Deltat - Hvac Notes 41

MEP Technical
Academy, Bengaluru
HVAC
NOTES
www.deltatmep.com 0091-888 44 377 24

11/28/2023
REV-0
BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0
Purpose of Ventilation
All homes need ventilation—the exchange of indoor air
with outdoor air—to reduce indoor moisture, odors, and
other pollutants.
BATHROOM VENTIALTION
1 2
DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

Purpose of Ventilation Design and Installation of Ventilation system
Exhaust ventilation systems work by Exhaust and air intake

depressurizing the building. positions
• Exhaust fans, or in the

case of a ducted
system; the exhaust
By reducing the inside air grille, should be
pressure below the outdoor air mounted as high as
pressure, they extract indoor possible and be
air from a house while makeup opposite the air intake
air infiltrates through leaks in into the room (which is
the building shell and through typically at the bottom
intentional, passive vents 3 of the door). 4
www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24
1
11/28/2023

Design and Installation of Ventilation system

Ventilation Strategies
Make up air
Allowance must be made for replenishment of exhaust air. b) If the room is

The entry door having suitable clearance above the floor, below a roof that is
or to have an air intake grille in the door can achieve this. exposed to the
atmosphere, then a
Exhaust discharge to atmosphere roof-mounted fan
can be used to
a) If the bathroom/toilet has walls that are external, exhaust air directly
then a wall or window-mounted fan to the outside.
can be used to exhaust air directly
to the outside.
5 6

Ventilation Strategies Ventilation Strategies
• If the room has neither

a). or b)., and is enclosed
within a building, then it
will be necessary to
exhaust the air through
a ducted system to the
outside atmosphere.
7 8
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Ventilation Strategies Air flow rate requirements
9 10

Air flow rate requirements Air flow rate requirements
It is generally acknowledged in the HVAC industry Toilet Ventilation Design (ASHRAE 62.1.2007)
that 25L/s air flow may be adequate for toilet
ventilation and odor control.
However, experience will tell that this air flow rate is

often insufficient to adequately ventilate a bathroom
when a shower is running, particularly in cool or humid
climates. For a bathroom with shower to be free of
condensation (and its inconvenient and harmful
effects) an exhaust rate of between 50 to 100 L/s is
recommended.
11 12
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Disc Valve size
Disc Valve (DIA) CFM

4 Inch 15- 100
6 Inch 30- 180
8 Inch 40- 240
13 14

15 16
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REV-0
CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0
INTRODUCTION
CAR PARKING VENTILATION
1 2

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
The car park ventilation system is required to
perform two functions:
a) Provide normal ventilation to prevent the build up

of carbon monoxide during the day-to-day
operation of the car park.
b) Provide smoke clearance in the event of a fire.
3 4
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5 6

7 8
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9 10

JET FAN SYSTEM
11 12
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JET FAN SYSTEM JET FAN SYSTEM
13 14

15 16
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17 18

19 20
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21 22

23 24
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25 26

27 28
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29 30

31 32
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33 34

35 36
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JET VENT AXIAL FANS- IMPULSE FAN JET VENT CENTRIFUGAL FANS- INDUCTION FAN
Ø315MM – 32N – Thrust – 400 sqmt – 20m x 20m Thrust Newtons-50N- 500 sqmt- 25m x 20m
Ø400MM – 50N – Thrust – 500 sqmt – 25m x 20m Thrust Newtons-100N- 1000 sqmt- 50m x 20m
Note: 1.The coverage area varies supplier to supplier

37
2.The Exact position of fan will be decided after CFD38analysis

For Example if the size of Carparking is 20 m x 10 m calculate

Exhaust Air flow, Fresh Air Flow & No of (Axial)
CFM = M3 x ACH / 1.7
Exhaust Air Flow = 50% / 100% --- 3529 CFM / 7059 cfm
Fresh Air Flow = 50% / 100% ---2829 CFM / 5647 cfm
In case of Fire: 4706 CFM (Fire Floor)
Note: There will be no Fresh Air
39 40
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11/28/2023

