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History in a Global Context, Volume II

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CONTENTS

Maps • xix
Preface • xxi
About the Authors • xxxi

CHAPTER 15

Reconstructing America, 1865–1877 • 505

The Year of Jubilee, 1865 • 506

African American Families • 507
Southern Whites and the Problem of Defeat • 509
Emancipation in Comparative Perspective • 511
Shaping Reconstruction, 1865–1868 • 512
Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction • 512
The Fight over Reconstruction • 513
The Civil War Amendments and American Citizenship • 515
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Irish Americans and the Fenian Struggle • 518
Congressional Reconstruction • 518
Reconstruction in the South, 1866–1876 • 521
African American Life in the Postwar South • 521
Republican Governments in the Postwar South • 525
Cotton, Merchants, and the Lien • 526
The End of Reconstruction, 1877 • 528
The Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction Violence • 529
Northern Weariness and Northern Conservatism • 531
Legacies of Reconstruction • 535

CHAPTER 16

Forging a Transcontinental Nation, 1877–1900 • 541

Meeting Ground of Many Peoples • 542

Changing Patterns of Migration • 543
Mexican Borders • 546
Chinese Exclusion • 547

vii
viii Contents

Mapping the West • 548

The Federal Frontier • 550
Promotion and Memory • 550
The Culture of Collective Violence • 552
Extractive Economies and Global Commodities • 553
Mining and Labor • 554
Business Travelers • 555
Railroads, Time, and Space • 556
Industrial Ranching • 558
Corporate Cowboys • 559
Clearing the Land and Cleansing the Wilderness • 560
Conflict and Resistance • 561
Education for Assimilation • 563
The Destruction of the Buffalo • 565
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Settler Societies and Indigenous Peoples • 566
The Dawes Act and Survival • 568
Tourism, Parks, and Forests • 569

CHAPTER 17

A New Industrial and Labor Order, 1877–1900 • 577

Global Webs of Industrial Capitalism • 578

The New Industrial Order • 579
U.S. Industrial Growth in Global Context • 581
Combinations and Concentrations of Wealth • 583
Markets and Consumerism • 585
Work and the Workplace • 586
Global Migrations • 587
GLOBAL PASSAGES: A Revolution in Food •588
Blue-Collar and White-Collar Workers • 588
Regimentation and Scientific Management • 591
Working Conditions and Wages • 593
Economic Convulsions and Hard Times • 593
Women and Children in the Workplace • 594
Workers Fight Back • 595
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • 596
Organizing Strategies and Labor Violence • 598
The Farmers Organize • 601
The Labor Movement in Global Context • 603
The New Industrial Order: Defense and Dissent • 604
Defending the New Order • 605
Critiquing the New Order • 606
 Contents ix

CHAPTER 18

Cities, Immigrants, Culture, and Politics,

1877–1900 • 613

Urbanization • 614
The Growth of Cities • 615
The Peopling of American Cities • 615
Types of Cities • 616
Cities Transformed and “Sorted Out” • 618
Global Migrations • 619
A Worldwide Migration • 619
“America Fever” and the “New” Immigration • 621
The “Immigrant Problem” • 623
The Round-Trip to America • 625
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Immigrants Who Returned • 626

Streets Paved with Gold? • 626

Surviving in “The Land of Bosses and Clocks” • 626
Creating Community • 629
Becoming American • 631
The Promise and Peril of City Life • 631
A World of Opportunity • 632
A World of Crises • 634
Tackling Urban Problems • 636
Saving Souls in Urban America • 637
The Social Purity Movement • 637
The Settlement House Movement • 638
Creating Healthy Urban Environments • 640
Challenges to the Politics of Stalemate • 641
Key Issues • 641
Ethnicity, Gender, and Political Culture • 642
The Populist Challenge • 643
The Election of 1896 • 645

CHAPTER 19

The United States Expands Its Reach, 1892–1912 • 651

The New Imperialism • 653

A Global Grab for Colonies • 653
Race, Empire, Bibles, and Businessmen • 654
Precedent for American Empire • 655
The Crises of the 1890s • 656
x Contents

