Inter-Act: Interpersonal

Communication: Concepts, Skills, and

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•

FOUATffNTH fOITION

Interpersonal Communication
CONCEPTS, SKILLS, AND CONTEXTS
Brief Contents
PREFACE XXI

PART 1 Understanding lnterRersonal

• CHAPTER 1 AN ORIENTATION TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 3
• CHAPTER 2 SOCIAL COGNITION: UNDERSTANDING OTHERS
AND OURSELVES 35
• CHAPTER 3 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 65
• CHAPTER 4 VERBAL MESSAGES 97
• CHAPTER s NONVERBAL MESSAGES 131
• CHAPTER 6 COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF RELATIONSHIPS 161

PART 2 Developing lnterRersonal

• CHAPTER 7 LISTENING EFFECTIVELY 197
• CHAPTER s HOLDING EFFECTIVE CONVERSATIONS 223
• CHAPTER 9 SUPPORTING OTHERS 253
• CHAPTER 10 USING INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE 283
• CHAPTER 11 MANAGING CONFLICT 317

PART 3 Using Communication Skills to Improve RelationshiRS

• CHAPTER 12 COMMUNICATING IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: LONG-TERM
ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS, FAMILY, AND FRIENDS 351
• CHAPTER 13 COMMUNICATION IN WORKPLACE RELATIONSHIPS 387
GLOSSARY 429
REFERENCES 443
PHOTO CREDITS 455
INDEX 457
VII
 Contents
PREFACE XXI

PART 1 Understanding lnterRersonal

• CHAPTER AN ORIENTATION TO INTERPERSONAL

COMMUNICATION 3
A MODEL OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 5
MESSAGES 5

THE PURPOSES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 13

WE SHARE M EAN ING 13

W E MEET GOALS 13
W E MANAGE OUR PERSONAL IDENTITIES 14

W E CONDUCT OUR RELATIONSHIPS 14

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 15

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IS TRANSACTIONAL 15

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE 16

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IS SITUATED 16

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION REVEALS RELATIONSHIP QUALITIES 16

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IS CONTINUOUS 17

ETHICS AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUN ICATION 18

THE DARK SIDE OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 19

DIVERSE VOICES: LESSONS FROM AM ERICAN EXPERIENCE 20

DIVERS ITY AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 21

IN TERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE AND YOU 22

ACQU IRE INTERPERSONAL COMMUN ICATION KNOWLEDGE 22

INCREASE INTERPERSONAL COMMUN ICATION SKILL 23

BE MOTIVATED TO DEMONSTRATE COMPETENCE 24

DEVELOP BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY 25

CR EATE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IMPROVEM ENT PLANS 25

VIII
 THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR
,,

UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL MEDIA AND INTERPERSONAL

COMMUNICATION 26
TRAITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGY 27
A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU 007 29

SUMMARY 30

CHAPTER RESOURCES 31
KEYWORDS 31
ANALYZE AND APPLY 31
COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN 33

t CHAPTER SOCIAL COGNITION: UNDERSTANDING OTHERS

AND OURSELVES 35
MAKING SENSE OF THE SOCIAL WORLD 37
ATTENTION 37
MEMORY 39

JUDGEMENT 40
DIVERSE VOICES: JUST WALK ON BY 44

SELF AND SOCIAL COGNITION: THINKING ABOUT YOURSELF 46

SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM 47
SELF-CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 48
MESSAGES, FEEDBACK, AND SELF-CONCEPT 51
IMPROVING SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM 53

SOCIAL COGNITION AND EMOTION 55

DEFINING EMOTION 55
TYPES OF EMOTIONS 56

IMPROVING SOCIAL COGNITION 57

THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR
I
FORMING IMPRESSIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA 58
A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU 007 60

SUMMARY 60

IX
 CHAPTER RESOURCES 61
KEYWORDS 61

ANALYZ E AND APPLY 62

~ CHAPTER INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 65

CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION 67
DOMINANT AND CO-CULTURES 68
GENDER 69

RACE 69
ETHNICITY 70

SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY 70

RELIGION 71

SOCIAL CLASS 71

GENERATION 71

CU LTURAL IDENTITY 72

HOW CULTURES DIFFER 73

TIME ORIENTATION 74

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT FOR SHARING MEANING 75

THE VALUE OF THE INDIVIDUAL VS. THE GROUP 76

DIVERSE VOICES: IND IVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM 78

ATTITUDES TOWARD PRED ICTABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY 80

