Hkkjrh;

vFkZ(r`rOh;;oLFkk
laLdj.k)

n`f"V ifCyds'kUl
641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009
nwjHkk"k% 011-47532596, 87501 87501

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r`rh; laLdj.k& vçSy 2019

ewY; % ` 330

izdk'kd
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl]
(A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)

641] izFke ry]

MkW- eq[kthZ uxj]
fnYyh&110009

fofèkd ?kks"k.kk,¡
 bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ
tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk
dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA

 ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV
mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA

 lHkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk fnYyh U;kf;d {ks=k esa gksxkA

 © dkWihjkbV% n`f"V ifCyds'kUl (A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)] lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku
ds fdlh Hkh va'k dk izdk'ku vFkok mi;ksx] izfrfyihdj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukUrj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi]
fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

 ,e-ih- fizaVlZ] ch&220] isQ”k&2] uks,Mk (mÙkj izns'k) ls eqfnzrA

 nks 'kCn
fç; ikBdks]
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl dh ‘Quick Book’ Ük`a[kyk dh cgqçrhf{kr iqLrdksa esa ls ,d ^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk* ds r`rh; ,oa ifjof¼Zr
laLdj.k dks vkids le{k çLrqr djrs gq, gesa vikj g"kZ gks jgk gSA xkSjryc gS fd bl iqLrd dk çFke laLdj.k fnlacj 2017
esa çdkf'kr gqvk Fkk ftls ikBdksa us gkFkksa&gkFk fy;k vkSj dkiQh ljkgkA iqLrd ds f}rh; laLdj.k esa Hkh ikBd oxZ ls mRlkgtud
çfrfØ;k,¡ çkIr gqb±A lkFk gh gesa ikBdksa }kjk bls eq[; ijh{kk ds fy;s vkSj vfèkd mi;ksxh cukus ds lq>ko Hkh çkIr gq,A vr%
bl laLdj.k esa geus eq[; ijh{kk ds fygk”k ls mi;ksxh dqN u, vè;k;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr
;g iqLrd la?k ,oa jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa }kjk vk;ksftr çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kkvksa ds fy;s leku :i ls mi;ksxh gSA iqLrd
esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kkvksa dk ljy] cksèkxE;] #fpdj vkSj çokge; Hkk"kk esa çLrqrhdj.k fd;k
x;k gSA vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr tfVy voèkkj.kkvksa dks csgn oSKkfud <ax ls js[kkfp=kksa] ÝykspkVks±] vkjs[kksa ,oa lkjf.k;ksa ds ekè;e
ls le>k;k x;k gSA
foxr dqN o"kks± ds nkSjku la?k ,oa jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh ijh{kkvksa esa ^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk* fo"k; ds egÙo esa o`f¼ gqbZ
gSA tc gekjh Vhe us ck”kkj esa miyCèk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacfa èkr fofHkUu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa lcls vf/d i<+h tkus okyh
iqLrdksa dk xgu fo'ys"k.k fd;k rks ik;k fd vfèkdrj iqLrdsa ijaijkxr ikB~;Øeksa ,oa voèkkj.kkvkas dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kh xbZ
gSAa bu iqLrdksa dh Hkk"kk vR;ar fDy"V gS ,oa buesa nh xbZ tkudkfj;k¡ Hkh v|ru ugha gSAa lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd buesa Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk ds cnyrs Lo:i] ubZ voèkkj.kkvksa ,oa fo'ys"k.kksa dk furkar vHkko gSA
mi;qZDr lHkh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djus ds fy;s ^n`f"V ifCyds'kUl* }kjk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr iqLrd dk
çdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA iqLrd esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds cnyrs Lo:i ds vuqlkj ubZ voèkkj.kkvksa ,oa fo'ys"k.kksa dk lekos'k
fd;k x;k gSA blesa rhoz vkfFkZd lao`f¼ nj ds lkFk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh Hkkoh j.kuhfr;ksa dks ^uhfr vk;ksx&rhu o"khZ; dk;Z
,tsaMk* vkSj ^LVªSVth iQkWj U;w bafM;k @ 75* ds ekè;e ls le>kus dk ç;kl rFkk ns'k ds lcls cM+s dj lqèkkj ^oLrq ,oa lsok
dj* (GST) dk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA
Lora=krk çkfIr ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds çeq[k {ks=kksa] ;Fkk& Ñf"k] m|ksx ,oa lsok {ks=k esa gksus okys egÙoiw.kZ
ifjorZuksa ,oa fodklØeksa dks çLrqr djrs gq, vFkZO;oLFkk esa budh Hkwfedk dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd
laxBuksa }kjk tkjh dh xbZ fjiksVks± ,oa lwpdkadksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr lfgr fo'o ds izeq[k ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk rqyukRed
vè;;u dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr lHkh egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kkvksa ,oa rF;ksa dks 21 vè;k;ksa
ds varxZr yxHkx 350 i`"Bksa esa lesVuk vius&vki esa gekjh Vhe ds fy;s pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z jgk] varr% bl dke dks liQyrkiwoZd
va”kke rd igq¡pk;k x;kA ;g iqLrd ijh{kk dh dlkSVh ij fdruh [kjh mrjh gS bldk çR;{k çek.k vkbZ-,-,l- 2018 dh
çkjafHkd ijh{kk gS ftlesa vFkZO;oLFkk [kaM ls lacafèkr ç'uksa esa 50% ls vfèkd ç'u gekjh ^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk* iqLrd ls vk,
gSaA vkxs Hkh gekjk ;gh ç;kl jgsxk fd ge vius ikBdksa dh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj ldsa vkSj mudh liQyrk esa iFk&çn'kZd
dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsaA
iqLrd esa ,ulhbZvkjVh] bXuw] ,uvkbZvks,l rFkk vusd ljdkjh osclkbVksa ds ewy rF;ksa vkSj fo'ys"k.kksa ls çkIr tkudkfj;ksa
dks ljy ,oa oSKkfud <ax ls çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr voèkkj.kkvksa ,oa rF;ksa dks lelkef;d
?kVukØe ls tksM+dj çLrqr fd;k x;k gS] lkFk gh Hkkjr ljdkj dh egÙoiw.kZ dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dk fcanqokj
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA çR;sd vè;k; ds var esa la?k ,oa jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa }kjk çkjafHkd ijh{kk esa foxr o"kks± ds iwNs
x, ç'uksa dk foLr`r ladyu fd;k x;k gS] rkfd ikBd dks ;g vank”kk jgs fd lacafèkr vè;k; ls ijh{kk esa fdl çÑfr ds
ç'u iwNs tkrs gSaA r`rh; laLdj.k esa IAS eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs x, ç'uksa dks Hkh lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA bu iz'uksa ds vH;kl ls
vkidh rS;kjh dks lgh ekxZn'kZu feysxk rFkk vki viuh tkudkjh dk LoewY;kadu Hkh dj ldsaxsA v'kqf¼;ksa dh laHkkouk U;wure
jgs] blfy;s iqLrd dk dbZ pj.kksa esa lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA rF;ksa vkSj vk¡dM+ksa dks fo'oluh; lzksrksa ls iw.kZr% v|frr
fd;k x;k gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd iqLrd dh jpuk esa 'kq: ls var rd xq.koÙkk ,oa fo"k; laca/h vo/kj.kkRed le>
dks ysdj iwjh lrdZrk cjrh xbZ gSA
gesa iwjk fo'okl gS fd ;g iqLrd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacafèkr ,d le> fodflr dj] vkidh rS;kjh ,oa liQyrk
esa vR;ar mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxhA esjk fuosnu gS fd vki bl iqLrd dks ,d ikBd ds lkFk&lkFk vkykspd dh u”kj ls Hkh i<+saA
vxj vkidks dksbZ Hkh deh fn[ks rks csf>>d 8130392355 uacj ij okV~l,i eSlst ls Hkst nsaA vkidh fVIif.k;ksa vkSj
lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij gh ge iqLrd dks vkSj csgrj o çkekf.kd cuk ldasxsA
lkHkkj]
izèkku laiknd
n`f"V ifCyds'kUl
 vuqØe
1. vFkZ'kkL= ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d uT+kj esa .................. 1-7 nck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn
n lkèku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
vFkZ'kkL=k
zz
n lkèku ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
♦♦vFkZ'kkL=k dk oxhZdj.k
n lkèku ykxr ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn
n O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
n lkèku ykxr ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn@jk"Vªh; vk;
n lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacafèkr fofHkUu voèkkj.kkvksa esa varl±caèk
♦♦O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k ,oa lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k esa varj
♦♦ldy ewY; o¼Zu
vFkZO;oLFkk
zz
♦♦oS;fDrd vk;
♦♦vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks=k
♦♦O;fDrxr O;; ;ksX; vk;
n çkFkfed {ks=k n prqFkZd {ks=k
♦♦izfr O;fDr vk;
n f}rh;d {ks=k n iapd {ks=k
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacafèkr voèkkj.kk,¡ % ,d u”kj esa
n r`rh;d {ks=k
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; dks ekius dh fofèk;k¡
♦♦vFkZO;oLFkk dk oxhZdj.k@Lo:i
n mRiknu fofèk n O;; fofèk
n jkT; dh Hkwfedk ds vkèkkj ij
n vk; fofèk
v iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk v jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; dks ekius dh fofèk ,oa vkèkkj o"kZ esa fd;s x,
v fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
ifjorZu
n fodkl dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; esa lfEefyr dh tkus okyh ensa
v fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk v fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; esa lfEefyr ugha dh tkus okyh ensa
v vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; dks ekius esa dfBukb;k¡
n fofHkUu {ks=kksa dh Hkwfedk ds vkèkkj ij
♦♦èkkj.kh; fodkl
v Ñ"kd vFkZO;oLFkk v vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk

v lsok vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+s
n 'ks"k fo'o ds lkFk varl±caèkksa ds vkèkkj ij
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz

v [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk v can vFkZO;oLFkk 3. vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl ....................... 17-36
n fu;kstu ds vkèkkj ij
z lkekU; ifjp;
v ;kstukc¼ vFkZO;oLFkk v xSj&;kstukc¼ vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦vk£Fkd lao`f¼
n fuHkZjrk ds vkèkkj ij
♦♦vk£Fkd fodkl
v vkRefuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk v vkfJr vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl esa varj
v ijLij&fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk
♦♦vk£Fkd laof` ¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
♦♦dqN egÙoiw.kZ lwpdkad ,oa fjiksVZ
2. jk"Vªh; vk; .......................................................... 8-16
n oSf'od Hkw[k lwpdkad] 2018
lkekU;
zz ifjp; n lkekftd izxfr lwpdkad] 2018
♦♦jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacafèkr fofHkUu voèkkj.kk,¡ n ekuo fodkl lwpdkad] 2018
n ck”kkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn n vlekurk lek;ksftr ekuo fodkl lwpdkad

n ck”kkj dher ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn n ySafxd vlekurk lwpdkad

n ck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn n cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad] 2018

 n ySafxd fodkl lwpdkad Hkkjr
zz esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh vkykspuk
n ekuo iwath lwpdkad] 2018 Hkwfe lqèkkj gsrq lq>ko
zz
n lrr fodkl y{; lwpdkad] 2018 çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz
n lrr fodkl y{; (,pMhvkbZ) Hkkjr lwpdkad cslykbu
5. Ïf"k {ks= ............................................................. 49-76
fjiksVZ] 2018
n oSf'od 'kkafr lwpdkad] 2018 lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n fo'o [kq'kgkyh fjiksVZ] 2018 ♦♦Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`Qf"k dk egÙo
n gSIih IySusV baMsDl] 2016 ♦♦Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dk Lo:i
n ldy jk"Vªh; [kq'kgkyh lwpdkad ♦♦Ñf"k vknku
n oSf'od ySafxd varjky fjiksVZ] 2018 ♦♦Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k dh leL;k,¡
n ysxkVe le`f¼ lwpdkad] 2018 ♦♦Hkkjrh; Ñf"k {ks=k eas lqèkkj
n n xqM daVªh baMsDl] 2019 n laLFkkxr lqèkkj n rduhdh lqèkkj

n usVoDMZ jsfMusl baMsDl] 2016 n lkekU; lqèkkj

n dkjksckj lqxerk lwpdkad] 2019 ♦♦Hkkjr esa cksbZ tkus okyh fofHkUu iQlyksa ds izdkj
n Xykscy buksos'ku baMsDl] 2018 n O;kikfjd iQlysa

n oSf'od çfrLièkkZ fjiksVZ] 2018 n tsusfVdyh ekWfMiQkbM iQlysa

♦♦fo'o ds fofHkUu laLFkkuksa }kjk tkjh lwpdkad rFkk muls lacafèkr n ckxokuh iQlysa

fo"k;&oLrq ♦♦vuqcaèk vkèkkfjr Ñf"k

♦♦vk£Fkd lao`f¼ rFkk ekuo fodkl esa lacaèk ♦♦tSfod moZjd
♦♦vk£Fkd fodkl foghu vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ♦♦tSfod Ñf"k
z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u ♦♦gfjr Økafr
♦♦iQly i¼fr
4. Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj ............................................ 37-48 ♦♦Ñf"k foÙk
Hkwfe
zz lqèkkj ♦♦fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ
♦♦laLFkkxr lqèkkj ♦♦jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
♦♦rduhdh lqèkkj ♦♦Hkwfe caèkd cSad ;k Hkwfe fodkl cSad
Lora=krk&iwoZ Hkkjr esa Hkw&jktLo ç.kkfy;k¡
zz ♦♦Ñf"k dher uhfr
‹‹”kehankjh@LFkk;h@bLrejkjh O;oLFkk ♦♦Ñf"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx
‹‹jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk ♦♦Ñf"k foi.ku
‹‹egkyokM+h O;oLFkk n Hkkjrh; Ñf"k foi.ku O;oLFkk esa fo|eku nks"k

Hkwfe lqèkkj ds mís';

zz n Ñf"k foi.ku esa lqèkkj ds mik;

Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dh :ijs[kk

zz ♦♦vkn'kZ Ñf"k mRikn foi.ku lfefr vfèkfu;e
‹‹fcpkSfy;ksa@eè;LFkksa dk var ♦♦jk"Vªh; Ñf"k ck”kkj
‹‹dk'rdkjh lqèkkj ♦♦Ñf"k {ks=k ls lacafèkr izkS|ksfxdh
‹‹Hkwfe dk iquxZBu ♦♦Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn~
‹‹laoSèkkfud ,oa oSèkkfud mik; ♦♦Ñf"k mRiknksa@ftalksa dk ok;nk ck”kkj
Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k esa mfpr eqvkots vkSj ikjnf'kZrk dk vfèkdkj]
zz ♦♦fo'o O;kikj laxBu ,oa Ñf"k lfClMh
iquokZl ,oa iquLFkkZiu vfèkfu;e] 2013 vkSj (la'kksèku) vè;kns'k] n xzhu ckWDl lfClMh

2015 n vacj ckWDl lfClMh

Ñf"k
zz Hkwfe iV~Vk çk:i vfèkfu;e] 2016 n Cyw ckWDl lfClMh
 ♦♦Ñf"k mRiknu ,oa Ñf"k mRikndrk c<+kus ds mik; ♦♦lw{e] y?kq ,oa eè;e m|e
♦♦Ñf"k {ks=k ds fodkl gsrq ljdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ fofHkUu ♦♦lw{e] y?kq ,oa eè;e m|eksa ds fy;s 12 lw=kh dk;Z ;kstuk
;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe ♦♦fo'ks"k vk£Fkd {ks=k
n izèkkuea=kh iQly chek ;kstuk ♦♦fu;kZr izlaLdj.k {ks=k
n izèkkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk ♦♦fofuos'k
n e`nk LokLF; dkMZ ;kstuk
♦♦jk"Vªh; fuos'k dks"k
n ijaijkxr Ñf"k fodkl ;kstuk
♦♦vkS|ksfxd vLoLFkrk@#X.krk
n jk"Vªh; lrr Ñf"k fe'ku
♦♦fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk] 2016
n izèkkuea=kh vUunkrk vk; laj{k.k vfHk;ku (ih,e&vk'kk)
♦♦fnokyk vkSj fnokfy;kiu lafgrk (f}rh; la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e]
♦♦Ñf"k x.kuk 2015&16
2018
zz[kk| izlaLdj.k
♦♦jk"Vªh; fofuekZ.k uhfr] 2011
‹‹[kk| izlaLdj.k ds çdkj
♦♦jk"Vªh; fuos'k vkSj fofuekZ.k ”kksu
‹‹[kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dh vofLFkfr ds dkjd
n fnYyh&eqacbZ vkS|ksfxd xfy;kjk
‹‹Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dk egÙo@ykHk

‹‹Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dh laHkkouk,¡

♦♦vkS|ksfxd foÙk
‹‹[kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx ds le{k mifLFkr çeq[k pqukSfr;k¡
♦♦Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad
‹‹Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dk SWOT fo'ys"k.k ♦♦Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe fyfeVsM
‹‹[kk| izlaLdj.k {ks=k dks lqn`<+ djus ds fy;s lq>ko ♦♦jkT; foÙk fuxe
‹‹esxk iwQM ikoZQ ♦♦Hkkjr esa fons'kh iwath varokZg
‹‹[kk| laj{kk ,oa ekud vfèkfu;e] 2006 ♦♦dkWiksZjsV lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro
‹‹[kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky; ♦♦oaQiuh vfèkfu;e] 2013 ,oa daiuh (nwljk la'kksèku) vè;kns'k]
n [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx ea=kky; ds mís'; ,oa dk;Z 2019
‹‹Hkkjrh; [kk| laj{kk ,oa ekud izkfèkdj.k ♦♦izfrLièkkZ vfèkfu;e] 2002
‹‹jk"Vªh; [kk| çlaLdj.k fe'ku ♦♦Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ lEeq[k leL;k,¡
‹‹çèkkuea=kh fdlku laink ;kstuk ♦♦th,lVh dk dk;kZUo;u vkSj m|ksxkssa ij bldk izHkko
zzizkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u ♦♦ckSf¼d laink vfèkdkj
6. vkS|ksfxd {ks= ................................................... 77-104 ♦♦pkSFkh vkS|ksfxd Økafr
♦♦vkS|ksfxd fodkl ls lacafèkr uhfr;k¡ ,oa dk;ZØe
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n esd bu bafM;k n bZ&fo”k fe'ku ifj;kstuk
♦♦vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk egÙo
n bUosLV bafM;k n LVkVZvi bafM;k
♦♦vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡
n LVSaMvi bafM;k n izèkkuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1948 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1977
n us'kuy oSQfiVy xqM~l ikWfylh] 2016
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1956 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1980
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz
n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1969 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1986

n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1973 n vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1991 7. Hkkjr esa lsok {ks= ........................................... 105-115
♦♦vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa lao¼Zu foHkkx lkekU;
zz ifjp;
♦♦vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad ♦♦lsok {ks=k esa oSf'od ifjn`';
♦♦dksj baMLVªht ♦♦lsok {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; ifjn`';
♦♦lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØe ♦♦Hkkjr esa rhoz o`f¼ nj okys lsok {ks=k
♦♦egkjRu] uojRu vkSj feuhjRu Js.kh&1 ,oa Js.kh&2 osQ m|ksx n O;kolkf;d lsok,¡
 n lapkj lsok,¡ ♦♦Hkkjrh; vk£Fkd fu;kstu dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
n O;kikj ♦♦vk£Fkd fu;kstu dh liQyrk osQ fy;s vko';d rÙo
n cSa¯dx lsok,¡ ♦♦;kstuk vk;ksx
n lkeqnkf;d lsok,¡] gksVy o jsLrjk¡ n ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ dk;Z
n oS;fDrd lsok,¡ n ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ vè;{kksa dh lwph
n ijke'kZ lsok,¡ n ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ mikè;{kksa dh lwph

n vkarfjd O;kikj ♦♦jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~

n vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl n jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dh lajpuk

n jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z

n i;ZVu {ks=k

n lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh

♦♦Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡
n mixzg ekufp=k.k vkSj iz{ksi.k lsok,¡
♦♦Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ % y{;] miyfC/;k¡ ,oa mís';
♦♦Hkkjr eas lsok {ks=k esa rs”k lao`f¼ ds dkj.k ♦♦Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dh miyfC/;k¡
♦♦lsok {ks=k ls lacafèkr izeq[k uhfr;k¡ ,oa ;kstuk,¡ ♦♦bafM;k fo”ku 2020
n jk"Vªh; fMftVy lapkj uhfr&2018 ♦♦fu;kstu dh vliQyrk,¡
n foKku] izkS|ksfxdh vkSj uoksUes"k uhfr&2013 ♦♦iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh lekfIr
n jk"Vªh; i;ZVu uhfr&2002 z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
n Lons'k n'kZu ;kstuk
9. uhfr vk;ksx .................................................. 127-174
n izlkn ;kstuk
zuhfr vk;ksx
♦♦lsokvksa esa O;kikj ij lkekU; le>kSrk (GATS)
♦♦uhfr vk;ksx osQ mís';
♦♦Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=k ls lacafèkr izeq[k pqukSfr;k¡
♦♦uhfr vk;ksx dh lajpuk
♦♦Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=k esa dh xbZ ljdkjh igysa
♦♦;kstuk vk;ksx ,oa uhfr vk;ksx esa varj
z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
uhfr vk;ksx dk rhu o"khZ; dk;Z ,tsMa k (2017–18 ls 2019–20)
zz
8. vk£Fkd fu;kstu ............................................. 116-126 ‹‹rhu o"kks± osQ fy;s vk; ,oa O;;

n lanHkZ ,oa j.kuhfr

vk£Fkd
zz fu;kstu
n fodkl n`f"Vdks.k ,oa lalkèkuksa dk iwokZuqeku
♦♦fu;kstu osQ mís';
n O;;
♦♦fu;kstu osQ izdkj
‹‹izeq[k {ks=kksa esa egÙoiw.kZ vk£Fkd ifjorZu
n jkT; osQ gLr{ksi osQ vk/kj ij
n o`Qf"k {ks=k % fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nqxquk djuk
v vkns'kkRed fu;kstu
n O;kikj] m|ksx ,oa lsok % csgrj Hkqxrku okys jks”kxkj osQ
v funsZ'kkRed fu;kstu
voljksa dk l`tu djuk
n y{; izkfIr dh j.kuhfr osQ vk/kj ij ‹‹{ks=kh; fodkl
v lajpukRed fu;kstu n 'kgjh fodkl
v izdk;kZRed fu;kstu n xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ifjorZu

n ;kstuk fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k osQ vk/kj ij n {ks=kh; fodkl ls lacafèkr j.kuhfr

v osaQæho`Qr fu;kstu ‹‹lao`f¼ lgk;d dkjd

v foosaQæho`Qr fu;kstu n ifjogu ,oa laioZQ n fMftVy dusfDVfoVh

n {ks=kh; O;kidrk osQ vk/kj ij n lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh n ÅtkZ