The United States Flexes Its Muscles • 657

Latin America 658•
Hawaii • 658
The Cuban Crisis • 659
“A Splendid Little War” • 661
The Complications of Empire • 664
Cuba and Puerto Rico • 664
The Philippines • 665
The Debate over Empire • 666
The American-Philippine War • 667
GLOBAL PASSAGES: African Americans and
International Affairs • 668
China • 670
The United States on the World Stage: Roosevelt and Taft • 671
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” • 672
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • 675

CHAPTER 20

An Age of Progressive Reform, 1890–1920 • 683

Progressivism as a Global Movement • 684

Nodes of Progressivism • 684
The Global Exchange of Progressive Ideas • 685
Urban Reform • 686
The “Good Government” Movement • 687
The Housing Dilemma • 687
Municipal Housekeeping • 688
Segregation and the Racial Limits of Reform • 690
Progressivism at the State and National Levels • 694
Electoral Reforms 695•
Mediating the Labor Problem • 697
Regulating Business: Trust-Busting and Consumer Protection • 701
Conservation Versus Preservation of Nature • 704
Progressivism and World War I • 706
A Progressive War? • 707
Uniting and Disuniting the Nation • 707
Votes for Women • 708
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Helen Keller:
“I Do Not Like This World As It Is.” • 710
Progressivism in International Context • 713
 Contents xi

CHAPTER 21

America and the Great War, 1914–1920 • 719

The Shock of War • 720

The Colonial Origins of the Conflict • 720
A War of Attrition • 723
America’s Response to War • 724
The U.S. Path to War, 1914–1917 • 727
National Security and the Push Toward Americanization • 728
Social Reform, the Election of 1916, and Challenges to Neutrality • 729
Intervention in Latin America • 729
Decision for War • 732
America at War • 733
Mobilizing People and Ideas • 733
Controlling Dissent • 735
Mobilizing the Economy • 736
Women Suffragists • 736
The Great Migration • 737
Over There • 738
Building an Army • 739
Joining the Fight • 740
Political and Military Complications • 740
Influenza Pandemic • 743
Making Peace Abroad and at Home • 743
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Postwar Colonialism • 744
Making Peace and Fighting Communism • 744
Red Scare • 747
The Fight for the Treaty • 749

CHAPTER 22

A New Era, 1920–1930 • 755

A New Economy for a New Era • 756

Wireless America • 757
Car Culture • 758
Advertising for Mass Consumption • 760
Sexual, Racial, and Ethnic Divides • 761
Challenging Sexual Conventions • 762
African American Renaissance and Repression • 764
Black International Movements • 765
xii Contents

Immigration Restriction • 766

The Ku Klux Klan • 769
A National Culture: At Home and Abroad • 770
Popular Entertainment: Movies, Sports, and Celebrity • 770
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Hollywood Sells America to
the World • 772
The New Skepticism • 772
Religion and Society • 774
Prohibition • 775
Post–World War I Politics and Foreign Policy • 776
Government and Business in the 1920s • 776
Coolidge Prosperity • 777
The Election of 1928 • 778
Independent Internationalism in the 1920s • 779
The United States and Instability in the Western Hemisphere • 780
The Crash • 782
The End of the Boom • 782
The Great Depression • 783

CHAPTER 23

A New Deal for Americans, 1931–1939 • 789

The New Deal • 790

From Prosperity to Global Depression • 790
Spiral of Decline, 1931–1933 • 791
Suffering in the Land • 792
The Failure of the Old Deal • 793
The Coming of the New Deal • 793
Reconstructing Capitalism • 795
The First Hundred Days • 796
Voices of Protest • 800
The Second New Deal • 802
Social Security 804•
Labor Activism • 805
The 1936 Election • 808
Society, Law, and Culture in the 1930s • 808
Popular Entertainment • 808
Women and the New Deal • 811
A New Deal for Blacks • 811
GLOBAL PASSAGES: European Refugees • 812
Hispanics and the New Deal • 814
The Indian New Deal • 814
Nature’s New Deal • 815
 Contents xiii

