RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

It is the part of one’s

research paper which
explains how the
research will be done.

It is the manner on
how the research is
“researched”.
 CHAPTER 3
• “RESEARCH METHODOLOGY”
1. Research Approach, Design, and Method (Pamamaraan,
Disenyo at Metodo ng ng Pananaliksik)
2. Research Locale (Lugar ng Pananaliksik)
3. Sampling Design (Pamamaraan ng Pag-pili ng mga
Kalahok)
4. Respondents of the Study (Kalahok sa Pananaliksik)
5. Research Instruments (Mga Instrumento ng Pananaliksik)
6. Data Gathering Procedure (Proseso ng Pagkuha ng Datos)
7. Ethical Considerations of the Research (Konsiderasyong
Etikal ng Pananaliksik)
8. Treatment of the Qualitative/Quantitative Data
(Pamamaraan ng Pagsusuri ng mga Datos)
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3
1. RESEARCH APPROACH,
DESIGN, AND METHOD
• Explains what is the plan for the research project in
terms of:
• APPROACH (What kind of data will the researcher
get regarding the study?)
• DESIGN (What design will the researcher use to get
the appropriate data for their study?)
• METHOD (How will researcher gather the
appropriate data for their study?)
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH APPROACH
•It can either be qualitative,
quantitative or a combination
of both approaches
(quantitative-qualitative or
qualitative-quantitative).
 TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN
QUALITATIVE APPROACH
QUANTITATIVE
(Phenomenology, Case APPROACH
Study, Ethnographic,
(Experimental or Non-
Grounded Theory,
Experimental Research
Historical, or Narrative
Designs)
Designs)
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

CASE STUDY HISTORICAL RESEARCH
(in depth description of a (description, analysis and
person, group, examination of past
community, organization events and its implication
or institution) in the present and future)
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

ETHNOGRAPHY GROUNDED THEORY
(description and (research format focused
systematic study of on theory development;
traditions, norms, either through theory
cultures and behaviors of building or
individuals and groups) deconstruction)
 TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

PHENOMENOLOGY
(description of people’s real
experiences as they are lived
as perceived by the person
and how it relates with the
common essence of the other
participants of the study)
NARRATIVE
(aims to explore and
conceptualize human
experience as it is
represented in textual form.)
 TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

Non-Experimental
Quantitative Research Experimental Research
(analyzes data or variables (involve tests under
without researcher’s controlled environment)
intervention)
 RESEARCH METHODS

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Seeks to describe the current status of an
identified variable.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• attempts to determine the extent of a
relationship between two or more variables
using statistical data.
 RESEARCH METHODS
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
• Attempts to establish cause-effect relationships
among the variables without manipulation of the
independent variables and randomly distributed
interventions.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Utilizes the scientific method to establish the cause-
effect relationship among a group of variables that
make up a study.
 RESEARCH METHODS

EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• Seeks to explain why particular phenomena
work in the way that they do.

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• Done during the early stages of a project,
usually when a researcher wants to test the
feasibility of conducting a more extensive study
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

2. RESEARCH LOCALE

•The research locale includes the

description where the study will
be done, or where the
respondents or co-researchers
of the study resides.
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3
3. SAMPLING DESIGN

• This sub-chapter includes how the

researchers choose their
respondents or co-researchers.
• Must include the definition of the
sampling technique with its
appropriate citations
SAMPLING DESIGNS
PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• All such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability to be chosen as a
sample.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
• Relies on arranging the study population according to some ordering scheme and
then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list.

STRATIFIED SAMPLING
• Process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups
before sampling

CLUSTER SAMPLING
• Process wherein researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as
clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample.
 SAMPLING DESIGNS
• POPULATION – HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF
SSC-R CANLUBANG (G7 – G12)
GRADE POPULATION % SAMPLE

G7 25 0.10 7

G8 30 0.12 9

G9 28 0.11 7

G10 30 0.12 9

G11 60 0.24 17

G12 75 0.30 21

TOTAL 248 1.00 70

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
• Non-probability sampling technique in which you choose your respondents
who will serve the purpose of your research

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
• Nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that
part of the population which is close to hand

SNOWBALL SAMPLING
• Involves finding a small group of initial respondents and using them to recruit
more respondents

VOLUNTARY SAMPLING
• Nonprobability sampling which uses the interests of potential participants as
basis for sampling
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

• This sub-chapter includes the

demographic qualifications of your
respondents or co-researchers.
• This section will also include an
explanation regarding the
“appropriateness” of the target
respondents of the study.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

•This sub-chapter includes the

description and definition of the
research instruments that the
researchers will utilize in their
study.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3

6. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

• This sub-chapter includes the step-by-step

process on how the researchers gather
relevant data that is needed by the study.
• This section is heavily anchored in the
research approach, design, and method.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

DATA GATHERING METHODS

KEY INFORMANT
INTERVIEW
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW SURVEY
(face-to-face
(face-to-face (facilitation of written
questioning and
questioning and pre-format
conversation with
conversation with the questionnaires to the
specific or key
respondents) respondents)
respondents of the
study)
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

DATA GATHERING METHODS

FOCUSED GROUP NON-PARTICIPANT PARTICIPANT
DISCUSSION OBSERVATION OBSERVATION
(facilitation of group (systematic (systematic
interview observation among observation among
simultaneously the respondents in the respondents in
among all their natural habitat their natural habitat
participants) without interruption) with involvement)
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

DATA GATHERING METHODS

ARCHIVAL RESEARCH CONTENT ANALYSIS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
(process of looking (the same with (focuses more on the
into written and archival research, but dialect or the
documented files focuses more on the “manner” of how a
about a particular content of the said file or document is
subject) files) written and delivered)
MGA NATATANGING PAMAMARAANG
PANANALIKSIK SA SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
• Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)
• Panunuluyan (‘immersion’)
• Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
• Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
• Pakikialam (concerned interference)
• Pakikilahok (participation)
• Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
• Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3
7. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF
THE RESEARCH
• This sub-chapter includes the application
of ethical principles considered by the
researchers while designing the study
• Included are the descriptions of letters and
informed consents, as well as
conversations with references’ authors or
the research locales’ administration.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF
THE RESEARCH
TIPS IN WRITING THE CHAPTER 3
TREATMENT OF QUALITATIVE /
QUANTITATIVE DATA
• This sub-chapter includes how the researchers
will treat the data gathered.
• For quantitative research, this will include the
statistical treatments to be done for the study.
• For qualitative research, this will include the
qualitative analysis of the verbatim
transcriptions of the interview or focus group
discussion
TREATMENT OF QUALITATIVE /
QUANTITATIVE DATA
TREATMENT OF QUALITATIVE /
QUANTITATIVE DATA
 GENERAL TIPS IN WRITING THE
CHAPTER 3

All references from Chapter 3 must be included in the

Chapter 2.

When stating the name of groups or institution that can be

put into an acronym, state the name in full for the first
time, then the proceeding names can be put into acronym.

Strictly follow the APA 7th Edition in citations.