v jk"Vªh; fu;kstu n foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

v {ks=kh; fu;kstu n
uoksUes"k ikfjra=k dk fuekZ.k djuk
 ‹‹ljdkj n lkoZtfud LokLF; çcaèku ,oa dk;Zokgh
n lq'kklu n lexz çkFkfed LokLF; ns[kHkky

n dj uhfr ,oa iz'kklu n LokLF; ds fy;s ekuo lalkèku

n izfrLièkkZRed uhfr;k¡ vkSj fofu;eu n lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; dojst

n fofèk dk 'kklu n iks"k.k

‹‹lkekftd {ks=k n tsaMj

n f'k{kk ,oa dkS'ky fodkl n ofj"B ukxfjd] fnO;kax rFkk VªkaltsaMj

n LokLF; n vuqlwfpr tkfr (SCs)] vuqlwfpr tutkfr (STs)] vU;

n ,d vfèkd lekos'kh lekt osQ fuekZ.k dh vksj fiNM+k oxZ (OBCs)] vU; tutkfr lewg rFkk vYila[;d
‹‹laoguh;rk ‹ ç'kklu

n i;kZoj.k ,oa ou n larqfyr {ks=kh; fodkl % vkdka{kh f”kyksa dk ifjorZu

n ty lalkèkuksa dk laoguh; izcaèku n mÙkj&iwoZ {ks=k

z LVªSVth iQkWj U;w bafM;k @ 75 n fofèkd] U;kf;d rFkk iqfyl lqèkkj

n flfoy lsok lqèkkj

‹ okgd
n 'kgjh ifjorZu ds fy;s 'kgjh ç'kklu dk vkèkqfudhdj.k
n fodkl
n Hkwfe lalkèku dk vuqdwyre mi;ksx
n jks”kxkj ,oa Je lqèkkj
n vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr ç'kklu rFkk uhfr&fuekZ.k
n rduhdh ,oa uokpkj
z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
n m|ksx

q h djuk (I): Ñf"k dk vkèkqfudhdj.k

n fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nqxu 10. xjhch .......................................................... 175-183
n fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nqxu q h djuk (II): uhfr ,oa ç'kklu
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n fdlkuksa dh vk; dks nqxu q h djuk (III): ewY; kÜ [a` kyk rFkk
xzkeh.k volajpuk ♦♦xjhch ds izdkj
n foÙkh; lekos'ku n lkisf{kd xjhch
n lHkh ds fy;s vkokl n fujis{k xjhch

n ;k=kk] i;ZVu ,oa vkfrF; ♦♦xjhch@fuèkZurk ds dkj.k

n [kfut ♦♦fuèkZurk tky@nq'pØ
‹ volajpuk
♦♦cgqvk;keh xjhch@fuèkZurk lwpdkad
n ÅtkZ
♦♦Hkkjr esa xjhch dks ekius ls lacafèkr lfefr;k¡
n Fky ifjogu
n MkW- okbZ- ds- vy?k lfefr
n jsyos
n ydM+kokyk lfefr
n ukxfjd mM~M;u

n canjxkg] ty ifjogu rFkk varnsZ'kh; tyekxZ n lqjs'k rsanqydj lfefr

n ykWftfLVd n lh- jaxjktu lfefr

n fMftVy dusfDVfoVh n MkW- vjfoan iuxfM+;k VkLd iQkslZ

n 'kgjh ifjorZu ds fy;s LekVZ flVh ♦♦Hkkjr esa xjhch vuqeku

n LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku
♦♦xjhch ds nq"ifj.kke
n ty lalkèku
♦♦xjhch dks nwj djus ds mik;
n lrr i;kZoj.k
♦♦xjhch fuokj.k ds fy;s rhu n`f"Vdks.k
‹ lekos'ku

n fo|ky;h f'k{kk
♦♦;wfuolZy csfld bude
n mPp f'k{kk ♦♦xjhch fuokj.k gsrq ljdkj }kjk pyk, x, egÙoiw.kZ dk;ZØe
n vè;kid f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k n çèkkuea=kh mTToyk ;kstuk

n dkS'ky fodkl n nhun;ky mikè;k; xzkeh.k dkS'ky ;kstuk

 nnhun;ky mikè;k; vaR;ksn; ;kstuk 12. [kk| lqj{kk ,oa cQj LVkWd .......................... 194-204
n çèkkuea=kh vkokl ;kstuk&xzkeh.k
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz
[kk|
zz lqj{kk Hkh ifjHkk"kk
11. csjksT+kxkjh .................................................... 184-193 [kk| lqj{kk dk eqík egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa
zz

zlkekU; ifjp; [kk| lqj{kk usVodZ ,oa ljdkj }kjk [kk| lqj{kk gsrq 'kq: fd;s
zz

♦♦Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ds izdkj x, fofHkUu dk;ZØe

♦♦lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
n 'kgjh csjks”kxkjh

v vkS|ksfxd csjks”kxkjh
♦♦iquxZfBr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
v f'kf{kr csjks”kxkjh
♦♦yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
n xzkeh.k csjks”kxkjh
♦♦vaR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk
v izPNUu csjks”kxkjh ♦♦,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok Ldhe
v ekSleh csjks”kxkjh ♦♦nksigj Hkkstu ;kstuk
♦♦csjks”kxkjh ds vU; çdkj ♦♦vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk
n [kqyh csjks”kxkjh ♦♦jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk vfèkfu;e] 2013
n lajpukRed csjks”kxkjh [kk| vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k foHkkx
zz
n vYi jks”kxkj Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe
zz
v n`'; vYi jks”kxkj Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe dh Hkwfedk ,oa iquxZBu ij 'kkark dqekj lfefr
zz
v vn`'; vYi jks”kxkj dh fjiksVZ
n la?k"kkZRed@?k"kZ.kkRed csjks”kxkjh ciQj LVkWd
zz
n pØh; csjks”kxkjh çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
♦♦csjks”kxkjh dh voèkkj.kk,¡ 13. eqnzkLQhfr ,oa O;kikj pØ ............................ 205-215
n lkekU; fLFkfr csjks”kxkjh
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n lkIrkfgd fLFkfr csjks”kxkjh
♦♦eqækLiQhfr lacaèkh voèkkj.kk,¡
n nSfud fLFkfr csjks”kxkjh

n lkekU; lS¼kafrd ,oa lgk;d fLFkfr n`f"Vdks.k

♦♦vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa eqækLiQhfr esa lacaèk
♦♦Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ds dkj.k ♦♦fiQfyIl oØ
♦♦csjks”kxkjh ds ifj.kke ♦♦eqækLiQhfr ds izdkj
n vkfFkZd ifj.kke
♦♦eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k
n lkekftd ifj.kke
♦♦eqækLiQhfr dh x.kuk
♦♦Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh nwj djus ds lacaèk esa lq>ko ♦♦vkèkkj izHkko
♦♦csjks”kxkjh ls lacafèkr ljdkjh ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe ♦♦eqnzkLiQhfr ds lwpd
n iafMr nhun;ky mikè;k; Jeso t;rs dk;ZØe ♦♦eqækLiQhfr dk fofHkUu oxks± ij izHkko
n izèkkuea=kh dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk ♦♦Hkkjr esa Å¡ph eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k
n dkS'ky fodkl ,oa m|ferk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; uhfr] 2015 ♦♦eqækLiQhfr ij fu;a=k.k ds lanHkZ esa viuk, tkus okys mik;
n izèkkuea=kh jks”kxkj l`tu dk;ZØe ,oa uhfr;k¡
n çèkkuea=kh jks”kxkj çksRlkgu ;kstuk ♦♦eqækLiQhfr dk LoLFk ijkl
n vVy chfer O;fDr dY;k.k ;kstuk ♦♦O;kikj pØ
n izèkkuea=kh ;qok ;kstuk n rs”kh ;k lao`f¼ n xrZ
n egkRek xkaèkh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jks”kxkj xkjaVh vfèkfu;e n lqLrh ;k LyksMkmu n lqèkkj ;k iqu#RFkku
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz n volkn ;k eanh n mNky
 ♦♦dqN egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kar z çkstsDV l'kDr
n vgLr{ksi dh uhfr z nksgjs rqyu i=k dh leL;k

n dhfUl;u iai izkbfeax rFkk egkeanh z bjknru pwddÙkkZ

n Mcy&fMi fjls'ku
z iwath i;kZIrrk vuqikr

çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u

zz z csly ekud
z iwath laj{k.k ciQj
14. eqnzk ckT+kkj ,oa cSafdax ç.kkyh .................... 216-247 z Rofjr lqèkkjkRed dkjZokbZ
z foÙkh; ck”kkj z vfuoklh Hkkjrh; tek
♦♦eqnzk ck”kkj ♦♦iwath ck”kkj z foÙkh; çi=k
z eqnzk ♦♦Vªstjh fcy
♦♦eqnzk ds dk;Z ♦♦eqnzk ds çdkj ♦♦okf.kfT;d çi=k
z Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad ♦♦tek çek.k i=k
♦♦Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad ds çeq[k dk;Z ♦♦varj&cSad Hkkxhnkjh çek.k i=k
z ekSfnzd uhfr z fcVdkWbu
♦♦ekSfnzd uhfr çfØ;k z ;wihvkbZ
♦♦ekSfnzd uhfr ds mís'; z Hkhe ,i

♦♦ekSfnzd uhfr ds midj.k z ih;j&Vw&ih;j ysa¯Mx

n ek=kkRed midj.k z O;kikjh NwV nj

v cSad nj
v fjolZ jsiks nj
v oSèkkfud rjyrk vuqikr
n xq.kkRed midj.k
v p;ukRed lk[k fu;a=k.k
F lhekar vko';drk
F uSfrd çHkko
n rjyrk lek;kstu lqfoèkk
n lhekar LFkk;h lqfoèkk
n ck”kkj fLFkjhdj.k ;kstuk
z Hkkjr esa eqnzk dh iwfrZ dh eki
z xSj&cSa¯dx foÙkh; laLFkk,¡
♦♦vf[ky Hkkjrh; foÙkh; laLFkk,¡
♦♦xSj&cSa¯dx foÙkh; oaQifu;k¡
♦♦çkFkfed Mhyj
z çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k mèkkj
♦♦çkFkfedrk çkIr {ks=k mèkkj çek.k i=k
z xSj&fu"iknudkjh ifjlaifÙk;k¡
♦♦lc LVSaMMZ ifjlaifÙk;k¡
♦♦lafnXèk ifjlaifÙk;k¡
v jsiks nj z lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSadksa ds fy;s lkr lw=kh dk;Z;kstuk ^banzèkuq"k*
z cSa¯dx yksdiky ;kstuk
v udn vkjf{kr vuqikr
z cSa¯dx O;oLFkk
v [kqys ck”kkj dh fØ;k,¡
♦♦vuqlwfpr cSad ,oa xSj&vuqlwfpr cSad
♦♦okf.kfT;d cSad
F lk[k dh jk'k¯ux ♦♦lkoZtfud {ks=k ds cSad
♦♦lgdkjh cSad
♦♦{ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad
♦♦fodkl cSad
♦♦y?kq foÙk cSad
♦♦Hkqxrku cSad
zzbafM;k iksLV isesUV~l cSad
♦♦cSM cSad
♦♦?kjsyw ç.kkyhc¼ egÙoiw.kZ cSad
♦♦Hkkjrh; efgyk cSad
♦♦yhM cSad ;kstuk
z foÙkh; lekos'ku
♦♦çèkkuea=kh tu&èku ;kstuk
♦♦gkfu okyh ifjlaifÙk;k¡ ♦♦foÙkh; lekos'ku dk u;k ea=k ^tuèku&vkèkkj&eksckby* (JAM)
♦♦foÙkh; lekos'ku lwpdkad
 z vkWVksesVsM Vsyj e'khu n Í.k izfrHkwfr
z dkWy euh v fofue; i=k ;k gqaMh
z çèkkuea=kh eqnzk ;kstuk v ckW.M
z foeqnzhdj.k ♦♦Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ
z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u ♦♦Hkkjr esa 'ks;j ck”kkj
15. Hkkjr esa chek vkSj iwath ckT+kkj ..................... 248-264 n ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpsat
n us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat
Hkkjr esa chek
n vksoj&n&dkmaVj ,Dlpsat vkWiQ bafM;k
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
n cSadsDl
♦♦Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl izkfèkdj.k
♦♦LikWV ,Dlpsat
n Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl çkfèkdj.k ds dk;Z

,oa dÙkZO; ♦♦MsfjosfVOl

♦♦Hkkjr esa chek ck”kkj n iQkWjoMZ vuqcaèk n Ý;wpj vuqcaèk
n chek ds izdkj
♦♦ok;nk ck”kkj
v thou chek v ifjlaifÙk chek n oLrq O;kikj ,oa deksfMVh ,Dlpsat
v LokLF; chek v ;k=kk chek v eYVh deksfMVh ,Dlpsat

v eksVj chek v us'kuy deksfMVh vkSj MsfjosfVOl ,Dlpsat

♦♦Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe v bafM;u deksfMVh ,Dlpsat

♦♦Hkkjrh; lkèkkj.k chek fuxe v us'kuy eYVh deksfMVh ,Dlpsat

♦♦,xzhdYpj ba';ksjsal oaQiuh vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM ♦♦iwath ck”kkj ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkofy;k¡
♦♦iquchZek ♦♦'ks;j dk fuxZeu
♦♦chek lqèkkj n le ewY; ij fuxZeu n izhfe;e ij fuxZeu
♦♦chek dkuwu (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2015 n dVkSrh ij fuxZeu

♦♦chek yksdiky ♦♦oaQiuh

♦♦ubZ chek ;kstuk,¡ nlkoZtfud oaQiuh n fyfeVsM oaQiuh
n izèkkuea=kh lqj{kk chek ;kstuk n futh oaQiuh n vufyfeVsM oaQiuh
n izèkkuea=kh thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk n ljdkjh oaQiuh

n vke vkneh chek ;kstuk ♦♦lk[k fuèkkZj.k

n jk"Vªh; LokLF; chek ;kstuk çkjafHkd
zz ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
Hkkjr esa iwath ck”kkj
16. jktdks"kh; uhfr ,oa dj lajpuk .................... 265-285
lkekU;
zz ifjp;
♦♦izfrHkwfr ck”kkj jktdks"kh;
zz uhfr
n izkFkfed ck”kkj n f}rh;d ck”kkj ctV
zz
‹‹ctV ds izdkj
♦♦izfrHkwfr
n va'k ;k 'ks;j izfrHkwfr
n ,d leku en ctV
v ojh;rk ;k vfèkeku va'k n fu"iknu ctV
v lerk va'k n vkmVde ctV
v cksul 'ks;j n 'kwU; vkèkkj ctfVax
v jkbV b'kw n tsaMj ctfVax
 Hkkjr
zz ljdkj dh fuf/;k¡ no`Qf"k dY;k.k midj
‹‹lafpr fuf/ n LoPN Hkkjr midj

‹‹yksd ys[kk fuf/ n oLrq ,oa lsok midj

‹‹vkdfLed fuf/ ♦♦dj mRIykodrk

ljdkj dh izkfIr;k¡ ,oa O;;
zz ♦♦dj vioapu
♦♦dqy lkoZtfud vk; ♦♦dj cpko
njktLo izkfIr;k¡ ♦♦dj foorZu
n iwathxr izkfIr;k¡ ♦♦dj vkJ;@VSDl gSosu
♦♦dqy lkoZtfud O;; ♦♦,aVh Mafiax M~;wVh
n;kstukxr O;; ♦♦izfrdkjh 'kqYd
n xSj&;kstukxr O;; ♦♦ySiQj oØ
n jktLo O;; ?kkVs dh fofHkUu voèkkj.kk,¡@izdkj
zz

n iwathxr O;;
♦♦ctV ?kkVk ♦♦izkFkfed ?kkVk
Hkkjr esa dj lajpuk
zz ♦♦jktLo ?kkVk ♦♦ekSfæo`Qr ?kkVk
♦♦djkjksi.k dh fofèk;k¡ ♦♦izHkkoh jktLo ?kkVk ♦♦fØ;kRed ?kkVk
n izfrxkeh dj iz.kkyh ♦♦jktdks"kh; ?kkVk
n vkuqikfrd dj iz.kkyh jktdks"kh; nq'pØ
zz
jktdks"kh; lesdu
zz
n izxfr'khy dj iz.kkyh
♦♦jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa ctV izcaèku vfèkfu;e] 2003
n voØfed dj iz.kkyh
♦♦?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk ;k ghukFkZ izcaèku
dj
zz
♦♦ØkmfMax vkmV bisQDV
♦♦izR;{k dj
♦♦O;; lqèkkj vk;ksx
O;fDrxr vk;dj
n
♦♦O;; izcaèku vk;ksx
n fuxe dj
foÙk vk;ksx
zz
n laifÙk dj
‹‹foÙk vk;ksx ds dk;Z
n migkj dj
‹‹14ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx
n iwath ykHk dj
çkjafHkd
zz ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
n fizaQt ykHk dj

n izfrHkwfr fofue; dj
17. oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh)% D;ksa] D;k vkSj dSls\ ........
♦♦vizR;{k dj ................................................................. 286-302

lhek 'kqYd
n z oLrq ,oa lsok dj (GST)
n lsok dj ♦♦th,lVh dk Lo:i
n mRikn 'kqYd
♦♦Hkqxrku dh izfØ;k
♦♦Hkkjr dh la?kh; O;oLFkk ,oa th,lVh
n 
la'kksfèkr ewY; of¼Zr dj vkSj dsaæh; ewY; lao¼Zu dj
♦♦th,lVh dk fodkl Øe
n ewY; of¼Zr dj
♦♦th,lVh osQ vo;o
n dsaæh; fcØh dj
z 101ok¡ lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016
n oLrq ,oa lsok dj
z th,lVh dh vko';drk osQ ihNs dkj.k
♦♦vf/Hkkj z th,lVh dh fo'ks"krk,¡
♦♦midj z th,lVh osQ ykHk
z th,lVh ifj"kn~ ♦♦{ks=k fof'k"V fuos'k ekWMy
z th,lVh osQ nk;js ls ckgj dh oLrq,¡ ♦♦lewg (DyLVj) fuos'k ekWMy
z th,lVh osQ iwoZ ,oa th,lVh osQ ckn dh dj O;oLFkk O;ogk;Zrk@vFkZ{kerk varj foÙkiks"k.k
zz
♦♦,dy fcanq ij dj laxzg lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ekWMy dks iquthZfor djus osQ fy;s
zz
♦♦ewY; o£¼r dj (VAT) MkW- fot; osQydj lfefr
♦♦,d jkT; osQ Hkhrj th,lVh ç.kkyh dk lapkyu fuos'k dks vkdf"kZr djus ds mik;
zz
♦♦varj&jkT; oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij th,lVh dk lapkyu izkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
zz
z th,lVh ls lacafèkr dqN egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡
♦♦Fkzs'kksYM lhek 19. Hkkjr dk oSnsf'kd {ks= ................................... 312-323
♦♦oaQiksft'ku ;kstuk lkekU;
zz ifjp;
♦♦,dhÑr oLrq ,oa lsok dj ♦♦Hkqxrku larqyu [kkrk
♦♦th,lVh ç.kkyh osQ varxZr vk;kr ij dj O;oLFkk n n`'; ensa
♦♦th,lVh ç.kkyh ds varxZr fu;kZr ij dj O;oLFkk n vn`'; ensa
♦♦jkT;ksa dh {kfriwfrZ n pkyw [kkrk
♦♦fjolZ pktZ
n iwath [kkrk
zzequkiQk[kksjh&jksèkh xfrfofèk;k¡ ,oa ra=k
n fons'kh fofue; dks"k
zzmiHkksDrk dY;k.k fufèk
♦♦fons'kh fofue; nj
zzbZ&os fcy
n fofue; nj ds çdkj
zzoLrq ,oa lsok dj vihyh; vfèkdj.k
v ukeek=k fofue; nj
z oLrq ,oa lsok dj usVooZQ (GSTN)
v ukeek=k çHkkoh fofue; nj
♦♦th,lVh,u osQ varxZr dj vuqikyu
v okLrfod çHkkoh fofue; nj
zzçkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
♦♦Hkkjr esa fons'kh fofue; nj ç.kkyh
18. fuos'k ekWMy ................................................. 303-311 n fLFkj fofue; nj iz.kkyh

fuos'k
zz ekWMy n ifjorZu'khy fofue; nj iz.kkyh

vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr vkSj fuos'k ekWMy

zz n çcafèkr fofue; nj ç.kkyh

♦♦lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk n mnkjhÑr fofue; nj ç.kkyh

♦♦iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ♦♦voewY;u

♦♦fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ♦♦vfèkewY;u
fuos'k ekWMy osQ izdkj
zz ♦♦fofue; ßkl ;k eqnzk ewY; dk ßkl
♦♦xkaèkhoknh ekWMy ♦♦fofue; izlkj ;k eqnzk dh ewY;o`f¼
♦♦gSjkWM&Mksej ekWMy ♦♦fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj
n fo'ks"k vkgj.k vfèkdkj (SDR)
♦♦egkyuksfcl ekWMy
♦♦czãuan&odhy ekWMy ♦♦eqnzk dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk
n iwath [kkrs ds lanHkZ esa eqnzk dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rk
♦♦lkoZtfud fuos'k ekWMy
v iwath [kkrs dks iw.kZ :i ls ifjorZuh; cukus ls feyus
♦♦futh fuos'k ekWMy
okys laHkkfor ykHk
♦♦lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ekWMy (PPP - Model)
v Hkkjr esa vHkh rd iwath [kkrs ds lanHkZ esa eqnzk dks iw.kZ
♦♦veR;Z lsu cuke txnh'k Hkxorh ekWMy :i ls ifjorZuh; D;ksa ugha cuk;k x;k\
♦♦Lok;Ùk fuos'k ekWMy ♦♦isQjk vkSj isQek
♦♦izsfjr fuos'k ekWMy ♦♦fons'kh ½.k
 n vYikofèk Í.k rFkk nh?kkZofèk Í.k fcElVsd (BIMSTEC)
zz
n fons'kh Í.k ,oa fons'kh lgk;rk fgan
zz egklkxj rVh; la?k (IORA)
n #i;k Í.k isVªksfy;e fu;kZrd ns'kksa dk laxBu&vksisd
zz
n f}i{kh; Í.k ,oa cgqi{kh; Í.k ,f'k;k&ç'kkar vk£Fkd lg;ksx&,isd
zz
n Í.k tky 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu
zz
♦♦fons'kh fuos'k {ks=kh; O;kid vk£Fkd Hkkxhnkjh (RCEP)
zz
n izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI) ijk&ç'kkar Hkkxhnkjh (TPP)
zz
n fons'kh iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k (FPI) bClk (IBSA)
zz
♦♦Hkkjr esa izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k csfld (BASIC)
zz
♦♦{ks=kh; O;kikj le>kSrs fofHkUu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa@laLFkkvksa }kjk çdkf'kr fjiksV~lZ
zz
nvfèkekU; O;kikj le>kSrk çeq[k varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu vkSj muds eq[;ky;
zz
n eqDr O;kikj le>kSrk
çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u
zz
n lhek 'kqYd la?k

n lk>k ck”kkj
21. tulkaf[;dh; fl¼kar vkSj tux.kuk .......... 344-352
n vk£Fkd la?k lkekU;
zz ifjp;
♦♦tujy ,aVh vokW;Msal :y (xkj) zztula[;k ls lacafèkr fl¼kar
♦♦fons'k O;kikj uhfr] 2015–2020 ‹‹ekYFkl dk tula[;k fl¼kar

z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u ‹‹tula[;k dk vuqowQyre fl¼kar