The Twilight of Reform • 816

The New Deal and Judicial Change • 817
Recession • 817
Political Setbacks • 819

CHAPTER 24

Arsenal of Democracy: The World at War,

1931–1945 • 825

The Long Fuse • 827

Isolationist Impulse • 827
Disengagement from Europe • 828
Disengagement in Asia • 829
Appeasement • 830
America at the Brink of War, 1939–1941 • 831
Day of Infamy • 833
A Grand Alliance • 836
War in the Pacific 836 •
The War in Europe • 839
The Holocaust • 841
Battle for Production • 842
War Economy • 843
A Government-Sponsored Technology Revolution • 845
GLOBAL PASSAGES: A Battle of Books and Ideas • 846
The Draft • 846
On the Move: Wartime Mobility • 848
Wartime Women 848 •
Mexican Migrants, Mexican Americans, and American Indians in
Wartime • 849
African Americans in Wartime • 850
Japanese American Internment • 852
Wartime Politics and Postwar Issues • 854
Right Turn 854
•
The 1944 Election and the Threshold of Victory • 855
Victory in Europe • 855
Victory in the Pacific • 856

CHAPTER 25

Prosperity and Liberty Under the Shadow of the

Bomb, 1945–1952 • 863

The Cold War • 864

The Roots of Conflict • 864
xiv Contents

Managing Postwar Europe in Potsdam • 865

The Defeat of Japan • 867
Dividing the Postwar Globe • 867
A Policy for Containment • 870
The Red Scare • 871
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Rebuilding the World • 872
War in Korea 874 •
NSC-68: A Cold War Containment Policy • 876
The Color of Difference Is Red • 877
Hollywood and the Pumpkin Papers • 878
A New Affluence • 878
The Fair Deal • 879
The GI Bill • 879
Working Women • 880
Postwar Migrations • 882
Military-Industrial West and South • 883
Hispanics Move North • 885
Mobile Leisure • 887
Laying the Foundations for Civil Rights • 888
First Steps 888
•
Jack Roosevelt Robinson • 889
The Influence of African American Veterans • 890
Black Migration and the Nationalization of Race • 891

CHAPTER 26

The Dynamic 1950s, 1950–1959 • 897

The Eisenhower Era • 898

The End of the Korean War • 899
The New Look • 900
The Rise of the Developing World • 901
Hungary and the Suez, 1956 • 903
France’s Vietnam War • 903
McCarthyism and the Red Scare • 904
A Dynamic Decade • 907
The Baby Boom • 907
Suburban Migrations—Urban Decline • 908
Consumer Nation • 912
Corporate Order and Industrial Labor • 912
The Future Is Now • 915
Auto Mania • 915
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The International Geophysical Year • 916
 Contents xv

Oil Culture • 917

Television • 918
Conformity and Rebellion • 919
Old-Time Religion • 920
Women in the 1950s • 922
Organization Men • 923
Teens, Rebels, and Beats • 924
Laying the Foundation for Civil Rights • 926
Brown and the Legal Assault • 926
Showdown in Little Rock • 927
Boots on the Ground • 929
MLK and the Philosophy of Nonviolence • 929

CHAPTER 27

The Optimism and the Anguish of the 1960s,

1960–1969 • 937

The New Frontier • 938

JFK’s New Frontier • 938
The Challenge of Racial Justice • 939
Cold War Tensions • 942
Kennedy Assassination • 944
The Great Society • 945
Civil Rights Laws • 945
Great Society Programs • 947
The Supreme Court and Rights and Liberties • 949
The United States and the World Beyond Vietnam • 950
A Robust Economy • 952
Technological Change, Science, and Space Exploration • 952
The Rise of the Sunbelt • 954
Race, Gender, Youth, and the ­Challenge to the Establishment • 955
Urban Uprisings and Black Power • 956
Latinos and Indians Struggle for Rights • 959
The New Feminism • 961
Environmentalism • 962
Countercultures • 963
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The Republic of Rock • 964

CHAPTER 28

The Vietnam Era, 1961–1975 • 973

Background to a War, 1945–1963 • 974

Vietnam and the Cold War • 975
xvi Contents

American Commitments to South Vietnam • 976

The 1963 Turning Point • 978
An American War, 1964–1967 • 979
Decisions for Escalation, 1964–1965 • 979
Ground and Air War, 1966–1967 • 982
The War at Home • 985
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Global Disruption • 986

1968: Turmoil and Turning Points • 988

The Tet Offensive • 988
The Agony of 1968 • 989
Nixon and the World • 992
From Vietnamization to Paris • 993
The End of the Vietnam War • 994
Reduction of Cold War Tensions • 995
Domestic Policy and the Abuse of Power • 998
Curtailing the Great Society • 998
Watergate • 999