ATTITUDES ABOUT SOCIAL POWER DISTRIBUTION 81

MASCULINE VS. FEMININE ORIENTATION 82

NORMS ABOUT THE USE OF EMOTIONS 83

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 84

ANXIETY 85

ASSUM ED SIMILARITY OR DIFFERENCE 85

ETHNOCENTRISM 85

STEREOTYPING 86

INCOMPATIBLE COMMUNICATION CODES 86

INCOMPATIBLE NORMS AND VALUES 87

THE PYRAMID MODE OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE 87

REQUISITE ATTITUDES 87

DEVELO PING CULTURE-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS 88

x INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OUTCOMES 90
 THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR
,,

SOCIAL MEDIA ACROSS CULTURES 91

A QUESTION OF ETH ICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 92

SUMMARY 92

CHAPTER RESOURCES 93
KEYWORDS 93

ANALYZE AND APPLY 94

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: INTERCULTURAL

COMMUN ICATION 95

• CHAPTER VERBAL MESSAGES 97

VERBAL MESSAGE FUNDAMENTALS 98
WHAT 15 A LANGUAGE? 98

DIVERSE VOICES: "MOMMY, WHY DOES RAJ TALK FUNNYY 100

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAG E 102

MEANING IN THE LANGUAGE ITSELF 104

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING M ESSAGE SEMANTICS 105

MEANING WITHIN THE CONVERSATIONAL CONTEXT 115

SPEECH ACTS 115

THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE 117

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING PRAGMATIC UNDERSTANDING 119

MEANING WITHIN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT 120

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING SOCIOLINGUISTIC UNDER STANDING 123

~ THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

1

USING LANGUAGE TO RELATE ONLINE 125

A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 126

SUMMARY 126

CHAPTER RESOURCES 127

KEY WORDS 127

ANALYZE AND APPLY 127

SKILL PRACTICE 128

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: VERBAL COMMUNICATION 129 XI

 • CHAPTER NONVERBAL MESSAGES 131
CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
MESSAGES 133
CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL COMMUN ICATION 133

FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL M ESSAGES 134

TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 137

BODY LANGUAG E 137

PARALANGUAG E 139

USE OF SPACE 140

SELF-PR ESENTATION 142

CULTURE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN NONVERBAL

COMMUNICATION 144
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES 145

DIVERSE VOICES: LATIN AM ERICAN AND ANG LO AMERICAN USE

OF PERSONAL SPACE IN PUBLIC PLACES 146

GENDER DIFFERENCES 148

NONVERBAL EXPECTATIONS 150

INTERPRETING A VIOLATION 151

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING NONVERBAL MESSAGES 152

SENDING NONVERBAL M ESSAGES 152

A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOU LD YOU DO? 153

INTERPRETING NONVERBAL M ESSAGES 153

( ) THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IN TEXT 155

SUMMARY 156

CHAPTER RESOURCES 157

KEY WORDS 157

ANALYZ E AND APPLY 158

SKILL PRACTICE 158

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEM ENT PLAN: NONVERBAL

COMMUN ICATION 159

XII
• CHAPTER COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE CYCLE
OF RELATIONSHIPS 161
THE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
IN A RELATIONSHIP 163
THE CONSTITUTI VE FUNCTION 163
THE INSTRUMENTAL FUNCTION 164
THE INDEXICAL FUNCTION 164

DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIPS 165

HOW RELATIONSHIPS CHANGE: RELATIONSHIP

LIFE CYCLES 169
STAGE ONE: BEGINNING RELATIONSHIPS 170
DIVERSE VOICES: MODERN LOVE: CLOSE ENOUGH TO TOUCH WAS
TOO FAR APART 171
STAGE TWO: DEVELOPING RELATIONSHIPS 173
STAGE THREE: SUSTAINING RELATIONSHIPS 176
STAGE FOUR: RELATIONSHIP DECLINE 181

SELF-DISCLOSURE AND PRIVACY IN RELATIONSHIPS 183

GUIDELINES FOR SELF-DISCLOSURE 187
GUIDELINES FOR PRIVACY 188

( ~ THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ONLINE 190

A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOU LD YOU DO? 191

SUMMARY 192

CHAPTER RESOURCES 193

KEY WORDS 193
ANALYZE AND APPLY 193
SKILL PRACTICE 195
COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: RELATIONSHIPS 195

XIII
 PART 2 Developing Interpersonal Communication Skills

t CHAPTER LISTENING EFFECTIVELY 197

CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING 199
PERSONAL STYLES OF LISTENING 199