‹‹tukafddh; laØe.k dk fl¼kar

20. varjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd laxBu] lewg ,oa le>kSrs ..............
................................................................. 324-343
zztula[;k ls lacafèkr ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn
‹‹v'kksfèkr tUe nj ‹‹lk{kjrk nj
varjkZ"Vªh;
zz eqnzk dks"k
‹‹'kksfèkr tUe nj ‹‹dqiks"k.k dh nj
fo'o cSad lewg
zz
‹‹v'kksfèkr e`R;q nj ‹‹ekr` e`R;q nj
fo'o O;kikj laxBu
zz
‹‹tula[;k o`f¼ nj ‹‹iztuu dky
la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu&vadVkM
zz
‹‹fyaxkuqikr ‹‹laiw.kZ çtuu nj
fo'o vk£Fkd eap
zz
‹‹f'k'kq e`R;q nj ‹‹tula[;k ?kuRo
vk£Fkd lg;ksx ,oa fodkl laxBu
zz
‹‹cky e`R;q nj ‹‹;qxy laj{k.k nj
foÙkh; dk;Zokgh dk;Zcy
zz
‹‹vkfJrrk@fuHkZjrk vuqikr
[kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu
zz
‹‹dk;Z'khy tula[;k ,oa tukafddh; ykHkka'k
la;qDr jk"Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl laxBu
zz
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad
zz zzcsdj iztuu oØ
vizQhdh fodkl cSad lewg
zz zzHkkjr dh tula[;k uhfr
;wjksih; la?k
zz ‹‹jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr] 2000

fczDl
zz zztula[;k fijkfeM
U;w MsoyiesaV cSad
zz zzHkkjr esa tux.kuk
,f'k;kbZ volajpuk fuos'k cSad
zz zzlkekftd&vk£Fkd vkSj tkfrxr tux.kuk&2011
vkfl;ku
zz zzHkkjr dh tux.kuk&2011 ds çeq[k vk¡dM+s
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx laxBu&lkdZ
zz z çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u
 1 vFkZ'kkL= ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d uT+kj esa
(Economics and Economy : At a Glance)
vFkZ'kkL= (Economics)
vFkZ'kkL=k osQ varxZr ;g vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd nqyZHk
lalkèkuksa dk fdl izdkj mi;ksx fd;k tk, fd muls O;f"V ls ysdj
lef"V Lrj ij vf/dkf/d larqf"V izkIr dh tk losQA vFkZ'kkL=k dh
fo"k;&oLrq nqyZHk lalkèkuksa ds foosd'khy izcaèku ls bl izdkj ls
lacaf/r gS fd O;f"V Lrj ij O;fDr vius vk£Fkd ykHkksa dks vfèkdre
dj lds rFkk lef"V Lrj ij dksbZ ns'k vius ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dks
vfèkdre ,oa lekt dY;k.k dks lqfuf'pr dj ldsA
,d O;fDr ds Lrj (O;f"V Lrj) ij rFkk laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk
,oa jk"Vª ds Lrj (lef"V Lrj) ij lalkèku lhfer ek=kk esa gh ik,
tkrs gSa ,oa bUgha lhfer lalkèkuksa ds lkFk euq";ksa }kjk viuh vlhfer
vko';drkvksa vkSj bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
lalkèku dsoy nqyZHk gh ugha gksrs cfYd buds oSdfYid iz;ksx Hkh
gksrs gSa] blfy;s lalkèkuksa dks izcafèkr fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA
tSls& O;f"V Lrj ij ,d fdlku viuh Hkwfe ij xsgw¡] pkoy] eDdk]
nkysa ;k xUuk mRikfnr dj ldrk gSA blh izdkj lef"V Lrj ij ,d
ns'k dh ljdkj ns'k ds lalkèkuksa dk j{kk lkefxz;kas ds Ø; djus]
volajpukRed <k¡ps dk fodkl djus] xjhcksa ,oa oafpr oxks± ds fy;s
yksd&dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeksa ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk ds dk;ZØeksa dks
pykus bR;kfn esa mi;ksx dj ldrh gSA vFkZ'kkL=k O;f"V ,oa lef"V
Lrj ij lhfer lalkèkuksa ds foosd'khy izcaèku vFkok oqQ'kyre mi;ksx
ls lacafèkr gksrk gSA
vFkZ'kkL=k og fo"k; gS] ftlds rgr ;g vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS
fd O;fDr] lekt vkSj ljdkj fdl çdkj vius lhfer lalkèkuksa ds
}kjk viuh vlhfer vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA bl çdkj
vFkZ'kkL=k ,d O;kid fo"k; gS] tks mRiknu] miHkksx] cpr] fofu;ksx]
eqnzkLiQhfr] jk"Vªh; vk;] çfr O;fDr vk;] ekSfnzd uhfr] jktdks"kh;
uhfr] jks”kxkj ds volj] thou dh xq.koÙkk vkfn ls lacafèkr fo"k;ksa
dk vè;;u djrk gSA vFkZ'kkL=k ekuo dh vk£Fkd xfrfofèk;ksa dk
vè;;u djrk gS] vFkkZr~ ¶vFkZ'kkL=k ,d foKku gS] tks mís';ksa vkSj
oSdfYid mi;ksx okys lhfer lkèkuksa ls lacafèkr ekuo O;ogkj dk
vè;;u djrk gSA¸
lkekU; 'kCnksa esa] ¶vFkZ'kkL=k og fo"k; gS] ftlds varxZr oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu] forj.k ,oa miHkksx dh çfØ;k dk vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA¸ çfl¼ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,Me fLeFk us 1776 esa çdkf'kr
viuh iqLrd ^n osYFk vkWiQ us'kal* (The Wealth of Nations) esa
vFkZ'kkL=k dks ^èku dk foKku* dgk gSA
Quick Book
vFkZ'kkL=k dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Economics)
vFkZ'kkL=k dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr nks vkèkkjksa ij fd;k tk
ldrk gS&
1. O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (Microeconomics)
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dks ^lw{e vFkZ'kkL=k* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA O;f"V
vFkZ'kkL=k ds varxZr vFkZO;oLFkk dh ,d bdkbZ ;k bdkbZ ds Hkkx osQ
:i esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds NksVs&NksVs igyqvksa vFkkZr~ O;fDrxr vk£Fkd
bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& ,d miHkksDrk] ,d mRiknd]
,d iQeZ vFkok ,d m|ksx] ,d ck”kkj bR;kfnA vFkZO;oLFkk dh lw{e
tkudkjh fdlh O;fDr] iQeZ] ?kjsyw dk;Z dh uhfr fuèkkZj.k] ;Fkkµ
mRiknu] miHkksx] ewY; fuèkkZj.k bR;kfn esa lgk;d gksrh gSA O;f"V
vFkZ'kkL=k dk vè;;u vkaf'kd larqyu ls vfèkd çHkkfor gS] tks
vk£Fkd fØ;k ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA O;f"V
vFkZ'kkL=k ds varxZr vuqdwyre lkèku vkoaVu vkSj vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa]
tSlsµ ekax vkSj iwfrZ dk vè;;u] ewY; fuèkkZj.k ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa
vkSj uhfr;ksa dk vè;;u gksrk gSA
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k ds egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd
(Vital Components of Microeconomics)
zzmiHkksDrk O;ogkj fl¼kar% blds varxZr ;g vè;;u fd;k
tkrk gS fd fdl izdkj ,d miHkksDrk viuh vk; dks fofHkUu
iz;ksxksa esa vkoafVr djrk gS] rkfd og vfèkdre larqf"V izkIr
dj ldsA
zzmRiknd O;ogkj fl¼kar% blesa ;g vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd
mRiknd ;g fu.kZ; dSls ysrk gS fd mls fdl oLrq dk mRiknu
djuk gS rFkk fdruk mRiknu djuk gS ftlls mldk ykHk
vfèkdre gks ldsA
zzdher fl¼kar% ^dher fl¼kar* O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA dher fl¼kar esa ;g vè;;u fd;k tkrk
gS fd ck”kkj esa oLrqvksa dh dher fdl izdkj fuèkkZfjr gksrh gSA
2. lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k (Macroeconomics)
lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k dks ^o`gn~ vFkZ'kkL=k* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lef"V
vFkZ'kkL=k ds varxZr vFkZO;oLFkk ds cM+s igyqvksa vFkkZr~ laiw.kZ
vFkZO;oLFkk vFkok laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk ds leqPp;ksa ls lacafèkr vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& jk"Vªh; vk;] jktdks"kh; uhfr] ekSfnzd uhfr]
ljdkjh ctV] vk£Fkd lao`f¼] vk£Fkd fodkl] eqnzkLiQhfr] xjhch]
csjks”kxkjh bR;kfnA lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k lHkh vk£Fkd bdkb;ksa dk lexz
1
 n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl
gsrq j.kuhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa igys ;kstuk vk;ksx
}kjk fu£er iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ ,oa orZeku uhfr vk;ksx }kjk cuk;k x;k
15 o"khZ; fo”ku] 7 o"khZ; j.kuhfr vkSj 3 o"khZ; ,D'ku ,tasMk Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk ds ;kstukc¼ Lo:i ds vPNs mnkgj.k gSaA
xSj&;kstukc¼ vFkZO;oLFkk (Unplanned Economy)
xSj&;kstukc¼ vFkZO;oLFkk ls vfHkizk; ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls
gS] tks vk;kstuk dh ladYiuk dks Lohdkj ugha djrh gSaA ,slh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa izk;% ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa D;k&D;k vk£Fkd lao`f¼
,oa fodkl ds y{; izkIr fd;s tkus gSa] ;g iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ugha gksrkA
bl izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa vk£Fkd fodkl ls lacafèkr j.kuhfr;ksa
dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
fuHkZjrk ds vkèkkj ij vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk oxhZdj.k
(Classification of Economies on the Basis of Dependency)
vkRefuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk (Self-dependent Economy)
vkRefuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk os vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ gksrh gaS] tks viuh
vko';drk ds vuq:i oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu esa leFkZ gksrh
gSaA bu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds ikl i;kZIr ek=kk esa iwath ,oa lalkèku miyCèk
gksrs gSaA ;s vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ vius ukxfjdksa dh yxHkx lHkh vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ djus esa l{ke gksrh gSaA
vH;kl iz'u (çkjafHkd ijh{kk)
1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk izeq[k
y{k.k gS\
(a) iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk (b) lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
(c) fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk (d) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
UPPSC (Pre), 2015
2. Hkkjr esa fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk vFkZ gS&
(a) o`gn~ ,oa dqVhj m|ksxkas dk lg&vfLrRo
(b) vk£Fkd fodkl esa fons'kksa dk lg;ksx
(c) lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k dk lg&vfLrRo
(d) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha UPPSC (Mains), 2013
3. Hkkjr esa fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk vkèkkfjr gS&
(a) xkaèkhoknh O;oLFkk ij (b) lektoknh O;oLFkk ij
(c) iwathoknh O;oLFkk ij (d) fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ij
UPPSC (Pre), 2007
4. X ns'k esa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ vfuok;Z :i ls gksxh] ;fn&
(a) fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa rduhdh izxfr gksrh gSA
(b) X esa tula[;k o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(c) X esa iwath fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
(d) fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kikj dh ek=kk c<+rh gSA IAS, 2013
5. dsanzh; fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa vk£Fkd fØ;kvksa ij fdldk
fu;a=k.k gksrk gS\ ek=kk esa Lons'kh ls izHkkfor gksA
(a) m|ksxifr;ksa dk (b) futh iQeks± dk
(c) ljdkj dk (d) miHkksDrkvksa dk
6 Quick Book
vFkZ'kkL= ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk % ,d uT+kj esa
uksV% vkerkSj ij vFkZtxr esa vc ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vkt dh
nqfu;k esa dksbZ Hkh ns'k vius vki dks iwjh rjg ls vkRefuHkZj
vFkZO;oLFkk ugha dg ldrk gSA
vkfJr vFkZO;oLFkk (Dependent Economy)
os vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ tks viuh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s nwljh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij fuHkZj gksrh gSa] mUgsa ^vkfJr vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk
gSA bu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds ikl iwath ,oa lalkèkuksa dk lkekU;r;k vHkko
ik;k tkrk gSA bu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa lkekU;r;k mRiknu dh mUur
izkS|ksfxdh dk Hkh vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
ijLij&fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk (Mutually Dependent Economy)
os vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ tks dqN ekeyksa ,oa {ks=kksa esa vkRefuHkZj gksa vkSj
dqN ekeyksa ,oa {ks=kksa esa vU; ns'kksa ij Hkh fuHkZj gksa] ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dks ^ijLij&fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk gSA tSls& dqN ns'kksa esa
lalkèku Hkjiwj gSa] ysfdu mUur çkS|ksfxdh dk vHkko gksrk gSA ,sls esa
os ns'k vius lalkèkuksa dk dq'kyre iz;ksx djus ds fy;s VsDuksykWth
gsrq nwljs ns'kksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA blh izdkj fdlh ns'k esa m|ksx ,oa
lsok {ks=k vR;fèkd fodflr gksrk gS] tcfd og ns'k Ñf"k mRiknksa ds
fy;s vU; ns'kksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA
6. ns'k dh o`f¼ eas fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk vukfFkZd rÙo gS\
(a) lkekftd O;ogkj (b) izkÑfrd lalkèku
(c) Je@'kfDr lalkèku (d) iwath lalkèku
RAS/RTS, 1996
7. Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ls lacafèkr eqn~nksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS\
(a) O;f"V Lrj ij (b) lef"V Lrj ij
(c) O;f"V ,oa lef"V nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8. fuEu esa ls fdl vFkZO;oLFkk esa ljdkj fu.kZ; fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa
gLr{ksi ugha djrh gS\
(a) ck”kkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa
(b) dsanzh; fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk esa
(c) fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa
(d) mi;qZDr lHkh
9. fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk vFkZ gS&
(a) tgk¡ Ñf"k vkSj m|ksx nksuksa dks leku egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA
(b) tgk¡ jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk eas lkoZtfud {ks=k ds lkFk&lkFk futh
{ks=k Hkh fo|eku gksA
(c) tgk¡ jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k Hkkjh
(d) tgk¡ vk£Fkd fu;kstu vkSj fodkl esa dasnz vkSj jkT;ksa dh
leku Hkkxhnkjh gksA UPUDA/LDA (Pre), 1999
 2 jk"Vªh; vk;
(National Income)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
jk"Vªh; vk; ,oa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ls lacafèkr vk¡dMs+ fdlh
Hkh ns'k dh vk£Fkd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ gksrs
gSaA jk"Vªh; vk; fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds izokg
dh eki gSA jk"Vªh; vk; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk
ds vkdkj ,oa Lo:i ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
jk"Vªh; vk; ls lacafèkr fofHkUu voèkkj.kk,¡
(Various Concepts Related to National Income)
ck”kkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
(Gross Domestic Product at Market Price–GDPMP )
fdlh ns'k dh ?kjsyw lhek ds varxZr fdlh ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa
lHkh fuoklh vkSj xSj&fuoklh mRiknd bdkb;ksa }kjk ck”kkj ewY; ij
O;Dr ewY;o¼Zuksa dk ;ksx ;k laiw.kZ vafre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk
ck”kkj ewY; gh ck”kkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dgykrk gSA
zzHkkjr esa ,d foÙkh; o"kZ 1 vizSy ls 31 ekpZ rd ekuk tkrk gSA
zz;gk¡ ns'k dh ?kjsyw vFkkZr~ vk£Fkd lhek ds varxZr ns'k dh
HkkSxksfyd] jktuhfrd rFkk lkeqfnzd lhek] ok;qeaMy] lhekarxZr
ty{ks=k ,oa 'ks"k fo'o esa lhekarxZr fons'kh var%{ks=k] tSls&nwrkokl]
lSfud vM~Ms vkfn 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
zzdsoy vafre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ewY; 'kkfey fd;k tkrk
gSA jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu esa eè;orhZ oLrqvksa dk ewY; 'kkfey
ugha fd;k tkrkA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] ,d fdlku }kjk `1000 dk
dikl mRikfnr fd;k x;kA bls ,d èkkxk cukus okyh daiuh }kjk
Ø; djds bldk èkkxk cuk;k tkrk gS ,oa blds èkkxs dks `2000
esa csp fn;k tkrk gSA diM+k cukus okyh daiuh }kjk bls Ø;
djds bldk diM+k cukdj `3000 esa csp fn;k tkrk gS] ,oa var
esa ,d jsMhesV 'kVZ fuekZrk daiuh diM+s dks Ø; djds 'kVZ cukdj
`4000 esa csp nsrh gS] rks jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu esa dsoy
`4000 dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA vafre oLrqvksa dk ewY; ysus
ls eè;orhZ oLrqvksa ds ewY; ,oa nksgjh x.kuk dh leL;k ls cpk
tk ldrk gSA
ck”kkj dher ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
(Gross National Product at Market Price– GNPMP )
ck”kkj ewY; ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn] fdlh ,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds
nkSjku dsoy fuoklh mRiknd bdkb;ksa vFkkZr~ ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk
ns'k dh ?kjsyw lhek ds vanj ;k ckgj ck”kkj dher ij O;Dr ewY;
o¼Zu dk ;ksx gS ;k lHkh vafre oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk ck”kkj ewY;
gh ck”kkj dherksa ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn gSA
8 Quick Book
GDPMP rFkk GNPMP esa varj
,d ns'k dh vkfFZkd lhek ds varxZr fuokfl;ksa rFkk xSj&fuokfl;ksa
}kjk v£tr vk; ;k fd;s x, dqy mRiknu dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
(GDPMP) rFkk ,d ns'k dh vk£Fkd lhek ds Hkhrj rFkk ckgj dsoy
fuokfl;ksa }kjk v£tr vk; ;k fd;s x, dqy mRiknu dks ldy
jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNPMP) dgrs gSaA
GNPMP = GDPMP + fons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk;
fons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk; = ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk vk£Fkd lhek
ds ckgj v£tr vk; – xSj fuokfl;ksa }kjk vk£Fkd lhek ds Hkhrj
v£tr vk;
ck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn
(Net Domestic Product at Market Price–NDPMP )
tc fdlh oLrq ,oa lsok dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS rks mRiknu
izfØ;k esa mRiknu ds lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mRiknu izfØ;k
ds nkSjku mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ds ewY;ksa esa deh gksrh gS ftls ewY; ßkl
dgk tkrk gSA tc ge ck”kkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa ls
ewY; ßkl dks ?kVk nsrs gSa] rks ck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn izkIr
gks tkrk gSA
ck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn (NDPMP) = ck”kkj dher ij
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDPMP) – ewY; ßkl
ck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn
(Net National Product at Market Price–NNPMP )
zzck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn ls vk'k; fdlh ns'k esa ,d
foÙkh; o"kZ esa ml ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk ns'k dh ?kjsyw lhek esa
,oa ns'k dh lhek ds ckgj fd;s x, oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds vafre
mRiknu ds ekSfnzd ewY; ls gSA blesa ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk fons'kksa
esa v£tr vk; dks tksM+k tkrk gS ,oa fons'kh ukxfjdksa }kjk ns'k
esa v£tr vk; dks ?kVk fy;k tkrk gSA bl vafre mRikn esa ewY;
ßkl dh jkf'k dks fudky fn;k tkrk gSA
zzck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn (NNPMP) = ck”kkj dher
ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNPMP) – ewY; ßkl
zzck”kkj dher ij 'kq¼ jk"Vªh; mRikn (NNPMP) = ck”kkj dher
ij 'kq¼ ?kjsyw mRikn (NDPMP) + fons'kkas ls izkIr fuoy vk;
zzfons'kksa ls izkIr fuoy vk; = Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk fons'kksa esa v£tr
vk;& fons'kh ukxfjdksa }kjk Hkkjr es v£tr vk;
 3 vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl
(Economic Growth and Economic Development)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lalkèkuksa ds vkoaVu dh liQyrk ds
ewY;kadu dh lokZfèkd ekSfyd eki vk£Fkd lao`f¼ gSA lHkh jk"Vª
jk"Vªh; vk;] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] izfr O;fDr vk; tSls vk£Fkd lao`f¼
ds ladsrdksa dks ekius gsrq fofHkUu vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA
lao`f¼ vkSj mRikndrk ls vkxs c<+dj dqN vFkZ'kkL=kh ;g rdZ nsrs gSa
fd jk"Vª dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk vuqeku yxkus esa izfr O;fDr vk;] yksxksa
dk thou Lrj] ekuoh; fodkl] vk; ds forj.k dh eki] f'k{kk rFkk
lk{kjrk nj] thou izR;k'kk] iks"k.k dk Lrj] LokLF; lsok,¡] izfr O;fDr
miHkksx oLrq,¡] yksxksa esa [kq'kgkyh dk Lrj vkfn egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA blds vykok ns'k dks vU; lkekftd vko';drkvksa ij
Hkh è;ku dsafnzr djuk pkfg;s] tSls& U;k; dh lqfuf'prrk] lkaLÑfrd
fodkl] i;kZoj.k dh èkkj.kh;rk vkfnA
fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa gks jgh vk£Fkd fØ;k,¡ nh?kZdky esa nks
izdkj ds ifjorZuksa dks tUe nsrh gS&a vk£Fkd laof` ¼ ,oa vk£Fkd fodklA
vk£Fkd lao`f¼% lexz pjksa] tSls& jk"Vªh; vk;] ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn] izfr O;fDr vk; esa ifjorZu] ftUgsa ekik tk ldrk gS] ,sls
ifjorZuksa dks ^vk£Fkd lao`f¼* dgrs gSaA
vk£Fkd fodkl% vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ls lac¼ ifjorZuksa ds lkFk
tc ge vFkZO;oLFkk esa xq.kkRed ifjorZuksa o ekuoh; ljksdkjksa tSls
dkjdksa dks Hkh lfEefyr dj ysrs gSa rks bls ge ^vk£Fkd fodkl*
dgrs gSaA
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dks vk£Fkd fodkl ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa ns[kk
tkrk gSA vk£Fkd fodkl dh èkkj.kk vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh èkkj.kk ls
vfèkd O;kid gSA tgk¡ vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ifjek.kkRed ifjorZu ls lacafèkr
gS] ogha vk£Fkd fodkl ifjek.kkRed rFkk xq.kkRed nksuksa izdkj ds
ifjorZuksa ls lacafèkr gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ oLrqfu"B gS] tcfd vk£Fkd
fodkl O;fDrfu"B gSA vk£Fkd fodkl rHkh dgk tk,xk] tc thou
dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj gksA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ pkgs fdruh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ
D;ksa u gks ij ;g vius esa lkè; ugha gks ldrhA vk£Fkd fodkl ds
fy;s vk£Fkd lao`f¼ vko';d gS rFkk ;g vk£Fkd fodkl dh izkfIr
esa ennxkj fl¼ gksxh] ijarq vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh rhoz nj vko';d :i
ls ;g lqfuf'pr ugha djsxh fd vk£Fkd fodkl Hkh Å¡pk gSA vk£Fkd
Quick Book
fodkl dk izeq[k y{;&dqiks"k.k] chekjh] fuj{kjrk] csjks”kxkjh] fo"kerk
vkfn dks izxfr'khy :i ls de djuk rFkk vafre :i ls lekIr
djuk gSA vk£Fkd fodkl ,d foLr`r voèkkj.kk gS] tks vius esa vk£Fkd
lao`f¼] lkekftd {ks=k fodkl rFkk lekos'kh fodkl dks lfEefyr
fd;s gq, gSA
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ (Economic Growth)
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dks ,d ,slh izfØ;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
tkrk gS] ftlesa fdlh ns'k dh okLrfod jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj izfr O;fDr
vk; esa nh?kZ vofèk rd o`f¼ gksrh gSA vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh eki jk"Vªh;
vk; esa okLrfod o`f¼ ds :i esa dh tkrh gS] u fd dsoy ekSfnzd
vk; vFkok lkadsfrd jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ ds :i esaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
o`f¼ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ ds :i esa gksuh pkfg;s]
dsoy fo|eku oLrq dh ck”kkj dher esa ughaA
dqN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds vuqlkj vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,d ,slh izfØ;k
gS] ftlds }kjk fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP)
yxkrkj nh?kZdky rd c<+rk jgrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
(GNP) vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa varj dk è;ku j[kuk
”k:jh gSA blfy;s ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼ dh ckr djuk vfèkd
rdZlaxr gSA jk"Vªh; vk; esa vYidkyhu] ekSleh ;k vLFkk;h o`f¼ dks
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg;sA
ysfdu vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dks mi;qZDr :i ls ifjHkkf"kr djuk lgh
ugha gS] bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;fn tula[;k esa o`f¼ ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn esa o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrh gS rks izfr O;fDr ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa fxjkoV gksxhA ge bls vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ugha dgsaxsA
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh voLFkk esa c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds lkFk&lkFk izfr
O;fDr vk; (mRikn) esa Hkh o`f¼ gksuh pkfg;sA
vk£Fkd fodkl (Economic Development)
vk£Fkd fodkl dks lekt ds HkkSfrd dY;k.k esa fujarj o`f¼
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ ds vykok
blesa lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd rFkk vk£Fkd ifjorZu Hkh
lfEefyr gksrs gSa] tks fd HkkSfrd mUufr esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA blesa
lalkèkuksa dh vkiwfrZ] iwath fuekZ.k dh nj] tula[;k dk vkdkj vkSj
cukoV] izkS|ksfxdh] dkS'ky rFkk dk;Z dq'kyrk] thou Lrj esa lqèkkj]
17
 4 Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj
(Land Reforms in India)