CHAPTER 29

Conservatism Resurgent, 1973–1988 • 1007

Backlash • 1008
An Accidental President • 1009
The Politics of Limits and Malaise • 1011
A Dangerous World, 1974–1980 • 1013
America Held Hostage • 1014
Democratic Decline and the Rising Tide on the Right • 1018
The Crisis of the Democrats • 1018
Rising Tide on the Right • 1018
The Religious Right and Neoconservatism • 1019
It’s Morning Again in America • 1023
The Rise of Reagan • 1023
Economic Realities • 1025
Conservative Justice • 1026
Social Transformation and the Technology Revolution • 1027
The Rise of the “Nontraditional Family” • 1027
Gay Rights and the AIDS Epidemic • 1028
A Health-Conscious America • 1029
High Technology • 1029
Challenging the “Evil Empire” • 1030
A New Arms Race • 1030
 Contents xvii

Interventions • 1033
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Bombs Away: The B-52 and America’s Global Military
Footprint • 1034
Cold War Thaw • 1035

CHAPTER 30

After the Cold War, 1988–2001 • 1043

George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War • 1044

The Election of 1988 • 1045
The Bush Presidency at Home • 1046
The New World Order • 1048
The Election of 1992 • 1052
The Good Times • 1054
Innovation and New Technology • 1054
GLOBAL PASSAGES: The 1965 Immigration Act and Its Consequences • 1058
Bill Clinton and the New Democrats • 1060
An Awkward Start • 1060
Clinton’s Recovery • 1063
Clinton’s Second Term • 1064
A Post–Cold War Foreign Policy • 1066
Intervention and Mediation • 1066
International Terrorism • 1067
The Disputed Election of 2000 • 1068
Bush Versus Gore • 1068
The Election in Florida and a Supreme Court Decision • 1069

CHAPTER 31

Twenty-first Century Dangers and Promises,

2001–Present • 1077

The Age of Sacred Terror • 1078

The United States and Terrorism Before September 11, 2001 • 1078
September 11 and al-Qaeda • 1079
The War in Afghanistan • 1080
The Iraq War • 1081
Policing Terrorism • 1085
Conservatism in the Bush Years • 1086
Culture Wars 1086
•
Compassionate Conservatism • 1088
The Election of 2004 • 1089
xviii Contents

Privatizing Social Security • 1089

Hurricane Katrina • 1090
The Election of 2006 • 1091
Economic Turmoil • 1091
The Dot-Com Bust, Financial Scandals, and the Middle-Class Squeeze • 1092
Collapse • 1092
The Obama Years • 1095
The Elections of 2008 • 1095
Economic Recovery • 1096
Iraq Withdrawal and the Afghan War • 1097
GLOBAL PASSAGES: Reefer Madness: Cycles of Repression and Reform in the
Long War on Drugs • 1098
Battles in the Legislature • 1100
Protests on the Right and Left • 1102
The 2012 Election • 1103
Going Over the Fiscal Cliff • 1103
Justice in the 21st Century • 1105
Immigration • 1106
Civil Rights for Gay Americans • 1107
A Turbulent World • 1108
Addendum: The Unexpected Election of President
Donald J. Trump • 1109

Appendix A: Historical Documents • A-1

Appendix B: Historical Facts and Data • B-1
Glossary • G-1
Credits • C-1
Index • I-1
MAPS

