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Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition

University of Engineering and Technology
Allan R. Hambley
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
 Overview of Electrical Engineering

 Circuits, Currents, and Voltages
 Power and Energy
 Kirchhoff's Current Law
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
 Introduction to Circuit Elements
 Introduction to Circuits

Allan R. Hambley
1
Electrical engineers design systems that have two main
objectives:
1. To gather, store, process, transport, and present
information.
2. To distribute, store, and convert energy between various
forms.

Allan R. Hambley
1. Communication systems: transport information in electrical form

2. Computer systems: process and store information in digital form
3. Control systems: gather information with sensors and use electrical
energy to control a physical process.
4. Electromagnetics: study and application of electric and magnetic
fields.
5. Electronics: study and application of materials, devices, and circuits
used in amplifying and switching electrical signals
6. Photonics: manipulating electrons with greatly improved products
based on manipulating photons.
7. Power systems: convert energy to and from electrical form and
transmit energy over long distances
8. Signal processing: information-bearing electrical signals

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Allan R. Hambley
Current and Emerging Electronic/Electrical

Applications in Automobiles and Trucks
Safety Convenience
Antiskid brakes Electronic navigation
Inflatable restraints Personalized seat/mirror/radio settings
Collision warning and avoidance Electronic door locks
Blind-zone vehicle detection (especially
for large trucks) Emissions, performance, and fuel economy
Infrared night vision systems Vehicle instrumentation
Heads-up displays Electronic ignition
Automatic accident notification Tire inflation sensors
Computerized performance evaluation
Communications and entertainment and maintenance scheduling
AM/FM radio Adaptable suspension systems
Digital audio broadcasting Alternative propulsion systems
CD/tape player Electric vehicles
Cellular phone Advanced batteries
Computer/e-mail Hybrid vehicles
Satellite radio

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Safety Features

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Communication and entertainments

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Convenience

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Fuel injection

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Electrical cars

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Figure 1.1 Pressure versus time for an internal combustion engine experiencing knock. Sensors convert pressure to
an electrical signal that is processed to adjust ignition timing for minimum pollution and good performance.

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6
1.2 CIRCUITS, CURRENTS, AND VOLTAGES

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Figure 1.2 The headlight circuit. (a) The actual physical layout of the circuit. (b) The circuit diagram.

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7
Electrical circuit: various types of circuit elements connected in closed paths by
conductors
Circuit elements: voltage sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances...

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Current: the time rate of charge flow through a cross section of a conductor or
circuit element.

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8
Figure 1.5 Plots of charge and current versus time for Example 1.1. Note: The time scale is in milliseconds (ms). One
millisecond is equivalent to 10–3 seconds.

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In analyzing circuits, we frequently start by assigning current variables i1, i2, i3,
and so forth.
we may not initially know the actual direction of current flow in

a particular circuit element. Therefore, we start by assigning
current variables and arbitrarily selecting a reference direction
for each current of interest.
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9
Direct Current and Alternating Current
DC: current is constant with time - direct current
AC: current that varies with time, reversing direction
periodically - alternating current
Figure 1.7 Examples of dc and ac currents versus time.

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Figure 1.8 Ac currents can have various waveforms.

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10
Reference directions can be indicated by labeling the ends of circuit elements
and using double subscripts on current variables. The reference direction for iab
points from a to b. On the other hand, the reference direction for iba points from
b to a.

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Volt
age
s
Voltages
When charge moves through circuit elements, energy can be transferred.
The voltage associated with a circuit element is the energy transferred per unit of
charge that flows through the element.
The units of voltage are volts (V), which are equivalent to joules per coulomb (J/C)

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11
Voltages are assigned polarities that indicate the direction of energy flow. If positive
charge moves from the positive polarity through the element toward the negative
polarity, the element absorbs energy that appears as heat, mechanical energy, stored
chemical energy, or as some other form. On the other hand, if positive charge moves
from the negative polarity toward the positive polarity, the element supplies energy.
Figure 1.10 Energy is transferred when charge flows through an element having a voltage across it.

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If we do not know the voltage values and polarities in a

circuit, we can start by assigning voltage variables choosing
the reference polarities arbitrarily.

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12
The voltage vab has a reference polarity that is positive at point a and negative
at point b.
DC voltage
AC voltage

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1.3 POWER AND ENERGY

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When current flows through an element and voltage appears across the
element, energy is transferred. The rate of energy transfer is p = vi.

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p=
Vl
Positive value for p: energy is absorbed by the element

Negative value for p: energy is supplied by the element.

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14
Circuit element for Example 1.3.

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Figure 1.17 See Exercise 1.6.

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15
Calculate the power for each element. If each element is a battery, is it being
charged or discharged?

