Week 10. Personality and Its Assessment

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality and its Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Traits
Types
States
PSYC3302: Measurement and Its
Uses of Applications
Personality
Assessment A
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week
mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Learning Objectives
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• What is personality?
What is
Personality? • What is personality assessment?
Personality
Assessment • Uses and value of personality assessments
Traits
Types
States
• Measurement methods:
Uses of
Personality 1 Projective tests
Assessment
2 Objective tests
Personality
Assessment • Type-Based
Methods
Projective Methods • Trait-Based
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Lay Conceptions of Personality
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• For lay people, personality refers to aspects of a person that
What is elicit positive or negative reactions from others:
Personality?
Personality
• Someone who elicits positive reactions has a "good
Assessment personality"
Traits
Types • Someone who elicits negative reactions has a "negative
States
Uses of
personality"
Personality
Assessment • We also hear people described with adjectives like
Personality aggressive, warm, or cold
Assessment
Methods • For psychologists the terms tend to be better specified and
Projective Methods
Objective Methods more descriptive
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Definitions in the Psychology Literature
Psychological
Measurement The most adequate conceptualisation of a person’s
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
behaviour in all its detail (McClelland, 1951, p.69)
What is The individual as a whole ... it means all that any-

Personality?
Personality
one is and is trying to become (Menninger 1953,
Assessment p.23)
Traits
Types
States
Personality is defined by the particular empirical
Uses of
Personality concepts which are a part of the theory of person-
Assessment
ality employed (Hall and Lindzey, 1970, p.9)
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
An individual’s unique constellation of psy-
Objective Methods
Type-Based
chological traits—values, interests, attitudes,
Trait-Based worldview, cognitive style—that is relatively sta-
Next Week ble and enduring over time

Personality Assessment
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au Personality assessment is the measurement and eval-
What is
uation of psychological traits, states, values, interests,
Personality? attitudes, worldview, cognitive style and related individ-
Personality ual characteristics
Assessment
Traits
Types
• Methods of personality assessment we will consider today
States
include:
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
1 Projective tests
Personality 2 Objective tests
Assessment
Methods • We first consider the distinction between personality traits,
Projective Methods
Objective Methods types, and states
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Personality Traits
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one
@uwa.edu.au individual varies from another (Guildford, 1959, p.6)
What is
Personality? • Distinguishable indicates that behaviours labelled with
Personality
Assessment
different trait terms are actually different from one another
Traits
Types • Context is important when applying trait terms to behaviours
States
Uses of • Relatively enduring implies that traits are relatively

Personality
Assessment consistent across the lifespan but how they manifest is partly
Personality dependent on the situation
Assessment
Methods • A trait is a way in which one individual varies from another
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
• The attribution of a trait term is always a relative
Trait-Based
phenomenon
Next Week

Personality Types
Psychological
Measurement A constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one
mark.hurlstone identified category of personality within a taxonomy of
@uwa.edu.au
personalities
What is
Personality? • Traits are characteristics possessed by people, whereas
Personality types are descriptions of people
Assessment
Traits
Types
• Personality typologies are common:
States
• Carl Jung (1923) and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Uses of
Personality (MBTI; Myers & Briggs, 1943/1962)
Assessment
• Holland’s six personality types (Holland, 1999): artistic,
Personality
Assessment enterprising, investigative, social, realistic, or
Methods
Projective Methods
conventional
Objective Methods
Type-Based
• Type A personality vs. Type B personality (Freidman &
Trait-Based
Rosenman, 1974)
Next Week
• MMPI personality profiles (Dahlstrom, 1995)

Personality States
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone The transitory exhibition of some personality state
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality? • Unlike a trait—which is a relatively enduring behavioural
Personality predisposition—a state is a relatively temporary
Assessment
Traits
predisposition
Types
States • For example, you may be in an anxious state before an exam
Uses of but that does not mean you are an anxious person
Personality
Assessment • Measuring personality states is the search for traits that are
Personality
Assessment
relatively transitory or situation specific
Methods
Projective Methods • Personality inventories—like the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Objective Methods
Type-Based (STAI)—have been developed to distinguish various states
Trait-Based
from traits
Next Week

Uses of Personality Assessment
Psychological
Measurement • Basic Research
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au • Determine the number and nature of dimensions that
What is
make us unique
Personality? • Stability of personality across time
Personality
Assessment • Clinical/Counselling
Traits
Types
States
• Vocational counselling
Uses of • Personality disorders
Personality
Assessment
• Personell Management
Personality
Assessment • Recruitment and selection
Methods
Projective Methods • Placement
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based • Threat Assessment
Next Week
• Judgements of dangerousness of persons of interest

Personality Assessment Methods
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality • There are broadly two types of personality assessment

Assessment
Traits methods
Types
States 1 Projective methods
Uses of
Personality 2 Objective methods
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?