DIVERSE VOICES: HOW I LEARNED TO SHUT UP AND LISTEN 202

LISTENING APPR EHENSION 202

DUAL PROCESSES IN LISTENING 204

THE ACTIVE LISTENING PROCESS 205

ATTENDING 205

UNDERSTANDING 206

REMEMBERING 211

CRITICALLY EVALUATING 212

RESPONDING 214

_ THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

J.
DIGITAL LISTENING SKILLS 215
ATTENDING TO AND UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL MESSAGES 216

A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOU LD YOU DO? 217

CRITICALLY EVALUATING DIGITAL MESSAGES 218

SUMMARY 218

CHAPTER RESOURCES 219

KEY WORDS 219

ANALYZE AND A PPLY 219

SKILL PRACTICE 220

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEM ENT PLAN: LISTENING 221

t CHAPTE HOLDING EFFECTIVE CONVERSATIONS 223

CONVERSATIONS: CHARACTERISTICS AND VARIATIONS 225
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVERSATIONS 225

VARIATION IN CONVERSATION 227

CONVERSATIONAL TYPES 228

PURPOSES 228

XIV SEQUENCE 230

 TONE 231
PARTICIPANTS 232
SETTING 232

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE CONVERSATIONALISTS 233

GENERAL CONVERSATION GUIDELINES 233

SKILLS FOR CONVERSING WITH STRANGERS 236

STARTING A CONVERSATION 236
SUSTAINING A CONVERSATION 238
CLOSING A CONVERSATION 241

CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN CONVERSATION 242

_ THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

1 ,•
DIGITAL CONVERSATION SKILLS 243
DIVERSE VOICES: CONVERSATIONAL BALLGAMES 244
AWARENESS OF AUDIENCE 246
MULTIPLICITY OF CONVERSATIONS 246
ABRUPTNESS OF DISENGAGEMENT 247

SUMMARY 248
A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU 007 248

CHAPTER RESOURCES 249

KEY WORDS 249
ANALYZE AND APPLY 249
SKILL PRACTICE 250
COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: CONVERSATION 251

• CHAPTER SUPPORTING OTHERS 253

EMPATHIZING 255
THREE TYPES OF EMPATHY 255
GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING EMPATHY 258

SUPPORTIVE INTERACTIONS 259

DIVERSE VOICES: "WHICH IS MY GOOD LEG7' 260

SUPPORTIVE MESSAGES 263

CR EATING A SUPPORTIVE CLIMATE 263
VALIDATING EMOTIONS 264 xv
 ENCOURAGING REAPPRAISALS 265
PROMOTING ACTION WITH ADVICE 270

SUPPORTING POSITIVE FEELINGS: CELEBRATORY SUPPORT 273

GENDER AND CULTURE IN SUPPORTIVE INTERACTIONS 274

.,_ THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

USING SOCIAL MEDIA TO OFFER EMPATHY AND SUPPORT 274

INCREASED SOCIAL DISTANCE 275
INCREASED PRESENCE OF OTH ER S 275
BENEFITS FOR APPREH ENSIVE INDIVIDUALS 276
EASE OF MANAGEMENT 276
MEMORIALIZING OTHERS THROUGH DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 276

SUMMARY 277
A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 278

CHAPTER RESOURCES 279

KEY WORDS 279
ANALYZE AND APPLY 279
SKILL PRACTICE 280
COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: EMPATHIZING AND
SUPPORTING 281

t CHAPTER USING INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE 283

INTERPERSONAL POWER 285
SOURCES OF POWER 285
PRINCIPLES OF POWER 287

INTERPERSONAL PERSUASION 288

PROCESSING PERSUASIVE MESSAGES: THE ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD
MODEL (ELM) 288
PERSUADING AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS 290
PERSUADING EXTENSIVE PROCESSORS 293

ASSERTING RIGHTS AND EXPECTATIONS 296

APPROACHES TO COMMUNICATING RIGHTS AND EXPECTATIONS 298
ASSERTIVE MESSAGE SKILLS 301
ASSERTIVENESS IN CROSS-CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS 306

XVI
 THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR
,,
ELECTRONIC INFLUENCE 307
A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOU LD YOU DO? 308

SUMMARY 309

CHAPTER RESOURCES 310

KEY WORDS 310

ANALYZE AND APPLY 310

SKILL PRACTICE 312

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEM ENT PLAN: ASSERTIVE COMMUN ICATION 315

