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Introduction To Forensic Psychology Research and Application 5th Edition Ebook PDF
Introduction To Forensic Psychology Research and Application 5th Edition Ebook PDF
8
Questions for Review
Part II Police and Investigative Psychology
Chapter 2 Police and Public Safety Psychology
Chapter Objectives
Police Psychology: A Developing Profession
Forensic Assessment in Police and Public Safety
Psychology
Police Culture
Job Analysis
Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological
Evaluations
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and
Beyond
Screening Out and Screening In
Commonly Used Inventories in Police Screening
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–
Revised (MMPI-2)
The Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI)
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
The NEO Personality Inventory–Revised (NEO
PI-R)
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
(16-PF)
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation (FFDE)
Special Unit Evaluations
Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and
Public Safety Personnel
Psychological Intervention Responsibilities
Stress Management
Organizational Stress
Task-Related Stress
External Stress
Personal Stress
Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions
Police Suicide
Operational Responsibilities
Hostage-Taking Incidents
Crisis Negotiation
Consulting and Research Activities
Gender and Ethnic Minority Issues
9
Police Bias and Excessive Force
Police Corruption
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 3 Psychology of Investigations
Chapter Objectives
Investigative Psychology
Profiling
Crime Scene Profiling
Geographical Profiling and Crime Mapping
Suspect-Based Profiling
Psychological Profiling
The Psychological Autopsy
Problems With Profiling
Crime-Scene Profiling Limitations
Suspect-Based Profiling Limitations
Psychological Autopsy Limitations
Psychological Profiling Limitations
Overall Limitations
Police Interviewing and Interrogation
Accusatorial Versus Information Gathering
Approaches
HUMINT Interrogation
Interrogation of Juveniles
False Confessions
Summary
Detection of Deception
The Polygraph
Research on the Polygraph
Forensic Hypnosis
Hypnotic Trance Theory
Cognitive-Behavioral Viewpoint
Hypnosis in Forensic Settings
Eyewitness Evidence
Eyewitness Testimony
Cognitive Interview
Identifying the Face
Unconscious Transference
Own-Race Bias (ORB)
Pretrial Identification Methods
10
Lineups and Photo Spreads
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Part III Legal Psychology
Chapter 4 Consulting and Testifying
Chapter Objectives
Court Structure and Jurisdiction
Civil and Criminal Courts
The Judicial Process
The Pretrial Stage
The Trial Stage
The Disposition Stage
The Appellate Stage
The Assessment of Risk
Can Violence Be Predicted?
Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction
Dynamic and Static Risk Factors
Risk Assessment Instruments
Trial and Litigation Consultation
Scientific Jury Selection
Witness Preparation
The Voir Dire
Trial Consultation: The Main Concerns
Expert Testimony
Expert Certification
Legal Standards for the Admission of Scientific
Evidence
The Confidentiality Issue
Duty to Warn or Protect
Ultimate Issue or Ultimate Opinion Testimony
Surviving the Witness Stand
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 5 Consulting With Criminal Courts
Chapter Objectives
Competency to Stand Trial
Legal Standard for Competency
Immigration Proceedings
Self-Representation in Criminal Cases
11
Evaluating Adjudicative Competence
Competency Assessment Instruments
The Competency Screening Test (CST)
The MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool–
Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA)
Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial—
Revised
Other Measures of Competency
Assessment of Malingering
Restoration to Competency
Drugs and the Incompetent Defendant
Insanity
Insanity Standards
Incidence of Insanity Defense
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility
Instruments for Evaluation
Insanity Trials
Treatment of Defendants Found Not Guilty by Reason
of Insanity
Other Psychological Defenses Pertaining to Criminal
Conduct
Sentencing Evaluations
Risk Assessment
Capital Sentencing
Sex Offender Sentencing
Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 6 Family Law and Other Forms of Civil Litigation
Chapter Objectives
Family or Domestic Courts
Child Custody Evaluations
Child Custody Standards
The Ultimate Issue Question
Methods of Evaluation in Child Custody Cases
Assessment Measures
Visitation Risk Assessments
Parental Relocation
Research on Custody Arrangements
Impact of Divorce on Children
12
The Forensic Psychologist as a Case-Blind Consultant
Forensic Psychology and Civil Litigation
Employment Compensation, Disability, and Personal
Injury Claims
Neuropsychological Damages
Psychological Tests Used for Personal Injury Claims
Civil Capacities
Testamentary Capacity
Legal Guardianship Determinations
Competence to Consent to Treatment
Measures of Competence to Consent to Treatment
Incapacitation: Special Condition
Involuntary Civil Commitment
Outpatient Civil Commitment
Role of Forensic Psychologists
Sexual and Gender Harassment
Psychological Measures of Sexual Harassment
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Part IV Criminal Psychology
Chapter 7 The Development of Delinquent and Criminal
Behavior
Chapter Objectives
The Juvenile Offender
Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United
States)
The Developmental Perspective
The Moffitt Developmental Theory
Adolescent Brain Development
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
The Social Brain and Peer Influence
Neuroscience and Sex Differences in Adolescence
Developmental Factors in the Formation of Persistent
Criminal Behavior
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and
Delinquency
Conduct Disorder (CD)
Cognitive Ability and Crime
13
Intelligence
Language Development
Self-Regulation Skills
Executive Functions
Deficient Interpersonal Skills and Peer Rejection
Additional Social Developmental Influences
Juvenile Firesetting: An Illustration of the Developmental
Perspective
Developmental Stages of Firesetting
Firesetting Typologies
The Criminal Psychopath
General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy
Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths
Psychological Measures of Psychopathy
The PCL-R as a Risk Assessment Tool
Core Factors of Psychopathy
The Boldness Factor
Juvenile Psychopathy
Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits
Appropriateness of PCL-R and PCL:YV for
Testing Adolescents
The Female Psychopath
Females Psychopaths Compared to Male
Psychopaths
Racial/Ethnic Differences
Treatment and Rehabilitation of Psychopaths
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 8 Psychology of Violence and Intimidation
Chapter Objectives
UCR Data on Violent Crime
Gender, Race, and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence
Theoretical Perspectives on Violence
The Causes of Violence
Neurobiological Factors
Socialization Factors
Cognitive Factors
Situational Factors
14
The Effects of Violent Media
Violent Video and Electronic Games
Threat Assessment
School Shootings
Types of School Threats
The Safe School Initiative (SSI) Report
Prevention of School Shootings and Other
Violence
Guidelines
Workplace Violence
Criminal Homicide
Multiple Murder
Serial Killers
Serial Killer Typologies
Mass Murder
Hate or Bias Crimes
Stalking: The Crime of Intimidation
When Does Stalking Usually Stop?