Hkwfe lqèkkj (Land Reforms) 2. rduhdh lqèkkj (Technical Reforms)

^Hkwfe lqèkkj* ls vfHkizk; gS& Hkw&LokfeRo dk mfpr o U;k;iw.kZ rduhdh lqèkkjksa esa mUur fdLe ds cht] tSfod [kkn o
forj.k lqfuf'pr djuk vFkkZr~ Hkw&èkkfjrk (Land-Holdings) dks bl dhVuk'kd] [kjirokjuk'kd] csgrj flapkbZ O;oLFkk] mQtkZ] ½.k@foÙk
izdkj O;ofLFkr djuk ftlls mldk vfèkdre mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA O;oLFkk] HkaMkj.k lqfoèkk,¡] foi.ku] mUur Ñf"k fofèk;ksa o rduhdksa
Hkwfe ,d ewyHkwr çkÑfrd ,oa lhfer lalkèku gSA vaxzs”kh 'kklu ls dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;s rduhdh lqèkkj laLFkkxr lqèkkjksa
iwoZ vFkkZr~ eqxy dky esa Hkwfe dk iw.kZ LokfeRo fdlh osQ ikl ugha ds fcuk izHkkoh ugha gks ldrs] blfy;s Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkjksa ds igys
FkkA Hkwfe ls lacaèk j[kus okys lHkh oxks± dk Hkwfe ij vfèkdkj FkkA pj.k esa laLFkkxr lqèkkjksa dks izkFkfedrk nh xbZ vkSj fiQj nwljs pj.k
o`Q"kd dks iV~Vsnkjh dk laj{k.k ml le; rd gh Fkk] tc rd og esa rduhdh lqèkkjksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gq, Ñf"k {ks=k esa O;kid
Lokeh dks ijLij fuf'pr fd;k gqvk Hkkx (vukt dk fgLlk) nsrk laHkkoukvksa vkSj lao`f¼ dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
jgkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu esa fofHkUu fczfV'k uhfr;k¡ muds vkfFkZd fgrksa Hkwfe lqèkkj
dh iwfrZ ds fy;s cukbZ xbZ Fkha ,oa fczfV'k 'kklu dk izeq[k mís'; laLFkkxr lqèkkj rduhdh lqèkkj
vfèkd&ls&vfèkd ykHk dekuk Fkk] blfy;s mUgksaus dbZ Hkw&jktLo ”kehankjh izFkk dk mUewyu
zz Ñf"k dk vkèkqfudhdj.k
zz
iz.kkfy;k¡ 'kq: dha] tSls& ”kehankjh O;oLFkk] jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk ,oa
eè;LFkksa dk var
zz mUur fdLe ds cht
zz
egkyokM+h O;oLFkkA bu lHkh dk ewy mís'; vfèkdre jktLo dh
olwyh djuk FkkA bl izdkj izpfyr uhfr;ksa ,oa O;oLFkkvksa ds dkj.k Hkw&LokfeRo Ñ"kdksa dks gLrkarj.k
zz mUur fdLe ds moZjd
zz

Hkw&LokfeRo dk vlarqfyr forj.k ns[kus dks feykA bl vlarqyu dks [ksrksa ds vkdkj esa lqèkkj vFkkZr~
zz ,oa dhVuk'kd
nwj djus ds fy;s ,oa 'kks"k.kdkjh vkfFkZd lacaèkksa dks rksM+us ds fy;s pdcanh] gncanh csgrj flapkbZ O;oLFkk
zz

Hkwfe&lqèkkj dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZA lgdkjh o lkeqnkf;d Ñf"k dks c<+kok

zz mUur midj.kks a o
zz
Hkwfe&lqèkkj ds ekè;e ls Ñf"k mRikndrk dks c<+kus ,oa lkekftd [ksrksa dk mifoHkktu o fo[kaMu jksduk
zz rduhdksa dk iz;ksx
U;k; dks lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA blds vfrfjDr yxku esa deh
zz vPNh HkaMkj.k O;oLFkk
zz
Hkwfe&lqèkkj ds varxZr jks”kxkj ds u, voljksa dk l`tu djus] vkfFkZd Hkw&èkkj.k vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk djuk
zz vPNh foi.ku O;oLFkk
zz
fØ;kvksa esa Ñf"k Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kok nsus ,oa Hkwfe dk izHkkoh ,oa
dq'kyre mi;ksx djus tSls mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s iz;kl fd;s x,A Hkwfe Lora=rk&iwoZ Hkkjr esa Hkw&jktLo iz.kkfy;k¡ (Land
lqèkkj dk mís'; Ñf"k {ks=k esa mRiknu ds dkjdksa esa vko';drkuqlkj lqèkkj Revenue System in Pre-Independent India)
djuk gS] ftlds iQyLo:i Ñf"k mRikndrk vfèkdre gks ldsA Ñf"k ”kehankjh@LFkk;h@bLrejkjh O;oLFkk (Zamindari System)
{ks=k esa mRikndrk eq[;r% nks rÙoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS&
z 1790 esa ykWMZ dkWuZokfyl us ,d 10 o"khZ; Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk
1. laLFkkxr lqèkkj (Institutional Reforms) ykxw dh] ftlesa Hkwfe dk Lokeh rFkk yxku olwyh dk vf/dkjh
blds varxZr ”kehankjh mUewyu ds ”kfj;s eè;LFk oxZ dk var ”kehankj dks gh ekuk x;kA vr% bls ”kehankjh@ekyxq”kkjh O;oLFkk
djuk] Hkw&LokfeRo dk Ñ"kdksa ds fgr esa iqufoZrj.k] [ksrksa ds vkdkj Hkh dgrs gSaA
esa lqèkkj djuk ,oa gncanh ds ”kfj;s ,d lhek ls vfèkd Hkwfe j[kus z 1793 esa dkWuokfyl us 10 o"khZ; O;oLFkk dks cnydj LFkk;h
dh fLFkfr esa vfèk'ks"k Hkwfe dk Hkwfeghuksa ds chp iqufoZrj.k djuk dj fn;k D;ksafd mldk vkdyu Fkk fd Hkw&jktLo laca/h iz;ksxksa
'kkfey gSA lkFk gh pdcanh ds ”kfj;s Hkwfe ds fc[kjs gq, NksVs&NksVs osQ fy;s 10 o"kZ dk le; vYi gSA
VqdM+kas dks ,d txg bdV~Bk djuk] lgdkjh Ñf"k ,oa lkeqnkf;d Ñf"k z yxku olwyh dk 10/11 Hkkx ljdkj dk rFkk 'ks"k 1/11 Hkkx
dks c<+kok nsuk] [ksrksa ds mi&foHkktu ,oa fo[kaMu dks jksduk] Hkw&èkkj.k ”kehankjksa gsrq fu;r fd;k x;kA
vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk djuk] yxku esa deh] dk'rdkjksa dks Hkw&LokfeRo z bl O;oLFkk dh lcls cM+h [kkeh ;g Fkh fd ;g Li"V ugha fd;k
iznku djuk vkfn Hkh laLFkkxr lqèkkj ds egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSaA x;k fd ”kehankj fdlkuksa ls fdruk yxku olwy djs ftlls vf/d

Quick Book 37
 5 Ïf"k {ks=
(Agriculture Sector)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
Ñf"k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkFkfed {ks=k dk ,d izeq[k ?kVd
gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vR;ar fiNM+h voLFkk esa
FkhA ml le; Ñf"k esa Je vkSj Hkwfe dh mRikndrk de FkhA fdlku
ijaijkxr Ñf"k i¼fr;ksa ls Ñf"k djrs FksA Ñf"k dk;Z dsoy thou
fuokZg gsrq fd;s tkrs FksA mu fnuksa cMs+ iSekus ij Ñf"k dk okf.kT;hdj.k
Hkh ugha gqvk FkkA
Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k ,oa
lac¼ {ks=kksa dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 50 izfr'kr Fkk] ysfdu blds i'pkr~
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh yxkrkj de
gksrh tk jgh gSA orZeku esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k {ks=k dh Hkkxhnkjh
yxHkx 17 izfr'kr gSA
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k mRiknu yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA vkt Hkkjrh; Ñf"k
Hkkjr dh [kk|kUu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke gSA Hkkjrh;
Ñf"k dk egÙo bl ckr esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd nqfu;k ds ek=k 2.4
izfr'kr {ks=k vkSj 4.2 izfr'kr ikuh ls ge fo'o dh yxHkx 17.5
izfr'kr vkcknh dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus esa dke;kc gSaA vkt Hkkjr us
[kk|kUuksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr dj yh gSA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh çxfr ,oa fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa ds fodkl gsrq Ñf"k {ks=k dk fodkl vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk lcls cM+k vlaxfBr {ks=k gS ,oaa ;g futh
{ks=k esa lcls vfèkd jks”kxkj ds volj iznku djus okyk vdsyk
O;olk; gSA
2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k dh vkcknh dk 54.6 çfr'kr
Ñf"k vkSj blls tqM+h xfrfofèk;ksa esa yxk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa gq, uohure
fodkl dh o”kg ls ,xzh os;jgkmflax] dksYM psu] lIykbZ psu] Ms;jh]
iksYVªh] ek¡l] eNyh] ckxokuh bR;kfn xfrfofèk;ksa esa jks”kxkj ,oa
Lojks”kxkj ds volj c<+ jgs gSaA
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`Qf"k {ks=k dk egÙo
(Importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy)
vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku
Ñf"k {ks=k dk Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 1950–51 esa ;g yxHkx 51 izfr'kr Fkk rFkk foÙkh;
o"kZ 2011–12 esa ;g 14-2 izfr'kr jg x;kA jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu
dh ubZ Ük`a[kyk (vkèkkj o"kZ 2011–12) ds vkèkkj ij 2016–17 esa
Ñf"k ,oa lacafèkr {ks=k dk ldy ewY; lao¼Zu (GVA) esa ;ksxnku
Quick Book
17.4 izfr'kr FkkA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ;k ldy ewY; lao¼Zu esa Ñf"k
ds izfr'kr ;ksxnku esa deh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k ds egÙo esa fxjkoV
dks ugha n'kkZrh gS] vfirq ;g dsoy vFkZO;oLFkk ds f}rh;d rFkk
r`rh;d {ks=kksa dh lkisf{kd rhoz o`f¼ dks n'kkZrh gSA
c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUuksa dh vkiw£r
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k ds mRiknu esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gks jgh gSA foÙkh;
o"kZ 2016–17 esa dqy [kk|kUuksa dk mRiknu 275.11 fefy;u Vu jgk]
tks fd foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 esa c<+dj 284.83 fefy;u Vu gks x;k
gSA vr% orZeku esa Hkkjr dks viuh fo'kky tula[;k dh [kk|kUu
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s vk;kr ij fuHkZj ugha jguk iM+ jgk gSA
vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy;s Ñf"k {ks=k dk egÙo
dPps eky ds vkiw£rdÙkkZ ds :i esa Ñf"k {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk esa
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh lao`f¼ ds fy;s eq[; :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA Ñf"k
{ks=k ds }kjk vkS|ksfxd dPps ekyksa tSls& diM+k m|ksx dks dikl]
rsy m|ksx dks rsy chtksa] phuh m|ksx dks xUus dh vkiw£r dh tkrh
gSA ;g [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dks Ñf"k mRiknksa ds :i esa dPpk eky
miyCèk djkrk gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
Ñf"k Hkkjr ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh
gSA Hkkjr pk;] twV] dktw] rackdw] dkWiQh vkSj elkys vkfn dk fu;kZr
djrk gSA ;s lHkh Ñf"k oLrq,¡ Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZrksa dk ,d cM+k
izfr'kr lk>k djrh gSaA
xjhch mUewyu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa eas vkèkh ls vfèkd Je 'kfDr Ñf"k {ks=k
esa dk;Zjr gSA Ñf"k vkt Hkh fuEu vk; oxZ ,oa fuèkZu O;fDr;ksa dk
thou vkèkkj gSA Ñf"k {ks=k [kk| lqj{kk dk eq[; vL=k gSA
iwath fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx
Hkkjr esa iwath fuekZ.k izfØ;k eas Ñf"k {ks=k dk lg;ksx vko';d
gSA Ñf"k mRiknksa ds mRiknu ds :i eas rFkk xSj&Ñf"k mRiknksa dh ekax
ds :i esa Hkkjr esa Ñf"k dk dsanzh; LFkku gSA xSj&Ñf"k mRiknksa dh
ekax ds egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gksus ds :i esa Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk ds f}rh;d
{ks=k esa fuos'k dks izsfjr djrk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
eanh ls vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkh (Ñf"k {ks=k esa fuEu ekax ds :i esa)
eanh mRiUu gks tkrh gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh
lao`f¼ nj xaHkhj :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA
49
 6 vkS|ksfxd {ks=
(Industrial Sector)

lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction) vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk egÙo

(Importance of Industrial Growth)
Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dky osQ nkSjku vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks xgjk èkDdk
yxkA blfy;s Lora=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr~ fu;kstdksa us vFkZO;oLFkk osQ z m|ksx vk£Fkd lao`f¼ osQ vfèkoasQæ osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fodkl vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl
fodkl osQ fy;s vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vko';drk dks le>kA fdlh Hkh
osQ fy;s vko';d gksrk gSA
ns'k dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl mlosQ vk£Fkd fodkl dk ekid gksrk gS]
D;ksafd bl ij Ñf"k {ks=k ,oa lsok {ks=k dk fodkl fuHkZj djrk gSA z m|ksx jks”kxkj osQ u,&u, voljksa dk l`tu djus esa lgk;d gksrs gaAS
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fodkl tgk¡ ,d vksj u, jks”kxkj ,oa vk; l`tu osQ z m|ksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa ewY; o¼Zu djosQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa
}kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa ekax dk l`tu djrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj ns'k osQ rhoz o`f¼ djrs gSaA Ñf"k fØ;kvksa rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa dh vis{kk vkS|ksfxd
{ks=k esa ewY; o¼Zu vfèkd gksrk gSA
rFkk vkRefuHkZj vk£Fkd fodkl dh uhao rS;kj djus esa enn djrk gSA
z m|ksx fodkl izfØ;k esa xR;kRedrk iznku djrs gSaA vkS|ksxhdj.k
Hkkjr dh lrr~ vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh jÝrkj cuk, j[kus ds fy;s
us miHkksDrkokn dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
volajpuk dh lqxfBr lqfoèkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls mPp nj ij
z m|ksx vkèkkfjd lajpuk fodkl dks lqfoèkktud cukrk gSA vkS|ksfxd
vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ dk egÙo cgqr gh fu.kkZ;d gSA fuekZ.k {ks=k lfgr
fodkl ,oa vkèkkfjd lajpuk dk fodkl vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k Hkkjr ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrk gS vkSj
tqM+s gq, gSaA
o"kZ 2017–18 esa ldy ewY; o¼Zu (GVA) esa bldk 29.1 izfr'kr
z m|ksx Ñf"k osQ ;a=khÑr lkèku (e'khusa& VªSDVj] Fksz'kj vkSj gkosZLVj)
(vuafre vuqeku) dk ;ksxnku jgkA e”kcwr vkSj lqn`<+ vkS|ksfxd ,oa
miyCèk djkrk gS] ftlls Ñf"k mRiknu c<+rk gSA Ñf"k osQ ;a=khdj.k
fofuekZ.k {ks=k ?kjsyw mRiknu] fu;kZr vkSj jks”kxkj ds lao¼Zu esa lgk;rk
osQ dkj.k Ñf"k mRikndrk esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
djrk gS vkSj ;s lHkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mPp fodkl ds fy;s mRizsjd
z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k Ñf"k mRiknksa dk izlaLdj.k dj ewY; o¼Zu djrk
gks ldrs gSaA
gSA ;g Ñf"k vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k
dsanzh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (Central Statistics Office–CSO) ds lsok {ks=k osQ fodkl osQ fy;s ,d vkèkkj fu£er djrk gSA ;g
vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] o"kZ 2016–17 ds fy;s ldy ewY; o¼Zu (GVA) O;kikj] ;krk;kr ,oa lapkj] cSa¯dx] chek ,oa vusd lsokvksa osQ
dh lexz o`f¼ 6.8 izfr'kr vk¡dh xbZ gS] tcfd vkS|ksfxd fu"iknu fodkl esa egÙo j[krk gSA
o"kZ 2015–16 ds 9.8 izfr'kr ls de gksdj o"kZ 2017–18 esa yxHkx
Lora=krk çkfIr osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dh
5.5 izfr'kr (vuafre vuqeku) gks x;k gSA
çfØ;k esa jkT; osQ izR;{k gLr{ksi osQ ihNs rdZ
2011–12 dh fLFkj dherksa ij
zzvkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ fy;s vR;fèkd ek=kk esa iawth dh vko';drk
ldy ewY; o¼Zu o`f¼ nj (izfr'kr)
FkhA futh {ks=k vFkkZr~ m|fe;ksa osQ ikl iawth dk vHkko FkkA
thoh,* 2017-18
2016-17 zzck”kkj osQ lhfer vkdkj osQ dkj.k futh m|fe;ksa esa fuos'k&
esa fgLlk (PE)
[kuu vkSj mR[kuu 2.5 13.0 2.9 izsj.kk dk vHkko FkkA
16.7 7.9 5.7 zzfu;kstu dh izfØ;k dk eq[; mís'; lkekftd U;k; osQ lkFk
fofuekZ.k
fctyh] xSl] ty vkiwfrZ vkSj vU; 2.6 9.2 7.2
lao`f¼ dks izkIr djuk gS] ftls osQoy ljdkj osQ izR;{k gLr{ksi
mi;ksxh lsok,¡ }kjk gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
fuekZ.k 7.4 1.3 5.7 z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ukxfjdksa dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq
m|ksx 29.1 6.8 5.5 vko';d mRikn fu£er djrk gS ,oa yksxksa osQ thou Lrj dks
lzksr% dasnzh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; m¡Qpk mBkus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
uksV% *thoh, esa fgLlk tksfd 2017–18 esa gS (fLFkj ewY;ksa ij) vuafre z vkS|ksfxd {ks=k fu;kZr osQ fy;s mRikn miyCèk djkdj fu;kZr
vuqeku lao¼Zu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

