BIOMATERIALS

TABLE
of contents
01. Introduction 3.2. Ceramics

02. Ptoperties of Biomaterials 3.3. Polymers

03. Classification of Biomaterials 3.4. Composite

3.1. Metals 04. Charactertistics of Biomaterials

05. Uses and Applications

What is Biomaterials?
• Synthetic or natural material suitable for use in
constructing artificial organs and prostheses or to
replace bone or tissue. It will introduce different
materials (polymers, metals, ceramics and
composites)
EXAMPLE OF BIOMATERIALS
Why are biomaterials important?
• Biomaterials play an integral role in medicine
today restoring function and facilitating healing
for people after injury or disease.
 Brief History

• Egyptians used linen and

animal sinew to close wounds

• Wooden toe prosthetic in

1065-740BC in early Egypt.
 • Ivory and wood teeth

• prosthetic peg leg

 CHARACTERISTICS
OF
BIOMATERIALS
ECE 4 A
 IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF BIOMATERIALS
Biocompatible Bioinert Bioactive

Bioresorbable Bioadaptable Sterilizable

 IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF BIOMATERIALS

Biocompatible • No n to x i c to th e li vi n g ti ssu e.
 IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF BIOMATERIALS

Biocompatible • Non tox ic to the living tissue.

Bioinert • Does n ot cau s e an y react ion t o

b iological environment .

Bioactive • Bi o lo g ic ally ac ti ve to repai r

damage tissues.
 IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF BIOMATERIALS

• Naturally degrade or absorbed in

Bioresorbable the living tissue for repair and
regeneration.

• A daptabi li ty to mi c ro en vi ro nmen t
Bioadaptable and molec ular mec hanism.

Sterilizable • A ble to be sterilize before

implantation.
Classification of
Biomaterials
Metals
 Ceramics
 Polymers
 Composites
 Metals
Metals and alloys are used
as biomaterials due to
their excellent electrical
and thermal conductivity
and mechanical properties
 The most common metals and alloys used for biomedical
applications are:

• Stainless steel
It's used for orthopedic implants,
such as joint replacements and
bone plates.

• Titanium and Titanium-based

alloys
It is widely used in dental
implants, bone screws, and
orthopedic implants.
The most common metals and alloys used for biomedical
applications are:

• Tantalum-based alloys
Tantalum is commonly used in
orthopedic and dental implants,
such as bone screws.

• Cobalt-based alloys
They are used in orthopedic and
dental implants, such as hip and
knee replacements, bone
plates, and dental crowns.
The most common metals and alloys used for biomedical
applications are:

• Magnesium-based alloys
They are used in orthopedic
applications, such as
biodegradable bone screws and
plates.

• Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Alloy

They are used in orthodontic
wires, stents, and various other
medical devices.
 Advantage Disadvantage
• High Strength
• High elastic modulus
• fatigue resistance
• corrosion
• relatively good wear
• metal ion sensitivity
resistance
• toxicity low wetting
• easy fabrication
• easy to sterilize
• shape memory (NiTi-Nitinol)
Bioceramics
CERAMICS ARE USED AS BIOMATERIALS DUE
TO THEIR HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Ceramic
Inorganic compounds that contain metallic and nonmetallic
elements, for which inter-atomic bonding is ionic or covalent,
and which are generally formed at high temperatures.

Bioactive material
A material that elicits a specific biological response at the
interface of the material, resulting in the formation of a
bond between the tissues and the material
 Advantage Disadvantage
 Inert in body  Brittle
 High wear resistance  Low tensile strength
 High modulus (stiffness) &  poor fatigue resistance
compressive strength
 Esthetic for dental
application
Types of Bio-ceramics
 Tricalcium phosphate

 Apatite ceramics

 Porous ceramics

 Carbon

 Alumina
 Applications of Bio-ceramic
❖ Dental implants are made from a naturally
occurring material with no thermal or
electric conductivity. Comparable
Osseointegration. The implant “locks in”
and is easily integrated by the surrounding
bone.