• CHAPTER MANAGING CONFLICT 317

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT 320

STYLES OF MANAGING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT 321

WITHDRAWING 322

ACCOMMODATING 323

COMPETIN G 323

COMPROM ISIN G 324

COLLABORATING 324

FACE NEGOTIATION IN CONFLICT 326

FACE NEGOTIATION TH EORY 326

CO-CU LTURES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN CON FLICT 327

DESTRUCTIVE CONFLICT PATTERNS 328

SERIA L ARGU IN G 329

COUNTERBLAM ING 329

CROSS-COMPLA INING 330

DEMAND -W ITHDRAWAL 330

MUTUAL HOSTILIT Y 331

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 331

BREAK PATTERNS OF DESTRUCTIVE CON FLICT 331

CREATE COLLABORATIVE CON FLICT CONVERSATIONS 333

DIVERSE VOICES: TH E POWER OF WASTAH IN LEBAN ESE SPEECH 336

FORGIVENESS: REPAIRING RELATIONSHIPS DAMAGED

BY CONFLICT 339
XVII
 -U- THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR
•
CONFLICT ONLINE 340
FLAM ING 341

CYBERBULLYING 342

A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 343

SUMMARY 344

CHAPTER RESOURCES 345

KEY WORDS 345

ANALYZE AND APPLY 345

SKILL PRACTICE 348

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: CONFLI CT MANAGEMENT 349

Part 111: Using Communication Skills to Improve RelationshiQs

COMMUNICATING IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS:

LONG-TERM ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS, FAMILY,
AND FRIENDS 351
--- INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AND INTERACTIONS

LONG -TERM ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS 354

353

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL LONG -TERM ROMANTIC

RELATIONSH IPS 354

CHALLENGES IN LONG-TERM ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS 356

FAMILIES 362
PAR ENT-CHILO COMMUN ICATION 363

DIVERSE VOICES: PERFORMING COMM ITMENT 364

PAR ENTING STYLES 368

FAM ILY COMMUNICATION PATTERNS 369

MODELING 370

COMMUN ICATION IN OTHER TYPES OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 371

GUIDE LIN ES FOR IMPROVIN G FAMILY COMMUNICATION 372

FRIENDSHIPS 374
GENDER D IFFERENCES IN SAME-SEX FRIENDSH IPS 375

XVIII FRIENDSHIP AND SEX 376

 THE DARK SIDE OF INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: INFIDELITY, JEALOUSY,
AND POSSESSIVENESS 377
INFIDELITY 378

JEALOUSY 378

_ THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

1---J
•
USING DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS TO IMPROVE
RELATIONSHIPS 380
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN PERSONAL RELATIONSH IPS 380

A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOU LD YOU DO? 381

SUMMARY 382

CHAPTER RESOURCES 383

KEY WORDS 383

ANALYZ E AND APPLY 383

COMMUN ICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 385

t CHARTER COMMUNICATION IN WORKPLACE

RELATIONSHIPS 387
COMMUNICATING IN FORMAL WORKPLACE REL ATIONSHIPS 389
COMMUN ICATING IN MANAGERIAL RELATIONSHIPS 389

COMMUN ICATING IN CO-WORKER RELATIONSHIPS 393

COMMUN ICATING IN CUSTOM ER AND VENDOR RELATIONSH IPS 396

COMMUNICATING IN INFORMAL WORKPLACE RELATIONSHIPS 398

MENTORING RELATIONSHIPS 398

WORKPLACE FR IENDSHIPS 400

ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS AT WORK 401

COMMUNICATING IN A DIVERSE WORKPLACE 402

CULTURE-BASED WORK STYLE 402

DIVERSE VOICES: KAIGI JAPANESE STYLE BUSINESS MEETINGS 404

GENDERED LIN GUISTIC STYLE IN THE WORKPLACE 406

INTERGENERATIONAL COMMUN ICATION ISSUES 408

IMPROVING WORKPLACE PERFORMANCE THROUGH FEEDBACK 409

ASKING FOR FEEDBACK 410

XIX
 CONSTRUCTIVELY CRITICIZING 411

RESPONDING TO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (CR ITICISM) 414

THE DARK SIDE OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION 416

AGGRESSION AT WORK 416

SEXUAL HARASSMENT 419

THE SOCIAL MEDIA FACTOR

( l
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 420
USING SOCIAL MEDIA RESPONSIBLY AND EFFECTIVELY 420

USING SOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGICALLY AND WISELY 421