Predictions of Violence in Stalking Cases
Cyberstalking
Peer Non-Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying
Effects of Cyberbullying
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 9 Psychology of Sexual Assault
Chapter Objectives
Definitions of Sexual Assault and Rape
Definitions for Gathering Statistics
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The National Incident-Based Reporting System
(NIBRS)
The National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS)
Statutory Rape Statistics
Rape by Fraud
Prevalence and Incidence of Rape and Other Sexual
Assaults
Date or Acquaintance Rape
Demographics of Men Who Rape
15
Sexual Homicide
Typologies of Men Who Rape
The Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology
Aggression
Impulsivity
Social Competence
Sexual Fantasies
Sadism
Naïve Cognitions or Beliefs
Rape Myths
The MTC:R3
The Opportunistic Rapist (Types 1 and 2)
The Pervasively Angry Rapist (Type 3)
Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4
and 5)
Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapists (Types
6 and 7)
Vindictive Rapists (Types 8 and 9)
Summary
The Groth Rapist Typology
Child Sex Offenders
Definitions of Pedophilia
Some Demographics of Child Sex Offenders
The MTC:CM3
The First Dimension
The Second Dimension
The Groth Typology
Female Sex Offender Typologies
Online Child Sexual Predators
Juvenile Sex Offenders
Female Juvenile Sex Offenders
Future Directions
Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders
Age Factors
Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Assessment of Sex Offenders
Assessment of Adult Sex Offenders
The Static-99
The Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20)
Assessment of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Summary and Conclusions
16
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Part V Victimology and Victim Services
Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology and the Victims of Crime
Chapter Objectives
Multiculturalism and Victimization
Victims With Disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Legal Rights of Victims
Restorative Justice
Crime Victimization Data
Measurements of Victimization
The National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS)
The National Survey of Children’s Exposure to
Violence (NatSCEV)
Violent Victimization Committed by Strangers
Ethnic/Minority Differences in Criminal Victimization
Criminal Victimization as a Function of Age
Psychological Effects of Criminal Victimization
Psychological Impact of Violence
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Homicide Victimization
Relationship of the Victim to the Offender
Death Notification
Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims
Complicated Bereavement
Sexual Assault Victimization
Characteristics of the Victims
Age
Gender
Extent of Injury to Victims
Relationship of the Victim to the Offender
Intimate Partner and Dating Violence
Additional Victimization Data
Child Sexual Abuse
Psychological Effects
Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
(CSAAS)
Psychological Impact
Internet Victimization
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Online Sexual Solicitation
Human Trafficking
Child and Adolescent Sex Trafficking
Psychological Effects on CSEC Victims
Psychological Services
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 11 Family Violence and Child Victimization
Chapter Objectives
Intimate Partner and Family Violence
The Typical Development of an IPV Relationship
Based on Power and Control
Psychological Characteristics of Batterers
Battered Woman Syndrome
Same-Sex IPV
Mental Health Needs of Children Exposed to IPV
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in IPV Cases
Risk Assessment: Is the Victim Safe?
Forensic Assessment in IPV—Other Factors
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
Assessment of Victim Reactions
Necessary Training for IPV Assessment
Child Abuse
Types of Maltreatment
Pet Abuse
Dynamics of Family Violence
Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Medical Child
Abuse)
Abusive Head Trauma