❖ Synthetic bone substitute or scaffold

materials are typically porous, which
provides an increased surface area that
encourages osseointegration, involving cell
colonisation and revascularisation
 Applications of Bio-ceramic
❖ Heart valves are crucial
components of the human
circulatory system, ensuring that
blood flows in the correct direction
within the heart.

❖ These hearing aids are designed to

improve hearing and are customized
using biocompatible ceramic
components.
Polymers
Biomaterials
Why Polymers are Important in
biomaterials?
• Biocompatibility
• Customizability
• Versatility
• Degradability
• Affordability
• Functionality
• Durability
 Types of Polymers in Biomaterials
• Found in nature, like collagen, chitosan,
Natural Polymers hyaluronic acid, and alginate.
• Used in tissue engineering, wound
healing, and drug delivery.

• Human-made, such as poly(lactic-co-

Synthetic polymers glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene
glycol (PEG), polyurethane (PU), and
polycaprolactone (PCL).
• Used in medical devices, drug delivery
systems, and tissue engineering.
 Types of Polymers in Biomaterials
• Found in nature, like collagen, chitosan,
Natural Polymers hyaluronic acid, and alginate.
• Used in tissue engineering, wound
healing, and drug delivery.

• Human-made, such as poly(lactic-co-

Synthetic polymers glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene
glycol (PEG), polyurethane (PU), and
polycaprolactone (PCL).
• Used in medical devices, drug delivery
systems, and tissue engineering.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1.Drug Delivery
2. Implants and Devices
3. Tissue Engineering
4. Wound Care
5. Dental Applications
6. Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7. Packaging and Tubing
Polymers help deliver medications
to specific body parts.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1. Drug Delivery
2.Implants and Devices
3. Tissue Engineering
4. Wound Care
5. Dental Applications
6. Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7. Packaging and Tubing
Polymers are used in surgical
implants and medical devices.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1. Drug Delivery
2. Implants and Devices
3.Tissue Engineering
4. Wound Care
5. Dental Applications
6. Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7. Packaging and Tubing
Polymers aid in growing and
repairing tissues and organs.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1. Drug Delivery
2. Implants and Devices
3. Tissue Engineering
4.Wound Care
5. Dental Applications
6. Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7. Packaging and Tubing

Polymers are used in bandages and

dressings for better healing.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1. Drug Delivery
2. Implants and Devices
3. Tissue Engineering
4. Wound Care
5.Dental Applications
6. Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7. Packaging and Tubing

Polymers are used in dental fillings,

crowns, and dentures.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1. Drug Delivery
2. Implants and Devices
3. Tissue Engineering
4. Wound Care
5. Dental Applications
6.Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7. Packaging and Tubing
Polymers help detect and visualize
biological structures.
Applications of polymers in
medicine:

1. Drug Delivery
2. Implants and Devices
3. Tissue Engineering
4. Wound Care
5. Dental Applications
6. Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
7.Packaging and Tubing
Polymers are used for safe storage
and transport of medical products.
Advantages of Polymers in
biomaterials
1. Compatible with the body
2. Customizable
3. Useful for many things
4. Break down
5. Easy to work with
6. Cost-effective
7. Can be adjusted
8. Durable
Composite
Biomaterials

Presented by:
Janela Anne L. Ocampo
What is composite?

The term composite means

"made up of two or more
parts." Composites in
biomaterials involve combining
different materials to create
specialized materials for
medical and biological uses.
Discontinuous Phase (Reinforcement): This part is not
spread out evenly and is made up of bits or pieces. It's usually
harder and stronger than the other part.