USING SOCIAL MEDIA PROFESSIONALLY 422

A QUEST ION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 423

SUMMARY 424

CHAPTER RESOURCES 425

KEY WORDS 425

ANALYZE AND APPLY 425

SKILL PRACTICE 426

COMMUNICATION IMPROVEMENT PLAN: WORKPLACE

COMMUNICATION 427

GLOSSARY 429
REFERENCES 443
PHOTO CREDITS 455
INDEX 457

xx
Preface
Welcome to the Fourteenth Edition of Inter-Act!
To Students Who Are About to Use This Text
Few courses you cake in college ca n have as profound an in1pacc on your life as
a course in interpersonal commun ication. You are emba rking on a cou rse of
study chat will help you be a better friend, fami ly men1ber, lover, partner, en1-
ployee, manager, co-worker, and leader. Today our rapidly changing technology
and social n1edia are presenting ne\v challenges to how we manage effective rela-
tionsh ips. Th is textbook, Inter-Act, \viii help you by introducing you co specific
skills chat you can use co overcome t he con1plicacions chat a rise when our con-
versations are face-co-face and when they are n1ediated by technology. Each
chapter explores concepts and cu rrent theories chat expla in ho\v interpersonal
commun ication p rocesses \York and the skills chat help us co be effective.
You wi ll be encouraged co practice, refine, and adopt specific skills chat in-
crease you r capacity co communicate in different ways. This will increase your
interpersonal competence and you r ability co have healthy relationsh ips. The
basic skills you will lea rn include developing messages chat effectively convey
your t houghts and feelings, understanding t he nonverbal behavior of ochers,
listen ing effectively, managing conversations with strangers and acquaintances,
p rovid ing support and comfort co ochers, dealing with conflict, and simply find-
ing the most effective way co speak up for you rself. You \viii also practice more
complex skills chat help us co sustain intimate relationsh ips wit h fan1 ily mem-
bers, close friends, incin1ate partners, and people in your workplace. Be.cause
how we commun icate is en1bedded in cultu re, Inter-Act introduces you co some
of t he prima ry cultural differences chat expla in how and \vhy specific con1n1uni-
cacion behaviors are interpreted d ifferently in different cultures.

Goals of Inter-Act
As with previous editions, chis fourteenth edition of Inter-Act meets six specific
goals chat a re essential co a basic course in interpersonal communication. These a re:

I. To explain important commun ication concepts, fran1e\vorks, and

theories chat have been consistently supported by ca reful research so chat
you can understand the conceptual foundations of interpersonal
communtcauon;
2. To teach specific commun ication skills chat research has shown co
faci litate effective relationships;
3. To present eth ical frame\vorks you can use to be a moral commun icator
in your relationships;
XXI
Preface

4 . To sensitize you co ways chat commun ication needs, rules, and p rocesses
differ benveen diverse cultural groups and an1ong people in any
particu lar cultu ral group;
5. To challenge you co chink critically and creatively about t he concepts
and skills you learn;
6 . To provide abundant p ractice activities chat sign ificantly enhance you r
lea rning.

To Instructors Who Have Selected This Text

The sk ills-based approach co interpersonal commun ication chat was pioneered in
Inter-Act and has ren1ained so popular over t he years has been expanded and
reinforced ,vich chis new ed ition. These changes continue co be based on a
n1essage-cencered approach co interpersonal commun ication (see Burleson,
2010). A message-centered approach allows us co explore how people form
relationsh ips and appl ies cu rrent t heories and concepts as a frame,vork for
understanding interpersonal commun ication. The n1essage-cencered approach is
consistent with the pren1ise chat there are basic universal message skills and
guidelines chat improve the likel ihood of successful human interaction. Th is
edition en1phasizes both automatic and m indfu l processes involved in message
p repa ration. Understanding these p rocesses enables students co incorporate ne,v
skills into thei r behavioral repertoi re and improve relationsh ips. With chis over-
view in m ind, lee's cake a closer look at what is new in chis edition.

New to This Edition

• Explicit discussion of how our emotion s affect our communication
and our relat ion ships: In chis edition, increased attention is given co
theory and resea rch on the role of en1otions in our con1n1unicacion
processes. Because en1ocions are integral co every aspect of
interpersonal communication, th is material is integrated in multiple
chapters.
• Con tinue.cl and updated emphasis on social media : Social media has
become ub iqu itous in ou r lives and t he lives of our students, and has a
profound effect on ho,v ,ve "do" our relationships. Th is ed ition has
been strengthened ,vith updated and expanded discussions of social
med ia and interpersonal commun ication. Each chapter now includes a
section called The Social Media Factor chat discusses t he ne,vesc
practices, inAuential t heories, current resea rch find ings, and p ractical
guidelines for using social media relate.cl co t he chapter's content.
Additionally, the I nter-Act with Social Med ia n1arginal activities
challenge students to apply ,vhat they learn about social med ia from
thei r read ing.
• Expanded scholarship and theor et ical p rofile: Th roughout, t he
fourteenth edition rel ies on cu rrent interpersonal communication
theories chat a re ,veil supported by progran1n1acic research as the
 Preface