Quick Book 77
 7 Hkkjr esa lsok {ks=
(Service Sector in India)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
lsok {ks=k vFkZO;oLFkk dk og {ks=k gS] ftlesa miHkksDrkvksa dks
fofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,¡ iznku dh tkrh gSaA lsok {ks=k Hkkjr ds ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk u dsoy izHkqRo'kkyh {ks=k gS cfYd izR;{k fons'kh
fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus okyk egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k gS] ftldk fu;kZrksa esa Hkh
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS rFkk tks cMs+ iSekus ij jks”kxkj Hkh iznku djrk
gSA Hkkjr ds lsok {ks=k esa fofHkUu xfrfofèk;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk
gS] tSls& O;kikj] gksVy ,oa jsLVksjsaV] HkaMkj.k] ifjogu] lapkj] foÙk]
chek] fj;y ,LVsV] O;kikfjd lsok,¡] lkeqnkf;d] lkekftd ,oa
O;fDrxr lsok,¡ rFkk fuekZ.k dk;Z ls laac¼ lsok,¡ bR;kfnA Hkkjr ds
ldy ewY; o¼Zu (Gross Value Added–GVA) esa 55.2 çfr'kr
fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk lsok {ks=k Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dk çeq[k lapkyd
cuk gqvk gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 esa ldy ewY; o¼Zu o`f¼ esa lsok
{ks=k dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 72.5 çfr'kr jgk] tksfd 2016–17 esa 62
çfr'kr FkkA foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 esa lsok {ks=k dh o`f¼ nj 8.3 çfr'kr
gksus dk vuqeku gS] tksfd foÙkh; o"kZ 2016–17 esa gqbZ 7.7 çfr'kr
dh o`f¼ nj dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gSA lsok {ks=k dks ^r`rh;d {ks=k*
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fofHkUu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh fodkl izo`fÙk dk vè;;u
djus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd tks ns'k fodkl iFk ij vxzlj gksrs gSaA
mu ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k dh rqyuk esa lsok
{ks=k dk ;ksxnku c<+rk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa Hkh ;g ckr ykxw
gksrh gSA 1951 esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k ,oa lac¼ {ks=k dk
;ksxnku yxHkx 52 izfr'kr Fkk] tks 2016-17 esa ?kVdj yxHkx 17
izfr'kr gks x;k gS] tcfd lsok {ks=k dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 30 izfr'kr
Fkk] tks 2016-17 esa c<+dj yxHkx 54 izfr'kr gks pqdk gSA
ljdkj us fofHkUu lsokvksa ds fy;s vusd ;kstuk,¡ 'kq: dh gSaA
lsok {ks=k esa fMftVyhdj.k dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk jgk gSA blds lkFk
gh i;ZVu] LokLF; lsokvksa] mixzg ekufp=k.k vkSj iz{ksi.k lsokvksa dks
Hkh izksRlkgu fn;k tk jgk gSA bu mik;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk th,lVh vkSj
,iQMhvkbZ mnkjhdj.k us bl {ks=k ds fy;s fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa dks
mTToy cuk;k gSA
Quick Book
lsok {ks=k dk oxhZdj.k
O;olk;] foÙkh; lsok,¡ yksd iz'kklu vkSj
ejEer] gksVy j{kk rFkk vU;
rFkk jsLrjk¡ ;krk;kr] HkaMkj.k] fj;y ,LVsV] vkoklh; fuekZ.k
lapkj vkSj izlkj.k vkSj is'ksoj lsokvksa dk
laca/h lsok,¡ LokfeRo
jsyos ;krk;kr lM+d ;krk;kr gokbZ ;krk;kr
lsok {ks=k esa oSf'od ifjn`';
(Global Scenario in Service Sector)
vkS|ksxhdj.k ds i'pkr~ Ñf"k vkèkkfjr vfèkdka'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡
rhoz vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh vksj xfr'khy gqb±] ftlls tula[;k ds ,d
cMs+ fgLls ds ikl vk£Fkd 'kfDr igq¡ph vkSj bl dkj.k o`f¼ ds vxys
pj.k ds iQyLo:i lsok {ks=k dks fodkl djus dk volj feykA
blh Øe esa vfèkdka'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ m|ksx {ks=k ls lsok {ks=k dh vksj
c<+us yxhaA orZeku esa lsok {ks=k fo'o dk lokZfèkd xfr'khy {ks=k gSA
z la;qDr jk"Vª ds jk"Vªh; ys[kk lkaf[;dh (UN National Accounts
Statistics) ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] fo'o ds 15 cM+s ns'kksa esa
lexz thMhih ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dk LFkku 2006 ds 14osa ls lqèkjdj
2016 esa 7osa ij vk x;kA
z o"kZ 2016 esa] lsok thoh, o`f¼ nj (fLFkj dherksa ij) Hkkjr esa
7.8 çfr'kr ij lcls vfèkd Fkh] blds ckn phu dh o`f¼ nj
7.4 çfr'kr FkhA
z varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (International Labour Organization–
ILO) ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj 2016 esa 'kh"kZ 15 ns'kksa esa] Hkkjr
vkSj phu dks NksM+dj vfèkdka'k esa dqy jks”kxkj ds nks&frgkbZ ls
Hkh vfèkd dk ;ksxnku lsok {ks=k dk Fkk] Hkkjr dk fgLlk 30.6
çfr'kr ij lcls de FkkA
z oSf'od Lrj ij o"kZ 2016 esa fo'o jks”kxkj esa yxHkx vkèkk
fgLlk (50.9 çfr'kr) lsok {ks=k ls lacafèkr FkkA
z lsok fu;kZr o`f¼] fo'o vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa ds fy;s] 2009 ls 6
o"kks± ds varjky ds ckn 2015 esa fxjdj ½.kkRed gks xbZ Fkh]
2016 esa ;g èkukRed fLFkfr esa vk xbZA fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds
v|ru vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] 2017 dh igyh Nekgh ds fy;s
fo'o ds lanHkZ esa lsok fu;kZr o`f¼ 4.3 çfr'kr (igyh vkSj
nwljh frekgh dk vkSlr) vkSj Hkkjr ds fy;s 9.9 çfr'kr ij FkhA
105
 8 vk£Fkd fu;kstu
(Economic Planning)
vk£Fkd fu;kstu (Economic Planning)
vk£Fkd fu;kstu dk vFkZ gS& LohÑr jk"Vªh; izkFkfedrkvksa ds
vuqlkj ns'k ds lalkèkuksa dk fofHkUu fodklkRed fØ;kvksa esa iz;ksx
djukA vk£Fkd fu;kstu ,d laxfBr vk£Fkd iz;kl gS] ftlesa jkT;
}kjk ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa lqfuf'pr vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd y{;ksa
dh izkfIr ds fy;s izkÑfrd] vk£Fkd rFkk ekuoh; lalkèkuksa dk
foosdiw.kZ <ax ls leUo; ,oa fu;a=k.k fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa fu;kstu
dks ^leorhZ lwph* (lkroha vuqlwph) dk fo"k; cuk;k x;k gSA
fu;kstu ds mís'; (Objectives of Planning)
z lalkèkuksa dk loksZÙke mi;ksx lqfuf'pr djuk_
z lalkèkuksa dk rk£oQd forj.k lqfuf'pr djuk_
z fuèkZurk ,oa csjks”kxkjh dks nwj djuk_
z vkèkkjHkwr <k¡ps dk fodkl djuk_
z Ñf"k ,oa m|ksxksa dk lefUor fodkl djuk_
z lkekftd U;k; o fodkl ds y{;ksa dks izkIr djuk_
z jktuhfrd&vk£Fkd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk djuk_
z vkRefuHkZjrk ,oa vkèkqfudhdj.k_
z fuos'k ,oa iwath fuekZ.k dks c<+kok nsuk_
z rhoz vk£Fkd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lekos'kh fodkl ij cyA
fu;kstu ds çdkj (Types of Planning)
jkT; ds gLr{ksi y{; çkfIr dh
ds vkèkkj ij j.kuhfr ds vkèkkj ij
vkns'kkRed funsZ'kkRed lajpukRed çdk;kZRed
fu;kstu fu;kstu fu;kstu fu;kstu
jkT; ds gLr{ksi ds vkèkkj ij
(On the Basis of State Intervention)
vkns'kkRed fu;kstu (Imperative Planning)
vkns'kkRed fu;kstu ,d osaQæhÑr O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa jkT; ,oa
ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dk O;kid ,oa izR;{k gLr{ksi gksrk gSA blesa osaQæh;
Lrj ij ,d 'kh"kZ laLFkk gksrh gS] tks ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa mlds
fØ;kUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSA bl ekWMy esa fu.kZ; izfØ;k osaQæhÑr
gksrh gS] blfy;s bls ^osaQæhÑr fu;kstu* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
116
funsZ'kkRed fu;kstu (Indicative Planning)
funsZ'kkRed fu;kstu ,d foosaQæhÑr O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa jkT; ,oa
ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dk lkadsfrd ,oa ijks{k gLr{ksi gksrk gSA blesa ljdkj
dsoy uhfr;k¡ cukus dk dk;Z djrh gS rFkk bldk fØ;kUo;u futh
{ks=kksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
y{; izkfIr dh j.kuhfr ds vkèkkj ij
(On the Basis of Strategies for Achieving Targets)
lajpukRed fu;kstu (Structural Planning)
;fn vk£Fkd y{; izkfIr ds fy;s lalkèkukas ds orZeku LokfeRo
ds <k¡ps] mRiknu dh fofèk ,oa laLFkkxr O;oLFkk esa vkewypwy ifjorZu
fd;k tk, rks ;g ^lajpukRed fu;kstu* dgykrk gS] tSls& Hkwfe lqèkkj]
cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k vkfn] vFkZO;oLFkk esa lajpukRed ifjorZu djds
vFkZO;oLFkk dh cqfu;knh {kerk c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA
çdk;kZRed fu;kstu (Functional Planning)
;fn vk£Fkd y{; izkfIr ds fy;s lalkèku] LokfeRo ds <k¡ps]
mRiknu dh fofèk vFkok laLFkkxr O;oLFkk esa dksbZ ewyHkwr ifjorZu
ykus dh ctk; mlds vuqdwyre nksgu dh j.kuhfr viukbZ tk, rks
;g ^izdk;kZRed fu;kstu* dgykrk gS] tSls& gfjr Økafr ds }kjk Ñf"k
{ks=k esa ;g fof/ viukbZ xbZA
;kstuk fuekZ.k dh {ks=kh; O;kidrk
çfØ;k ds vkèkkj ij ds vkèkkj ij
dasnzhÑr fodsanzhÑr jk"Vªh; {ks=kh;
fu;kstu fu;kstu fu;kstu fu;kstu
;kstuk fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ds vkèkkj ij
(Based on the Process of Planning)
osaQæhÑr fu;kstu (Centralised Planning)
osaQæhÑr fu;kstu esa ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa fØ;kUo;u dk dk;Z
jkT; vFkok ,d 'kh"kZ osaQæh; laLFkk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bls ^mQij ls
uhps dh vksj fu;kstu* Hkh dgrs gSaA
foosaQæhÑr fu;kstu (Decentralised Planning)
foosaQæhÑr fu;kstu esa ;kstukvksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa fØ;kUo;u esa
osaQæ ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj] LFkkuh; ljdkj] futh {ks=k ,oa vke ukxfjd]
Quick Book
 9 uhfr vk;ksx
(NITI Aayog)

uhfr vk;ksx (NITI Aayog) z l'kDr jkT; ls l'kDr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k] lg;ksxiw.kZ la?kokn dks
1 tuojh] 2015 dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ;kstuk vk;ksx ds LFkku
c<+kok nsuk_
ij ^jk"Vªh; Hkkjr ifjorZu laLFkk vFkkZr~ uhfr vk;ksx* (National z xzke Lrj ij ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k djus gsrq ra=k fodflr djuk
Institution for Transforming India–NITI Aayog) dk xBu fd;k ,oa bls mÙkjksÙkj mPp Lrj rd igq¡pkuk_
x;kA uhfr vk;ksx] ljdkj ds fFkad&VSad ds :i esa lsok,¡ iznku djus z vkfFkZd izxfr ls oafpr jgs yksxksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk_
ds lkFk mls funsZ'kkRed ,oa uhfrxr xfr'khyrk iznku djsxkA ;g osaQæ z varj&{ks=kh; ,oa varj&foHkkxh; eqn~nksa ds lekèkku gsrq ,d eap
vkSj jkT; Lrjksa ij ljdkj dks uhfr ds izeq[k dkjdksa ds lacaèk esa
rS;kj djuk_
izklafxd] egÙoiw.kZ ,oa rduhdh ijke'kZ miyCèk djk,xkA Hkkjr
ljdkj ds vxz.kh uhfrxr fFkad&VSad ds :i esa uhfr vk;ksx dk y{; z j.kuhfrd vkSj nh?kkZofèkd uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dk <k¡pk rS;kj
jkT;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk jk"Vªh; fodkl dk ,d lk>k djukA
n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk gSA uhfr vk;ksx osaQæ ljdkj ds uhfr fuekZ.k
esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gS ,oa Hkkjr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj uhfr vk;ksx dh lajpuk (Composition of NITI Aayog)
dk;ZØeksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa çxfr dk vuqoh{k.k djrk gSA ;g laLFkk z uhfr vk;ksx dk insu vè;{k ^Hkkjr dk izèkkuea=kh* gksrk gSA
jkT;ksa ds lkFk lrr vkèkkj ij lajpukRed lg;ksx vkSj uhfrxr z xofu±x dkmafly esa lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh vkSj la?k jkT;{ks=kksa
ekxZn'kZu ds ekè;e ls lg;ksxiw.kZ la?kokn dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ds mijkT;iky 'kkfey gksaxsA
z fof'k"V eqn~nksa vkSj ,sls vkdfLed ekeys] ftudk lacaèk ,d ls
lg;ksxiw.kZ vfèkd jkT;ksa ;k {ks=kksa ls gks] dks ns[kus ds fy;s {ks=kh; ifj"knsa
la?kokn dks xfBr dh tk,axhA ;s ifj"knsa fof'k"V dk;Zdky ds fy;s cukbZ
c<+kok nsuk tk,axhA Hkkjr ds izèkkuea=kh ds funsZ'k ij {ks=kh; ifj"knksa dh cSBosaQ
gksaxh vkSj buesa lacafèkr {ks=k ds jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh vkSj la?k
jkT;{ks=kksa ds mijkT;iky 'kkfey gksaxsA budh vè;{krk uhfr vk;ksx
uhfr;ksa ds vè;{k ;k muds ukefunsZf'krh (Nominee) djsaxsA
uhfr vk;ksx vuqoh{k.k
vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh z lacafèkr dk;Z {ks=k dh tkudkjh j[kus okys fo'ks"kK vkSj dk;Zjr
osQ dk;Z vkSj
:ijs[kk rS;kj yksx] fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr ds :i esa izèkkuea=kh }kjk ukfer fd;s tk,axsA
ewY;kadu
djuk
z lfpoky; dk xBu vko';drk ds vuqlkj fd;k tk,xkA
uhfr vk;ksx dk laxBukRed Lo:i
lalkèku zzvè;{k& izèkkuea=kh
osaQæ vkSj Kku zzxo²u±x dkmafly& jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh vkSj la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds
osaQæ osQ :i esa mijkT;iky
dk;Z djuk zzmikè;{k& MkW- jktho oqQekj (izèkkuea=kh }kjk fu;qDr)
zziw.kZdkfyd lnL;& Jh fccsd nscjkW;] MkW- oh-ds- lkjLor]
uhfr vk;ksx ds mís'; (Objectives of NITI Aayog) çks- jes'k pan] MkW- oh-ds- ikWy
z jk"Vªh; mís';ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jkT;ksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh zzinsu lnL;& Jh jktukFk flag] Jh v#.k tsVyh] Jh ih;w"k
ds lkFk jk"Vªh; fodkl izkFkfedrkvksa] {ks=kksa vkSj j.kuhfr;kas dk xks;y] Jh jkèkkeksgu flag
,d lk>k n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk_ zzeq[; dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh (CEO): vferkHk dkar

