Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Engineering Utilities 1 Module 2

    Uploaded by

    Rosanna Ibañez
    29 views16 pages
    Engineering utilities

    Original Title

    Engineering-Utilities-1-module-2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Engineering utilities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    29 views16 pages

    Engineering Utilities 1 Module 2

    Uploaded by

    Rosanna Ibañez
    Engineering utilities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 16
    Wire Size No. AWG. 2-1 Conductors and Insulators Electric Conductors are substances or materials used to convey or allow the flow of electric current. Insulators on the other hand, are substances or materials that resist the flow of electric current. Materials Considered as Good Electric Conductors are: 1. Silver 6. Zine 2. Copper 7. Platinum 3. Aluminum © 8. Iron 4, Nickel 9. ead 5. Brass 10. Tin ‘Various Kind of Insulators: 1, Rubber 7. Latex 2, Porcelain 8, Asbestos 3. Varnish, 9. Paper 4.Slate ~~ 10. Oil 5.Glass “11. Wax * 6. Mica 12, Thermoplastic Conductor Insulators Electrical Conductors are made in’ numerous types desig: inatéd by letters’ according to the kind of insulation used, ‘The conductor insulator serves as physical shield. of the wire against heat, water and other elements of neture. Insulation is razed by voltage from 300 to 15,000 volts. If the insulation see is above it specified rating, the sik of breakdown is high ‘which hight eause shart ciretit and arcing, that may result to fire. Ordinafy conductor wires for buildings is normally rated at 300 or 600 wotts. Wires and Cables ‘Wires ate those electrical conductors 8 mmm? (AWG No, 8) and smatier in sizes, Cables on-the other-hand, are those which are larger tham the wires. Wires and Cables are either: a) Stranded wire b) ‘Solid wire Stranded Wire — coasists of @ group of wires twisted to form a metallic string. The circular mil area of a stranded wire is found by multiplying the cireular mil area of each strand. by the total number of strand. (Cord ~ is the term given 10 iin inaxtared stranded wire. "Mil = Prior 1 the adoption ‘of the Metric System (SD, all ‘eléctrieal wires and cables’ sizes were expressed in terms of AWG" (American Wire Gauge). , The word mil that is equal, to W100 of an inch was used to describe or measure @ round ‘wire diameter: Hf a wire, has a diameter of ome mil, it has.2 ‘e10ss sectioita! area of one circular mil Circular mil = 4 Square mil = 3.1416 r? Conversion Factor ‘Square mil Square inch x 000001 Square inch ‘Square mil x 1,000,000 Square mil = = Circular mil x0, 7854 (Cireular mil Square mit x 1.273 Millimeter Inches x 25.4 Square millimeter = Circular inil. x 0.005067 TABLE 2-5 ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED COPEFER CONDUCTORS NOT MORE THAN 3 WERKS IN RACEWAY. ‘Temperature Ratings of Conductor BoP °c | onc | 0% Sze est | Gere | cea?Ay | es0? A ‘Types | Types RHW sa Tyee TH Re mm? | awe 7 ewe | tonne | ype mcm w xaew | xnew || ava 20 “ 8 1 25 30 38 2 2 20 30 6 55 10 30 30 “0 48 20 8 40 45 50 60 @ 6 e 70 a0 4 70 a5 20 108, 3 20 100 708 120 2 95 15, 720 135 1 110 130 140, 390 0 5 760 765, 790 00 145 176 708. 218 ‘000 165 200 20 mas 009 198. 230 295 Ea 380 ae 26 zo ae * 200 240 2a 300 xB 360 280 310 325 380 400 280 398 300 20 500. 320 300 403. “70 ‘600 355 420 455 526. 700 33s 490 490 ‘500 760 400 “78 500 00 200. 410 490 55 00 00 435 20 ees Conduit pipe ‘is the most common electrical raceways ‘used in all types of construction. With respect to the type of ‘materials used, conduit may be classified into: 1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, ete. 2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like ‘With Respect to its Make, Conduit may be Classified as: 1. Rigid metal 2. Flexibke metal 3. Rigid non-metal 4. Flexible tion-metal The Purpose af Electrical Conduits are: 1. To provide a means for the running wires from one 2 point to another. 2. ‘To physically protect the wires. 3. ° To provide a grounded enclosure, 4. To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault inthe writing, 5. ‘Fo protect the wiring system from damage by the building and the occupants. '6. To protect the building and the occupants” from damage by the electric system. Connector Connector is a metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of conductors in makina a joint. ‘Connector is otherwise called splicing sleeve. § F&F DP © Stare! ateati ron ‘camp Hanger rod AH. tread é UH trae : Pipe clamps Forged Stee! Tumbuckle wo~e ge \faeam champ Side Beam Came FIGURE 2-10 OTHER TYPES OF RACEWAYS: @ = Gp omer eres Tye snag Soacaon a ny an Coming misc set secon thee casey FIGURE 2-11 VARIOUS TYPES OF EMT CONNECTORS 2-6 Outlet and Receptacles ! ‘An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which curront is taken to eupply usilization equipment. In a simple term, an ‘outlet is any point that supplics an clectric load. An outlet usually consists of a small metal or non-motal box into which a raceway and or sable ends: Different kinds of outlet 1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap, 2. Lighting outes, 3. Receptacles outlet A Convenience outlet or attachment cap is 1 device that bby insertion into a receptacle establishes comnection between the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductors ‘connected permanently to the reéeptacle. fe @ ‘Ahem ince set oie stiftee FIGURE 2-42 VARIOUS CONVENIENCE OUTLET (CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES Wall Outlet. The “common Wall Outlet is called Convenience Outict, And to call t wall plug is mot correct. A plug is another name for the attachment cap on the wire Soming fom a device such as lamps or applisnces Lighting Outlet is an outlet intended for direct connection to a lamp holder, lighting fixture, or a pendant ‘cord, terminating in 2 lamp holder. Receptacle Outlet is an outlet where one or, more receptacles are installed. Aside from the outlets, there are also other waring accessories such as: 1. Thejuncsion box 3. The pul box 2 Receptacles 4 Switches andthe ee Junction Bex isnot am outlet. By dition, i oes nee supply curent to utization device’ Do not allow your clecerical contractor 10. count wall witches and junction ‘boxes as outlets. This isan important hing to elanfy specially ‘when pavment is to be made from a contract bated on the umber of eudets ‘An Outlet on the other hand refers ony tothe bas itself It oes nat include the itexs. The roceptocte device is not an lectrical load but rather an extension ofthe bax wiring. The ‘ute s separate fom the Toad device even fis inched as par of the dence. . ‘The Pull Box is box wth a blank cover that insrtad in one oF more runs oF raceways to faite pullingin the conductors, Hem als serve to distribute the condos. Recepeacles are coutact device ‘nse’ atthe outlet foe the comnection of a single atachnent plug Recertacles ae inelnded in the gineral dassifiation of wicing devies. Ie includ all recepacles and their matching cap plug), wall itches, smal dimmers, ad outlet box mounded igs, [Receptacle is defined by the National Hlectrical Code as: “A contact device installed a the outlet for the connection ‘of asingle attchment plug.” ‘Any number of recepaces mounted togeter in one or amore eeupled boxes is classified as one oxtla. The lover the numberof outlets the lower is he coat A cient with 6 daplex eeeptaces individually mmaunted is normally mere than twice the cot ofthe same 6 reeptaces installed i wo oles group of thes gang cach, Receptacle are described and idetficd according to the pole of wire. ‘Switebes are Classified into: Goveral we site ‘General use sp sich AC general use sap sich ‘AC-DC genera use switch Tolaing switch ‘Moto cial switch, Tho General use switch is intended for uso inthe general isziouion and branch cireie raed in amperes. I is capable of tetnupting the at cure trated voltage ‘The General use sap switch is 2 form of general use switch installed in ash device boxes or an outlet box cover. ‘The Lsloring witch is 2 switch iended for ianating 2, este iat fra tho sures of ower ate eS THE BRANCH CIRCUIT 341 Introduction Electric Circuit afore to the complete path traversed by an dectric curtea. In sant, elec erent is the entire house iri installation Braach Cireitis defined by the Natal Electrical Code (NEC) 48 “the rele conductors Berween the fnal over cur- rent protective device and the outles.” Meaning, the branch ‘iret is only the winng tstalled between the circuit over cur rent proteetive device Le. fase or circuit beaker, and fhe cut Jas In practice however, it is a common Knowiedge tht the branch ciceat comprises the follwing: 1. The source of volage 2 The wiring nd 3. Thelead Y/Y Sesceetvitage engi Banc Lond out CCireuity design varies according to the numberof designe ers, Homever, goed cruitry design is based on the flloning ‘considerations 1, Pleibility of the crit Z Reiability and efficiency of ervie 3. Salty ofthe czcuizy 4 Beonomy aso cost 5. nergy consideration 6 Space allocation ‘lesibiity of the Circuit means tht the instalation can sccommodate all probable patem arrangements and location ‘ofthe lads for expansion, of future development [Reliability and Efiieney of Service means io have ‘continuous service and supply of power dist are all dependent, x the wiring system “Reliability of electric power in a facility is determined by so factors 1. The wily serve 2. Buiding elect system Safety means that independent servi can be sed in ea of emergency