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Compiled Research Dec. 14
Compiled Research Dec. 14
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter informs of the variables under study. It shows the nature,
scope and problem under study. It includes the following: (1.1) Background of
the Study, (1.2) Statement of the Problem, (1.3) Hypothesis, (1.4) Significance
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
that are detrimental to the indoor environment and human health. One of the
building envelope, which confers benefits in both heating and cooling energy
flax, hemp, coconut, cellulose, rice, sheep's wool, and others. The use of
but with a smaller carbon footprint—or even a negative one—and less risk of
generated globally each year. Waste tires in landfill and stockpiles are
million tires are generated annually, and this is likely to increase proportionally
ways to recycle waste tires. Waste tires provide hardness and elasticity
used for preventing impact damage, and for construction materials, because
of their low specific gravity which is lower than that of most construction
materials. Furthermore, because of their capacity to tolerate both hot and cold
2004).
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
would contribute to a reduction in the quantity of Okra stems and scrap tires
society specifically in the agricultural context. This will open doors for the
target beneficiaries in opening a new business venture. It will point out new
1. What are the physical properties of fiber insulation board made of Okra
a. Thermal Conductivity
b. Water Absorption
Okra stalk reinforced with waste tire particles composite in terms of:
a. Flexural Strength
1.3 Hypothesis
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
1. The fiber insulation board made of Okra stalk fiber reinforced with
terms of:
a. Thermal Conductivity
b. Water Absorption
2. The insulation board made of Okra stalk reinforced with waste tire
a. Flexural Strength
boards. Furthermore, since the ingredients used in the experiment are derived
from recycling the most often regarded waste in daily routine, the study's
priority is making sure that waste will be used efficiently rather than being
discarded as rubbish. This research will help the construction industry and the
Future researchers. This study will help future researchers to identify gaps in
these insights to design their studies and address these gaps, thus advancing
the field.
Okra stalk fibers, society can benefit from the outcome of this study,
considering that it can help people provide a more durable insulation board for
their walls or ceilings. People who want to save for a low-cost insulation board
in house construction can also benefit from this study. Small businesses can
local economy.
Construction. This may help decrease the continuously rising cost of housing
materials and lessen the use of wood in the construction industry which
reinforcement fiber to make the insulation board stronger and more efficient to
use. Insulation boards can be made from up to 97% organic material. Okra is
the need of producing a fiber board. The mechanical and physical properties
of Okra stalk fiber will be tested for its suitability. This is to determine if the
Okra stalk fiber insulation board will pass the Philippine National Standards
and ASTM C203 Standards for thermal insulation. Since our country's
will provide a solid foundation for improving the insulation board's physical
sustainable construction solutions, this report will help fill the gaps in the
biodegrade, and they end up taking up a lot of space in landfills. Due to their
chemical properties, tires also cause ground and air pollution and are a
significant fire hazard. In the Philippines, tires are usually buried underground
tire are fed to furnaces as fuel in cement manufacturing plants. With this
Okra Stalk fiber reinforced with waste tire particles composite. It will only be
limited to the use of Okra stalk and waste tire particles. This study will be
Comprehensive High School Senior High School. The study will begin in the
month of September 2023 and will end in June 2024. Experimental research
CHAPTER II
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
studies that are significant to the study. These consisted of books, thesis, and
Insulation
substances like fiberglass, rock and slag wool, cellulose, and natural fibers to
solid foam boards and sleek foils. Bulkier materials are effective at slowing
down conductivity and, to some extent, convective heat transfer within the
walls of a building. Rigid foam boards, on the other hand, use trapped air or
gas to resist the movement of heat. Highly reflective foils, found in radiant
barriers and reflective insulation systems, redirect radiant heat away from
living areas, making them particularly beneficial in warmer climates. There are
also less common options like cementitious and phenolic foams, as well as
Several natural fibers, such as cotton, sheep's wool, straw, and hemp,
cotton and 15% plastic fibers treated with borate, which acts as a flame
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
Sheep's wool, also treated with borate, provides R-13 and R-19 values
regained attention. Straw can be fused into boards without adhesives, with
insulation, although less common in the United States, offers a similar R-value
treated with inorganic additives that serve as fire retardants and prevent mold
growth. Its texture is similar to that of cotton wool. The source material for
content. The paper pulp also includes mineral and organic additives like
opacity, moisture retention, and strength. Inks used in paper production are
typically derived from inorganic carbon sources, with organic pigments used
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
Okra Stalks
and they might be bristly or hairless. Okra bast fibers obtained from Okra
stems are multicellular, lignocellulosic, and quiet, similar to jute and hemp.
Okra bast fibers have alpha-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and the rest
are bundles of cellulosic fibers that may contain the structure of the plant.
Commercially, the fiber hasn’t been used much. Thus, there has been a lot of
common and most regularly used fibers like jute, flax, and hemp fibers which
are part of a large effort to expand the botanical species from which fibers
may be produced. Another advantage of employing Okra bast fibers is that its
inedible sections, which are generally recyclable waste, are also used
(Shaheruzzaman, 2011).
lignin, 3.4% pectic matter, 3.9% fatty and waxy matter, and 2.7% aqueous
extract. The a-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the ones that make the
fibers stiffer and tougher. Okra bast fiber contains higher a-cellulose and has
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
good characteristics like high molecular weight thus it gives high tensile
strength, more dye ability and better color fastness properties. Because the
Okra bast fibers was found to possess highest mechanical strength and
superior. The Okra bast fibers have performance qualities that are
comparable to those of traditional bast fibers. Thus, Okra bast fibers are
have been searching for biodegradable natural materials that can be used in
place of synthetic materials that have not been biodegradable for a long time.
biodegradable bio composites are becoming more popular. Many stem fibers,
such as flax, hemp, kenaf, and jute, have been used as an alternative to
on the plant from which they are obtained, stem waste fibers can have a
variety of characteristics.
because of its drought-resistant nature and low water requirements. The okra
fibers are made from the okra plant's stem wastes that remain on the fields
after harvest. The Okra fibers have a low ratio of lignin which causes
For this reason, properties such as color fastness and strength are good. The
physical and chemical properties of okra fibers, which have a high cellulose
most important content in natural fibers. The higher the cellulosic ratio, the
stronger the fiber and thus the more suitable to use it as a reinforcement.