Assessment
Traits methods
Types
Uses of
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Projective Methods
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone • Some of the first personality tests to be used and
@uwa.edu.au
investigated
What is
Personality? • Usually consist of ambiguous stimuli
Personality
Assessment
• A judgement of the assesses personality is made according
Traits to her ability to impose some structure on the unstructured
Types
States stimuli—projective method
Uses of
Personality • The underlying theme is that you cannot rely upon people’s
Assessment
conscious awareness of themselves for the purposes of
Personality
Assessment
understanding their true nature
Methods
Projective Methods • The projective hypothesis states that an individual supplies
Objective Methods
Type-Based structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with
Trait-Based
their underlying personality
Next Week

Projective Methods
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone • Projective tests are indirect methods of personality
@uwa.edu.au
assessment—assesses are not asked to disclose
What is
Personality?
information about themselves
Personality • Their task is to talk about something else (e.g., inkblots,
Assessment
Traits pictures, sounds)
Types
States • Through such indirect responses, the assessor draws
Uses of
Personality
inferences about the personality of assesses
Assessment
• The ability and inclination to "fake" is minimised
Personality
Assessment
Methods
• So too is proficiency in the English language—increases
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
cross-cultural utility
Type-Based
Trait-Based • Assumed to tap conscious as well as unconscious material
Next Week

Inkblots as Projective Stimuli
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au • Hermann Rorschach (1921) developed
what he called a "form interpretation test"
What is • It has since come to be known as The
Personality?
Rorschach Test
Personality
Assessment • 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots printed
Traits
Types on white cards
States
• Five are achromatic
Uses of
Personality • Two are black, white, and red
Assessment • Three are multicoloured
Personality • Inkblots used to incite the testtaker to
Assessment
Methods free-associate
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
• Responses are then coded according to
Type-Based guidelines
Trait-Based
Next Week

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
Stage 1
What is • The cards are presented in numbered
Personality? order from 1–10
Personality • Testtaker initially asked "What might this
Assessment
Traits
be?"
Types • Examiner records testtaker’s verbatim
States
responses, nonverbal gestures, first
Uses of
Personality
response time, position of card etc.
Assessment • Examiner does not engage in any
Personality discussion at this stage
Assessment
Methods
• Focus is on allowing testtaker to project,
Projective Methods free from distraction
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone Stage 2
@uwa.edu.au
• The cards are re-administered in a second
What is stage known as the inquiry
Personality?
• Examiner attempts to determine what
Personality features of the inkblot played a role in the
Assessment
Traits
formulation of the testtaker’s percept
Types
• Examiner asks questions such as "What
States
made it look like [whatever]?" to clarify
Uses of
Personality
what was seen
Assessment • Goal is to identify which aspects of the
Personality inkblot were most influential in forming the
Assessment perception
Methods
Projective Methods • Provides opportunity to detect whether any
Objective Methods
new responses are perceived
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is Stage 3
Personality? • In a final stage, known as testing the
Personality limits the examiner asks specific questions
Assessment
Traits
• Testtaker asked to elaborate on aspects of
Types the inkblot
States
• The examiner might say "sometimes
Uses of
Personality
people use a part of the blot to see
Assessment something" or "what does this look like?"
Personality • Goal is to obtain additional information
Assessment concerning personality functioning
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Rorschach Scoring Protocols
Psychological
Measurement • Responses scored according to several categories:
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au 1 Location
• part of the inkblot used to form the percept
What is
Personality? 2 Determinants
Personality • qualities of the inkblot (form, colour, movement)
Assessment
Traits important to a testtaker’s percept
Types
States 3 Content
Uses of • content category (human, animal, anatomical figures) of
Personality
Assessment
responses
Personality 4 Popularity
Assessment • frequency with which a response to part of an inkblot
Methods
Projective Methods has been observed
Objective Methods
Type-Based 5 Form
Trait-Based
• how well the individuals percept matches the
Next Week
corresponding part of the inkblot