15.1 Black Population of the United States, 1880 • 508

15.2 Military Districts Established by the Reconstruction Acts, 1867 • 520
15.3 1876 Presidential Election, by State • 533
16.1 Technology, Time, and Space • 545
16.2 Borderlands • 546
16.3 Climate and Consolidation • 549
16.4 Indian Battles and Railroad Lines • 562
17.1 Rich in Resources • 582
17.2 Commercial Empire • 586
18.1 Global Migration, 1840–1900 • 621
18.2 Ethnic Enclaves • 628
18.3 The Election of 1896 • 646
19.1 World Colonial Empires, 1900 • 654
19.2 The United States in Latin America, 1898–1934 • 678
20.1 Conserving for the Future • 705
20.2 Woman Suffrage Around the World • 709
21.1 European Political Boundaries Before World War I • 722
21.2 Battles of World War I • 725
21.3 America Joins World War I, 1917–1918 • 742
21.4 European Political Boundaries After World War I • 746
22.1 The Reach of Radio by 1939 • 758
22.2 Automobile Roads, 1907 and 1920 • 760
22.3 Presidential Election of 1928 • 779
23.1 The Dimensions of the Dust Bowl in the 1930s • 815
24.1 Map of the Pacific Theater of War (World War II) • 838
24.2 Map of the European Theater of War (World War II) • 840
25.1 Dividing Postwar Europe • 868
25.2 The Election of 1948 • 871
25.3 The Deceptive Complexity of Proxy War • 875
25.4 Modern Military West • 884
26.1 The Postwar World • 902
26.2 Defense and Mobility • 910
27.1 Freedom Riders • 941
27.2 The Bay of Pigs • 943
27.3 The Growth of Manufacturing in the Sunbelt • 954
28.1 Divided Vietnam • 977
28.2 Ho Chi Minh Trail • 981

xix
xx Maps

29.1 Reagan-Era Military Interventions • 1031

30.1 After the Fall: Russia and Eastern Europe Since 1991 • 1049
30.2 War in the Persian Gulf, 1991–1992 • 1051
31.1 War in Iraq Since 2003 • 1082
31.2 War in Iraq and Afghanistan Since 2003 • 1083
31.3 2008 Election: Obama’s Victory • 1096
PREFACE

A
merican Horizons offers students in American history courses the opportunity to
put that story in a global context.
For more than 500 years, North America has been part of a global network
centered on the exchange of peoples, goods, and ideas. Human migrations—sometimes
freely, sometimes forced—have continued over the centuries, along with the evolution of
commerce in commodities as varied as tobacco, sugar, and computer chips. Europeans
and Africans came or were brought to the continent, where they met, traded with, fought
among, and intermarried with Native peoples. Some of these migrants stayed, whereas
others returned to their home countries. Still others came and went periodically. This
initial circulation of people across the oceans foreshadowed the continuous movement of
people, goods, and ideas that made the United States. Such forces have shaped American
history, both dividing and unifying the nation. American “horizons” truly stretch beyond
our nation’s borders, embracing the trading networks established during and after the co-
lonial era as well as the digital social networks connecting people globally today.
American Horizons tells the story of the United States by exploring this exchange
on a global scale and placing it at the center of that story. By doing so, we provide a
different perspective on the history of the United States, one that we hope broadens
the horizons of those who read our work and are ever mindful of the global forces that
increasingly and profoundly shape our lives. At the same time, American Horizons con-
siders those ways in which U.S. influence reshaped the lives and experiences of people
of other nations.
U.S. history is increasingly perceived, interpreted, and taught as part of a global
historical experience. The mutual influence of change—of global forces entering
the United States and of American ideas, goods, and people moving out through the
world—has been a consistent feature since the 16th century. Although most Americans
today are aware that their influence is felt abroad and are increasingly aware of the
influence of events abroad on their own lives, they tend to think of these as recent de-
velopments. In fact, those earliest exchanges of beliefs and products some 500 years ago
established a pattern of interaction that continues today.
We have written a narrative that encourages readers to consider the variety of pres-
sures that spurred historical change. Some of these pressures arose within America,
and some came from outside. In the 1820s, the global market for whale oil shaped labor
conditions throughout New England. At the same time, the American political system
was transformed by the unique inheritance of the American Revolution and the relative
abundance of land in North America. In the 1940s and 1950s, the federal government
designed a unique set of policies to help World War II veterans readjust to civilian life,
whereas the civil rights movement unfolded within a global context of decolonization
in Africa and Asia. Topics such as these help readers consider the relationship between
local and global forces that shaped American history.
xxi
xxii Preface

American Horizons presents an opportunity to view the nation’s history as more

than a mere sequence of events for students to memorize. Although adhering to the fa-
miliar chronological organization of this course, our narrative style and structure provide
the flexibility of shifting emphasis from time to time to the global aspects of American
history. Although the story of the United States is always at the center, that story is told
through the movement of people, goods, and ideas into, within, or out of the United States.
How did the United States emerge from a diverse set of colonies? How did colonists
interact with Native American nations? How did the United States become a major player
on the world stage of nations? What qualities make the United States unique? What does
the United States share with other nations and empires? History includes many story lines
that contribute to this narrative. American Horizons is the story of where this nation came
from and how its people have been shaped by their own values as well as their interactions
with the rest of the world. It recognizes that many of the significant events in American
history had causes and consequences connected to developments elsewhere and presents
those events accordingly. American Horizons depicts this intersection of storylines from
many nations that influenced, and were influenced by, the United States of America.
As readers engage with the text, we encourage them to think explicitly about what
makes history. What matters? What forces or events shaped how people lived their lives?