Quick Book 127

 10
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
xjhch@fuèkZurk ls vfHkizk; gS& thou ds fy;s U;wure miHkksx
vko';drkvksa dks izkIr djus dh v;ksX;rkA bu U;wure vko';drkvksa
esa Hkkstu] oL=k] edku] f'k{kk rFkk LokLF; lacaèkh U;wure ekuoh;
vko';drk,¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA xjhch ewyr% oapu ls lacafèkr gSA ;fn
lekt dk ,d cM+k fgLlk oapuk@fuèkZurk ls ihfM+r gS rFkk thou
fuokZg dh U;wure vko';drkvksa dks izkIr ugha dj ikrk gS rks ,slh
fLFkfr esa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ vFkZghu gks tkrh gSA
xjhch ds izdkj (Types of Poverty)
lkisf{kd xjhch (Relative Poverty)
lkisf{kd xjhch ;g Li"V djrh gS fd fofHkUu vk; oxks± ds
chp fdruh fo"kerk gSA lkisf{kd xjhch dh fLFkfr rc mRiUu gksrh
gS] tc fdlh ns'k ;k {ks=k ds dqN yksxksa dh vk; ;k thou dk Lrj
lkekU; yksxksa ls fuEu gksrk gSA lekt ds vkSlr O;fDr dh rqyuk esa
fdlh O;fDr ds miHkksx] vk; o laifÙk ds vHkko dks lkisf{kd xjhch
dgrs gSaA lkisf{kd xjhch dh O;k[;k ns'k ds vanj vk; esa ikbZ tkus
okyh vlekurk ds :i esa Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA
fujis{k xjhch (Absolute Poverty)
fujis{k xjhch dh fLFkfr esa euq"; dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa]
tSls& Hkkstu] lqjf{kr is;ty] LoPNrk lqfoèkk,¡] LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk
bR;kfn dk vHkko gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa fujis{k xjhch dk vuqeku yxkus
ds fy;s xjhch js[kk dh èkkj.kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA xjhch js[kk
og js[kk gS] tks ml izfr O;fDr vkSlr ekfld O;; dks izdV djrh
gS] ftlds }kjk yksx viuh U;wure vko';drkvksa dks lar"q V dj ldrs
gaAS ftu yksxksa dk izfrekg miHkksx O;; xjhch js[kk ls de gS] mUgsa
^fuèkZu* ekuk tkrk gSA xjhch Kkr djus dh bl fofèk dks ge ^gsM
dkmaV fofèk* (Head Count Method) dgrs gSAa bl fofèk esa oqQy
tula[;k esa 'kkfey mu O;fDr;ksa dks fxuk tkrk gS] tks xjhch js[kk ls
uhps gSAa Hkkjr esa xjhch ekiu esa blh fofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fuèkZurk dk Js.khdj.k
zzJs.kh 1 : fpjdkfyd fuèkZu% os O;fDr ;k ifjokj tks dkiQh
yacs le; ls fuèkZurk dk thou O;rhr dj jgs gSa vkSj os viuh
U;wure ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh Hkh iw£r ugha dj ikrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& Hkwfejfgr Jfed ,oa vfu;fer e”knwjA
Quick Book
xjhch
(Poverty)
zzJs.kh 2 : vYidkfyd fuèkZu% os O;fDr@ifjokj tks fujarj fuèkZu
vkSj xSj&fuèkZu oxks± ds chp vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSaA ;s dHkh fuèkZurk
js[kk ls uhps thou;kiu djrs gSa] ysfdu jks”kxkj feyus ij ;s
yksx fuèkZurk js[kk ls Åij vk tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k& ekSleh e”knwj]
vkSj vfu;fer fuèkZuA
zzJs.kh 3 : dHkh fuèkZu ugha% os O;fDr tks dHkh fuèkZu ugha gksrs]
mUgsa xSj&fuèkZu dgk tkrk gSA buds ikl vk; ds fuf'pr lzksr
,oa laifÙk gksrh gSA
xzkeh.k fuèkZu (Rural Poor)
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jks”kxkj ,oa Lojks”kxkj ds vHkko ds dkj.k
yksxksa ds ikl vkthfodk ,oa vk; vtZu ds lzksr lhfer gksrs gaSA
Ñf"k {ks=k esa Hkh O;kid iSekus ij izPNUu csjks”kxkjh ikbZ tkrh gSA
lkewfgd ifjokj iz.kkyh ds dkj.k vk; v£tr djus okys O;fDr
;k lzksr ds Åij vkfJrksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh gSA xzkeh.k fuèkZuksa
esa Hkwfeghu Ñf"k Jfedksa] NksVs Hkw&Lokfe;ksa] dk'rdkjksa ,oa nSfud
e”knwjksa vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kgjh fuèkZu (Urban Poor)
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls csjks”kxkj ,aoa fuèkZu O;fDr;ksa dk izolu 'kgjh
{ks=kksa esa gksrk gSA fdarq 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ,oa lsok {ks=k
esa jks”kxkj ds lhfer volj gksrs gSaA ,sls esa O;fDr dks fuèkZurk esa
thou O;rhr djuk iM+rk gSA 'kgjh fuèkZuksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=k ls 'kgjh
{ks=k dh vksj iyk;u djus okys yksxks]a dkj[kkuksa ds vfu;fer Jfed
vkSj Lofu;ksftr isQjh okyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 'kgjh fuèkZu
eq[;r;k mu xzkeh.k fuèkZuksa dk iSQyko gS] tks ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa iyk;u djrs gSAa
xjhch@fuèkZurk ds dkj.k (Reasons of Poverty)
zzfuèkZurk dk lcls izeq[k dkj.k rs”kh ls c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k gS]
tks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa gksus okyh o`f¼ dks fu"izHkkoh dj nsrh
gSA vfèkd tula[;k] fuHkZjrk Hkkj dks c<+k nsrh gS] ftlls le;
ds lkFk&lkFk fuèkZurk vkSj vfèkd gks tkrh gSA
zzHkkjr dh dqy jk"Vªh; vk; tula[;k dh rqyuk esa dkiQh de gSA
bl dkj.k Hkh ;gk¡ izfr O;fDr vk; de jgh gSA
zzHkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds nkSjku vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh nj ,oa
izfr O;fDr vk; o`f¼ nj cgqr de jgh gSA ;g Hkh Hkkjr esa
fuèkZurk dk ,d eq[; dkj.k jgk gSA
zzHkkjr esa fpjdkfyd csjks”kxkjh ,oa vYijks”kxkj dh leL;k ikbZ
tkrh gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa izPNUu csjks”kxkjh] 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa f'kf{kr
175
 11
(Unemployment)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
csjks”kxkjh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds lEeq[k ,d xaHkhj pqukSrh
gSA ns'k ds fy;s csjks”kxkjh ekuo lalkèku dh gkfu gSA jks”kxkj esa
vkuqikfrd o`f¼ ds fcuk gksus okyh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ lkekftd U;k;
jfgr rFkk fodkl ls oafpr lao`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj bl dkj.k ;g
fujFkZd gksrh gSA
,d O;fDr dks csjks”kxkj rc ekuk tkrk gS] tc og izpfyr
e”knwjh dh nj ij dke djus ds fy;s rS;kj rFkk bPNqd gS] fdarq mls
dke ugha feyrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc lekt esa izpfyr ikfjJfed
ij Hkh dke djus ds bPNqd ,oa l{ke O;fDr;ksa dks dksbZ dk;Z ugha
feyrk rc ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks ^csjks”kxkj* rFkk ,slh leL;k dks ^csjks”kxkjh
dh leL;k* dgk tkrk gSA lkekU; :i ls 15–59 o"kZ vk;q oxZ ds
O;fDr;ksa dks vkfFkZd :i ls lfØ; vFkkZr~ dk;Z'khy ekuk tkrk gSA
vr% vxj bl vk;q oxZ ds O;fDr ykHknk;d :i ls fu;ksftr ugha
gaS rks bUgsa csjks”kxkj ekuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+s ^jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k
dk;kZy;* (National Sample Survey Office–NSSO) }kjk tkjh fd;s
tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh ds lacaèk esa {ks=kh; vlarqyu Hkh ns[kus dks
feyrk gSA ns'k ds dqN {ks=kkas esa jks”kxkj ds volj vfèkd] tcfd dqN
{ks=kksa esa de miyCèk gSa] blls cM+s iSekus ij varjkZT;h; Jfed izolu
gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa vfèkdka'k vlaxfBr {ks=k }kjk vukSipkfjd jks”kxkj
miyCèk djk;k tk jgk gSA jks”kxkj ds lacaèk esa vk¡dM+ksa dks ,d=k djus
ds fy;s uhfr vk;ksx ds mikè;{k dh vè;{krk esa dk;Zcy dk xBu
fd;k x;kA ;g dk;Zcy jks”kxkj rFkk csjks”kxkjh ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa
dk laxzg.k djus] vk¡dM+ksa dk ewY;kadu djus] gkfy;k o"kks± ds nkSjku
l`ftr jks”kxkj ds voljksa dk vuqeku yxkus ,oa Hkfo"; esa jks”kxkj ls
lacafèkr vuqekuksa dks lqn`<+ :i ls çLrqr djus ls lacafèkr dk;Z djsxkA
Hkkjr esa jks”kxkj ds voljksa ds lacaèk esa lajpuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gS]
ftleas vukSipkfjd] vlaxfBr vkSj ekSleh vkèkkj ij dke djus okys
Jfedksa dh çèkkurk gSA ,sls esa bu Jfedksa dks jks”kxkj ds vis{kkÑr
de volj çkIr gksrs gSa ,oa bu Jfedksa esa dkS'ky dk vHkko gksrk
gSA blds lkFk gh Je ck”kkj esa dBksj Je dkuwuksa dk çHkko jgrk gS
vkSj lkekU;r;k Jfedksa ls lafonk ds vkèkkj ij dke djk;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa c<+rh csjks”kxkjh dh leL;k dks ns[krs gq, ljdkj }kjk dbZ
;kstukvksa] tSls& eujsxk] iafMr nhun;ky mikè;k; Jeso t;rs dk;ZØe]
izèkkuea=kh ;qok ;kstuk] izèkkuea=kh jks”kxkj l`tu dk;ZØe bR;kfn dks
izkjaHk fd;k x;k gS] rkfd yksxksa dks vfèkd&ls&vfèkd jks”kxkj feysA
184
csjksT+kxkjh
uksV% varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO) dh ,d fjiksVZ ^fo'o jks”kxkj
vkSj lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k] ço`fÙk&2018* (World Employment and
Social Outlook, Trends–2018) ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2017–2019 dh
vofèk esa Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjh dh nj 3.5 çfr'kr gksus dk vuqeku
yxk;k x;k gSA bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2018 esa yxHkx 18.6
fefy;u ,oa o"kZ 2019 esa yxHkx 18.9 fefy;u O;fDr csjks”kxkj
gksus dh laHkkouk crkbZ xbZ gSA
lsaVj iQkWj ekWuhVfjax bafM;u bdkWueh dh fjiksVZ
(Report of Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy)
tuojh 2019 esa lsaVj iQkWj ekWuhVfjax bafM;u bdkWueh }kjk
csjks”kxkjh ls lacafèkr tkjh vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2018 esa yxHkx
11 fefy;u yksx csjks”kxkj gq, gSaA bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] fnlacj
2018 esa Hkkjr dh csjks”kxkjh nj 7.4 çfr'kr Fkh] tks fd fiNys
15 eghus esa lcls vfèkd FkhA fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] o"kZ 2017 esa
jks”kxkj esa fu;ksftr O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k 407.9 fefy;u Fkh] tks
fd o"kZ 2018 esa de gksdj 397 fefy;u gks xbZ gSA
bl çdkj Hkkjr esa csjks”kxkjksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gS vkSj
fnlacj 2018 dks lekIr gq, o"kZ esa blesa 11 fefy;u dh i;kZIr
o`f¼ gqbZ gSA o"kZ 2018 ds nkSjku] xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh] nksuksa {ks=kksa esa
cM+h la[;k esa yksx csjks”kxkj gq, gSa] ysfdu 'kgjh {ks=kksa dh rqyuk
esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa csjks”kxkjh vfèkd c<+h gSA o"kZ 2018 ds nkSjku
xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa yxHkx 9.1 fefy;u ukSdjh&is'kk okys yksx csjks”kxkj
gq, gSa] tcfd 'kgjh Hkkjr esa ;g la[;k yxHkx 1.8 fefy;u FkhA
dqy ukSdjh [kksus okyksa esa yxHkx 84 çfr'kr yksx xzkeh.k Hkkjr
ls gSaA bu csjks”kxkjksa esa eq[;r;k vf'kf{kr] fngkM+h e”knwj] [ksfrgj
e”knwj vkSj NksVs O;kikjh lfEefyr gSaA
o"kZ 2018 ds nkSjku 11 fefy;u ukSdjh [kksus okyksa esa yxHkx
8.8 fefy;u efgyk,¡ ,oa yxHkx 2.2 fefy;u iq#"k gSaA 8.8
fefy;u efgykvksa esa 2.3 fefy;u 'kgjh {ks=kksa ls ,oa 6.5 fefy;u
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls lacafèkr gSaA bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa
jgus okys iq#"kksa dks ukSdjh ugha [kksuh iM+h gS] cfYd blds foijhr
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa yxHkx vkèkk fefy;u iq#"kksa dks ukSdfj;k¡@jks”kxkj
çkIr gqvk gSA
Quick Book
 12 [kk| lqj{kk ,oa cQj LVkWd
(Food Security and Buffer Stock)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk r; fd;s x, lrr fodkl y{;ksa (Sustainable
Development Goals–SDGs) esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa
esa Hkw[k dh leL;k dks lekIr djuk] lHkh ds fy;s [kk| lqj{kk
lqfuf'pr djuk ,oa iks"k.k ds Lrj esa lqèkkj djuk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
bu lcds }kjk fo'o ls xjhch] Hkq[kejh] dqiks"k.k] [kk| vlqj{kk ,oa
LokLF; lacaèkh vusd leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djuk gSA
[kk| lqj{kk ds fy;s vko';d gS fd lexzrk esa [kk|kUuksa vFkkZr~
Hkkstu dh miyCèkrk gks ,oa blds lkFk&lkFk O;fDr;ksa o ifjokjksa ds
ikl mi;qDr Ø; 'kfDr Hkh gks] rkfd os vko';drkuqlkj [kk|kUu
[kjhn ldsaA tgk¡ rd i;kZIr miyCèkrk dk lacaèk gS] blds nks igyw gSa%
1. ek=kkRed igyw % vFkZO;oLFkk esa [kk| miyCèkrk bruh gks fd
ekax ds vuqlkj [kk|kUuksa dh iwfrZ dh tk ldsA
2. xq.kkRed igyw % tula[;k dh iks"k.k vko';drk,¡ iwjh dh tk ldsaA
[kk| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu (Food and Agriculture Organization–
FAO) }kjk [kk| lqj{kk dh O;kid O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA [kk| vkSj Ñf"k
laxBu ds vuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk ds fy;s ewyr% fuEu rÙoksa dk gksuk
vko';d gSµ
zzmiyCèkrk % [kk|kUu gj le; vkSj lHkh LFkkuksa ij i;kZIr ek=kk
esa miyCèk gksaA
zzfdiQk;rh % [kk|kUu fdiQk;rh gksus pkfg;s ,oa yksxksa ds ikl mUgsa
[kjhnus ds fy;s vkfFkZd igq¡p gksuh pkfg;s vFkkZr~ ukxfjdksa ds
ikl [kk|kUuksa dh vko';d Ø; 'kfDr lerk (Purchasing Power
Parity–PPP) gksuh pkfg;sA
zzlekos'ku % [kk|kUu lqjf{kr vkSj iks"kd gksus pkfg;s rkfd os 'kjhj
dks LoLFk cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gks ldsaA
zzfLFkjrk % [kk|kUu iz.kkyh mfpr :i ls fLFkj gksuh pkfg;sA [kk|kUu
iz.kkyh esa vfèkd vfLFkjrk dk u dsoy xjhcksa ij foijhr izHkko
iM+rk gS vfirq ;g jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd iz.kkyh dh fLFkjrk
dks Hkh tksf[ke esa Mky nsrk gSA
[kk| lqj{kk dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Food Security)
¶lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds fy;s gj le; lfØ; o LoLFk thou ds
fy;s i;kZIr iks"k.k ;qDr Hkkstu dh miyfCèk gh [kk| lqj{kk gksrh gSA¸
(fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ] 1986)
194
¶lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks lgh le; ij muds fy;s vko';d cqfu;knh
Hkkstu ds fy;s HkkSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd] nksuksa :iksa esa [kk|kUuksa dh miyfCèk dks
lqfuf'pr djuk gh [kk| lqj{kk gSA¸([kk| vkSj Ñf"k laxBu] 1983)
leLr tula[;k ds LoLFk vkSj fØ;k'khy thou ds fy;s vko';d
[kk|kUuksa vFkkZr~ Hkkstu HkkSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls nh?kZdky ds fy;s
lqfuf'pr djuk] ^[kk| lqj{kk* gSA vkerkSj ij [kk| lqj{kk dh voèkkj.kk
dh ppkZ lexz tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUuksa dh U;wure ek=kk miyCèk
djkus ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA bl n`f"V ls ;g voèkkj.kk ladqfpr
izrhr gksrh gSA ijarq ,d xfr'khy vkSj fodklksUeq[k vFkZO;oLFkk esa
[kk| lqj{kk dh voèkkj.kk] lekt }kjk izkIr fodkl dh voLFkk ,oa
çxfr ds lkFk ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA bl n`f"V ls [kk| lqj{kk dh
fuEufyf[kr voLFkk,¡ dfYir dh xbZ gSaµ
zzizFke voLFkk % ekuoh; thou dks dk;e j[kus ds fy;s lHkh
dks vukt dh i;kZIr ek=kk miyCèk gksuh pkfg;sA
zzf}rh; voLFkk % [kk| lqj{kk ds :i esa vuktksa ,oa nkyksa dh
i;kZIr miyfCèk vfuok;Z gksuh pkfg;sA
zzr`rh; voLFkk % [kk| lqj{kk esa vuktksa] nkyksa] nwèk vkSj nwèk ds
mRiknksa vFkkZr~ ikSf"Vd vkgkj dks 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA
zzprqFkZ voLFkk % [kk| lqj{kk esa vuktksa] nkyksa] nwèk ,oa nwèk ls
fufeZr mRiknksa] lfC”k;k¡] iQy] vaMs] eNyh ,oa ek¡l dks 'kkfey
dj ldrs gSaA
[kk| lqj{kk dk eqík egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa
(Why Food Security Matters)
vkt varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,oa Hkkjr ds fy;s jk"Vªh; Lrj ij [kk|
lqj{kk dk eqík fpark dk fo"k; curk tk jgk gSA blds ihNs fuEufyf[kr
dkj.k gSa%&
zzc<+rh gqbZ tula[;k % la;qDr jk"Vª ds vuqeku ds vuqlkj fo'o
dh tula[;k 2010 esa 6.9 fcfy;u Fkh ,oa fo'o dh tula[;k
esa rhoz o`f¼ gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ;g 2050 esa 9.6 fcfy;u
vkSj 2100 esa 10.9 fcfy;u igq¡p tk,xhA bl izdkj c<+rh gqbZ
tula[;k dh [kk| vko';drkvksa ds fy;s [kk| inkFkks± ds mRiknu
esa Hkh o`f¼ djuh gksxhA bruh fo'kky tula[;k ds fy;s [kk|kUu
miyCèk djuk vius vki esa ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gksxhA
zzdqiks"k.k dh leL;k % la;qDr jk"Vª ds fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe ds
vuqlkj fo'o esa 821 fefy;u O;fDr vFkkZr~ izR;sd 9 O;fDr;ksa
esa 1 O;fDr dks jkr dks [kkyh isV lksuk iM+rk gS vkSj çR;sd 3
O;fDr;ksa esa ls 1 O;fDr vYiiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gSA ;g ,d vR;ar
Quick Book
 13 eqnzkLQhfr ,oa O;kikj pØ
(Inflation and the Business Cycle)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
^eqækLiQhfr* ls vfHkizk; nh?kZdky esa lkekU; dher Lrj esa o`f¼
dh fLFkfr ls gSA tc dherksa ds lkekU; Lrj esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gksus
yxrh gS rks og ^eqækLiQhfr dh voLFkk* dgykrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa
dgsa rks eqnzk ds ewY; ;k Ø; 'kfDr dk de gksuk ;k de”kksj gksuk
gh eqækLiQhfr dh voLFkk gSA eqækLiQhfr ds dkj.k vkxrksa dh dher
rFkk C;kt nj esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] ftl dkj.k fuos'k dh ykxr esa Hkh
o`f¼ gksrh gS] tks fd lao`f¼ dh izfØ;k esa ,d ckèkk ds :i esa tkuh
tkrh gSA
eqnzkLiQhfr lacaèkh voèkkj.kk,¡ (Inflation Related Concepts)
eqækLiQhfr (Inflation) eqnzk laLiQhfr
tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh vkiw£r dh vis{kk]
eqnzk dh vkiw£r vfèkd gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~ oLrqvksa&lsokvksa dh vkiw£r
dh vis{kk mldh ekax vfèkd gksrh gS rks dhersa lrr~ :i ls c<+rh
gSa vkSj eqnzk dk ewY; ?kVrk gS] ftls ^eqækLiQhfr* dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kLo:i] ;fn 1 tuojh] 2019 dks ,d O;fDr ` 10 esa 5 dsys
Ø; djrk gS] ysfdu vxys ekg 1 iQjojh] 2019 dks 5 dsys Ø;
djus ds fy;s mls ` 15 [kpZ djus iM+sa ;k og ` 10 esa dsoy 4 dsys
gh Ø; dj ldk rks ,sls esa oLrq (dsys) ds ewY; esa o`f¼ ,oa eqnzk
dh Ø; {kerk esa deh iznf'kZr gksrh gSA bls gh ^eqnzkLiQhfr* dgk
tkrk gSA ;g O;kikj pØksa dk ,d Hkkx gSA vLFkk;h rFkk fNViqV ewY;
Lrj dh o`f¼ dks eqækLiQhfr ugha dgrs gSaA eqækLiQhfr dks ges'kk cqjk
ugha ekuk tkrkA eanh ds nkSjku lkekU; dher Lrj esa c<+ksrjh dks
LiQhfrdkjh ugha ekurs gSa] D;ksafd blds ifj.kke vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s
gkfudkjd ugha gksrs gSaA
oLrq dh ekax ↑ + oLrq dh vkiw£r ↓ ⇒ oLrq dh dher ↑
(eqækLiQhfr)
eqæk viLiQhfr@foLiQhfr (Disinflation)
;g eqækLiQhfr ij fu;a=k.k yxkus dh voLFkk gS] ftlds rgr
dherksa dks èkhjs&èkhjs ?kVkdj lkekU; Lrj ij ykus dk iz;kl fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa eqækLiQhfr dh nj de gksrh tkrh gS] fdarq ldkjkRed
cuh jgrh gSA ;g ljdkj ds ekSfnzd ,oa jktdks"kh; mik;ksa dk ,d
Hkkx gSA ;g voLiQhfr (Deflation) dh rjg vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s
gkfudkjd ugha gSA
Quick Book
eqnzk ladqpu@eqnzk voLiQhfr (Deflation)
tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh vkiw£r dh vis{kk
mudh ekax de gks tkrh gS rks blls dhersa ?kVrh gSa] ftls ^eqnzk
ladp q u* ;k ^eqnkz voLiQhfr* dgk tkrk gSA eqnkz voLiQhfr (Deflation)
ewY; Lrj ds fxjus dh og voLFkk gS] tks ml le; mRiUu gksrh gS]
tc oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu ekSfnzd vk; dh rqyuk esa vfèkd
rs”kh ls c<+rk gSA bl izdkj ewY; esa izR;sd fxjkoV voLiQhfr ugha
gksrh gSA ;g eqækLiQhfr ds Bhd foijhr fLFkfr gSA bl fLFkfr esa
eqækLiQhfr dh nj 'kwU; ls uhps vFkok udkjkRed gksrh gSA bl izdkj
eqnzk voLiQhfr (Deflation) esa dhersa rks fxjrh gSa] ijarq mRiknu ,oa
eqnzk dk ewY; c<+rk jgrk gSA
(Reflation)
;g eqnzk voLiQhfr (Deflation) ij fu;a=k.k yxkus dh voLFkk
gS] ftlds rgr cgqr uhps fxjh gqbZ dherksa dks èkhjs&èkhjs c<+kdj
lkekU; Lrj ij ykus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blds rgr djksa esa
dVkSrh] C;kt njkas esa deh vkfn djds vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk dh vkiw£r
dks c<+k;k tkrk gSA eqnzk laLiQhfr (izfrlkjtU; eqækLiQhfr) dh fLFkfr
vFkZO;oLFkk esa csjks”kxkjh dh leL;k dks de djus ,oa oLrqvksa ,oa
lsokvksa dh ekax dks c<+kus ds fy;s ljdkj }kjk tku&cw>dj ykbZ tkrh
gS] ftlls vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk£Fkd xfrfofèk;ksa ,oa vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh
nj dks c<+k;k tk ldsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc vFkZO;oLFkk eanh dh fLFkfr
(fuEu eqækLiQhfr] vfèkd csjks”kxkjh ,oa vYi ekax) dh leL;k dk
lkeuk dj jgh gks rc ljdkj }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk dh vkiw£r esa
o`f¼ dh tkrh gS ,oa oqQN oLrqvksa ds ewY; esa vpkud ,oa vLFkk;h
o`f¼ dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh tkus okyh vLFkk;h o`f¼ ^eqnzk
laLiQhfr* (izfrlkjtU; eqækLiQhfr) ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA
fuLianu ;k eanhxr eqækLiQhfr (Stagflation)
tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa eanh ,oa LiQhfr nksuksa dh fLFkfr;k¡ lkFk&lkFk
fn[kkbZ nsa vFkkZr~ csjks”kxkjh ,oa eqækLiQhfr nksuksa lkFk&lkFk jgsa rks mls
^fuLianu* (Stagflation) dgrs gSaA fuLianu dh fLFkfr esa eqækLiQhfr
dh nj m¡Qph] vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh nj uhph rFkk csjks”kxkjh dh nj