Scoring Categories and Personality
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• The number of whole responses (using the entire inkblot) is
What is
Personality?
associated with conceptual thought processes
Personality • Form level is associated with reality testing
Assessment
Traits
Types
• Accordingly, psychotic patients are expected to achieve low
States
scores for form level
Uses of
Personality • Human movement has been associated with creative
Assessment
imagination
Personality
Assessment
Methods
• Colour responses have been associated with emotional
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
reactivity
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Rorschach Test: Reliability
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
• Very difficult to calculate internal consistency reliability
Assessment
Traits • Test-retest reliability has been observed to be high
Types
States
• Inter-rater reliability is fairly high (.80)
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
• So far so good ...
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Rorschach Test: Validity
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• Accuracy of predictions of future behaviour based on
Rorschach scores has been found to be low
What is
Personality? • Some of the research has tried to find correlations with
Personality self-report personality questionnaires
Assessment
Traits
Types
• Correlations are very low
States
• But is the Rorschach trying to measure conventional
Uses of
Personality personality?
Assessment
Personality
• Criterion group validity studies would be especially useful
Assessment
Methods • For example, compare responses from clinically
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
depressed and non-depressed individuals
Type-Based
Trait-Based
• Are there any differences in typical responses?
Next Week

Rorschach Test: Criticisms
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• Sensitive to rater’s beliefs
What is
• Suffers from lack of objectivity in scoring
Personality?
• Absence of adequate norms
Personality
Assessment
Traits
• Relation between responses and personality is as
Types
States
ambiguous as the inkblots themselves
Uses of • Poor predictive validity
Personality
Assessment
Personality
Assessment The rate of scientific progress in clinical psychology
Methods
Projective Methods
might well be measured by the speed and thoroughness
Objective Methods with which it gets over the Rorschach (Jensen, 1965,
Type-Based
Trait-Based p.509)
Next Week

Other Types of Projective Tests
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au • Pictures as projective stimuli
What is • Thematic Apperception Test
Personality?
Personality • Words as projective stimuli

Assessment
Traits • Word Association Test
Types
States • Sentence Completion Test
Uses of
Personality • Sounds as projective stimuli
Assessment
Personality • Like auditory inkblots

Assessment
Methods (Skinner, 1979)
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
• Rarely used and little
Type-Based
Trait-Based
supporting evidence
Next Week

Projective Tests Today
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is • Though controversial, they are still used in clinical and

Personality?
forensic settings
Personality
Assessment
Traits
• There are many contemporary publications advocating the
Types
States
use of the Rorschach
Uses of • Responses on the Rorschach are accepted by the courts
Personality
Assessment
• "The rate of scientific progress in clinical psychology" has
Personality
Assessment evidently been a crawl
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?

Assessment
Traits methods
Types
Uses of
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?

Assessment
Traits methods
Types
Uses of
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Objective Methods
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• Objective methods of personality assessment contain
What is
Personality?
short-answer items
Personality • Individuals respond to items, usually on a scale (e.g., agree /
Assessment
Traits disagree)
Types
States • May also be complemented with acquaintance-report
Uses of
Personality • They are objective in the sense that they employ short
Assessment
answer (typically multiple choice) format—provides no room
Personality
Assessment for discretion in scoring
Methods
Projective Methods • The most common method of personality assessment by far
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Type-Based vs. Trait-Based Approaches
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
• People can be sorted into categories
Assessment
Traits
Type-Based • More popular in commercial settings
Types
States
Uses of
Personality • People differ based on stable attributes
Assessment
Trait-Based • Characteristics lie on a continuum
Personality • Very popular in research settings
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Type-Based Approach
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
Assessment
Traits
Types
States
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Type-Based Approach
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
• Group people according to a combination of personality
Personality
Assessment characteristics
Traits
Types
States
• Places emphasis on similarities between people to
Uses of
categorise them
Personality
Assessment • e.g., I’m an ENFP, therefore I am similar to other ENFP’s
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Type-Based Approach
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• The Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
(MBTI; Myers & Briggs,
What is
Personality?
1943/1962)
Personality • Based on the idea that people
Assessment
Traits exhibit stable preferences in the
Types
States way they take in information and
Uses of make decisions
Personality
Assessment • Widely popular:
Personality
Assessment • Taken by more than
Methods
Projective Methods
2.5million people a year
Objective Methods
Type-Based
• Used by 89 of Fortune 100
Trait-Based
companies
Next Week