41 42
JET FAN SYSTEM
43
DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18
11
11/28/2023
REV-0
KITCHEN VENTILATION SYSTEM REV-0
KITCHEN VENTILATION SYSTEM
1 2

3 4
1
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Buildings with Kitchens

• Hotels
• Restaurants
• Hospitals
• Canteens
• Retails
• Residences
• Jails
5 6

System Design for Kitchens Basic Purpose of Kitchen Ventilation

• Air Conditioning • To provide a comfortable environment in the kitchen
• Ventilation
• To ensure the safety of the people working in the
• Fire Safety kitchen and building occupants by:
• Building Pressurization
• Refrigeration  Effective removal of Effluents which may include
gaseous, liquid and solid contaminants produced by
• Air Distribution the cooking process and products of fuel & food
combustion.
• Food Service Equipment's
 Effluents can be life threatening and flammable.
7 8
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11/28/2023

Effluent Generation in kitchens Effluent Generation in kitchens

• Heat is a primary ingredients of kitchen effluents. • Primary objective of kitchen ventilation is to capture
and remove the air and effluents that constitute the
• 50% to 90% of the appliance energy input is released plume through an effective exhaust system.
in the form of a rising thermal plume (Convective).
Balance is released into surroundings space through • Heat radiated into space from the appliance must be
radiation. addressed by the space air conditioning system.
• This plume also contain most at of the goods and fuel

generation effluents.
9 10

A Commercial Kitchen Typical Kitchen Exhaust System
11 12
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11/28/2023
KITCHEN VENTILATION DESIGN REV-0

TYPES OF HOODS TYPES OF HOODS
Wall type exhaust hood

 Wall type exhaust hood
This type is only exhaust hood,
design for wall type application;
 Compensating wall type hood where all air removed comes
from outside the hood ( no make
 Island type exhaust hood up air through the hood).
 Compensating Island type Hood
13 14

Wall type exhaust hood Wall type exhaust hood
15 16
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11/28/2023

Wall type exhaust hood Compensating wall type exhaust hood

This are the supply and exhaust hood, designed for wall mounted
application; where temperature make-up air is delivered through
grills at the hood front face, internal side or perimeter downward
discharge.
17 18

Compensating wall type exhaust hood Compensating wall type exhaust hood
19 20
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11/28/2023

Compensating wall type exhaust hood Island type exhaust hood
This type is only

exhaust hood, design
for island type
application; where all
air removed comes
from outside the hood
( no make up air
through the hood).
21 22

Island type exhaust hood Island type exhaust hood
23 24
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11/28/2023

Island type exhaust hood Compensating island type exhaust hood

This are the supply and exhaust hood, designed for Island
application; where temperature make-up air is delivered through
grills at the hood front face, internal side or perimeter downward
discharge.
25 26

Compensating island type exhaust hood Compensating island type exhaust hood
27 28
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TYPES OF HOODS DESIGN CRITERIA
Compensating island type exhaust hood  An internal ambient temperature of 28°C maximum
 A maximum humidity level of 70%
 Internal noise level should be between:

• NR40 to 50/NC40 to 50 (Kitchens)
• NR35 to 45/NC35 to 45 (Restaurants, bars and cafeterias)
 Dedicated supply make-up air system which should supply

approximately 85% of the extract flow rate
 Humidity is hard to control. The HVAC system should be designed

to provide a good ventilation rate to maximize comfort
29 30

DESIGN CRITERIA DESIGN CRITERIA

 Dishwashing machines should be provided with dedicated extract  Duct Sheet Metal Gauge
ventilation to control vapor being discharged into the kitchen • 16 ga galvanized sheet
environment and to avoid potential health hazards caused by • 18 ga galvanized sheet
cluster flies that thrive in steamy conditions.
 Hood Construction 18 ga minimum
 The release of carbon monoxide is to be considered when designing
the system  Black Steel (BS) Duct is used for all kitchen ducts (hoods)
 Exhaust/Makeup Air 1500-2200 FPM velocity  Stainless Steel (SS) duct is used for laundry exhaust duct.
• 430 - Cheap & catch rust easily
• 304 - This type is used for hoods
 Duct to be terminated 40 inch above the roof
• 316 & 317 - Special and pure stainless steel for operation
theaters in hospitals. (317 SS is with low carbon)
 Cleanout to be provided at the base of the riser and every 20 feet
31 32
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DESIGN CRITERIA
33 34