The Development Story

The six coauthors of this book specialize in a variety of time periods and methodologies.
Based on our research and teaching, we all share the idea that the nation’s history can
best be understood by examining how, from the precolonial era forward, the American
experience reflected the interaction of many nations, peoples, and events. We present
this idea in a format that integrates traditional narrative history with the enhanced
perspective of five centuries of global interaction.

About the Third Edition

This new edition of American Horizons is comprehensive yet concise enough for instruc-
tors who prefer a more economical option for their students without forgoing the pri-
mary advantages of a traditional, longer text. This has been achieved without sacrificing
the kinds of features, images, tables, maps, and figures expected in this course.

HALLMARK FEATURES
• Each chapter begins with a compelling story at the core of the chapter theme.
• Global Passages boxes feature a unique story illustrating America’s connection
to the world.
• A rich graphics program of maps and figures helps students explore essential
chapter themes.
• Timelines highlighting significant happenings in North America and the rest
of the world, presented in parallel, provide students with a global context for
American events.
• America in the World maps at the end of each chapter visually summarize the
key themes of exchange (of peoples, goods, and ideas between America and
other nations) discussed in each chapter.
• Key Terms and People: list at the end of each chapter help students recall the
important people and events of that chapter.
 Preface xxiii

• Throughout the chapters, Study Questions test students’ memory and under-
standing of the chapter content. Chapter-ending Review Questions ask stu-
dents to think critically and analyze what they have learned.

New to the Third Edition

NEW COAUTHOR
The American Horizons team welcomes new coauthor Christina Snyder, Professor of
History at The Pennsylvania State University, to the third edition. Christina was re-
sponsible for revising Chapters 1–5 and brings her knowledge of colonialism, race, slav-
ery, and Native North America to this edition.

NEW GLOBAL PASSAGES BOXES

For the third edition, the following Global Passages boxes have been refreshed with new
examples of key global connections.
• Chapter 17: A Revolution in Food
• Chapter 22: Hollywood Sells America to the World
• Chapter 24: A Battle of Books and Ideas
• Chapter 26: The International Geophysical Year
• Chapter 29: Bombs Away: The B-52 and America’s Global Military Footprint
• Chapter 30: The 1965 Immigration Act and Its Consequences
• Chapter 31: Reefer Madness: Cycles of Repression and Reform in the Long War
on Drugs

NEW AND REVISED CHAPTER CONTENT

Chapter 15
• Expanded discussion of the pursuit of women’s suffrage in the 1870s.
Chapter 16
• New chapter opener about the Arizona copper mining industry.
• Expanded discussion of the role of women in the West and intermarriage.
Chapter 17
• Additional content about African American labor under the convict lease
system.
Chapter 18
• Expanded discussion of discrimination toward Chinese immigrants.
• Revised discussion of charity organizations and the efforts of social reformers
to combat urban vice.
Chapter 20
• Expanded coverage of the influence of socialism and the global workers’
movement.
Chapter 22
• Expanded discussion of sexual conventions to account for the development of
gay culture and communities in urban areas.
xxiv Preface

Chapter 23
• New chapter opener about the Bonus Expeditionary Force and the Hoover ad-
ministration’s response to it, which inspired FDR’s pledge to deliver a “new
deal” to the “forgotten man.”
Chapter 26
• New chapter opener discussion of the film High Noon’s impact as a metaphor
for the Red scare and its influence on the Polish Solidarity movement.
Chapter 29
• New chapter opener on the Iran-Contra affair.
Chapter 31
• Revised and expanded discussion of the history of health care in the United
States, including the implementation of the Affordable Care Act.
• New section addressing gun violence and gun safety legislation in the United States.
• Addendum on the election of President Donald J. Trump.

