�� � 1000 × 9.81
The cross sectional area and the length of the wire
2
�
�=� = 1.54 × 10−6 m2
2
�����
�= = 34.4 m
�
Therefore, resistivity is given by
��
�= = 2.14 × 10−8 Ω m
�
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-f
A train travels at a constant speed for one hour but is then delayed on the line for half
an hour. When it restarts, its speed is reduced to 75% of its previous speed. It arrives
at its destination 112 hours later than if it had travelled at its initial speed throughout. If
the delay had occurred 45 km further on, then the train would only have been 1 hour
late. Determine,
(i) the distance travelled, and
(ii) the initial speed of the train.
[Answer][Analysis]
Assume the distance is � and the initial speed of the train is �, we have
� = ��
3
� = � ∗ 1 + ��
4
Therefore, we have
� = 4 hr
Besides, the train would only have been 1 hour late if the delay had occurred 45 km
further on. Therefore,
45 45
1.5 − 1 = −
3� �
4
The initial speed of the train � = 30 km h−1 , and the distance � = 120 km.
 r
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-g
Emmy walks into a lift with a set of (bathroom) scales. She stands on the scales,
,
presses the button for the 30th floor, and starts a timer as the lift begins to move. She
notices that the reading on the scales varies with time, according to the equation
below:
� �2
� � = 60 1 + −
10 100 a= 品
(i) Write down an expression for the acceleration of the lift as a function of time.
(ii) How fast is the lift moving after 10 seconds?
(iii) After the initial 10 seconds, the lift decelerates at a constant rate until it arrives at
the 30 th floor. Given that the 30 th floor is 100 m above the ground, calculate the
minimum value of the mass reading (in kg ) shown on the scales during this
N
deceleration. ↑
[Answer][Analysis]
⼈给家的 reaction
D
是 ↑
a

幽
乐
,

(i) The reading on the scales ↑ 冖

↓ Ra
,

� �0 � + �0 � N ma
ng
- =

� � = = 。 0

� �
N gtma 0
=

where �0 is the mass of Emmy, given by the reading at � = 0 and �0 = 60 kg. 寄 = mit)

-
Therefore, the acceleration of the lift
1 器器
60 +
) g �2 m(ε)
� � �
g Mog + moa
=

�= −1 �= − �
.

�0 10 100
我 -
m (t )

m)
(ii) The speed after 10 seconds a =

10
�2 �3
�= ��� = � − |10 = 16.4 m
0 20 300 0
(iii) The distance travelled in the first 10 seconds
10
�3 �4
�= ��� = � − |10 = 81.8 m
0 60 1200 0
The deceleration
�2
�' = = 7.32 m s−2
2�
Thus, the minimum value of the mass reading
�0� − �0 �'
�' = = 15.2 kg
�
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-h
Two transparent miscible liquids of refractive indices �� = 1.15 and �� = 1.52
can be mixed together to produce a liquid of refractive index � by mixing volumes
�� and �� of the liquids. The refractive index of the mixture varies linearly with the
volumes of the two liquids. The refractive index of powdered glass, �� , poured into
the mixture can be found by adjusting the liquid mixture until the powdered glass
cannot be observed in the liquid.
(i) Obtain an expression for �� in terms of ��, �� , �� and �� .
(ii) If the powdered glass is poured into 100 ml of liquid A and is seen to disappear
when 64 ml of liquid B is added, what is the refractive index of the glass?
[Answer][Analysis]
(i) The refractive index of the mixture
�� �� + �� ��
�� =
�� + ��
(ii) Substituting the values, the refractive index of the mixture
�� = 1.29
 BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-i
R2 , R4 ε O
O ] ,

(i) Five resistors, �1 … �5 are connected in a circuit between points A and B, as in

Figure 3. Resistors �2 and �4 can be changed in value to be connecting wires with ①= - ov

6r
� = 0, finite values, or open circuit with � = ∞. Write down the values of �2 and 2v