DESIGN CRITERIA DESIGN CRITERIA

Selection of Grease Filters
Grease filters should be provided in hoods to prevent of grease
accumulation inside the duct work, fan blades, walls & tops.
Grease accumulation inside the duct work and fan blades will
reduce the design efficiency of exhaust fan and will not work
properly.
Grease filter should be installed at an angle between 45 to 60

degree from the horizontal axis to prevent grease from dripping
back to the surface of cooking equipment.
35 36
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DESIGN CRITERIA
440 cfm
37 38

39 40
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41 42

43 44
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REV-0
SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM REV-0
Smoke Extract System
SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1 2

Smoke Extract System Smoke Extract System

The objective of malls, atria, and other large area smoke control • Smoke from a fire in an enclosed area, rises in a plume to the ceiling.
systems is to prevent the area from filling with smoke as a result of
fire in the area or an adjoining area. • As it rises, air is entrained into it which in turn increases the volume of
the smoke.
Purging is used as the means to dilute and remove smoke.
• As the smoke reaches the ceiling, a layer is formed, which is referred to
In large areas the smoke produced is buoyant and rises in a plume as the smoke layer.
until it strikes the ceiling or stratifies because of temperature
inversion. • Control of this layer is the main task of a smoke ventilation system.
The smoke layer then tends to descend as the plume continues to

supply smoke.
Also, sprinklers can reduce the heat release rate and the smoke
entering the plume.
3 4
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• Smoke can fill a room in just a few minutes. Thick smoke can obscure By using smoke ventilation and smoke barriers, drop down smoke curtains
exits signs and doorways, making escape hazardous and slow. for example, the smoke layer is contained above a pre-calculated height
(normally 3m minimum) and is either extracted naturally or by mechanical
• The typical speed of smoke travel is between 1 and 2 m/s. This can be means by ventilators installed in the ceiling.
faster than the escape speed of an occupant.
• When the smoke reaches a dead end, it will dip down and be drawn back
towards the fire, possibly confusing occupants and causing them to move
towards the fire.
5 6

Without smoke ventilation. The red arrows depict the predicted With smoke ventilation.
movement of smoke, whilst the white arrows show the direction
of fresh air movement without smoke ventilation.
7 8
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9 10


a) Life Safety
FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGN The system is to be designed to maintain tenable conditions on
escape routes and in other areas throughout the period they
are likely to being use by occupants of the building.
The fist question to be answered before attempting any smoke
extraction design is b) Fire fighting access / property protection
The system is to be designed to increase visibility for, and
"What is the purpose of this system?". reduce heat exposure to, trained Fire fighters thus allowing
earlier and less hazardous attack on the Fire. Such systems will
There are three basic possibilities. help to reduce property damage by increasing fire brigade
effectiveness.
a) Life Safety
b) Fire fighting access / property protection c) Smoke purging
c) Smoke purging The system is to be designed to enable smoke to be cleared
from a building after the fire has been brought under control.
11 12
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To Determine the Flow rate of Extraction Absolute Temperature of Smoke
V = Ms Ts Ts = To + dT
To Ps
Where
V = Required Air Volumetric flow rate CMS
Ts= Absolute Smoke Temperature in K
Ps = Smoke Density = 1.2 Kg/m3
To = Ambient Temperature in K
Ts= Absolute Smoke Temperature in K
To = Ambient Temperature in K
13 14


Calculating smoke temperature
Determine the Heat release:
The temperature rise of the smoke layer can be calculated
from:
Q= q x A
dT = Q/MCp
Where
where
q= Heat Release Kw/sqmt
Q = heat flow rate (kW)
A= fire Area in sqmt
dT = temperature rise of the smoke layer
above ambient (k)
Cp = specific heat capacity of the gases (1.01 kJ/kgK)
M = mass flow rate of smoky gases (kg/s)