fLFkj :i ls m¡Qph cuh jgrh gSA bls fu;af=kr djuk dfBu gksrk gS]
D;ksafd tgk¡ csjks”kxkjh dks nwj djus ds fy;s ekax esa o`f¼ gsrq foLrkjd
jktdks"kh; mik; fd;s tkrs gSa] ogha nwljh vksj mPp LiQhfr ds lekèkku
gsrq ladqpudkjh uhfr;k¡ viukbZ tkrh gSaA
205
 14 eqnzk ckT+kkj ,oa cSafdax ç.kkyh
(Money Market and Banking System)
foÙkh; ckT+kkj (Financial Market)
foÙkh; ck”kkj ,d O;kid ck”kkj gS] tgk¡ ij vusd foÙkh; mRiknksa
,oa ifjlaifÙk;ksa] tSls&eqnzkvksa] 'ks;j] ckW.M~l] MsfjosfVOl vkSj vU;
foÙkh; foi=kksa ,oa foÙkh; midj.kkas dk Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA
foÙkh; ck”kkj dk çkFkfed dk;Z iwath ds vkfèkD; okys {ks=kksa ls iwath
dh deh okys {ks=kksa dh vksj iwath dk xfr'khyu lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
foÙkh; ç.kkyh ls vk'k; foÙkh; ck”kkj esa mifLFkr foÙkh; laLFkkvksa
ls gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk esa cpr dks c<+kus rFkk mlds dq'kyre ç;ksx
dh vksj xfr'khyrk c<+kus esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSaA
foÙkh; ck”kkj ds nks çeq[k vax gksrs gSa&
1. eqnzk ck”kkj (Money Market)
2. iwath ck”kkj (Capital Market)
eqnzk ck”kkj (Money Market)
^eqnzk ck”kkj* ,d ,slk ck”kkj gksrk gS tgk¡ ij fofHkUu ekSfnzd
,oa foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk vYidky (lkekU;r;k ,d o"kZ dh vofèk)
ds fy;s Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA eqnzk ck”kkj esa Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad
ds }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjyrk ,oa eqnzk dh ek=kk ,oa çokg dks fu;af=kr
fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa eqnzk ck”kkj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk
gS&1. laxfBr@vkSipkfjd eqnzk ck”kkj] 2. vlaxfBr@vukSipkfjd eqnzk
ck”kkjA
Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad Hkkjr dk dsanzh; cSad gS blfy;s eqnzk ck”kkj
dks fofu;fer djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro bldk gh gSA Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad
eqnzk ck”kkj esa rjyrk ,oa eqnzk dh ek=kk dks fu;af=kr djus ds lkFk&lkFk
çeq[k uhfrxr njksa dk Hkh fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA ;g Hkkjr esa cSa¯dx lajpuk
dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gS ,oa cSadksa ds lapkyu ds fy;s fu;e&fofu;e
cukrk gS] egÙoiw.kZ C;kt njksa dk fuèkkZj.k dj eqnzk ds çokg dks ,d
fn'kk nsrk gS ,oa eqnzkLiQhfr ,oa eqnzk voLiQhfr dh leL;k dk lekèkku
djrs gq, vFkZO;oLFkk esa larqyudkjh fLFkfr cuk, j[krk gSA
Hkkjr esa laxfBr eqnzk ck”kkj ds rhoz foLrkj ds ckotwn vkt Hkh
vlaxfBr {ks=k fo|eku gSaA vlaxfBr eqnzk ck”kkj esa ns'kh cSadlZ] egktu]
lkgwdkj] lsB] psV~Vh bR;kfn çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
iwath ck”kkj (Capital Market)
^iwath ck”kkj* ls vk'k; ,sls foÙkh; ck”kkj ls gS tgk¡ foÙkh;
çfrHkwfr;ksa ,oa laifÙk;ksa dk eè;e ,oa nh?kZdky (lkekU;r;k ,d o"kZ
ls vfèkd) ds fy;s Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk gSA iwath ck”kkj iwath ,oa
cpr vkfèkD; okys {ks=kksa ls iwath fudkydj mu {ks=kksa rd iwath igq¡pkrk
216
gS tgk¡ iwath dh ekax ,oa deh gSA bl çdkj iawth ck”kkj vFkZO;oLFkk
esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa cpr esa o`f¼ djus ,oa iwath ds çokg dks mRiknd
{ks=kksa dh vksj funsZf'kr djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iwath
ck”kkj dks nks ck”kkjksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS& 1. çkFkfed iwath ck”kkj] 2.
f}rh;d iwath ck”kkjA
eqæk (Money)
eqnzk vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkèkkj gksrh gS] ftlosQ ”kfj;s oLrq,¡ ,oa
lsok,¡ [kjhnh ,oa csph tkrh gSaA eqnzk dks ml oLrq ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tkrk gS ftls fofue; ds ekè;e ds :i esa lekt }kjk lkekU;
:i ls Lohdkj fd;k tk,] tks ys[kk (Account) dh bdkbZ ds :i
esa dk;Z dj ldrh gS] Ø; 'kfDr dk lap; dj ldrh gS vkSj ftls
Í.k pqdkus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkjafHkd Hkkjrh; lekt
esa eqnzk ds :i esa oLrq fofue; iz.kkyh dk izpyu FkkA blosQ ckn
lksuk] pkanh vkSj rkacs tSlh èkkrqvksa ds flDdksa dk pyu izkjaHk gqvkA
ijarq vkS|ksxhdj.k o uxjhdj.k ds fodkl us eqnzk ds vkèkqfud :iksa
esa djsalh vFkkZr~ dkx”k ds uksVksa dks eqnzk fofue; dk ekè;e cuk;kA
vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh izQk¡fll ,-okWdj ds vuqlkj] ¶eqnzk og gS tks
eqnzk dk dk;Z djsA¸ (“Money is what money does”.)
eqnzk ds dk;Z (Functions of Money)
ewY; dk ekid
eqnzk gh og bdkbZ gS] ftlosQ :i eas lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
ds ewY; dh eki dh tkrh gSA izR;sd oLrq vkSj lsok dk ;gh ewY;
mldh dher dgykrk gSA pw¡fd dher ekSfnzd bdkbZ esa O;Dr dh
tkrh gS] bl dkj.k oLrq dk ewY; Hkh ekSfnzd :iksa esa gh O;Dr fd;k
tkrk gSA
fofue; dk ekè;e
eqnzk fofue; ;k Hkqxrku ds ekè;e dk dk;Z djrh gSA pkgs dksbZ
oLrq [kjhnuh gks ;k lsok izkIr djuh gks] mldk Hkqxrku ge eqnzk ds
ekè;e ls djrs gSaA eqnzk dh lgk;rk ls fdlh oLrq ,oa lsok dk
Ø;&foØ; vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
LFkfxr Hkqxrkuksa dh eki
eqnzk ls Hkfo"; esa gksus okys Hkqxrkuksa dh bdkbZ dk dke Hkh fy;k
tk ldrk gSA vusd voLFkkvksa eas fdUgha dk;ks± vkfn dk Hkqxrku cgqr
ckn esa gksrk gS tSls fd isa'ku] ewyèku vkSj C;kt vkfn dk HkqxrkuA
Quick Book
 15 Hkkjr esa chek vkSj iwath ckT+kkj
(Insurance and Capital Market in India)
Hkkjr esa chek (Insurance in India)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
Hkkjr esa chek dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA bldk mYys[k euq
(euqLe`fr)] ;kKoYD; (èkeZ'kkL=k) rFkk dkSfVY; (vFkZ'kkL=k) dh
jpukvksa esa feyrk gSA bu jpukvksa esa chek dk mYys[k lalkèkuksa ds
laxzg ds :i esa fd;k x;k gS] ftudk iqufoZrj.k ladV ds le;
(tSls&ck<+] lw[kk] egkekjh] vdky] vfXu bR;kfn) esa fd;k tk ldsA
orZeku le; esa Hkh chek dh iwoZihfBdk ;gh gSA
chek dks ,d foÙkh; mRikn ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS
ftls chekèkkjd }kjk mlds fu;a=k.k ds ckgj] fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ds
dkj.k gksus okyh gkfu dh iw.kZ vFkok vkaf'kd HkjikbZ ds fy;s [kjhnk
tkrk gS vFkkZr~ chek tksf[ke izcaèku dk ,d :i gS tks izkFkfed :i
ls fdlh vkdfLed vFkok vfuf'pr gkfu ls laj{kk iznku djrk gSA
chek ,d O;fDr vkSj chek oaQiuh ds chp le>kSrk gksrk gS ftlds
rgr tc rd chekèkkjd O;fDr chek esa mfYyf[kr 'krks± dks iwjk djrk
gS rc rd chek oaQiuh }kjk mls fdlh Hkh nq?kZVuk ls gksus okyh {kfr
ij vkaf'kd ;k iw.kZ HkjikbZ dh lqfoèkk iznku dh tkrh gSA fdlh chek
oaQiuh }kjk fuEu nks izdkj ds chek mRikn miyCèk djk, tkrs gS&a
1. thou chek vkSj 2. lkèkkj.k chekA
z thou chek nq?kZVuk ls e`R;q ;k lkèkkj.k e`R;q rd dk tksf[ke
ogu djrk gS] tcfd lkèkkj.k chek] ftls xSj&thou chek Hkh
dgrs gSa] ifjlaifÙk;ksa (Assets) ls tqM+s tksf[ke dk chek djrk
gSA fiNys oqQN o"kks± ls chek ds u,&u, Lo:iksa dk fodkl gqvk
gS] tSls&LokLF; chek] isa'ku chek] ;wfuV fyaDM chek ;kstuk]
fdlh fo'ks"k lekjksg (Event) ,oa oLrq dk chek bR;kfnA
z fdlh Hkh chek ;kstuk ds varxZr ikWfylhèkkjdksa dks fdLr Lo:i
tks Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gS] mls ^izhfe;e* dgrs gSaA
z Hkkjr esa igyh chek oaQiuh ds :i esa 1818 esa ^vksfj,aVy ykbiQ
ba';ksjsal oaQiuh* us thou chek ls lacafèkr dk;Z djuk izkjaHk fd;kA
bldh LFkkiuk dksydkrk esa ;wjksfi;Ul ds }kjk dh xbZA gkyk¡fd
;g oaQiuh 1834 esa foiQy gks xbZA
z 1870 esa ^ckWEcs E;wpqvy ykbiQ ba';ksjsal lkslk;Vh* uked chek
oaQiuh us igyh Hkkjrh; chek oaQiuh ds :i esa dk;Z djuk
izkjaHk fd;kA
z 1912 esa bafM;u ykbiQ chek oaQiuht ,DV] thou chek O;kikj
dks O;ofLFkr djus okyk igyk dkuwu cukA
248
z 1928 esa Hkkjrh; chek oaQiuh vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;kA blds
}kjk Hkkjr ljdkj ns'k esas dk;Zjr thou chek ,oa xSj&thou chek
oaQifu;ksa ls tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrh FkhA
z 1938 esa chek vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k] ftlds }kjk turk ds
vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk gsrq igys ls ekStwn dkuwuksa dk ,dhdj.k ,oa
vko';d la'kksèku fd;k x;kA
z Hkkjr esa thou chek oaQifu;ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 19 tuojh] 1956
dks gqvkA jk"Vªh;dj.k ds le; Hkkjr esa djhc 154 thou chek
oaQifu;k¡] 16 fons'kh chek oaQifu;k¡ vkSj 75 izksfoMsaM lkslk;Vh”k
(oqQy feykdj 245 Hkkjrh; vkSj fons'kh oaQifu;k¡) dk;Zjr FkhaA
Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl izkfèkdj.k
(Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority of India–IRDAI)
eYgks=kk lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; chek {ks=k ds
fofu;eu ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl
izkfèkdj.k] vfèkfu;e 1999 ds rgr o"kZ 2000 esa chek fofu;ked
vkSj fodkl izkfèkdj.k (bjMk) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;g ,d Lok;Ùk
fudk; gSA blosQ fy;s 1 vè;{k] 5 iw.kZdkfyd lnL; rFkk 4 va'kdkfyd
lnL;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] ftudh fu;qfDr Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk dh
tkrh gSA ;g izkfèkdj.k vius eq[;ky; gSnjkckn (rsyaxkuk) ls dke
djrk gSA bjMk dk y{; ikWfylhèkkjdksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk djuk rFkk
muds izfr mfpr O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djuk] chek m|ksx ls lac¼
fofu;eu] izorZu rFkk Øfed o`f¼ dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA blds lkFk
gh bjMk ches ds lkFk lacaèk j[kus okys foÙkh; ck”kkjksa esa fu"i{krk]
ikjnf'kZrk vkSj lqO;ofLFkr dk;Zlapkyu dks c<+kok nsrk gS rFkk ck”kkj
dh chek oaQifu;ksa esa foÙkh; lqn`<+rk ds mPp ekud ykxw djus ds fy;s
,d fo'oluh; izcaèk lwpuk iz.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
bjMk okLrfod nkoksa dk Rofjr fuiVku lqfuf'pr djus] chek lacèa kh
èkks[kkèkfM+;ksa vkSj vU; vuqfpr O;ogkjksa dh jksdFkke djus rFkk izHkkoh
f'kdk;r fuokj.k ra=k dh O;oLFkk djus ls lacfa èkr dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; chek fofu;ked vkSj fodkl izkfèkdj.k ds dk;Z ,oa
dÙkZO; (Functions and Duties of Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority of India)
vkbZvkjMh, vfèkfu;e] 1999 dh èkkjk 14 esa vkbZvkjMh, ds
dÙkZO;ksa] 'kfDr;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEu gSa &
Quick Book
 16 jktdks"kh; uhfr ,oa dj lajpuk
(Fiscal Policy and Tax Structure)
jktdks"kh; uhfr (Fiscal Policy)
lkoZtfud vk;] lkoZtfud O;;] lkoZtfud Í.k] djkjksi.k]
ctV ?kkVs] lfClMh vkSj ghukFkZ izcaèku ;k ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk ls
lacafèkr uhfr;k¡ ^jktdks"kh; uhfr* dgykrh gSaA djkjksi.k] lkoZtfud
O;; rFkk lkoZtfud ½.k jktdks"kh; uhfr ds çeq[k ?kVd gksrs gSaA
ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr ds }kjk futh {ks=kksa ds fy;s lalkèkuksa dh
miyCèkrk] lalkèkuksa dk vkoaVu rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl esa lkoZtfud
{ks=k dh Hkwfedk bR;kfn dks çHkkfor djrh gSA bl uhfr dk lapkyu
ljdkj foÙk ea=kky; dh lgk;rk ls Lo;a djrh gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr
ds rgr vR;fèkd eqnzkLiQhfr dh fLFkfr esa de&ls&de ?kkVs dk ctV
cukus rFkk de&ls&de ghukFkZ izcaèku dk lgkjk ysus dh uhfr viukbZ
tkrh gS] lkFk&gh&lkFk vko';d oLrqvksa ij ls dj dks de ;k lekIr
dj fn;k tkrk gSA lfClMh dks Hkh c<+k fn;k tkrk gS] rkfd vkèkkjHkwr
oLrqvksa rd vke turk dh igq¡p Hkh gks ldsA
tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa lexz ekax ,oa O;; dh deh ds dkj.k eanh
tSlh fLFkfr gks rc ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr dh lgk;rk ls djksa esa
deh rFkk lkoZtfud O;;ksa esa o`f¼ ds }kjk lexz ekax ,oa O;; dks
c<+kus dk ç;kl djds eanh ls fudyus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA blds
foijhr tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa lexz ekax ,oa O;; dh vfèkdrk ds dkj.k
vfHko`f¼ dh fLFkfr gks rks ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr ds ekè;e ls
lkoZtfud O;;ksa esa deh djds rFkk djkjksi.k esa o`f¼ djds
vFkZO;oLFkk dks larqfyr djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
jktdks"kh; uhfr ds ?kVd
ljdkj dj lajpuk fofHkUu çdkj
dk ctV ds ?kkVs
ctV (Budget)
ctV i¼fr lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk dk vuqeku yxkus vkSj fiQj
mUgsa ,d iwoZ fuf'pr çkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj fdlh laxBu ds fofHkUu
dk;Zdykiksa ds fy;s vkoafVr djus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 112 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr çR;sd foÙkh;
o"kZ ds lacaèk esa laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds le{k Hkkjr ljdkj dh ml o"kZ
ds fy;s çkDdfyr çkfIr;ksa vkSj O;;ksa dk fooj.k j[kok,xk ftls bl
Hkkx esa ^okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k* dgk x;k gSA bl ^okf"kZd foÙkh;
Quick Book
fooj.k* dks gh ^vke ctV* dgk tkrk gSA blh çdkj lafoèkku ds
vuqPNsn 202 ds vuqlkj] çR;sd jkT; ljdkj jkT; dk ^okf"kZd foÙkh;
fooj.k* rS;kj djrh gS] ftls jkT; ljdkj dk ctV dgk tkrk gSA
zzljdkj dh ctVh; uhfr jktdks"kh; uhfr dk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrh
gSA ljdkj dh ctVh; uhfr esa ljdkj ds lHkh dk;ZØeksa ,oa
uhfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA blds jktLo i{k esa dj çkfIr;ksa
,oa djsrj vU; çkfIr;ksa ds :i esa ljdkj dh vuqekfur çkfIr;ksa
dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS rFkk blds O;; i{k esa miHkksx O;;] fuos'k
O;; rFkk gLrkarj.k Hkqxrkuksa ds :i esa ljdkj ds vuqekfur O;;
dks çdV fd;k tkrk gSA
zz1920–21 ds nkSjku fczfV'k jsyos vFkZ'kkL=kh fofy;e ,doFkZ
dh vè;{krk esa 10 lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA blh
,doFkZ lfefr (Acworth Committee) dh fliQkfj'kksa dks vkèkkj
cukdj 1924 esa jsy ctV dks vke ctV ls vyx fd;k x;kA
blds ihNs rdZ fn;k x;k fd jsyos ,d m|e gS] tks ykHk dekus
ds mís'; ls dk;Z dj ldrh gSA
ctV 2017–18 dh egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g jgh fd jsy ctV dks
vke ctV esa lekfgr djds is'k fd;k x;kA mYys[kuh; gS fd
2017–18 ds ctV ds igys rd jsy ctV dks ,d vyx ctV
ds :i esa is'k fd;k tkrk FkkA foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 ls ctV izLrqr
djus dh frfFk esa Hkh cnyko djds 1 iQjojh dj fn;k x;k] blls
iwoZ 28 iQjojh ;k 29 iQjojh dks ctV izLrqr fd;k tkrk FkkA
zzHkkjr esa igyk ctV 18 iQjojh] 1860 dks tsEl foYlu }kjk
ykWMZ dSfuax ds 'kkludky esa izLrqr fd;k x;k] tcfd Lora=k
Hkkjr dk igyk ctV 26 uoacj] 1947 dks rRdkyhu foÙk ea=kh
vkj- ds- "k.keq[ke psV~Vh }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;kA
zzdsanzh; ctV esa rhu yxkrkj o"kks± dh izkfIr;ksa vkSj O;; dk fooj.k
gksrk gS] tks fuEu izdkj ls O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa&
‹‹vkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy;s ctV vuqeku
‹‹pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy;s la'kksfèkr vuqeku
‹‹fiNys foÙkh; o"kZ dh okLrfod izkfIr;k¡ rFkk O;;
ctV ,d foÙkh; o"kZ dh vofèk ds nkSjku ljdkj dh çkfIr;ksa ,oa
vk; rFkk ljdkj ds O;; ds vuqekuksa dk fooj.k gksrk gSA ctV
vFkZO;oLFkk dh lao`f¼ rFkk fLFkjrk ij è;ku dasfnzr djrs gq, ljdkj
dh jktdks"kh; uhfr dks çdV djrk gSA
265
 17 oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh)% D;ksa] D;k vkSj dSls\
[Goods and Services Tax (GST): Why, What and How?]
oLrq ,oa lsok dj (th,lVh)
(Goods and Services Tax–GST)
,d ,sfrgkfld dj cnyko osQ :i esa oLrq ,oa lsok dj (GST)
1 tqykbZ] 2017 ls ykxw gqvkA oLrq ,oa lsok dj dks Hkkjrh; djkèkku
bfrgkl esa lcls Økafrdkjh dj lqèkkj ekuk tk jgk gSA osaQæ o jkT;
nksuksa Lrjh; vfèkHkkjksa dks lesVrs gq, th,lVh osaQæ ,oa jkT; nksuksa
ljdkjksa }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tk jgk gSA th,lVh lgdkjh la?kokn dks
lqn`<+ cukrs gq, ns'k esa vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k dks lqfuf'pr dj jgk gSA
Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ fd;k x;k lcls cM+k dj cnyko th,lVh&^,d
ns'k&,d dj&,d ck”kkj* osQ y{; dks iwjk djus ds fy;s ladfYir gSA
th,lVh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ miHkksx ij yxk;k x;k xarO;
vkèkkfjr dj gSA bls fiNys pj.kksa esa {kfriwfrZ (lsVvkWiQ) gsrq miyCèk
dj osQ Hkqxrku osQ ØsfMV izkIr djus osQ fy;s oLrq ds mRiknu ls
ysdj vafre miHkksx rd osQ lHkh pj.kksa ij yxk;k x;k gSA blesa
osQoy ewY; lao¼Zu (Value Addition) ij gh dj yxkdj mldk
cks> vafre miHkksDrk }kjk ogu fd;k tkrk gSA
101osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016 ds }kjk vuqPNsn 366
esa ,d u;k [kaM (12A) tksM+k x;k] ftlds vuqlkj ^oLrq ,oa lsok
dj* dk vFkZ gS& ekuo miHkksx ds fy;s eknd is; inkFkks± dh vkiwfrZ
ij yxus okys dj dks NksM+dj oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksa ;k nksuksa dh vkiwfrZ
ij yxus okyk djA th,lVh ,d vkèkqfud dj O;oLFkk gS tks igys
ls vfèkd ljy ,oa ikjn'khZ vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksdus esa ennxkj Hkh
gSA th,lVh ls ljdkj] m|ksx vkSj miHkksDrk lHkh fgrèkkjd ykHkkfUor
gks jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa th,lVh osQ ykxww gksus ls miHkksDrkvksa dks nksgjs
djkèkku (dj ij dj&Cascading) ls eqfDr feyh gS ftlls gksus
okys ykHkksa osQ dkj.k oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh dherksa esa deh dh
vis{kk dh tk jgh gSA
iwjs ns'k esa ,d:i ,dy vizR;{k dj] buiqV VSDl ØsfMV osQ
v[kaM izokg] varjkZT;h; lhekvksa ij vojksèkksa ls lacafèkr dj lekIr
gksus] izpkyu dh de ykxr] 'kq: ls ysdj var rd vkbZ Vh l{ke
iz.kkyh vkSj dj izkfèkdj.kksa osQ lkFk U;wure laokn osQ dkj.k O;kikj
vkSj m|ksx txr dks ykHk gks jgk gS] osaQæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks dj
jktLo dh vfèkd izkfIr gks jgh gS vkSj dj laxzg.k dh ykxr Hkh
U;wure gks tk,xhA blosQ iQyLo:i fu;kZr vfèkd izfrLi/kZRed gks
tk,axs] D;ksafd oLrq,¡ vkSj lsok,¡ iqu% fcuk fdlh vfrfjDr fufgr dj
osQ fu;kZr dh tk loasQxhA th,lVh ykxw gksus ds dkj.k O;kikj lqxerk
c<+us ls ^esd bu bafM;k* vfHk;ku dks cgqr cM+k izksRlkgu feyk gSA
286
blosQ lkFk gh lLrs vk;krksa ls laj{k.k izkIr gksxk] D;ksafd lHkh izdkj
osQ vk;krksa ij vkèkkjHkwr lhek 'kqYd (dj) osQ vfrfjDr ,dhÑr
th,lVh Hkh yxk;k x;k gSA ;s lHkh ykHk eè;e ,oa nh?kZdky esa Hkkjr
dh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ esa egÙoiw.kZ :i ls lgk;d gksaxsA
dj ,d % ykHk vusd
u, Hkkjr izfrLièkkZ
osQ fy;s ubZ oLrqvksa o c<+us ls
vFkZO;oLFkk lsokvksa dk miHkksDrkvksa
dk l`tu eqDr vkokxeu dks ykHk
oLrqvksa o lsokvksa jk"Vªh;rk o
osQ vkiwfrZdÙkkZvksa ,drk dh Hkkouk
osQ fy;s jk"VªO;kih esa e”kcwrh
leku volj
th,lVh dk Lo:i (Nature of GST)
Hkkjr ,d la?kh; ^jkT;* gS] tgk¡ osaQæ vkSj jkT;ksa dks mi;qDr
dkuwu osQ ekè;e ls djkjksi.k vkSj djksa dks ,d=k djus dh 'kfDr;k¡
iznku dh xbZ gSaA ;g dj dasnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ }kjk ,d lkFk] lkekU;
dj vkèkkj ij vkjksfir nksgjk dj gSA dj dk iz'kklu osaQæ vkSj jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk fd;k x;k gSA ,d jkT; osQ Hkhrj gksus okys ysu&nsu ij
osaQæ ljdkj }kjk yxk, x, dj dks osaQæh; th,lVh (lhth,lVh)
dgk tkrk gS ,oa lhth,lVh osaQæ ljdkj osQ [kkrs esa tek fd;k tkrk
gSA jkT;ksa }kjk yxk, djksa dks jkT; th,lVh (,lth,lVh) dgk x;k
gS vkSj ,lth,lVh lacafèkr jkT; ljdkj osQ [kkrs esa tek fd;k tkrk
gSA blh izdkj osaQæ }kjk izR;sd varj&jkT; oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh
vkiwfrZ ij ,dhÑr th,lVh (vkbZth,lVh) yxkus vkSj iz'kkflr djus
dh O;oLFkk gSA
Hkqxrku dh izfØ;k (Process of Payment)
djnkrkvksa dks buiqV VSDl ØsfMV@vknkuksa ij Hkqxrkuksa dk ØsfMV
(Input Tax Credit) ysus vkSj mldk mi;ksx vkmViqV dj ns;rkvksa
(Output Tax Liabilities) osQ Hkqxrku djus osQ fy;s vuqefr nh xbZ
gSA vkxe ij Hkqxrku fd;s x, lhth,lVh osQ ØsfMV dk mi;ksx osQoy
fuxZr ij lhth,lVh dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
vkxe ij Hkqxrku fd;s x, ,lth,lVh@;wVhth,lVh osQ fy;s ØsfMV
dk mi;ksx osQoy ,lth,lVh@;wVhth,lVh dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy;s
Quick Book
 18
fuos'k ekWMy (Investment Model)
fuos'k vkfFkZd lao`f¼ nj dks izHkkfor djus okyk egÙoiw.kZ dkjd
gSA fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k dh miyCèkrk ;k vuqiyCèkrk
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA fuos'k ekWMy dk
lacaèk eq[; :i ls fuos'k fu.kZ;ksa ls gksrk gSA fuos'k ekWMy fuos'k dk
,d vkn'kZ <k¡pk gksrk gS] tks fuos'k osQ fofHkUu mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa
lalkèkuksa dk b"Vre nksgu lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
fuos'k ,d izfØ;k gS ftlosQ varxZr mRiknu ,oa foÙkh; ykHk osQ
fy;s ifjlaifÙk;ksa (Assets) esa èku yxk;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fuos'k ,d
mRiknd [kpZ gksrk gS tks mRiknu vFkok mRiknu tfur vk; dks c<+kus
osQ fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA fuos'k ekWMy dks eq[;r;k nks Lrjksa ij le>k
tk ldrk gSA
1. O;f"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy% O;f"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy
fdlh mRiknu bdkbZ ,oa O;kikfjd bdkbZ esa yxus okyh iwath
dh ml ek=kk dks O;Dr djrk gS tks fn;s gq, ekax osQ Lrj rFkk
ykxr osQ lanHkZ esa vfèkdre izfriQy ;k ,d fuf'pr izfriQy
;k iwoZ fuèkkZfjr mís';ksa dks izkIr dj losQA lkekU;r;k O;f"V
Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy ,d iksVZiQksfy;ks fuèkkZj.k ekWMy gSA
2. lef"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy% lef"V Lrj ij fuos'k ekWMy
eq[;r;k leLr vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k fu.kZ; ls lacafèkr gksrk gSA
lef"V Lrj ij fuos'k fu.kZ; osQ lacaèk esa lcls izeq[k leL;k ;g
tkuus dh gksrh gS fd ,d yf{kr vkfFkZd o`f¼ nj dks izkIr djus
osQ fy;s fuos'k dh D;k ek=kk gks\ tc ge fu;ksftr fodkl izR;kxe
osQ varxZr fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ lacèa k esa rFkk iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lacèa k
esa fuf'pr vkfFkZd o`f¼ nj dks izkIr djus osQ fy;s fuos'k dk
vkdkj fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa rks fuos'k ekWMy dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa
fuos'k dh ek=kk dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys dkjd
(Factors that determine the amount of Investment)
fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d le;kofèk esa fdrus fuos'k dh
vko';drk gksxh ;k fuos'k dk D;k vkdkj gksxk] ;g fuEukafdr dkjdksa
ij fuHkZj djrk gS&
z vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj
z vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh yf{kr nj
z oèkZeku iwath mRikn vuqikr
z cpr dh lhekar izo`fÙk
z tula[;k o`f¼ nj
z rduhd
Quick Book
fuos'k ekWMy
(Investment Model)
;fn vkfFkZd larqyu dh ijokg fd;s fcuk visf{kr ek=kk ls
vfèkd ek=kk esa fuos'k dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS rks ;g fLFkfr vfr
mRiknu dh voLFkk esa ys tkrh gSA blds foijhr ;fn visf{kr ek=kk
ls de ek=kk esa fuos'k fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g fLFkfr vYi mRiknu dh
vksj ys tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa nksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
vkfFkZd larqyu esa leL;k mRiUu dj ldrh gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr vkSj fuos'k ekWMy
(Nature of Economy and Investment Model)
fuos'k ekWMy dk Lo:i vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr ls Hkh fuèkkZfjr
gksrk gSA fo'o esa eq[;r;k rhu izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaµ
lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk (Socialist Economy)
lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k iwjs
leqnk; dk ;k ljdkj dk gksrk gSA lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkoZtfud
fuos'k ij fuHkZjrk vfèkd gksrh gSA lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu
osQ lkèkuksa ij ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk gS ,oa futh fuos'k dh
laHkkouk,¡ Hkh lhfer gksrh gSaA vkfFkZd okrkoj.k osQ izfrLièkkZRed gksus
dh laHkkouk,¡ lhfer gksrh gSa blfy;s vFkZO;oLFkk fu;af=kr gksrh gSA
lkekU;r;k lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr ,d can vFkZO;oLFkk
(Closed Economy) osQ leku gksrh gS] blfy;s ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
esa fuos'k gsrq lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk lhfer gksrh gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
fuos'k osQ fy;s ?kjsyw cpr ij fuHkZjrk c<+ tkrh gSA bl izdkj lhfer
lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk vk£Fkd lao`f¼ ij Hkh foijhr izHkko Mkyrh
gS ,oa ?kjsyw cpr dh laHkkouk,¡ lhfer gks tkrh gSaA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
miyCèk lalkèkuksa ij vR;fèkd ncko iM+rk gS ,oa ,slh fLFkfr esa fuEu
cpr fuEu fuos'k dh vksj ys tkrh gSA
iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk (Capitalist Economy)
iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k futh
{ks=kksa dk gksrk gSA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk dk Lo:i iawthoknh gS rks ,slh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa mnkj ,oa izfrLièkkZRed vkfFkZd okrkoj.k dh ekStwnxh
futh {ks=k dh Hkwfedk dks dgha vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ cuk nsrh gSA ,slh
vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh fuos'k ij fuHkZjrk dgha vfèkd gksrh gSA iwathoknh
vFkZO;oLFkk dh izÑfr ,d [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk ds leku gksrh gS]
blfy;s ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuos'k gsrq ?kjsyw cpr ij iw.kZr;k fuHkZj
jgus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS D;ksafd iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh
fons'kh fuos'k vkSj cká foÙkh; ck”kkj rd igq¡p dgha csgrj gksrh gSA
303
 19 Hkkjr dk oSnsf'kd {ks=
(External Sector of India)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 esa Hkh Hkkjr dk oSnsf'kd {ks=k dkiQh ykspnkj
vkSj l'kDr cuk jgkA foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 dh çFke Nekgh esa Hkkjr
ds pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk 22.2 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj (thMhih dk
1.8 çfr'kr) jgk tks foÙkh; o"kZ 2016–17 dh çFke Nekgh esa 3.8
fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj (thMhih dk 0.4 çfr'kr) FkkA vçSy&fnlacj
2017 esa okf.kT; oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr esa 12.1 çfr'kr ,oa fuoy lsok
çkfIr;ksa esa 14.6 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA
IMF ds vuqlkj] oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk dh lao`f¼ nj o"kZ 2016
esa 3.2 çfr'kr ls c<+dj o"kZ 2017 esa 3.6 çfr'kr gks xbZ vkSj ;g
vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd o"kZ 2018 esa ;g c<+dj 3.7 çfr'kr gks
tk,xhA fo'o O;kikj dk ifjek.k o"kZ 2016 esa 2.4 çfr'kr ls c<+dj
o"kZ 2017 esa 4.2 çfr'kr gks x;kA vkfFkZd losZ{k.k 2017–18 ds
vuqlkj o"kZ 2018 esa fo'o O;kikj dk ifjek.k 4 çfr'kr vuqekfur gSA
o"kZ 2017–18 dh çFke Nekgh esa oLrqvksa ds vk;kr esa 22.1
çfr'kr vkSj fu;kZr esa 11.3 çfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZA bl nkSjku ,iQMhvkbZ
ds varokZg esa fxjkoV ds gksrs gq, Hkh] Hkkjr esa iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k esa
Rofjr mRFkku ds dkj.k fuoy fons'kh fuos'k esa 17.4 çfr'kr dh o`f¼
n”kZ dh xbZ gSA foÙkh; o"kZ 2016–17 dh çFke Nekgh esa fons'kh
iksVZiQksfy;ks fuos'k (FPI) 8.2 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj Fkk tks fd
foÙkh; o"kZ 2017–18 dh çFke Nekgh esa 78.0 çfr'kr o`f¼ ds lkFk
14.5 fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj gks x;kA
Hkkjr ds O;kikj Hkkxhnkjksa esa 'kh"kZ ik¡p ns'kksa] ftuds lkFk Hkkjr
dk f}i{kh; O;kikj 'ks"k ½.kkRed gS] os gSa& phu] fLoV~”kjySaM] lÅnh
vjc] bjkd vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k_ tcfd 'kh"kZ ik¡p ns'kksa] ftuds lkFk
Hkkjr dk O;kikj vfèk'ks"k 'ks"k gS] os gSa& ;w,l,] ;w,bZ] ckaXykns'k] vkSj
usiky vkSj ;w-ds-A Hkkjr ds dqy O;kikj ?kkVk esa izeq[k ;ksxnkudÙkkZ
phu ds lkFk bldk O;kikj ?kkVk gS] ftldk fgLlk 2011–12 esa 20.3
izfr'kr ls c<+dj 2016–17 esa 47.3 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA
phu ls Hkkjr vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa esa VsyhiQksu] eksckby]
vkWVksefs Vd MkVk izkl
s s¯lx e'khu] bysDVªkfW ud fMokbls]a jklk;fud moZjd
vkfn 'kkfey gSaA Hkkjr ls phu dks fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa esa
eq[;r% lwrh èkkxk] rkack] ihvks,y oLrq,¡] xzsukbV] ,Y;qehfu;e v;Ld]
rsy] dikl] ikWyhej vkSj ykSg v;Ld vkfn gSaA fLoV~”kjySaM ds ekeys
esa O;kikj ?kkVs dk eq[; dkj.k lksus dk vk;kr gSA fiNys nks o"kks± ds
nkSjku ?kkVs esa fxjkoV vkbZ gS] blds vfrfjDr blds ,d Hkkx dks
fu;kZr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lÅnh vjc vkSj bjkd ds ekeys esa
312
?kkVs dk dkj.k dPps rsy dk vk;kr djuk gS tcfd nf{k.k dksfj;k
ds ekeys esa bldk dkj.k fo|qr midj.kksa&e'khuksa rFkk ykSg&bLikr
dk vk;kr gSA
fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj] 2017 esa Hkkjr lhek ikj çsf"kr èku çkIr
djus okyk 'kh"kZ ns'k cuk jgk ,oa blds ckn çsf"kr èku çkIr djus
okys ns'kksa esa phu] fiQyhihal vkSj esfDldks tSls ns'kksa ds uke gSaA
Hkqxrku larqyu [kkrk (Balance of Payment Account)
z ^Hkqxrku larqyu* dk vFkZ gS&,d ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa dk fo'o ds
vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku fd;k x;k vk£Fkd ysu&nsu]
ftlesa oLrqvksa] lsokvksa rFkk vk; dk ysu&nsu 'kkfey gksrk gSA
;g ekSfnzd ysu&nsu oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr (n`'; ensa)]
lsokvksa ds fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr (vn`'; ensa)] foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa
tSls&LVkWDl] ckW.M~l ds varjkZ"Vªh; Ø;&foØ;] okLrfod
ifjlaifÙk;ksa] tSls&IykaV ,oa e'khujh ds varjkZ"Vªh; Ø;&foØ; ds
dkj.k mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA ;g ysu&nsu ftl [kkrs esa ntZ fd;k
tkrk gS mls gh ^Hkqxrku larqyu [kkrk* dgrs gSaA fdaMycxZj ds
'kCnksa esa] ¶,d ns'k dk Hkqxrku larqyu ml ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa rFkk
fons'kh ns'kksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds chp esa fd;s x, lHkh vk£Fkd lkSnksa
dk Øec¼ ys[kk gSA¸ blds nks i{k gksrs gaS& 1. ØsfMV lkbM]
2. MsfcV lkbMA
z ØsfMV lkbM esa mu enksa dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS] ftlls fons'kh eqnzk
vkrh gS] tcfd MsfcV lkbM esa mu enksa dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS]
ftlls fons'kh eqnzk ckgj tkrh gSA
z Hkqxrku larqyu [kkrk esa fn[kkbZ tkus okyh enksa dks nks Hkkxksa
esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&
1. n`'; ensa (Visible Items)
blds rgr HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dks Hkqxrku larqyu
[kkrs esa oLrq [kkrk (Goods A/c) ds rgr fn[kk;k tkrk gSA lkekU;
rkSj ij fdlh ns'k ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dk vFkZ oLrq [kkrs ls yxk;k
tkrk gS vFkkZr~ fdlh ns'k ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dk vFkZ n`'; enksa ds
vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr ls gksrk gS vkSj bu n`'; enksa ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dk
varj ^O;kikj larqyu* (Balance of Trade) dgykrk gSA
2. vn`'; ensa (lsok,¡) (Invisible Items)
vn`'; enksa esa lsok,¡ vkrh gSa vkSj blds vk;kr&fu;kZr dks lsok
[kkrk (Service A/c) ds rgr fn[kk;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ lsokvksa ds
vk;kr&fu;kZr dk vFkZ gS] vn`'; enksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZrA
Quick Book
 20
varjkZ"Vªh; vk£Fkd laxBu] lewg ,oa le>kSrs
(International Economic Organizations,
Groups and Agreements)
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k
(International Monetary Fund–IMF)
z ^varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k* dh dYiuk igyh ckj o"kZ 1944 esa la;qDr
jk"Vª la?k }kjk vk;ksftr czsVu oqM~l lEesyu esa dh xbZ FkhA bl
lEesyu dk vk;kstu la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds U;w gSai'kk;j uked
'kgj ds czsVu oqM~l uked LFkku ij fd;k x;k FkkA
z czsVu oqM~l lEesyu esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds lkFk gh varjkZ"Vªh;
iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad (IBRD) ds xBu dh Hkh dYiuk dh
xbZ FkhA varjkZ"Vªh; iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad] fo'o cSad lewg
dh egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl cSad
(fo'o cSad) dks çk;% la;qDr :i ls czsVu oqM~l ds tqM+ok¡
(Bretton Woods Twins) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
z czsVu oqM~l lEesyu ds fu.kZ;kuqlkj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh
vkSipkfjd LFkkiuk 27 fnlacj] 1945 dks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
ds okf'kaxVu 'kgj esa gqbZ Fkh] ysfdu blus okLrfod :i ls
1 ekpZ] 1947 ls dk;Z djuk çkjaHk fd;kA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds orZeku esa 189 lnL; gSaA ukS: x.kjkT;
(Republic of Nauru) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk lnL; cuus okyk
vkf[kjh (189ok¡) ns'k gSA
z fØfLVu ysxkMZ (Christine Lagarde) orZeku esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk
dks"k dh çcaèk funs'kd gSaA blds çFke çcaèk funs'kd dSfey xV~V
(Camille Gutt) FksA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh f”kEesnkfj;k¡
(Responsibilities of IMF)
z varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk_
z lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ds vk£Fkd fodkl ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj
ds larqfyr fodkl dks lqfoèkktud cukuk_
z lnL; ns'kksa dh eqnzk fofue; nj dh fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsuk_
z lnL; ns'kksa dks Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k ds le; vk£Fkd
lgk;rk çnku djuk_
z cgqi{kh; Hkqxrkuksa (Multilateral Payments) dh O;oLFkk LFkkfir
djds fofue; çfrcaèkksa dks lekIr djuk vFkok de djuk_
z èku 'kksèku (Money Laundering) rFkk vkradokn ds foÙkh;u dks
jksdus gsrq lnL; ns'kksa rFkk vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dks lg;ksx
çnku djuk_
z fo'o esa xjhch dks de djus ds fy;s ç;kl djukA
324
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh ç'kklfud lajpuk
(Administrative Structure of IMF)
z xouZj eaMy (Board of Governors) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dh
loksZPp fu.kkZ;d laLFkk gS] ftlesa blds lHkh 189 lnL;ksa dk
çfrfufèkRo gksrk gSA dks"k ds xouZj eaMy esa çR;sd lnL; ns'k
}kjk xouZj fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] tks ml lnL; ns'k dk foÙk
ea=kh vFkok mlds dsanzh; cSad dk xouZj gksrk gSA blds lkFk gh
çR;sd ns'k }kjk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy esa ,d oSdfYid xouZj
Hkh fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] tks xouZj dh vuqifLFkfr esa xouZj
eaMy dh cSBdksa esa vius ns'k dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad lewg ds xouZj eaMy vius
lacafèkr laLFkkuksa ds dke ij ppkZ djus gsrq lkekU;r% o"kZ esa ,d
ckj feyrs gSaA ogha] varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy dks lykg
çnku djus gsrq xfBr 24 lnL;h; varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd ,oa foÙkh;
lfefr (IMFC) dh cSBdksa dk vk;kstu o"kZ esa nks ckj fd;k tkrk
gSA igyh cSBd ^clar cSBd* (Spring Meeting) ds uke ls tkuh
tkrh gS] tks çk;% vçSy eghus esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gS] tcfd nwljh
cSBd ^ok£"kd cSBd* (Annual Meeting) ds uke ls tkuh tkrh
gS] tks çk;% çfr o"kZ flracj&vDrwcj ekg esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy us viuh vfèkdka'k 'kfDr;ksa
dks dk;Zdkjh eaMy (Executive Board) ds i{k esa çR;k;ksftr
(Delegate) dj fn;k gS] ysfdu lnL; ns'kksa dk dksVk c<+kus]
fo'ks"k vkgj.k vfèkdkj (SDR) vkoaVu] u, lnL;ksa dk ços'k]
lnL;ksa dh vfuok;Z okilh rFkk le>kSrs ds vuqPNsnksa (Articles
of Agreement) ,oa mifofèk (By-laws) esa la'kksèku djus ds
vfèkdkj vHkh Hkh xouZj eaMy ds ikl gSaA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk dk;Zdkjh eaMy blds fnu&çfrfnu ds
dk;Zdykiksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA dk;Zdkjh eaMy eas dqy 24
dk;Zdkjh funs'kd gksrs gSa] ftudk p;u xouZj eaMy }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA dk;Zdkjh eaMy esa lHkh 189 ns'kksa dk çfrfufèkRo gksrk
gSA blds fy;s lnL; ns'kksa dks 24 lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk çR;sd lewg ls dk;Zdkjh funs'kd fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS]
tks ml lewg dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
z varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k ds xouZj eaMy dks nks eaf=keaMyh; lfefr;ksa
dh lykg çkIr gksrh gS&
‹ varjkZ"Vªh; ekSfnzd ,oa foÙkh; lfefr (International Monetary
and Financial Committee–IMFC)
‹ fodkl lfefr (Development Committee)
Quick Book
 21 tulkaf[;dh; fl¼kar vkSj tux.kuk
(Demographic Theory and Census)
lkekU; ifjp; (General Introduction)
vFkZO;oLFkk esa tula[;k dks Je cy ds lalkèku ds :i esa
ns[kk tkrk gSA tula[;k dk vkdkj ftruk cM+k gksxk Je cy dh
miyCèkrk mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vk£Fkd fodkl
ds fy;s Je cy dks vU; lalkèkuksa dh mifLFkfr esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ
?kVd ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA tula[;k fdlh {ks=k&fo'ks"k ls tqM+h
,d ifjdYiuk gS] ftlesa lekt ds izR;sd igyqvksa dk vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx (xk¡o] 'kgj] f”kyk] jkT;] ns'k
;k egk}hi) esa fuokl djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k gh ^tula[;k*
dgykrh gSA
uksV%
zz Hkkjr fo'o esa nwljk lcls vfèkd tula[;k okyk ns'k gS] ;gk¡
fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dk 17.5% Hkkx fuokflr gSA
zz 11 tqykbZ] 1987 dks fo'o dh tula[;k 5 vjc ds fcanq dks
ikj dj xbZA bls ns[krs gq, la;qDr jk"Vª us tula[;k o`f¼ dks
ysdj nqfu;kHkj esa tkx:drk iSQykus ds fy;s tula[;k fnol
eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA vr% çR;sd o"kZ 11 tqykbZ ds fnu dks
fo'o tula[;k fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
tula[;k ls lacafèkr fl¼kar
(Theories Related to Population)
tula[;k ls lacafèkr dqN egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kar fuEufyf[kr gSa&
ekYFkl dk tula[;k fl¼kar
(Malthusian Theory of Population)
zzfczVsu ds vFkZ'kkL=kh FkkWel ekYFkl us 1798 esa viuh ,d iqLrd
^,u ,ls vkWu n fizafliy vkWiQ ikWiqys'ku* ds ekè;e ls ^tula[;k
dk fl¼kar* izLrqr fd;kA ekWYFkl dk fl¼kar fdlh ns'k dh
[kk|kUu o`f¼ nj ,oa tula[;k o``f¼ nj ds chp lacaèk LFkkfir
djrk gSA ekYFkl ds vuqlkj fdlh ns'k dh tula[;k o`f¼ nj
T;kferh; nj ;k xq.kksÙkj Js.kh (Geometric Progression) vFkkZr~
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 vkfn ls c<+rh gS] tcfd [kk|kUu o`f¼ nj
vadxf.krh; nj ;k lekukarj Js.kh (Arithmetic Progression)
vFkkZr~ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vkfn ls c<+rh gSA ifj.kker% ,d fuf'pr
le; ds ckn tula[;k vR;fèkd gks tkrh gS vkSj mldh vis{kk
[kk|kUu de gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ tukfèkD; dh leL;k iSnk gksrh gSA
344
zzekYFkl ds vuqlkj tukfèkD; dh leL;k ds lekèkku ds nks mik;
gaS& igyk] izkÑfrd ;k uSlfxZd mik; vkSj nwljk] Ñf=ke mik;A
zzekYFkl us ck<+] lw[kk] egkekjh] HkwoaQi] ;q¼ dks tula[;k fu;a=k.k
dk izkÑfrd mik; dgk gS] ftUgsa izÑfr viukrh gS_ tcfd Ñf=ke
mik; ds rgr nsj ls fookg djuk] czãp;Z dk ikyu djuk vkfn
'kkfey gSa] ftUgsas ekuo viukrk gSA ekYFkl ds vuqlkj tula[;k
fu;a=k.k ds uSlfxZd mik; cgqr vfèkd d"Vnk;h gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn
ekuo bu d"Vksa ls cpuk pkgrk gS rks mls tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds
Ñf=ke mik;ksa dks Lo;a viuk ysuk pkfg;sA
tula[;k o`f¼
8
7
6
5
4 fw rZ
u vki
kU
ek=kk
3 [kk|
2
1
0
1 2 3 4
le; (ok£"kd)
zzmYys[kuh; gS fd ekYFkl dk fl¼kar fo'o ds fdlh Hkh ns'k esa
ykxw gqvk fn[kkbZ ugha iM+ jgk] D;ksafd bldk izeq[k dkj.k Ñf"k
{ks=k ds u, vuqlaèkku ,oa rduhdh izxfr gS] ftlus tula[;k
o`f¼ nj ds Åij [kk|kUu o`f¼ nj dks gkoh cuk, j[kk gS] ijarq
ekYFkl ds fl¼kar dh izklafxdrk ;g gS fd ;g psrkouh nsrk gS
fd tula[;k dk vfr :i esa c<+uk [krjukd gSA
tula[;k dk vuqdwyre fl¼kar
(The Optimum Theory of Population)
bl fl¼kar ds vuqlkj tula[;k o`f¼ ges'kk gkfudkjd ugha gksrh
D;ksafd tula[;k fdlh Hkh ns'k dk ekuoh; lalkèku gSA vr% fdlh
Hkh ns'k ds izkÑfrd ,oa HkkSfrd lalkèkuksa ds vuqlkj ekuoh; lalkèkuksa
dk Hkh ,d vkn'kZ Lrj gksuk pkfg;s] ftls ^vuqdwyre tula[;k*
dgrs gSaA ;fn fdlh ns'k dh tula[;k bl vuqdwyre tula[;k ls
de gS rks ogk¡ ij tula[;k dk c<+uk mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA
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