Criticisms of The MBTI
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality? • Very serious concerns have been raised about the
Personality psychometric soundness of the MBTI
Assessment
Traits • The test lacks reliability—specifically test-retest reliability
Types
States
• It also lacks predictive validity
Uses of
Personality
Assessment • Regardless of such criticism, the test (regrettably) remains
Personality very popular
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Trait-Based Approach
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
• Examines individual characteristics, each measured
Personality
Assessment separately and more precisely
Traits
Types • Emphasis placed on differences between people
States
Uses of • Subtle differences may be important

Personality
Assessment • Each person comprises a unique constellation of traits
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Trait-Based Approach: How Many Traits?
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone • There are thousands of personality descriptive adjectives in
@uwa.edu.au
the English dictionary (e.g., affable, agreeable, charming,
What is polite, likeable, arrogant, self-centred, cynical, boastful,
Personality?
pompous, patronising)
Personality
Assessment • Often there are too many to use, and there is a lot of overlap
Traits
Types
States • Thus, there is a need to categorise these traits into a smaller
Uses of number of groups
Personality
Assessment • This can be done using data reduction methods like factor
Personality
Assessment
analysis or cluster analysis
Methods
Projective Methods • Permits identification of the minimum number of variables or
Objective Methods
Type-Based factors that account for the inter-correlations in observed
Trait-Based
phenomena
Next Week

Trait-Based Approach: The Big Five
Psychological
Measurement
• Based on a five-dimension (or
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au factor) model of personality
What is • The NEO PI-R (Costa & McCrae,
Personality?
1992) is a measure of five major
Personality
Assessment dimensions (or "domains") of
Traits
Types
personality and a total of 30
States elements or facets that define
Uses of each domain
Personality
Assessment
• It is easily the most dominant
Personality
Assessment model of personality (especially in
Methods research)
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based • Lexical Approach: Based on a
Trait-Based
factor analysis of adjectives in the
Next Week
English dictionary

Trait-Based Approach: The Big Five
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone 1 Openness to experience
@uwa.edu.au
• preference for variety, intellectual curiosity
What is
Personality?
2 Conscientiousness
Personality
Assessment • planning, organising, and following through
Traits
Types
States
3 Extraversion
Uses of • assertiveness and proactivity in seeking out others
Personality
Assessment
4 Agreeableness
Personality
Assessment
Methods
• altruism, friendliness, sympathy toward others
Projective Methods
Objective Methods 5 Neuroticism
Type-Based
Trait-Based
• emotional stability, coping in times of emotional turmoil
Next Week

Big Five Facts (NEO PI-R)
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality? NEUROTICISM EXTRAVERSION OPENNESS AGREEABLENESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
Personality
Assessment •Anxiety •Warmth •Fantasy •Trust •Competence
Traits •Angry Hostility •Gregariousness •Aesthetics •Straightforwar •Order
Types •Depression •Assertiveness •Feelings dness •Dutifulness
States •Self- •Activity •Actions •Altruism •Achievement
Consciousness •Excitement- •Ideas •Compliance Striving
Uses of •Impulsiveness Seeking •Values •Modesty •Self-Discipline
Personality •Vulnerability •Positive •Tender- •Deliberation
Emotions Mindedness
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

NEO PI-R Characteristics
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
• 5 traits × 6 facets × 8 items = 240 items total
Personality • Items are all very face valid
Assessment
Traits
Types • Anchored by strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)
States
Uses of • Norms provided for adults (21 and up) and college age
Personality
Assessment
individuals (17-20)
Personality • Norms come from 500 men and 500 women (U.S.)
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Big Five Validity: Job Performance
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• There is a lot of validity for the Big Five personality factors