Continuous Phase (Matrix): This part is spread out all over

and holds the bits or pieces together. It's called the matrix,
and it's not as strong as the first part.
 Bone is a perfect
example of a
composite material
designed by nature.
Bone = Minerals + Collagen
Classification of composite biomaterials

Metal matrix composites

(MMCs)

A COMMON EXAMPLE OF MMCS IN

THE MEDICAL FIELD IS A TITANIUM-
BASED COMPOSITE USED IN
ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS.
Classification of composite biomaterials

Ceramic Matrix
Composites (CMCs)

CMCS OF ALUMINA & ZIRCONIA ARE

APPLIED IN ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES,
HIP PROTHESES, DENTAL
RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Classification of composite biomaterials

Polymer Matrix
Composites (PMCs)

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES ARE

WIDELY USED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF PROSTHETIC LIMBS.
Properties of 01 Strength and Durability

composite 02 Biocompatibility

biomaterials 03 Customization
Composite materials are used
as biomaterials because they
04 Lightweight
combine the beneficial properties
of multiple materials to create 05 Corrosion Resistance
stronger, more durable, and
biocompatible materials for various 06 Flexibility and Versatility
medical applications.
 01 High cost of fabrication
Limitations of 02 Mechanical properties are not well
Composite documented

Biomaterials 03 Repair is not simple due to

complicated structure
Composite biomaterials, while versatile 04 Flaws/ cracks cannot be easily
and beneficial for many applications,
detected
have some limitations.
05 Potential Allergic Reaction
Applications of Composite Biomaterials
ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS
Composite biomaterials for hip and knee
replacements often consist of a titanium matrix
reinforced with materials like ceramic particles or
carbon fibers.

DENTISTRY
Dental composite fillings are made from a resin
matrix filled with reinforcing materials like glass or
quartz particles.
Applications of Composite Biomaterials
TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS
Composite biomaterials for tissue engineering
scaffolds can include a polymer matrix filled with
natural or synthetic fibers.

OPHTHALMOLOGY
Composite intraocular lenses (IOLs) often combine a
flexible polymer material with an acrylic or silicone
material. The flexibility and optical clarity of these
composites enable improved vision and comfortable
outcomes for patients.
PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS
BIOCOMPATIBILITY

• Abilityof a material to perform its desired functions with

respect to a medical therapy, and to interact with living
systems without having any risk of injury, toxicity, or
rejection by the immune system and undesirable or
inappropriate local or systemic effects.
BIOCOMPATIBILITY

How it is assessed?
•Vitro Testing - takes place in a controlled laboratory
environment, typically using isolated cells, tissues, or
biological components outside of a living organism.
•Vivo Testing - involves studies conducted within a living
organism, often using animal models or, in some cases,
human subjects.
HOST RESPONSE

• Responseof the host organism (local and systemic) to the

implanted material or device.
•Inflammatory Response - is a key aspect of the host
response. The properties of the biomaterial, particularly its
surface chemistry and topography, can affect the level and
duration of inflammation.
NON-TOXICITY

• Serveits purpose in the living body’s environment without

negatively influencing other cells, organs, or the whole
organism.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

• The
strength, stiffness, flexibility, elastic modulus, corrosion,
creep, and hardness are some of the most important
properties of biomaterials that should be carefully studied
and evaluated before implantation.
SURFACE PROPERTIES

• Surface Roughness - The texture

or irregularities on the surface of
a biomaterial. It can influence cell
adhesion, protein adsorption, and
bacterial colonization.
SURFACE PROPERTIES

• Wettability - The ability of a

surface to attract and retain
liquids. It affects how biomaterials
interact with bodily fluids,
affecting their compatibility.
SURFACE PROPERTIES

• Surface Chemistry - The chemical composition of the material's

surface. It plays a crucial role in cellular response and protein
interactions. Modifications to surface chemistry can enhance or
modify biocompatibility.
CORROSION, WEAR, AND
FATIGUE PROPERTIES
•Describes how a biomaterial responds to degradation,
mechanical stress, and cyclic loading.
•Degradation - is the process by which a biomaterial
breaks down over time.
•Resorption - Is the absorption or assimilation of degraded
biomaterial by the body's tissues.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

•The electrical properties of biomaterials are critical in medical

devices that involve electrical signaling, such as sensing,
stimulation, or recording of physiological signals.
•Example: Platinum and iridium are used in neural electrode
arrays due to their excellent electrical conductivity and
biocompatibility.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES

•Optical properties are crucial in medical devices where visibility and

light transmission are necessary, such as visual prostheses and diagnostic
equipment.
•Transparency - Transparent materials are used in applications like
contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and windows for medical devices.
•Refractive Index - Matching the refractive index of a biomaterial with
the surrounding tissues is important in some applications to minimize
visual artifacts and distortion.
DESIGN AND
MANUFACTURABILITY
•Appropriate material design is also one of the critical
factors to consider for biomaterials.

