Engineering Electromagnetics 1

Lecture 10: Static Magnetic Fields 2

Young Min Song
EECS, GIST

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetization
○ In electrostatics, if an external electric field is applied to a dielectric medium: electric dipole  polarization
○ Likewise, in magnetostatics, if an external magnetic field is applied to magnetic materials: magnetic dipole  magnetization

Magnetization vector: the volume density of magnetic dipole moment

σ𝑛∆𝑣
𝑘=1 𝐦𝑘
𝐌 = lim (A/m)
∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣

Magnetic dipole moment of a volume 𝑑𝑣′: 𝑑𝐦 = 𝐌𝑑𝑣′

Vector magnetic potential of a volume 𝑑𝑣′

𝜇 0 𝐌 × 𝐚𝑅
𝑑𝐀 = 𝑑𝑣′
4𝜋𝑅2

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetization
Equivalent magnetization surface current density: 𝐉𝑚𝑠 = 𝐌 × 𝐚𝑛 (A/m)

Equivalent magnetization volume current density: 𝐉𝑚𝑣 = 𝛁 × 𝐌 (A/m2 )

Magnetic moment density 𝐌 produces an internal flux density 𝐁𝑖 :

𝐁𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝐌
𝐁𝑖
𝛁× = 𝛁 × 𝐌 = 𝐉𝑚𝑣
𝜇0
With an external magnetic flux density 𝛁 × 𝐁𝑒 = 𝜇0 𝐉,
𝛁 × 𝐁𝑒 + 𝐁𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝐉 + 𝐉𝑚𝑣
• If 𝐌 is uniform inside the material  the space derivatives (and therefore the curl) of a constant 𝐌
vanish  the currents of the neighboring atomic dipoles that flow in opposite directions will cancel
everywhere  no net currents in the interior.
• If 𝐌 has space variations and 𝛻 × 𝐌 ≠ 0  the internal atomic currents do not completely cancel 
a net volume current density 𝐉𝑚𝑣 .
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
 Magnetization: example 5.7
○ Determine the magnetic flux density on the axis of a uniformly magnetized circular cylinder of a magnetic
material. The cylinder has a radius 𝑏, length 𝐿, and axial magnetization 𝐌 = 𝐚𝑧 𝑀0 .

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetization: example 5.7
○ Determine the magnetic flux density on the axis of a uniformly magnetized circular cylinder of a magnetic
material. The cylinder has a radius 𝑏, length 𝐿, and axial magnetization 𝐌 = 𝐚𝑧 𝑀0 .

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetization: exercise 5.6
○ A cylindrical magnet of radius 5 (cm) and length 12 (cm) has an axial magnetization 𝑎𝑧 130 (A/cm). Find 𝐁 at
(a) the center of the top face, (b) the center of the bottom face, and (c) the center of the magnet.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetic field intensity, 𝐇 (A/m)
o Macroscopic effect of magnetization: by incorporating the equivalent magnetization volume current density
𝐉𝑚𝑣 = 𝛁 × 𝐌 (A/m2 ) into the basic curl equation 𝛁 × 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐉

1 𝐁
𝛁 × 𝐁 = 𝐉 + 𝐉𝑚𝑣 = 𝐉 + 𝛁 × 𝐌 𝛁× −𝐌 =𝐉 𝛁 × 𝐇 = 𝐉 (A/m2 )
𝜇0 𝜇0
By magnetization of
magnetic material
𝐁
New fundamental field quantity: magnetic field intensity 𝐇 𝐇= −𝐌 A/m
𝜇0

(Integral form)
By taking the scalar surface By stoke’s theorem
integral of both sides *Ampere’s circuital law
𝑐: contour (closed path) bounding the surface 𝑆
න 𝛁 × 𝐇 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = න𝐉 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 ර 𝐇 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼 A 𝐼: total free current passing through 𝑆
𝑐
𝑠 𝑠
The circulation of the magnetic field intensity around any closed path is equal to
the free current flowing through the surface bounded by the path.
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
 Relative permeability 𝜇𝑟
○ For a linear, isotropic, homogeneous medium, 𝐌 = 𝜒𝑚 𝐇