悠
“
�4 so that the network between A and B is equivalent to ⼝ n
⑥ 了
@
⼀

⼀⼝⼀丝函司
V . + Vz R2= R4 =∞
x

V= i. three resistors in series, x

2V 6r
□ 世

⑫Λ
ii. three resistors in parallel, and R2 R4
=
= 0 Ʃ

I =
k iii. two identical resistors in parallel.
z

aLMnaN
v .
t

⼀命⼀品
=IR

⼀
⼝
⑥

⼆
rR 1 ⼀ ⼀

岩⼆岩 )
Rz = R3
⼆
0V Ra =
R
Vz =
罪V (ii) Figure 4 shows a simple circuit with two cells and three resistors. If the current in
the ammeter shown in the figure is 2.0 A determine the unknown e.m.f. � , of the
battery, assuming the batteries and ammeter have no internal resistance.
kCl
Kirchhoff current
Law
0
Ʃ Iin =Ʃ_
Iout
↓
→ ∠

voltage
⼀

I 互 For
change conseriation

a
I3

䶫
知 3r

G00 2 In
.

冖⼗

Ψ
-
⼀ -
⼀

a loop KrL
l 00
pl
←→
qr p

Ʃ pd emf
=Ʃ
I +I = I
I = 2A
[Answer][Analysis] 2
3

(i) i. �2 = �4 = ∞ 14 I1 3 I3 I1 Iz
potential
+
12 = 2
-

ii. �2 = �4 = 0
dividey E =
Iz + 3 F3
5 12 = 8 4F2 + 6
,

iii. �2 = �3 , and �4 = �1
-

(ii) The current flow through 3 Ω is 2.0 A , therefore, the potential difference across
GIz = 2
3 Ω is 6.0 V. The potential difference across 4 Ω is 6.0 V, resulting in 1.5 A current
AI
I 2 0 5
= .

flow through it. Therefore, the current flow through 5 Ω is given by Kirchhoff’s first
law, � = 2.0 − 1.5 = 0.5 A. The unknown e.m.f. � = 0.5 × 5 + 2.0 × 3 = 8.5 V.
E = 2 5+
.
6
=
85 V
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-j
(i) In Figure 5a, resistors �1 , �2 and �3 are connected between A and B. Derive an
expression for �3 in terms of �1 and �2 , if the equivalent resistance, ��� is equal
to �1 .
(ii) A different arrangement is shown in Figure 5b for resistors �1 , �2 and �3 .
�3
Again the equivalent resistance, ��� = �1 , and the ratio = 6 . Determine the
�2
�1
value of the ratio of .
�2

[Answer][Analysis]
(i) If the equivalent resistance, ��� is equal to �1 , we have
�1 �2
�1 = �3 +
�1 + �2
Therefore, we obtain
�1 �2 �21
�3 = �1 − =
�1 + �2 �1 + �2
(ii) If the equivalent resistance, ��� is equal to �1 , we have
(�1 + �2 )�3
�1 =
�1 + �2 + �3
Rearranging the equation, we obtain
�21 + �1 �2 + �1 �3 = �1 + �2 �3
�21 �1 �3
+ − =0
�22 �2 �2
�3
Substituting = 6, the equation becomes
�2

�1 �1
+3 −2 =0
�2 �2
Therefore, the ratio
�1
=2
�2
 BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-k
0 旭司
The stiffness, �, of a beam of rectangular cross-section, with width �, and thickness
� , is directly proportional to its width and the cube of its thickness, ( �3 ); that is,
stiffness, � ∝ ��3 . Determine the cross-sectional dimensions of the stiffest
⼀ ∞
rectangular cross-section wooden beam that can be cut from a log of diameter 20 cm.

区品
[Answer][Analysis]
、
d
↑

身
.

From Pythagoras theorem, we know that

�2 + �2 = �2
Thus, the stiffness
→ ⽐例数 →

S ( ε3 � = ���3 = ��3 �2 − �2 找
globad maximuem
4 2
�� �� ��
��
= 3��2 �2 − �2 −
2
� −� 2
=
2
� −�2
3 �2 − �2 − �2 = 0 区域最⼤值
忙
↑tv ,
3 �2 − �2 − �2 = 0

�=
3
�
t = 0

2
Therefore, the stiffest rectangular cross-section wooden beam has the cross-sectional
dimensions
3
�= � = 17.3 cm
2
1
� = � = 10.0 cm
2
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-l
A narrow beam of monochromatic light is passed normally through a diffraction
grating of 6 × 105 lines per metre. Three spots of light are observed on a screen
placed 80 cm away from the grating, and the outer spots are 30 cm away from the
central spot. Determine the wavelength of the light used.