Additional Learning Resources

Oxford University Press offers a complete and authoritative package of learning re-
sources for students and instructors.

Reading American Horizons, Third Edition: This two-volume primary

source collection (ISBN for volume I: 9780190698034; ISBN for volume II:
9780190698041), expertly edited by the authors of American Horizons, provides
a diverse set of documents (both textual and visual) that situate U.S. history in
a global context. The more than 200 documents—25 of which are new to this
edition—cover political, social, and cultural history. Each document includes a
headnote and discussion questions. A significant discount are provided when
Reading American Horizons is packaged with American Horizons. Contact your
Oxford University Press sales representative for details.
Dashboard (www.oup.com/us/dashboard): Simple, informative, and mobile,
Dashboard is an online learning and assessment platform tailored to your text-
book that delivers a simple, informative, and mobile experience for professors
and students. It offers quality content and tools to track student progress in an
intuitive, web-based learning environment; features a streamlined interface that
connects students and instructors with the most important course functions; and
simplifies the learning experience to save time and put student progress first.
Dashboard for American Horizons, third edition, includes:
• An embedded e-book that integrates multimedia content, providing a dynamic
learning space for both students and instructors
Each chapter includes:

image analysis

map analysis, interactive timelines, and quizzes

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Coggeshall, Webster Groves, Mo.
 Improvised Trousers Hanger in Train Berth

The berth of a sleeping car is usually provided with a coat hanger,

but if there is a rod on it for trousers, there is nothing to keep them
from slipping off. By removing two of the curtain hooks, hanging the
trousers over the curtain pole, and replacing the hooks over the
trousers, a satisfactory hanger is obtained, which will not permit
them to slip down no matter how rough the road.
 Headrest for Porch Swing

The Hinged Board Provides a Comfortable Headrest, and Is a Safety

Feature

Here is a “peach” of a homemade porch swing—a shock-

absorbing species. The top board is attached with springy hinges,
and affords an ideal headrest. It also tends to prevent children from
climbing over the back.—H. W. Hart, St. Paul, Minn.
Fruit-Picking Pole with Gravity Delivery Chute
 For picking fruit without bruising it, in the home garden, or for
exhibition purposes, the fruit-picking pole shown in the sketch is
useful. A wire ring is fixed to the top of the pole, and the bag,
suspended from it, is fastened to the pole at intervals. The fruit is
removed by means of the ring and drops to the bottom of the chute,
which is held closed by the hand. For picking large quantities of fruit
a receptacle is carried by the picker.—Mrs. Ella L. Lamb. Mason,
Michigan.
 A Set of Electric Chimes
A set of electric dinner chimes is a welcome and useful addition to
many households, and may be made at a trifling cost by the average
person handy with tools. The completed article is shown in Fig. 1,
the details in Fig. 2, and the wiring diagram in Fig. 3. The woodwork
is of ¹⁄₂-in. stock. The back A, Fig. 2, is 1¹⁄₂ in., by 9³⁄₄ in. long. The
ends may be shaped to suit the builder’s fancy. The shelf B is 4 in.
square, and is fastened to the back piece 2¹⁄₄ in. from the upper end.
It supports the magnets C, which are made on cores, ³⁄₈ in. in
diameter and ³⁄₄ in. long, with ends ¹⁄₁₆ in. by 1 in. in diameter. The
spools are wound full of No. 28 silk-covered copper magnet wire.
These coils mounted on the shelf by means brass straps D. Four
magnets are used, the forward one being omitted in Fig. 2.
 Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
 When the Buttons are Pressed, Tones are Given Forth by the Electrically
Operated Gongs

The supports E, for the tubes, consist of ¹⁄₂-in. lengths of ¹⁄₄-in.