𝜒𝑚 : magnetic susceptibility
𝐁
𝐇= −𝐌 → 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇 + 𝐌 → 𝐁 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑚 𝐇
𝜇0
= 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐇
= 𝜇𝐇 Wb/m2

Relative permeability (dimensionless quantity)

𝜇
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚 = 𝜇𝑟 = 1 @ most material (same as air)
𝜇0

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Behavior of magnetic materials
○ Magnetic materials: Ferromagnetic @ 𝜇𝑟 ≫ 1 (𝜒𝑚 large & 𝜒𝑚 ≫ 0)

Contain 105- 106 atoms – aligned;

i.e. magnetic dipoles are aligned
 Magnetized from spinning electrons
even w/o an external B-field.

𝑇𝑐 : curie temperature: Temperature above which certain materials 𝐵𝑟 : remnant (residual) flux density @ 𝐻 = 0
lose their permanent magnetic property 𝐻𝑐 : coercive field intensity @ 𝐵 = 0
below 𝑇𝑐 above 𝑇𝑐 Material 𝑇𝑐 (K)
soft
Iron (Fe) 1043
Cobalt (Co) 1400 hard
Nickel (Ni) 627
ferromagnetic ~ paramagnetic Gadolinium (Gd) 292
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
 Boundary conditions for magnetostatic fields
Boundary conditions of 𝐁, 𝐇 at the interface of different media

(1) Normal component

න 𝛁 ∙ 𝐁 𝑑𝑣 = ර 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑣 𝒔

𝐚𝑛2 = −𝐚𝑛1
@∆ℎ → 0 ර 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝐁1 ∙ 𝐚𝑛2 𝑑𝑠 + න 𝐁2 ∙ 𝐚𝑛1 𝑑𝑠
𝒔 𝑠1 𝑠2

= 𝐁1 ∙ 𝐚𝑛2 ∆𝑠 + 𝐁2 ∙ 𝐚𝑛1 ∆𝑠 = 0

𝐚𝑛2 ∙ 𝐁1 − 𝐁2 = 0
→ 𝐵1𝑛 = 𝐵2𝑛 → 𝜇1 𝐻1𝑛 = 𝜇2 𝐻2𝑛
The normal component of 𝐁 is continuous across an interface

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Boundary conditions for magnetostatic fields
(2) Tangential component

ර 𝐇 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼
𝑐

𝑏 𝑑
@∆ℎ → 0 ර 𝐇 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = න 𝐇1 ∙ 𝐚𝑡1 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐇2 ∙ 𝐚𝑡2 𝑑𝑙
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐

= 𝐇1 ∙ ∆𝑤 + 𝐇2 ∙ −∆𝑤
= 𝐻1𝑡 − 𝐻2𝑡 = 𝐼 = 𝐽𝑠𝑛 (A/m)

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Boundary conditions for B-fields: Exercise 5.7
○ The magnetic field intensity 𝐇1 in medium having a permeability 𝜇1 makes an angle 𝛼1 with the normal at
an interface with medium 2 having a permeability 𝜇2 . Find the relation between the angle 𝛼2 (that 𝐇2
makes with the normal) and 𝛼1 .

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors
If a current 𝐼1 flow in 𝐶1 ,
𝐁1
 a magnetic field 𝐁1 will be created.
 Some of the magnetic flux due to 𝐁1 will link with 𝐶2
 i.e. pass through the surface 𝑆2 bounded by 𝐶2
 Mutual flux ϕ12
𝐁1
ϕ12 = න 𝐁1 ∙ 𝑑𝐬2 (Wb)
𝑆2

From Biot-Savart law, 𝐁1 ∝ 𝐼1 ϕ12 ∝ 𝐼1

ϕ12 = 𝐿12 𝐼1

𝐿12 : mutual inductance between 𝐶1 & 𝐶2

ϕ12
∴ 𝐿12 = (H = Wb/A)
𝐼1
(only for a single turn)
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
 Inductance & Inductors
If 𝐶2 is the number of turns 𝑁2 , flux linkage Λ12 = 𝑁2 ϕ12
𝐁1
ϕ12
(only for a single turn) Λ12 = ϕ12 ∴ 𝐿12 = (H = Wb/A)
𝐼1