15 16
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11/28/2023


Design Consideration
Heat release =
• 93 kw/M2 for furniture Design of Fire
• 100 kw/M2 for stored furniture in boxes .
Fire Area in Sqmt
• 320 kw/M2 for cellulosic
(Carton for packaging, paper and packaging)
• 260 kw/M2 for vehicles(car park), PETROL, dyes Fire area according to fire group as follows:-
• 390 kw/M2 for Wooden trash and sawdust
1-GROUP 1 ( 3X3M) = 9 M2
• 310 kw/M2 for electrical products
• 620 kw/M2 for cardboard boxes 2-GROUP 2 ( 4.5 X 4.5 M) = 20.25 M2
• 540 kw/M2 for miscellaneous goods and coated
• 210 kw/M2 for cardboard rolls 3-GROUP 3 ( 6.0 X 6.0 M) = 36.00 M2
4-GROUP 4 ( 9.0 X 9.0M) = 81.00 M2
17 18

Smoke Extract System GROUP 3

Design Consideration - Spinning and weaving factories and
laundries and cleaning chemicals shops Having established the clear layer height in the mall,
Design of Fire - Kitchens and leather tanning factories
the mass flow rate of smoke can then be calculated.
- Grain mills and factories not bad products
and foam rubber factories and products
GROUP 1 and textile factories and carpet M = 0.19 P Y 3/2
Restaurants, bars, cafés and public facilities - Timber factories, carpentry workshops
- Slaughterhouses and power plants and dairy and factories soap and wax products, sugar
plants mills and factories fleeces Where
- Cement products factories and cement industry - Alazall studios and television
GROUP 2 GROUP 4 M = mass flow rate of smoke entering the

- Bakery and biscuit factories Include the following materials factories or
- Facilities chemical industry have few serious establishments deal
- Large garages and auto repair shops 1 - celluloid? smoke layer within the shop (kg/s)
- Auto accessories factories 2 - paints and adhesive materials and
- Factories Food and Alagxih saved bitumen
- Machinery plants, including light industry 3 - fireworks and floor coverings and foam P = the perimeter of the fire (m)
rubber
4 - Oil Industries and hangars
Y = the height from the base of the fire to the smoke layer
(m)
19 20
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Assumption
Smoke Plume Height ( Y ) - Atrium
Assume height (meter) of Smoke as below :
4m -1 floor
8m -2 floor
12m -3 floor
24m -6 floor
21 22
Assumption
Smoke Plume Height ( Y )
The minimum height of

the smoke layer base
must be 2.5 m from the
mall floor to ensure
safety, and preferably
at least 3 m in a single-
storey mall.
23
DOC NO: HVAC-CH-20
6
11/28/2023
REV-0 REV-0
SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1 2
SMOKE MANAGEMANT SYSTEM REV-0

Introduction Objective
A smoke Management system can be Designing a smoke management system requires agreement on the
classified into two systems: system objectives. The following is a partial list of potential system
objectives:
• Stairwell Pressurization System:
Keeping smoke out of escape routes using • Provide safety for the occupants
Pressure differentials or velocity
• Extend egress time
• Provide safe egress route
• Smoke Extract System: • Provide safe zones (tenable environment)
Removal of hot smoke from fire room
• Assist firefighters
• Limit property damage
• Limit spread of smoke away from fire area
• Clear smoke away for visibility
• Provide elevator usage during fires as an egress route for the
handicapped
3 4
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Definition Definition
SMOKE CONTROL - ANY method for controlling smoke movement SMOKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - The use of FANS or VENTS to keep
or dilution. buoyant smoke above the escape route
in the same space (BS5588 Parts 7 & 10).
CONTAINMENT - The use of physical barriers (BS5588 - Parts 1 to 3).
BUOYANCY - The tendency of warmer air or smoke to rise when
DISPOSAL - The continuous dilution of smoke to
located in cooler surrounding air. Caused by the warm
a safe concentration.
air being less dense than the cooler resulting in
CLEARANCE - Removal of smoke from a building after pressure differences.
the fire has been supressed.
PRESSURISATION - Blowing clean air into the escape route to hold back
smoke from fire (BS5588 Part 4).
DE-PRESSURISATION - Extracting hot smoke from the FIRE ROOM