⑲
[Answer][Analysis]
From the equation of diffraction grating, we know that
�� = � sin �
1 1
Here, � = 1, and � = � = 6×105 m. From the trigonometry, we have
30
tan � =
80
Therefore, we obtain
� = 20.56°
� = 585 nm
 BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-m
Large craters can be produced on the Earth by meteorites. The size of a crater with
diameter � is dependent on the kinetic energy of the meteorite �, the density of the

g 品
=
= ,

rock removed from the crater � , and the field strength � , since the rock must be

,
lifted out of the crater. We can express this as )
×
3
(
E层 � = ��� �� ��
M =
J )
kgm 52
^m

kgms )
m

where � is a numeric constant and � ≈ 1.

msr - -
kgmα "
(i) By considering the dimensions (or units) of the quantities above, obtain an
α+β= 0 →
α= β

路
⼀
-

expression relating the diameter of the crater to �, � and �.

2x 3 β+ r -

(ii) The Barringer Crater in Arizona was made by a meteorite that landed there
2α 28 0
30 000
-

-
=

years ago. It has a diameter of 1200 m and is in rock of typical density 3000 kg m−3 .
G 5β
-

If the impact speed was 15 km s−1 , estimate the mass of the meteorite.
(iii) If the spherical meteorite was made of iron of density 8000 kg m−3 what was its
=
-

β
B r
⼀
=

diameter? 9 ,

[Answer][Analysis] 且纲⼀
⾥ α= β r
- -

→
-

(i) The dimensions

,

r
� = � �2 �−2 �
� �−3 �
� �−2 � β=

4 β=
Therefore, we have -
1

1 = 2� − 3� + � 上
4 8
β=
=
-

0= �+�
Δ
0 =− 2� − 2� α =
千
Solving the equations and we obtain
1 1
�= , � = � =−
4 4
Therefore,
1
� 4
� = �
��
1
(ii) Substituting the values and �� = 2 ��2 , we obtain

� = 5.4 × 108 kg = ev
←
zPV
3
1
(iii) The mass of the meteorite � = �� = � 6 ��3 , thus
⼀⼀
34 =
π

f
3

mv 「
.
34 isd L … tad
Fd
=
=
?
 3 6�
�= = 51 m
��

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-n
The petrol engine of a car consumes 5.3 litres of petrol for every 100 km travelled at
a speed of 100 km h−1 with the outside temperature being 16℃ . The heat of
combustion of the petrol is 30 MJ per litre, and 23% of this energy finds its way to the
water cooling system. Calculate the mass rate of flow of cooling water such that the
temperature rise of the cooling water is limited to 40℃.
Specific thermal capacity of water = 4180 J kg−1 ℃−1 .
[Answer][Analysis]
The energy generated in an hour
� = 5.3 × 30 × 106 = 1.59 × 108 J
Energy gain by water cooling system per hour
� = 0.23� = 3.66 × 107 J
Assuming the mass rate is ��/��, we have

∞ �=
��
��
× Δ� × � × Δ�

��
3.66 × 107 = × 3600 × 4180 × 24
��
��
= 0.10 kg s−1
��
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-o
Stefan’s Law states that for a given perfectly radiating surface at an absolute
~

temperature � , the radiated power � is directly proportional to �4 . The radiated

energy is distributed over a range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with
the peak in emission occurring at ���� , as shown in Figure 6. The value of ���� is
determined by Wien’s Law which states ���� is inversely proportional to absolute
temperature.
Determine:
(i) The ratio of the radiative powers of the surface at 500 ℃ and 1000 ℃ , i.e.,
evaluate �1000 /�500 ,
(ii) the wavelength of maximum emission at 1000 ℃ if the wavelength of maximum
emission at 500 ℃ is 3750 nm.

[Answer][Analysis] 引书 Ch 3
(i) The ratio of the radiative powers
4 4
�1000 �1000 1273
= = = 7.36
�500 �500 773

e
(ii) According to Wien’s law, the relation between wavelength and absolute
temperature is
��, 1000 �1000 = ��, 500 �500 AmaxT = costant
.