(general case) Λ12 𝑁2

Λ12 = 𝑁2 ϕ12 ∴ 𝐿12 = = ϕ
𝐼1 𝐼1 12
𝐁1
The mutual inductance between two circuits is the magnetic 𝑁2
= න 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐬2
flux linkage with one circuit per unit current in the other. 𝐼1 𝑆2 1

The self-inductance of loop 𝐶1 is defined as the magnetic flux linkage per unit current in the loop itself
ϕ11 = න 𝐁1 ∙ 𝑑𝐬1 (Wb) 𝐁1 ∝ 𝐼1 ϕ11 ∝ 𝐼1 ϕ11 = 𝐿11 𝐼1
𝑆1
Λ11 𝑁1 𝑁1
(general case) Λ11 = 𝑁1 ϕ11 ∴ 𝐿11 = = ϕ11 = න 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐬1
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑆1 1
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
 Inductance & Inductors
○ Procedure for determining self-inductance
1) Choose an appropriate coordinate system for the given geometry.
2) Assume a current 𝐼 in the conducting wire.
3) Find 𝐁 from 𝐼 by Ampere’s circuital law if symmetry; if not, Bio-Savart law.
4) Find the flux linking with each turn ϕ, from 𝐁 by integration: ϕ = ‫𝐬𝑑 ∙ 𝐁 𝑠׬‬.
5) Find the flux linkage Λ by multiplying ϕ by the number of turns Λ = 𝑁ϕ
6) Find 𝐿 by taking the ratio 𝐿 = Λ/𝐼.
o Procedure for determining mutual inductance
1) Choose an appropriate coordinate system
2) Assume 𝐼1
3) Find 𝐁1
4) Find ϕ12 = ‫𝐁 𝑠׬‬1 ∙ 𝑑𝐬2
2
5) Find Λ12 = 𝑁2 ϕ12
6) Find 𝐿12 = Λ12 /𝐼1

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.8
○ N-turns of wire are tightly wound on a toroidal frame of a rectangular cross section with
dimensions as below. Assuming the permeability of the medium to be 𝜇0 , find the self-
inductance of the toroidal coil.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.9
○ Find the inductance per unit length of a very long solenoid having n-turns per unit length. The permeability
of core is 𝜇.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.10
○ An air coaxial transmission line has a solid inner conductor of radius 𝑎 and a very thin outer conductor of
inner radius 𝑏. Determine the inductance per unit length of the line.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.10
○ An air coaxial transmission line has a solid inner conductor of radius 𝑎 and a very thin outer conductor of
inner radius 𝑏. Determine the inductance per unit length of the line.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.11
○ Calculate the internal and external inductances per unit length of a transmission line consisting of two long
parallel conducting wires of radius 𝑎 that carry currents in opposite directions. The axes of the wires are
separated by a distance 𝑑, which is much larger than 𝑎.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.11
○ Calculate the internal and external inductances per unit length of a transmission line consisting of two long
parallel conducting wires of radius 𝑎 that carry currents in opposite directions. The axes of the wires are
separated by a distance 𝑑, which is much larger than 𝑎.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Inductance & Inductors: Example 5.12
○ Determine the mutual inductance between a conducting rectangular loop and a very long straight wire as
below.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetic energy

Consider a single closed loop with a self-inductance 𝐿1 in which the current is initially zero.