equipment as backup fer socal services. For reliability ofthe cieutry, the following principles should be considers 1. To prove double emery power equipment it = Ise weak pn inthe em 2, That de elt terion andthe bing dstrbaton ‘en mt er oth he vera seve 2. Gane os atin te ay woe be pinpined smeastcinnaane Qin tor apts cit Te muabec ‘nea umber SL, Untoate aerial stent (cliky_ Povertte ante none ps manbo (FE) Renae atic Kw at. pawe ad vot, [EiE]] eve otc Km ming phe nd wsage ike: nae io i pee = crling n = un @ Motor cca HF, pane, vege a ampere ring 5-1 Incandescent Lamp Incandescent lamp bas a wide variety of forms, shapes and sices. Likewit, its base is also made of diferent types and 1. Buming a 120 volt lamp with 115 volts curest saply vill mean approsimatly” 13% es light of the lamp (lumens) 7% lower power coarumptio (watt) 8% lower efficacy lumens per hour) 72% cae life (baring hours) 2. Burning 2 120 vol lamp with 125 vols curen supply ‘will man approximately: 16% more ligt (lumens) ‘6% moce pow cousumgtion (watts) 8% higher efficacy (lumens per watt) 42% ess life (uring hours) Incandescent lamp is very sensitive to voage change, and (On the aver; lene than 1096 of dhe watage i utilized to proce light and the et produces heat. a hot, this type of leap is considered g5 a por choice for exegy conerition ‘ecuse it prodves poor end fo: level of lgking. Howover incandescent lamp has eso he flowing Advantages: is cheaper asta start and re-start Simple expense dimming ‘Simple and compact installation requiring no accessories High power factor ean be focused 1 life is independent of the nunberaf sat ‘thas good olor. Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamp Harlow eesey Has shorter ie ‘Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or Buctstions, High mainianoe cox ‘More beat is produce th light De to its poor energy characteristics, incandescent lamp shouldbe limited we the folowng applications |. Ingequest or short duration we Where low cost dimming is necessary In focusing fixtures 1 Where miu nal ost is requied boOQey enetare —esee feng, Pentle 5-2 Fluorescent Lamp ‘The Muorescent Lamp was fist imoduced in 1937. It ‘nas considered the ber, and mom widely used type of lan. Generally, i comes in varie of sees, watages, colors, wall- ges and speci spplicatons, The Cathode fnorocent lamp isthe moet common type comprising af a cphnrial gla tobe sealed at bth ends, ems taining a mbure of an inert gas peerally argon, and Low pres sure merouy vapor. At each en, i cathode that suplis. the sevtons to start and amit ds mercury asc or gaseous dis- ‘large. The short wave wlraeiolct light producad by the mcr- ‘eazy a is absorbed by the phosphors costing inside the tube tnd is reradinied in the viele fight rmge. The ftccrescent limp isso called because Hs phosphors rae Wight whe x posed to ultra violet ays, Fluorescent famp requires ballast ints cincit. The bllst ‘i basialy made of coll to limit the eureat in the cxeuit in ‘which, ifnot controlled, wil open the fase a circuit breaks (Characteristics of a Fluorescent Lamp |, The Ruorestnt lamp effcaey. i much higher than the ‘ecandescet lamp, 2, -Aboat 200% of ts ixpat nergy becomes light, 80% ie ‘converted to heat including the ballast hea ener loss, [Efficiency refirs (othe amount oF energy converted to visible ht ‘Efiecy «is @ measnre of the mens pg watt produced bythe lamp, Life Span of Fiuorescent Lamp ‘Fluorescent lamp has longer lifespan compared with the ‘incandescent temp. Is life epon is matrally affected by she number of limes the lamp is sviled on and switched off {cen emigre ot te Lnp cae seni ‘ous baming of foorescont lanp ‘would la aboot 30,060 hours. With an average of 3 hours burning per stat, fncres- ‘cont lamp could last far abou 12,00 hours ey a i aa vai aoa” i un ra ei:BiPm eae RS |OURE £8 TYPICAL DETALLOF ARUORESCENT LAM ‘PreHeat Lamp "The original uoreseant amps he peated design. Th dronit- need i & separate stance. When the lamp circa is loced, the stamer encrpinse the eathede Ace 210 § seconds Seley, i ain a hight voltage are acre the amp causing it tos, Cold Cathode Tube is archer tyne of lamp that offers © very long life serviog compared with the hot cathode lamp. ‘The lamp is notated by the muber of starting or swetchang oF the lamp, Tt has a lower overall eicacy compared tothe hot cathode lap aad is generally wed whore along coer Duin i requited (Characteristics and Operation of Fiuarescent Lamp 1. fe Span depends on the baring hours per st, 2. Lumen Output ~ decreases rapidly during be fr 100 ‘hours of burtng and theres mock more slowly 3. Rifeacy ™ dipende en tho oping crest and the hosphors wiliaed. Generally, the warm white lr is tore effet than the white, cool wit, daylight and

    You might also like