SECOND QUARTER SCIENCE NOTES

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. Types of Electromagnetic Waves:

 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared rays
 Visible light
 Ultraviolet rays
 X-rays
 Gamma rays

2. Longest to Shortest Wavelength Order:

 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared rays
 Visible light
 Ultraviolet rays
 X-rays
 Gamma rays

3. Applications and Usage:

 Satellite communication (Microwaves)
 Broadcasting (Radio and TV - Radio waves)
 Wireless technologies (Radio waves, Microwaves)
 Remote controls (Infrared signals - Infrared rays)
 Thermal imaging devices (Infrared rays)
 Microwave ovens (Microwaves)
 Medical devices (X-rays, Gamma rays)

4. Characteristics and Properties:

 Wavelength variations (Longest to shortest order)
 Frequency and energy relationships (Shorter wavelength corresponds to higher
frequency and energy)
 (Radio waves)

 Radio Waves:
 Long-wavelength signals forming the backbone of communication technologies.
 Crucial for maintaining the interconnected world we live in.
 Long-distance signal transmission

 Microwaves:
 Not just for heating food; they power radar systems.
 Guide airplanes safely.
 Contribute to the functionality of weather radar systems by detecting subtle
changes in atmospheric conditions.
 SECOND QUARTER SCIENCE NOTES

 Infrared Waves:
 Used in thermal imaging cameras due to their ability to be felt as heat by the
skin.
 Enable remote controls for changing TV channels and adjusting air conditioners.
 Provide security through thermal imaging cameras for detecting intruders in
darkness.

 Visible Light Waves:

 Bring color and clarity to our world.
 Differ from other types of electromagnetic waves as they are the only waves that
can be seen by the human eye.

 Ultraviolet Waves:
 Used in medical sterilization applications.
 Specifically applied in the field of medicine for ultraviolet therapy for skin
conditions.

 X-rays:
 Aid doctors in seeing inside the human body for diagnostic purposes.
 Commonly used for security screening at airports.

 Gamma Rays:
 Often associated with harm but harnessed for life-saving cancer treatments.
 More effective in targeting cancer cells compared to X-rays in cancer treatment.

 Potential Risks Associated with Electromagnetic Waves:

 The potential risks associated with the misuse of electromagnetic waves in
various industries include health hazards from radiation exposure.

Effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment

1. Impact on Human Health:

 Prolonged exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields may cause thermal
effects on tissues.
 Overexposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, can cause DNA mutations and
cell damage.
 UV radiation can cause skin cancer in humans.
 SECOND QUARTER SCIENCE NOTES

2. Protections against EM waves

 The ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
 Sunscreen protects the skin by absorbing and transforming UV radiation into
heat.
 Lead aprons are used to shield the body from unnecessary exposure to ionizing
radiation such as X-rays.

3. Devices Emitting Non-Ionizing Radiation:

 Examples include radio, microwave ovens, remote controls, light bulbs.

4. Environmental Concerns:
 Widespread use of wireless communication technologies raises concerns about
electromagnetic pollution.

MIRRORS

Lens
 SECOND QUARTER SCIENCE NOTES

LENSES
 SECOND QUARTER SCIENCE NOTES

Electric Motors and Generators Made Simple

Brochure: Explore Electric Motors and Generators

🔧 Discover the Heart of Electric Motors: Permanent Magnets

 Magnetic Magic: Permanent Magnets are the secret sauce behind a motor's magnetic
charm. They create a stable magnetic field, setting the stage for motion.

Commutator: Guiding the Electric Current

 Smooth Moves: The Commutator takes charge, making sure the electric current flows in
the right direction within the armature. Think of it as the traffic director for a seamless
rotation.

🔄 Rotating Armature in Generators: Power in Motion

 Energy Swap: In generators, the Rotating Armature transforms motion into electricity
through electromagnetic induction. Witness the captivating conversion from mechanical
to electrical energy.

🔧🔄 Motors vs. Generators: Decoding the Dance

 Flip of a Coin: Motors convert electrical energy to motion, while generators turning
motion into electrical energy. Same principles, opposite roles.

📈 Speed's Impact on Generators Voltage

 Speed Thrills: Speeding up a generator's rotation isn't just a joyride; it increases the
voltage. Electromagnetic induction at its finest - faster rotation, higher voltage.

Crafting Magnetic Fields: Iron Core Magic

 Material Matters: Crafting a magnetic field? Go for an Iron Core. It's like the superhero
of materials, boosting that magnetic strength.

🔄🔍 Generator Design Showdown: Windings and Voltage

 Voltage Showdown: Smaller armature, more windings - the winning combo for
increasing the voltage. It's all about that electromagnetic dance.
SECOND QUARTER SCIENCE NOTES