foundation for the concepts and skills students learn. We bel ieve t hat
the pu rpose of a textbook is to make these theories accessible co
introductory students so chat they understand ,vhy particular
commun ication practices are more effective than others.
• St reamlined chapter organiz ation : We have responded to feedback
from our users by updating, reorganizing, red istributing, and removing
son1e content. As a result we have been able co shorten the text co
thirteen rather than fourteen chapters.
• Chapter I, "An O rientation co Interpersonal Communication,"
begins with an overview of a n1essage-cencered interpersonal
commun ication model and includes discussion of ho,v the message
production, message interpretation, and n1essage coordination
processes work. This model is complemented by sections describing
t he pu rposes and characteristics of interpersonal communication,
commun ication ethics, the dark side of interpersonal
commun ication, and communication competence.
• Chapter 2, retitled "Social Cogn ition: Understanding Ochers and
Ou rselves" has been substantially revised to p rov ide a current
overvie,v of ho,v we perceive and ch ink about ourselves and
others. This update incorporates substantia l theo ry and research
sho,ving chat attention, n1emory, and judgement processes have a
profound inl!uence on how we chink about ou rselves and interact
,vich others.
• Chapter 3, "Incercultural Communication," has been lighcly revised.
Updates include a discussion of cultural differences in d isplays of
emonon.
• Chapter 4 , "Verbal Messages," has been lightly revised and
stream lined. A new d iscussion of how co improve the sen1ancic
meaning of messages incorporates gu idance on improving your
emotional vocabulary and the sk ill of describing feelings. G rice's
Cooperative Princip le and n1axin1s are now presented as
explanations for how ,ve interpret ot hers' speech aces, and t he skill
of politeness is introduced as a means of avoiding damage to
ochers, "face."
• Chapter 5, "Nonverbal Messages,» has been updated. The skill of
perception-checking has been n1oved into ch is chapter, where it
complements a recognition chat nonverbal behavior can convey
multiple messages.
• Chapter 6, "Communication in t he Life Cycle of Relationships," has
been substantially ed ited co elin1 inate redundancy, simplify concepts,
and improve che l!ow of ideas. Son1e content from ch is chapter was
moved co ocher places in the text where it more natu rally fies. Since
relationsh ips develop through disclosure, t he discussion of self-
disclosure and privacy in relationsh ips has been moved here from a
separate chapter in che last edition.
Preface

• Chapter 7, "Listening Effectively," has been updated to en1phasize

the four listening styles identified in recent resea rch by Brodie and
Worth ington (2010).
• Chapter 8, "Hold ing Effective Conversations," has been streamlined
and a section on using hun1or in conversations has been added.
• Chapter 9, "Supporting Ochers," has been reorganized, updated,
and streamlined. The chapter explicidy deals wit h the in1porcance
of emotion in supportive interactions. New sections on creating
supportive climates, validating emotions, and encou raging
reappra isals couple contemporary theory with p ragmatic strategies
and ski lls.
• Chapter 10, "Using Interpersonal Influence," has been lighcly revised
,vim me addition of a section on interpersonal influence via social media.
• Chapter 11, "Managing Confl ict," has been lighcly edited, ,vich t he
section on cyber-bullying expanded and updated co reflect new
approaches co stopping it.
• Chapter 12, "Communicating in Intimate Relationsh ips: Long-Term
Romantic Relationsh ips, Fami ly, and Friends,» has been substantially
revised with new content. The chapter includes sections on long-term
ron1ancic relationsh ips, fan1 ilies, and friendship. Each section
explores the nature of these relationsh ips, the challenges they face,
and t he role chat commun ication plays in mainta in ing chem.
• Chapter 13, "Communication in Workplace Relationsh ips,» has been
refocused. Material on job sea rch ing has been updated by a senior
human resources executive and moved onto the textbook website.
The chapter no,v focuses on improving t he effectiveness of our
commun ication in our formal and inforn1al workplace relationships:
managerial, co -worker, cl ient /vendor, mentor, and workplace
friendsh ips, including ,vorkplace romances. The section on how
,vorkforce diversity impacts communication has been updated.
Finally, a new section t horough ly d iscusses ho,v co improve
,vorkplace performance t hrough giving and receiving feedback. The
Social Media Factor has been con1plecely rewritten with a focus on
effective use of social media at work.
• Revised a nd expanded suite of A n alyze and Ap p ly (former ly
know n as "Apply Your K nowledge") and Skill Practice activities:
Ski ll Practice exercises at the end of nearly every chapter reinforce
Inter-Act's stature as the pren1ier skills-based text. Exercises provide
students with one or more activities for chen1 co p ractice each ski II
discussed in t he text.