•Manufacturability is the ability to manufacture the item

with relative ease that is ideal for its intended use at
minimal cost and high reliability.
IN SUMMARY, FOR ANY MATERIAL TO
QUALIFY AS A BIOMATERIAL, IT SHOULD:

•Be biocompatible
•Have required/suitable physical and chemical properties
•Have suitable mechanical properties
•Have stable durability for the period it is intended for
•Be easy to process with the available techniques
•Be sterilizable with current facilities without any difficulty
•Be cost-effective and accessible
Uses and application of
Biomaterials

By: Merridy Vistan

Uses of Biomaterials

● Replacement of diseased or ● Improve function

damaged part
● Correct cosmetic problem
● Aid to treatment
● Correct functional abnormality
● Assist in healing

● Aid to diagnosis
Biomaterial Applications
Organ/Tissue
➢ Heart
➢ Eyes
➢ Ears
➢ Circulation
➢ Muscles
➢ Kidney
➢ Skins
➢ Bones
➢ Teeth
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Heart
▪ Biventricular pacemaker - an
implantable device for people with
advanced heart failure due to
abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
and/or function.
▪ Artificial heart valves - are used to Biventricular pacemakers artificial valves
replace heart valves that have become
damaged with age or by certain
diseases or congenital abnormalities.
▪ Artificial heart- device that maintains
blood circulation and oxygenation in
the human body for varying periods of
time.

artificial heart
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Eyes
▪ Contact lens - They correct refractive
errors to make your vision clearer —
just like eyeglasses.
▪ artificial intraocular lens - An
Intraocular lens is a lens implanted in
the eye usually as part of a treatment
for cataracts or for correcting other
vision problems such as short
sightedness and long sightedness, a
form of refractive surgery. Contact lens artificial intraocular lens
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Ears
▪ Cochlear implant - is a small, complex
electronic device that can help to
provide a sense of sound to a person
who is profoundly deaf or severely
hard-of-hearing.

Cochlear implants
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Muscles
▪ surgical suture- also known as a stitch
or stitches, is a medical device used to
hold body tissues together and
approximate wound edges after an
injury or surgery.

Sutures
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Kidney
▪ Dialysis machines – is a machine
removes blood from your body, filters
it through a dialyzer (artificial kidney)
and returns the cleaned blood to your
body.

Dialysis machines
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Skins
▪ Artificial skin- It is a material that treat
skin wounds, replace damage skin, or
mimic the function of natural skin, it
composes of material such as collagen,
hydrogel, silicone that helps to blend
into the skin itself.

Artificial Skin
Biomaterial Applications
➢ Circulation
▪ Synthetic blood vessels- it is
composed of viable tissue represent
the ideal vascular graft. It is an artificial
blood vessel that helps circulate the
blood around the body.

Synthetic blood vessels

Biomaterial Applications
➢ Bones
▪ Bone Screw- are a special type of
Orthopedic Screws, used for surgery.
They are also called Bone Fixation
Screws or Cancellous Bone Screws.
▪ Bone cement- is a compound used to
hold prosthetic bones in place and it is Bone Screw Bone cement
also used to fill in vertebra fractures.
▪ Bone plate - is a type of internal fixation
that is attached to the bone with screws.
▪ Intramedullary rods- is a metal rod
forced into the medullary cavity of a
bone.

Bone Plate Intramedullary rods

Biomaterial Applications
➢ Teeth
▪ Fillings -is a way to restore a tooth
damaged by decay back to its normal
function and shape.
▪ Dental implants - are medical devices
surgically implanted into the jaw to
restore a person's ability to chew or
their appearance.

Fillings and replacements

Thank You!!