What is
Personality?
• Barrick and Mount (1991) examined whether the Big Five
Personality
Assessment could predict job performance across a range of occupations
Traits
Types
(professional, police, managers, sales, skilled, semi-skilled)
States
• Openness to experience = .04
Uses of
Personality • Conscientiousness = .22
Assessment
• Extraversion = .13
Personality
Assessment
• Agreeableness = .07
Methods • Neuroticism = .08
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Big Five Validity: Academic Performance
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
Assessment
Traits
Types
States
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Source: Poropat (2009)
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Big Five Validity: Academic Performance
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
Assessment
Traits
Types
States
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Source: Poropat (2009)
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Rater-Report: Reliability Validity
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
• Multiple raters of the same person tend to provide similar
Personality ratings for the same person
Assessment
Traits • Inter-rater reliabilities for the Big Five dimensions range from
Types
States .69 to .81
Uses of
Personality • Consensual validity: correlation between self-report ratings
Assessment
and rater-report ratings for the Big Five dimensions range
Personality
Assessment
from .46 to .62
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Are Five Factors Enough?
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• According to Ashton and Lee (2012) lexical studies got it
What is
Personality? wrong when they chose five factors
Personality
Assessment • They found 6 factors → HEXACO
Traits
Types • Honesty-Humility
States
• Emotionality
Uses of
Personality • eXtraversion
Assessment
• Agreeableness
Personality
Assessment
• Conscientiousness
Methods • Openness to experience
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

The H Factor of Personality
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is • The "H" in the H factor stands for

Personality?
"Honesty-Humility"
Personality
Assessment
Traits
• Includes the facets: Sincerity, Fairness,
Types
States
Greed Avoidance, Modesty
Uses of • People who have high levels of H are
Personality
Assessment sincere and modest
Personality
Assessment
• People who have low levels of H are
Methods
Projective Methods
deceitful and pretentious
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

The H Factor of Personality
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• H factors shows predictive validity for:
What is
• Anti-social behaviour at work
Personality? • Academic dishonest behaviour
Personality
Assessment • Likelihood to sexually harass
Traits
Types
women
States
• Delinquency and unethical
Uses of
Personality decisions
Assessment
• "Dark Triad" personality (narcissism,
Personality
Assessment Machiavellianism, psychopathy)
Methods
Projective Methods
• Bullying and aggression
Objective Methods
Type-Based
• Selfish behaviour in games of
Trait-Based
cooperation
Next Week

Low Honesty-Humility: A Paradecase?
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
Assessment
Traits
Types
States
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Summary: Type-Based vs Trait-Based
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• Type-Based:
What is
Personality? • Credits: Simple, attractive
Personality • Debits: Poor predictors, questionable validity, unreliable
Assessment
Traits • Example: MBTI
Types
States
• Trait-Based:
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
• Credits: Comprehensive, valid descriptions, valid
Personality
predictions, reliable
Assessment
Methods
• Debits: Complex
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
• Example: NEO PI-R, HEXACO
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Self-Report Caveats
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
• Social desirability bias
Assessment
Traits • Faking
Types
States
• Careless responding
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
• Can be time-consuming
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Remember ...
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
• Validity is arguably the most important issue in evaluating a
What is
Personality? test’s psychometric quality
Personality • We need to be very careful of what we are trying to measure
Assessment
Traits or ascertain when administering a personality test
Types
States
• For example, the MBTI does not have strong predictive
Uses of
Personality validity in relation to workplace performance, therefore it
Assessment should not be administered as a recruitment tool
Personality
Assessment • By contrast, the Openness to experience dimension of the
Methods
Projective Methods Big Five could justifiably be used for such purposes
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Extra Resources
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
• Take the HEXACO here:
Assessment
Traits • http://hexaco.org/hexaco-online
Types
States
• Get someone to rate you on the Big Five here:
Uses of
Personality • http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Next Week ...
Psychological
Measurement
mark.hurlstone
@uwa.edu.au
What is
Personality?
Personality
Assessment
Traits
• SPSS Lab Exam (yikes ...)
Types
States • Final Exam revision
Uses of
Personality
Assessment
Personality
Assessment
Methods
Projective Methods
Objective Methods
Type-Based
Trait-Based
Next Week

Week 10. Personality and Its Assessment

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Psychological

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

What is The individual as a whole ... it means all that any-

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Uses of • Relatively enduring implies that traits are relatively

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Personality • There are broadly two types of personality assessment

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Personality • There are broadly two types of personality assessment

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Personality • Words as projective stimuli

Personality • Like auditory inkblots

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

What is • Though controversial, they are still used in clinical and

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Personality • There are broadly two types of personality assessment

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Personality • There are broadly two types of personality assessment

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

Uses of • Subtle differences may be important

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

• There is a lot of validity for the Big Five personality factors

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

What is • The "H" in the H factor stands for

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement

mark.hurlstone@uwa.edu.au Psychological Measurement