Hallmark Features of Inter-Act-Strengthened

and Revised
• New chapter opening dialogues: Each chapter opens with a new
problematic conversation co sec the scene for key ideas chat a re
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Cadet
cadets
Cadiz
Cadogan
cafe
Caffery
Cagayan
CAGAYANS
cage
Cagni
Caicos
Caird
Cairo
Caisse
Calabar
Calaguas
Calais
Calamian
Calamianes
calamities
calamitous
calamity
Calayan
calcification
calcium
calculate
calculated
calculation
calculations
calculi
Calculus
Calcutta
Calderwood
Caleb
Caledonia
calendar
calibre
calibres
Calientes
California
Californias
Calixto
call
Calle
called
Calleja
callers
calling
callous
callousness
calls
calm
calmed
calmer
Calmette
calmly
calmness
Calneh
calumnies
calumny
Calvin
Calvo
calzadas
Calzecchi
Camargo
camarilla
Camarines
CAMBON
Cambria
Cambridge
Camden
came
camel
camels
Camera
CAMEROONS
Camiguin
Camotes
camp
campaign
campaigning
campaigns
Campbell
Campeche
camped
camping
Campoamor
Campos
camps
Can
Canaan
Canacao
Canada
Canadian
Canadians
canaille
canal
canalization
canals
Canary
cancel
canceling
cancellation
cancelled
cancelling
Cancer
cancerous
Candia
candid
candidacy
candidate
candidates
candidly
candle
candor
cane
CANEA
canes
Caney
canned
cannibalism
cannibals
cannon
cannot
canoes
Canon
canonized
canons
Canossa
Canovas
Canrobert
cans
CANTEEN
Canterbury
cantering
Canton
cantonal
Cantonese
cantonments
cantons
canvas
Canvass
canvassed
Cap
capabilities
capability
capable
capably
capacities
capacity
Capas
CAPE
capita
Capital
Capitalism
capitalist
capitalistic
capitalists
capitalization
capitalized
capitals
Capitol
capitulation
Capitulations
Capiz
Capodistria
Cappadocia
capped
caprice
capriciously
Caprivi
Capron
capstone
capstones
Capt
Captain
Captains
captives
captivity
captor
captors
capture
captured
Captures
capturing
Capuchins
car
caravan
carbide
carbines
carbon
carbonates
carbons
carborundum
card
cardboard
Cardenas
Cardinal
cardinals
cards
care
cared
career
careers
careful
carefully
careless
carelessly
carelessness
cares
careth
Carew
cargo
Caribbean
caricatures
caring
Carinthia
Carl
Carlisle
Carlist
Carlos
Carmel
Carmich
carnage
CARNEGIE
carnival
Carnot
Caro
Carolina
Carolinas
Caroline
Carolines
Carolinian
carotid
carpenter
carpet
carpetbag
carpets
carriage
carriages
Carrie
Carried
carrier
carriers
carries
Carrington
CARROLL
Carron
carry
carrying
Carrère
cars
cart
carte
Carter
Carthage
cartridges
carts
Cartwright
carved
carving
carvings
cascos
case
Casella
Caserta
cases
Casey
cash
cashiered
cashiering
cashiers
Casimir
Casino
casks
Caspe
Caspian
CASSATION
Cassatt
Cassel
cast
caste
Castelar
Castelin
castes
Castillia
Castillo
Casting
castings
Castle
Castro
casts
casual
casualties
casualty
cataclysm
Catacombs
catalog
cataloged
CATALOGUE
cataloguing
CATALONIA
Catalonians
catamaran
Catanduanes
Catandunanes
cataract
cataracts
catastrophe
CATASTROPHES
catch
catching
categorical
category
cathedra
Cathedral
cathedrals
cathode
Catholic
Catholica
CATHOLICS
Catholicus
Catholiques
Catt
Cattle
Caucasian
Caucasus
caucus
caught
Cause
caused
causes
causeway
causing
caustic
caution
cautionary
cautious
cautiously
Cavaignac
cavalcade
Cavalieri
Cavalotti
CAVALRY
cavalryman
cavalrymen
Cave
Cavendish
cavernous