𝐿1 • Current generator increases the current 𝑖1 from 0 to 𝐼1

• An electromotive force (emf) will be induced in the loop that opposes the current change.
• An amount of work must be done to overcome this induced emf.
𝐿1 𝑑𝑖1
𝑖1 : 0 → 𝐼1 • Let 𝑣1 = be the voltage across the inductance.
𝑑𝑡
+ − • The work required:
• Magnetic energy stored in a coil

𝐼1
𝑑𝑖1 1
𝑊1 = න𝑣1 𝑖1 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝐿1 𝑖1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿1 න 𝑖1 𝑑𝑖1 = 𝐿1 𝐼12
𝑑𝑡 0 2

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetic energy
Consider two closed loops 𝐶1 & 𝐶2 carrying currents 𝑖1 & 𝑖2 .
• Current are initially 0 and are to be increased to 𝐼1 & 𝐼2
• First, keep 𝑖2 = 0 & increase 𝑖1 from 0 to 𝐼1
𝑖1 : 0 → 𝐼1 • this requires a work 𝑊1 in loop 𝐶1 as above
𝑖2 : 0 → 𝐼2
• no work is done in loop 𝐶2 as 𝑖2 = 0
• Next, Keep 𝑖1 = 𝐼1 & increase 𝑖2 from 0 to 𝐼2
• Due to mutual coupling, some of the magnetic flux due to 𝑖2 will link with loop 𝐶1
𝑑𝑖
• This gives rise to an induced emf that must be overcome by a voltage 𝑣21 = ±𝐿21 2
𝑑𝑡
𝐿2 to keep 𝑖1 constant at 𝐼1
𝐿1 𝐼2
𝐿12 • The work required: 𝑊 = න𝑣 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 = න ±𝐿 𝑑𝑖2 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 = ±𝐿 𝐼 න 𝑑𝑖 = ±𝐿 𝐼 𝐼
21 21 1 21
= 𝐿21 𝑑𝑡 1 21 1
0
2 21 1 2

• At the same time, a work 𝑊2 must be done in loop 𝐶2 in order to counteract the induced
emf as 𝑖2 is increased from 0 to 𝐼2 . 𝑑𝑖2 𝐼2
1
𝑊2 = න𝑣2 𝑖2 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝐿2 𝑖2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿1 න 𝑖2 𝑑𝑖2 = 𝐿2 𝐼22
𝑑𝑡 0 2
The energy stored in the magnetic field of the two coupled current-carrying loops:
The total amount of work done in raising the currents in loops 𝐶1 & 𝐶2 from 0 to 𝐼1 & 𝐼2
1 1
𝑊 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊21 + 𝑊2 = 𝐿1 𝐼12 ± 𝐿21 𝐼1 𝐼2 + 𝐿2 𝐼22 (J)
2 2
EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105
 Magnetic energy: Exercise 5.8
○ Express the stored magnetic energy in terms of flux linkage ϕ and current 𝐼 in an inductor having an inductance 𝐿.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetic energy in terms of field quantities

Electrostatics Magnetostatics

1 1
𝑊𝑒 = න 𝐃 ∙ 𝐄 𝑑𝑣 (J) 𝑊𝑚 = න 𝐇 ∙ 𝐁 𝑑𝑣 (J)
2 𝑣′ 2 𝑣′
1 1 1 𝐵2
= න 𝜖𝐸 2 𝑑𝑣 2
= න 𝜇𝐻 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑑𝑣
2 𝑣′ 2 𝑣′ 2 𝑣′ 𝜇
1 1 2
= 𝐶𝑉 2 (J) = 𝐿𝐼
2 2
(Energy density)
1 2 1 2 𝐵2
𝑤𝑒 = 𝜖𝐸 (J/𝑚3 ) 𝑤𝑚 = 𝜇𝐻 = (J/𝑚3 )
2 2 2𝜇

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetic energy: Example 5.13
○ By using stored magnetic energy, determine the inductance per unit length of an air coaxial transmission
line that has a solid inner conductor of radius 𝑎 and a very thing outer conductor of inner radius 𝑏.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105

 Magnetic energy: Exercise 5.9
○ A current 𝐼 flows in the N-turn toroidal coil as below. (a) obtain an expression for the stored magnetic energy.
(b) use 𝐿 = 2𝑊𝑚 /𝐼2 to determine its self-inductance and check it with the previous result.

EECS  Spring 2023  EC2105