to hold back smoke from the escape route
(BS5588 Part 4 Rewrite).
5 6

STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
7 8
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Objective
• The objective of stairwell pressurization

is to provide an acceptable environment
within a stairwell, in the event of a fire,
to furnish an egress route for occupants
and a staging area for firefighters.
• On the fire floor, a pressure difference

must be maintained across the closed
stair tower door to ensure that smoke
infiltration is limited.
• Also, adequate purging must be provided

to limit smoke density caused by
temporary door openings on the fire
floor.
9 10

11 12
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13 14

15 16
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STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION
17 18

19 20
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11/28/2023

Application: Fire protection STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION

Safety position:
CLOSED Fire protection Smoke extraction
Motorised fire dampers effectively Mechanical smoke extraction ensures

prevent fire and smoke from spreading. a clear view and delays the
flash-over.
21 22

Application: Smoke extraction

Safety position: Safety position:
OPEN CLOSED CLOSED DOORS
Design Pressure
Building Height Fire Pressure Wind/Stack Effect Design Pressure
(m) (Pa) (Pa) (Pa)
5 8.5 8.0 25
25 8.5 10.5 25
50 8.5 13.0 50
100 8.5 19.5 50
150 8.5 29.5 50
Maximum pressure differential - 60 pa

BS 5588 part 4
23 24
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11/28/2023


CLOSED DOORS CLOSED DOORS
Pressure Control Typical leakage areas around doors
Type of Door Size Crack Leakage
Q = 0.827 AP 1/n + Losses Length (m) Area (m 2 )
Q = Volume of air required (m3 /sec) Single Leaf in Frame Opening 2 m x 800 mm 5.6 0.01
into Pressurised Space
A = Leakage area from the space (m /sec)
Single Leaf in Frame Opening 2 m x 800 mm 5.6 0.02
P = Pressure differential (Pa) Outwards
N = Leakage factor = (2 doors for etc) (1.6 for windows) Double Leaf with or without 2 m x 1.6 m 9.2 0.03
Central Rebate
Lift Door 2 m High x 8.0 0.06

Q = 0.827 A P 1/2 x 1.50 2 m Wide
25 26


CLOSED DOORS OPEN DOORS
Establishing leakage areas Velocity Control Q = A x VE
1. Single Doors A = Net Free Area V = Velocity of Controlling Air (m /sec)
A = Area of Open Door (m )
2. Doors in Parallel AE = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 Q = Volume of Air Required (m/sec)
- /2
1
3. Doors in Series AE =
[ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(A1 )
2
(A2 )
2
(A3 )
2
(A4 )
2] V = 0.75 m/sec (Means of Escape - BS 5588 Part 4)
= 2.00 m/sec (Fire fighting - BS 5588 Part 5)
27 28
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MEP Technical

www.deltatmep.com 0091-888 44 377 24

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Purpose of Ventilation Design and Installation of Ventilation system

Exhaust ventilation systems work by Exhaust and air intake

• Exhaust fans, or in the

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Design and Installation of Ventilation system

Allowance must be made for replenishment of exhaust air. b) If the room is

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Ventilation Strategies Ventilation Strategies

• If the room has neither

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Ventilation Strategies Air flow rate requirements

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Air flow rate requirements Air flow rate requirements

However, experience will tell that this air flow rate is

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Air flow rate requirements Air flow rate requirements

Disc Valve (DIA) CFM

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

BATHROOM VENTILATION REV-0

Air flow rate requirements Air flow rate requirements

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-16

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

CAR PARKING VENTILATION

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

a) Provide normal ventilation to prevent the build up

b) Provide smoke clearance in the event of a fire.

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

JET FAN SYSTEM

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

JET FAN SYSTEM JET FAN SYSTEM

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

JET FAN SYSTEM JET FAN SYSTEM

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

www.deltaTmep.com dT-Ventilation Notes 0091- 888 44 377 24

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0

JET FAN SYSTEM JET FAN SYSTEM

DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18 DOC NO: HVAC-CH-18

CAR PARKING VENTILATION REV-0