Repressed and Recovered Memories
Special-Expert Panels on Repressed Memory
Research Sketches of Human Memory and Its
Limitations
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Child Abuse
Cases
Child Abduction
Family Abduction
Acquaintance and Stranger Child Abduction
NISMART
18
Psychological Impact of Family Abduction
Elder Abuse and Neglect
Roles of the Forensic Psychologist in Elder Abuse
Cases
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Part VI Correctional Psychology
Chapter 12 Correctional Psychology in Adult Settings
Chapter Objectives
Institutional Corrections
Overview of Correctional Facilities
Legal Rights of Inmates
Right to Treatment
The Extent of Inmates With Mental Disorders
Right to Refuse Treatment
Right to Rehabilitation
Prison Transfers
Privacy and Confidentiality
Segregation
Rights of Pretrial Detainees
Roles of the Correctional Psychologist
Psychological Assessment in Corrections
Initial Inmate Screening and Classification
Principles of Risk, Needs, and Responsivity
(RNR)
Crisis Intervention
Competency to Be Executed
Treatment and Rehabilitation in Correctional Facilities
Common Psychological Treatment in Corrections
Behavioral Models
Cognitive-Behavioral Models
Treatment of Special Populations
Substance-Abusing Offenders
Violent Offenders
Criminal Psychopaths
Sex Offenders
Women Prisoners
Treatment in Jail Settings
Obstacles to the Treatment of Inmates
Confidentiality
19
Coercion
Environment
Community-Based Corrections
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Chapter 13 Juvenile Justice and Corrections
Chapter Objectives
Juvenile Courts
A Brief History of the Juvenile Court
Supreme Court Decisions
Juvenile Assessment: An Overview
Risk Assessment
Assessment of Competence to Waive Miranda Rights
False Confessions
Evaluating Adjudicative Competence
MacArthur Juvenile Competence Study
Juvenile Amenability to Rehabilitation
Waiver Decisions
Life Without Parole
Disposition
Conducting the Evaluation
Out-of-Home Placements
Juvenile Detention
Psychological Treatment in Juvenile Facilities
Approaches to Rehabilitation
Group Home Models
Family Preservation Models
Homebuilders
Multisystemic Therapy
Functional Family Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
Substance Abuse Models
Violence-Prevention Programs
Juvenile Sex Offender Treatment Programs
Summary of Institutional Treatment
Summary and Conclusions
Key Concepts
Questions for Review
Glossary
Cases Cited
20
References
Author Index
Subject Index
About the Authors
21
List of Boxes, Tables, and Figures
Focus Boxes
Focus 1.1 Selected Historical Benchmarks Pertinent to Forensic
Psychology 9
Focus 2.1 Before and Beyond Ferguson: Is There a “Ferguson
Effect”? 52
Focus 2.2 Community-Oriented Policing and Law and Order
Policing: Can They Coexist? 55
Focus 2.3 Firefighters, EMTs, and More 59
22
Focus 2.4 Racial Bias and Decisions to Shoot 69
Focus 3.1 Psychological Coercion: A Case Example 95
Focus 3.2 The Innocence Project 100
Focus 3.3 Eyewitness Identification: Courts in Virginia Weigh In
(Payne v. Commonwealth, 2016) 112
Focus 4.1 Mental Health and Other Problem-Solving Courts 127
Focus 4.2 Perry v. New Hampshire: A Case That Centered on
Eyewitness Identification 134
Focus 4.3 Tarasoff’s Duty to Protect—and More 151
Focus 5.1 Indiana v. Edwards: Competency to Stand Trial and
Competency to Represent Oneself 165
Focus 5.2 Factors Common to FMHAs 168
Focus 5.3 Legal Burdens of Proof 171
Focus 5.4 A Long-Unsolved Child Abduction 180
Focus 6.1 Family Forensic Psychology 198
Focus 6.2 Relocation Decision Making 207
Focus 6.3 Forensic Neuropsychology 216
Focus 6.4 Compassion and Choice: Is There a Right to Aid in Dying?
224
Focus 7.1 Lenny’s Story 244
Focus 8.1 Expert Report on Gun Violence 283
Focus 8.2 Stand Your Ground, Open Carry, and Concealed Carry
Laws: Do They Encourage or Discourage Violence? 288
Focus 8.3 Summary of Secret Service Safe School Initiative (SSI)
Report 296
Focus 8.4 ViCAP: Sharing Data to Solve Violent Crime 305
Focus 8.5 Hatred on Display 312
Focus 9.1 Sexual Assault and the Military 334
Focus 9.2 The Persistence of Rape Myths 343