cavil
Cavite
cavity
Cavité
Cay
Cayetano
Cayley
Cañas
Cd
ce
cease
ceased
ceaseless
ceases
ceasing
Cebreco
Cebu
Cecil
cede
ceded
cedes
ceding
cedula
ceiled
ceilings
celebrate
celebrated
celebrates
Celebrating
Celebration
celestial
Cell
cellar
cellars
celle
Celli
cells
cellulose
cement
cemented
cemeteries
Cemetery
Censo
Censor
censors
censorship
censure
censured
censuring
census
censuses
cent
centavos
centenary
centennial
Center
centered
centering
centers
centigrade
CENTRAL
centralised
centralization
centralized
Centre
centred
centres
Centrum
cents
centum
centurial
centuries
century
cependant
Ceram
cereals
cerebral
cerebro
ceremonial
ceremonies
Ceremonious
ceremoniously
Ceremony
Cerero
Certain
certainly
certainty
certificate
certificates
certified
certifies
certify
certifying
certitude
Cervantes
CERVERA
Cespedes
cess
cessation
cession
cessions
Cet
cette
Cettigne
Ceylon
cf
Ch
Chad
Chadwick
CHAFFEE
CHAI
chain
chains
chaio
Chair
Chairman
chairmanship
chairmen
chairs
CHAKDARRA
Chakosi
CHALDEA
Chaldees
Chaldæa
Challemel
challenge
challenged
Challenger
challenges
challenging
Chaltin
chamber
Chamberlain
CHAMBERS
Chamot
Champ
champion
championed
champions
Champs
Chan
Chanak
chance
chanced
Chancellor
Chancellorship
Chancery
chances
Chang
change
changed
changer
changers
changes
changing
channel
channels
CHANNING
Chantabûn
chao
chaos
chapel
chapels
chaplain
chaplains
Chaplin
Chapman
chapter
chapters
Chapultepec
character
characterised
characteristic
Characteristically
Characteristics
characterize
characterized
characterizes
characters
charge
chargeable
charged
charges
charging
chargé
Charilaos
chariot
chariots
charitable
charities
Charity
Charlemagne
Charles
Charleston
Charlestown
Charlotte
charm
charming
charms
Charpentier
charred
chart
charted
charter
Chartered
chartering
charters
charts
chase
chased
chasse
chastisement
chastisements
chastising
chastity
chastizes
Chatrousse
Chattanooga
chatter
chattered
chattering
chau
Chaudie
Chaudiere
Chauvinism
Chavannes
Chaylard
che
cheap
cheapen
cheapened
cheapening
cheaper
cheapest
cheapness
Cheapside
Chebar
check
checked
checking
checkmated
checks
cheek
cheered
cheerful
cheerfully
cheering
cheerless
cheers
Chefoo
Chekiang
Cheliabinsk
Chemawa
chemical
chemicals
chemist
CHEMISTRY
Chemnitz
Chen
Cheng
Cheops
Cherbuliez
Cherche
Cherif
Cherihon
cherish
cherished
cherishing
Chermside
Cherokee
CHEROKEES
Cheshire
Chesney
chest
Chester
chests
Cheth
Chevalier
Cheyenne
Chi
chia
Chiang
Chiangsi
chiao
Chiaochou
Chicago
Chichester
Chickamauga
Chickasaw
CHICKASAWS
chicken
chief
chiefly
chiefs
chieftain
chieftains
Chieftainship
Chien
chih
Chihli
Chihuahua
Chikusi
Chilcat
Chilcoot
child
Childcrs
Childers
childhood
childish
childless
children
Chile
Chilean
Chileans
CHILI
Chilian
Chilkat
chill
chills
chilly
Chilocco
chimed
Chimelli
chimera
Chin
China
Chinaman
Chinamen
chinaware
Chinchou
Chine
Chinee
CHINESE
CHING
Chingkiang
Chinkiang
Chippewas
Chita
Chitral
Chitralis
chloroformed
Cho
Choate
Choctaw
CHOCTAWS
choice
choked
cholera
Cholmondeley
choose
chooses
choosing
chose
chosen
Choshu
chou
Chovevi
Chow
Chozen
Chris
Christ
Christendom
CHRISTIAN
Christiani
Christiania
Christianity
Christianized
CHRISTIANS
CHRISTINA
Christlich
Christmas
Christopher