Recent studies have found that okra fibers have good mechanical strength
and modulus, and that they have the potential to be used as a reinforcing
Thermal Conductivity
conduct heat. It is often denoted as k and has the SI units of W/m·K (Watts
depends on the thermal conductivity and their ability to maintain their thermal
building structure, the lower the thermal conductivity is, the better the thermal
insulation performance of the materials is, and the higher the energy
Concrete is the most often used building material in the world. Current
global problems include lowering the cost of concrete while increasing its
substitute for concrete components due to its high strength, ductility, and
binder or to replace fine aggregates (FA) and coarse aggregates (CA). The
greenness.
adhesion does its job. Most studies show that RuC has higher ductility, fatigue
resistance, and impact resistance than PC. Inclusion of rubber can be helpful
in the uniform and easy dilatation of concrete under load. RuC can be used to
build hydraulic structures, such as tunnels and dam spillways, where high
running tracks and roadside barriers, where high impact energy absorption
board density resulted in increased MC, attributed to denser fibers and resin.
ones. The MC values for boards with densities of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m3
were 11.22%, 11.94%, and 12.91%, respectively, aligning with the TIS. 876-
2547 standard of 4-13%. The higher density boards were stronger than the
density, have a significant impact on their tensile strength. When all the
boards have a uniform thickness of 10 mm, those with higher density exhibit
insulation board standards, the accepted range for average tensile strength
with densities of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m³ have average tensile strengths of
4.49, 13.24, and 14.78 psi, respectively. Notably, only the board with a density
between board density and thermal conductivity. Higher board density leads
boards have voids within their structure, and these voids expand as board
density decreases. The presence of air within these voids contributes to the
lower overall thermal conductivity of the board. The results of the research
show that these boards, with a density ranging from 200-400 kg/m3, have
values are lower than those of fibrous and cellular materials within the same
from a mixture of durian peel and coconut coir, kenaf binderless board,
In the study of Islam, Mia, and Uddin (2022) in the Investigation of the
blended with Polyester and Okra fiber, it surpasses that of fabric blended with
Polyester and Linen by 18.97% in the weft direction. Notably, as the blend
uneven distribution of bast fiber with synthetic fiber, which becomes more
weft direction. Tear strength decreases with increasing blend ratio for both
al. (2018). The use of rubber tire composites as a thermal insulator was
reviewed by Schiavoni et al. (2016). The fibers which will be used in such
insulation properties.
This study was anchored on the idea that Okra Stalk Fiber reinforced
with Waste Tire Composite particles can be an alternative material for the
making a fiber insulation board from Okra stalk reinforced with waste tire
The input is the okra stalk fiber and waste tire particles. The physical
and mechanical properties of the Okra stalk reinforced with waste tire
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presented the research processes that are related and
board made from Okra stalk fibers reinforced with waste tire particles
composite. It included the research design and the different procedures that
researchers will focus more on the quantitative data from the results of the
physical and mechanical properties of the fiber insulation boards made from
The first phase of the study will consist of material gathering and the
tested. The third phase will be the analysis of the results. The results of each
The study will be conducted within the vicinity of Koronadal City. The
grinding process of Okra stalk fibers and waste tires will be done within
Koronadal City. The molding and preparation of the insulation boards will be
Senior High School, particularly the Senior High School Science Laboratory.
such as graduated cylinders and weighing scales, are vital in measuring the
Okra stalk and tire for experimentation. Lastly, the laboratory is secured and
The researchers will seek permission from Mrs. Chona L. Bernabe, the
principal, Mr. Valentin Dignadice Jr., to conduct the study beyond the confines
Once all necessary permissions are secured, the materials needed for the
Okra stalk fiber will be obtained from okra plantations in the area
hours. After that, the dried samples will be cut into particle pieces by
the vicinity of Koronadal. The tire scraps will undergo shredding using a
phenolic glue, container, measuring cup, cutting tools, ball pens, paper,
the NaOH solution will be bought at a local chemical supply store. After
the okra stalk fibers and waste tire particles have attained the proper
okra stalk fiber, and tire particles: ratios of 1:2:1, 1:1:2, and 1:2:2.
Another two types of boards will be prepared with a 3:1 ratio of okra
with binder and tire with binder. One board will be prepared with only a
After molding, the board will be cut into three (3) various test
cut from each of the six (6) different boards. The samples will undergo
applied to the samples. The tests will be based on the ASTM C208
board. This includes the physical and mechanical testing of the board. The
I. Physical Testing
a. Water Absorption
boards can withstand and resist moisture, which is essential for the
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII
City Schools Division of Koronadal
KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Koronadal
Where:
WA - water absorption
b. Thermal Conductivity
Where:
a. Flexural Strength
point bend test can be used in this test method to assess breaking
Statistical Tool
Values for all parameters tested will be computed; the physical and
mechanical property testing will be done by comparing the results with the
standard values set by ASTM Standards. The tests for the boards' physical
mechanical properties of Oka stalks and waste tire particle insulation board
among all trials of all setups. To determine which trial is the most effective, a