Therefore, we obtain
�500 773
��, 1000 = ��, 500 = × 3750 = 2280 nm
�1000 1273

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-p
Electron beam lithography is used for etching microscopic patterns on surfaces.
Typically, a 5 nm layer of aluminium deposited on an insulating substrate will remove
the incident charge. If the beam current is 1.0 nA , and the electron beam of width
15 nm is incident centrally on a circular aluminium covered surface of diameter
5.0 cm, calculate the electrical resistance and potential difference between the edge of
the spot and the edge of the surface.

⽔嘴
Resistivity of aluminium = 2.8 × 10−8 Ω m.
[Answer][Analysis]
The resistance of the surface
��
�� = �
2���
�2
�� � �2 2.8 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−2
�= �� = � = ln = ln = 13.4 Ω
�1 2��� 2�� �1 2� × 5 × 10−9 7.5 × 10−9
The potential difference
� = �� = 1.34 × 10−8 V
BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-q
A leaky capacitor is one which does not have a perfectly insulating dielectric layer
between the plates upon which the charge is stored. Such a capacitor contains a
dielectric material filling the space between the plates, and with an effective resistivity
of 1.5 × 1012 Ω m. The area of the plates is � = 0.603 m2 , and the dielectric film
thickness d = 0.82 µm. The capacitor is charged from a 24 V supply connected in
series with a 4.7 MΩ resistor.
(i) Calculate the maximum charge that can be accumulated on one of the capacitor
�0�
plates. [For a parallel plate capacitor, � = ]
�

(ii) If the capacitor is disconnected from the circuit, calculate the time taken for the
capacitor to lose half its maximum charge.
[Answer][Analysis]
(i) The resistance of the leaky capacitor
�
�� = � = 2.04 × 106 Ω
�
Similar to the potential divider, the potential difference across the capacitor
��
�= � = 7.3 V
�� + �
The capacitance

Δ
�0 �
�= = 6.51 × 10−6 F
�
Thus, the maximum charge

θ � = �� = 4.7 × 10−5 C
(ii) The discharging equation
Qoe
喆
θ
�
−
� = �0 � �� �

When � = �0 /2, the time taken

� = �� � ln 2 = 9.2 s
 Tis constant .

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-r

o
A fixed mass of gas expands isothermally and the relationship between the pressure �,

←
and the volume of the gas �, is �� = 380 Pa m3 . The volume increases at a rate of
⼀T

0.005 m3 s−1 when the volume is 0.17 �3 . At what rate does the pressure decrease at
⼀ ⽢
this point?
p (t , V(
筑有求展
ε
)

[Answer][Analysis]
Since the gas expands isothermally, �� = constant. Therefore, we have
3 � �� ��
PV =
380 Pam → �� �� = �� � + � �� = 0 pV =
constant .

�� � �� �� �� 380
r → 0.005 =− 65.7 Pa s−1
⼀

=− = − 2 =−
v �� � �� � �� 0.172

⼀卡筑
0
…

BPhO_Round1-2021-Section1-s f =1 -
p1 筑 筑 = ⼯

卡号
∝

:
A hot air balloon uses a gas flame to heat the air it contains to a temperature required
to enable it to hover at a small distance above ground level. The mass of the balloon,
ropes, basket and riders is 240 kg and the volume of the balloon is 1100 m3 . The
「

temperature of the surrounding air is 15 ℃ and its density is 1.23 kg m−3 .

To what temperature does the air in the balloon need to be heated?
[Answer][Analysis]
When the balloon hovers, the total weight equals the upthrust on the balloon.

nuptm
Therefore, we have
�� + �ℎ�� � = ����� � hot
⼀
coldain
� = �� − �ℎ �
。
erg
Λ

From ideal gas equation, we know that

Mm
�� = ��� mg ,

⿏
DOO
= m
n
,

��� � �� � �
PV BNm
-

c
�= = �=� � =
< ≥
� � �� ��
where �� is molar mass of the gas. Therefore, the density is inversely proportional
⼀

to the absolute temperature. We have

�ℎ �� <c ,
2
是 mean
� = �� − �ℎ � = �� � 1 − = �� � 1 −

Therefore, the temperature of hot gas

�� �ℎ
square speed
o
BN号 cc
� −1
�ℎ = �� 1 − = 350 K = 77 ℃
�� �
p =

p =$ 9 <