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Energy w delivered to a circuit element between time instants t1 and t2

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Prefixes Used for Large or Small Physical Quantities

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1.4 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW

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17
Node: a point at which two or more circuit elements are joined
If we do not know the voltage values and polarities in a circuit, we can start by assigning voltage variables choosing the
reference polarities arbitrarily. (The boxes represent unspecified circuit elements.)

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Kirchhoff's current law (KCL):

The net current entering a node is zero
we add the currents leaving and subtract the currents entering

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18
Figure 1.18 Partial circuits showing one node each to illustrate Kirchhoff’s current law.

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Figure 1.19 Elements A, B, C, and D can be considered to be connected to a common node, because all points in a
circuit that are connected directly by conductors are electrically equivalent to a single point.

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Figure 1.20 Elements A, B, and C are connected in series.

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Figure 1.21 See Exercise 1.7.

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Figure 1.22 Identify the groups of circuit elements that are connected in series

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Series Circuits: all elements

in a series circuit have identical
currents
Node 1: ia = ib
Node 2: ib = ic
Thus: ia = ib = ic

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1.5 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW

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Loop: closed path starting at a node and proceeding

through circuit elements, eventually returning to the
starting node
Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL): The algebraic sum of the

voltages equals zero for any closed path (loop) in an
electrical circuit

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22
In applying KVL to a loop, voltages are added or subtracted depending on their
reference polarities relative to the direction of travel around the loop.

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Circuit used for illustration of Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

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Figure 1.25 In this circuit, conservation of energy requires that vb = va + vc.

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Figure 1.26 In this circuit, elements A and B are in parallel. Elements D, E, and F form another parallel combination.

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24
Figure 1.27 For this circuit, we can show that va = vb = –vc. Thus, the magnitudes and actual polarities of all three
voltages are the same.

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Figure 1.28 Analysis is simplified by using the same voltage variable and reference polarity for elements that are in
parallel.

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Figure 1.29 Circuit for Exercises 1.9 and 1.10.

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1.6 INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

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Figure 1.30 Independent voltage sources.

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Figure 1.31 We avoid self-contradictory circuit diagrams such as this one.

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27
Figure 1.32 Dependent voltage sources (also known as controlled voltage sources) are represented by diamond-
shaped symbols. The voltage across a controlled voltage source depends on a current or voltage that appears
elsewhere in the circuit.

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Figure 1.33 Independent current sources.

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28
Figure 1.34 Dependent current sources. The current through a dependent current source depends on a current or
voltage that appears elsewhere in the circuit.

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Figure 1.35 Voltage is proportional to current in an ideal resistor. Notice that the references for v and i conform to the
passive reference configuration.

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Figure 1.36 If the references for v and i are opposite to the passive configuration, we have v = –Ri.

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Figure 1.37 We construct resistors by attaching terminals to a piece of conductive material.

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30
Figure 1.38 Resistors often take the form of a long cylinder (or bar) in which current enters one end and flows along
the length.

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Figure PA1.1

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1.7 INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUITS

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32
Figure 1.39 A circuit consisting of a voltage source and a resistance.

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Figure 1.40 Circuit for Example 1.6.

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Figure 1.41 Circuit for Example 1.7.

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Figure 1.42 Circuit for Exercise 1.14.

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Figure 1.43 Circuit for Exercise 1.15.

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Figure P1.10

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Figure P1.20

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Figure P1.25

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Figure P1.27

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Figure P1.28

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Figure P1.32

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Figure P1.36

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Figure P1.37

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Figure P1.38

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Figure P1.41

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Figure P1.42

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Figure P1.44

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Figure P1.45

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Figure P1.61

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Figure P1.61 (continued)

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Figure P1.63

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Figure P1.64

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Figure P1.65

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Figure P1.66

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Figure P1.67

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Figure P1.68

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Figure P1.69

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Figure P1.70

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Figure P1.71

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Figure P1.72

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Figure P1.73

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Figure P1.74

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Figure P1.77

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Figure P1.78

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Figure P1.79

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Figure P1.80

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Table 1.1 (continued)

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Figure T1.2

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Figure T1.3

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Figure T1.4

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Figure T1.5

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Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition

 Overview of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

1. Communication systems: transport information in electrical form

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Current and Emerging Electronic/Electrical

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Communication and entertainments

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

we may not initially know the actual direction of current flow in

Figure 1.7 Examples of dc and ac currents versus time.

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Figure 1.8 Ac currents can have various waveforms.

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

If we do not know the voltage values and polarities in a

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

1.3 POWER AND ENERGY

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Positive value for p: energy is absorbed by the element

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Figure 1.17 See Exercise 1.6.

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Energy w delivered to a circuit element between time instants t1 and t2

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

1.4 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Kirchhoff's current law (KCL):

we add the currents leaving and subtract the currents entering

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Figure 1.21 See Exercise 1.7.

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications

Series Circuits: all elements