square brass rod. One end of the rod is drilled and tapped for an 8-
32 screw which holds the support in place. Drill a small hole, ¹⁄₄ in.
from the end, for the pin G, made of steel wire. The tapper H is made
from a 4¹⁄₂-in. length of stiff iron wire; 1¹⁄₄ in. from one end a ³⁄₈-in.
cube of iron, J, is soldered, the wire passing through it. The ends of
the wire are fitted with balls as shown. A nickeled gong, K, covers
the four magnets. The end of the tapper is passed through the hole
in the gong and the ball riveted into place.
Four ³⁄₄-in. diameter tubes are used, respectively 3, 4, 5, and 6 in.
long. When the apparatus is assembled as shown, and one of the
magnets is energized, the latter will draw the iron cube J toward it,
and the tapper will strike one of the tubes.
To control the current supplying the magnets, four small push
buttons mounted on a wooden base are used. They are wired up
with the battery and coils, as shown in Fig. 3. A wire from each of the
coils runs directly to one terminal of the battery, the other wire from
each coil being connected to a separate push button. The other
sides of the push buttons are connected to the battery. By this
means any of the magnets may be energized at will, the coils and
corresponding push buttons being marked L and M, etc.,
alphabetically.
 Tabs for Turning Sheet Music Quickly

Musicians sometimes have trouble in turning over sheet music

quickly. Here is a simple way to turn the leaves quickly and easily:
Paste a tab on the edge of each sheet, as shown. The first sheet is
tagged at the top, the second in the middle, and the last sheet at the
bottom, like a letter file. Where there are many sheets, it is easy to
grasp the upper tab, on each successive sheet.—M. W. Meier,
Chicago, Ill.
 A Springy Hammock Support Made of Boughs

The Camp Bed can be “Knocked Down,” or Transported Considerable

Distances as It Stands

In many camping places, balsam branches, or moss, are available

for improvising mattresses. Used in connection with a hammock, or a
bed made on the spot, such a mattress substitute provides a comfort
that adds to the joys of camping. A camp hammock, or bed of this
kind, is shown.
The Poles are Selected Carefully and Set Up with Stout Cross Braces at the
Middle, and Lighter Ones for the Mattress Support

To make it, cut four 6-ft. poles, of nearly the same weight and 1 in.
in diameter at the small end. These saplings should have a fork
about 2¹⁄₂ ft. from the lower ends, as resting places for the crossbars,
as shown. Then cut two poles, 2 in. in diameter and 3¹⁄₂ ft. long, and
two smaller poles, 3 ft. long. Also cut two forked poles, 4¹⁄₂ ft. long,
for the diagonal braces. Place two of the long poles crossing each
other, as shown, 1 ft. from the ground. Set up the second pair
similarly. Fix the crossbars into place, in the crotches, the ends of the
crotch branches being fastened under the opposite crossbar. The
end bars are fixed to the crossed poles by means of short rope
loops. The mattress is placed on springy poles, 7 ft. long and 2 in.
apart, alternating thick and thin ends. The moss is laid over the
poles, and the balsam branches spread on thickly. Blankets may be
used as a cover.—J. S. Zerbe, Coytesville, N. J.
 A Revolving Card, or Ticket, Holder

A holder which may be ornamented and trimmed with leather or

other materials, was made of several disks of wood, joined at the
center by a thumbscrew, and provided a neat place for calling cards,
post cards, etc. The block A, which fits against the wall, is ³⁄₈ in. thick
and 2 in. in diameter. The disk C is ¹⁄₄ by 7 in., the disk D, 6 in., and
the metal disk E, 6 in. in diameter. The edge of the metal disk, which
may be of ornamented or etched brass, or copper, is curled forward
as shown. The thumbscrew B holds the disks together and fastens
them to the wall.—James E. Noble, Portsmouth, Ontario, Can.
Testing Direct Current Polarity with Litmus Paper
Litmus paper laid on glass, and moistened with a weak solution of
sodium sulphate can be used to test the polarity of a direct current. If
the two conductors are touched on the moistened paper, the latter
will turn red at the positive, and blue at the negative conductor.

¶A berry stemmer made of a small pair of tweezers is useful for

removing superfluous buds from garden flowering plants.
 An Automatic Fishhook
The hook A is made of tempered brass or steel wire of a gauge
sufficient for the size of the fish to be caught. A wire of No. 18 gauge
is about right for ordinary fishing, with a No. 20 or 22 gauge for the
trigger. Hooks, C C, can be soldered on the points to angle for larger
fish. Barbs are not required for smaller fish.
 Such a hook will catch the fish, even if they only nibble, and is
especially good for fishing through the ice. Use a bob and a pole,
and bait the short hook with a minnow or worm. The extreme length
of a hook for catching a 1-lb. fish should be 3 in. Fasten the line as
shown at B.—Contributed by Robert C. Knox, Waycross, Ga.