Focus 10.1 Serving Immigrant Populations 379
Focus 10.2 Crime Victims’ Rights Act of 2004 381
Focus 10.3 Sexual Victimization of Males 397
Focus 10.4 Preventing Human Trafficking, Helping Survivors 406
Focus 11.1 Recovered Memory in Court: Two Cases 432
Focus 11.2 State-Dependent Memory 436
Focus 11.3 Infantile Amnesia 437
Focus 12.1 Corporatizing Punishment 455
Focus 12.2 IACFP Standards 458
Focus 12.3 Career Opportunities in the Federal Bureau of Prisons 460
Focus 12.4 Moore v. Texas: Intellectual Disability and Death,
Revisited 472
23
Focus 12.5 Death Is Different 476
Focus 12.6 The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Key Elements 485
Focus 13.1 Juvenile Courts, Juvenile Facilities, and Delinquency 496
Focus 13.2 Common Terms Used in Juvenile Courts 498
Focus 13.3 From Michael C. to J.D.B.: Questions of Interrogation and
Custody 507
Focus 13.4 Juvenile Life Without Parole 512
Focus 13.5 Youth in Confinement 517
Focus 13.6 A Cognitive Intervention Program for Juveniles 525
Tables
Table 1.1 Specialties in Professional Psychology and Year of Initial
Recognition 18
Table 1.2 Colleges and Universities Offering Graduate Programs in
Forensic and/or Legal Psychology 20
Table 2.1 Common Activities and Tasks of a Police Psychologist 38
Table 2.2 Residents With Police Contact Who Experienced Threat or
Use of Force, by Race or Hispanic Origin, 2002–2011 70
Table 3.1 Forms of Profiling and Key Weaknesses of Each 81
Table 3.2 Categories and Examples of Major Interrogation
Techniques 91
Table 4.1 Structure of the Federal Court System 126
Table 4.2 Some Examples of Static and Dynamic Risk Factors 138
Table 4.3 Representative Violence Risk Assessment Instruments and
Populations for Which They Are Intended 140
Table 4.4 Key Cases Cited in This Chapter 155
Table 5.1 Representative U.S. Supreme Court Cases Relevant to
Competency to Stand Trial 162
Table 5.2 Representative Insanity Tests in State and Federal Law 177
Table 5.3 Representative Insanity Cases 178
Table 6.1 Roles and Sample Tasks of Psychologists and Other Mental
Health Professionals in Family Courts 197
Table 6.2 Definitions and Characteristics of Four Basic Custody
Arrangements 208
Table 7.1 Juvenile Arrests for Violent and Property Crimes, 2015 240
Table 7.2 Gardner’s Different Intelligences Model 255
Table 7.3 Summary Table of Four Core Factors of Psychopathy 268
Table 8.1 Some Tasks Associated With Threat Assessment 292
Table 8.2 Age Distribution of Murder Offenders, 2015 303
24
Table 9.1 Rape and Sexual Assault Victimizations Against Women
and Girls Reported and Not Reported to Police, 2005–2010 333
Table 9.2 Various Paraphilias and Their Definitions 347
Table 10.1 Violent Victimization Against Persons With Disabilities,
by Disability Type, 2009–2011 380
Table 10.2 Rate of Violent Victimization by Race of the Victim per
1,000 Persons Age 12 or Older 387
Table 10.3 Family Relationship of Victim to Offender 392
Table 10.4 Murder by Known and Unknown Relationships, 2015 392
Table 11.1 Murder Circumstances, by Victim Relationship to
Offender, 2015 410
Table 12.1 Estimated Number of Persons Supervised by Adult
Correctional Systems (Both Federal and State), by Correctional
Status, 2011 and 2015 452
Table 12.2 Representative U.S. Supreme Court Cases Relevant to
Inmates Cited in Chapter 462
Table 13.1 Representative U.S. Supreme Court Cases Relevant to
Juveniles 506
Table 13.2 Number and Types of Facilities Holding Youth in
Residential Placement Nationwide, Including Both Detained and
Committed Youth 515
Figures
Figure 7.1 Steinberg’s Dual System Model 248
Figure 8.1 Five-Year Trend in Violent Crime 281
Figure 8.2 Violent Crime Distribution in the United States, 2015 282
Figure 8.3 Decision Tree for Student Threat Assessment 298
Figure 8.4 Workplace Homicides Due to Shootings, by Industry, 2010
299
Figure 9.1 Breakdown of Four Categorizations of Rapist Types Into
Nine Rapist Subtypes (MTC:R3) 346
Figure 9.2 A Flow Chart of the Decision Process for Classifying
Child Molesters (MTC:CM3) 354
Figure 10.1 Age Distribution of Victims of Sexual Assault 396
25
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