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 BRIEF CONTENTS

Contents for the Photo Sequences xi

Preface xii
Features of the Text xv
Supplements xvii

SECTION 1 Automotive Technology 1 CHAPTER 35 Emission Control Diagnosis and Service 1047
CHAPTER 1 Careers in the Automotive Industry 1 CHAPTER 36 Hybrid Vehicles 1077
CHAPTER 2 Workplace Skills 18 CHAPTER 37 Electric Vehicles 1119
CHAPTER 3 Working Safely in the Shop 35
CHAPTER 4 Automotive Systems 54 SECTION 5 Manual Transmissions and
CHAPTER 5 Hand Tools and Shop Equipment 80 Transaxles 1154
CHAPTER 6 Diagnostic Equipment and Special Tools 117
CHAPTER 38 Clutches 1154
CHAPTER 7 Basic Theories and Math 151
CHAPTER 39 Manual Transmissions and Transaxles 1176
CHAPTER 8 Preventive Maintenance and Basic Services 188
CHAPTER 40 Manual Transmission/Transaxle Service 1203
CHAPTER 41 Drive Axles and Differentials 1225
SECTION 2 Engines 220
CHAPTER 9 Automotive Engine Designs and Diagnosis 220
CHAPTER 10 Engine Disassembly 258
SECTION 6 Automatic Transmissions and
CHAPTER 11 Lower End Theory and Service 278 Transaxles 1269
CHAPTER 12 Upper End Theory and Service 324 CHAPTER 42 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles 1269
CHAPTER 13 Engine Sealing and Reassembly 370 CHAPTER 43 Electronic Automatic Transmissions 1314
CHAPTER 14 Lubricating and Cooling Systems 399 CHAPTER 44 Automatic Transmission and Transaxle
Service 1339
SECTION 3 Electricity 439 CHAPTER 45 Four- and All-Wheel Drive 1369
CHAPTER 15 Basics of Electrical Systems 439
CHAPTER 16 Basics of Electronics and Computer SECTION 7 Suspension and Steering
Systems 466 Systems 1397
CHAPTER 17 General Electrical System Diagnostics and
CHAPTER 46 Tires and Wheels 1397
Service 493
CHAPTER 47 Suspension Systems 1426
CHAPTER 18 Batteries: Theory, Diagnosis, and Service 537
CHAPTER 48 Steering Systems 1469
CHAPTER 19 Starting Systems 563
CHAPTER 49 Wheel Alignment 1515
CHAPTER 20 Charging Systems 586
CHAPTER 21 Lighting Systems 606
CHAPTER 22 Instrumentation and Information Displays 644 SECTION 8 Brakes 1540
CHAPTER 23 Electrical Accessories 666 CHAPTER 50 Brake Systems 1540
CHAPTER 24 Restraint Systems: Theory, Diagnosis, and CHAPTER 51 Drum Brakes 1575
Service 710 CHAPTER 52 Disc Brakes 1601
CHAPTER 53 Antilock Brake, Traction Control, and Stability
SECTION 4 Engine Performance 728 Control Systems 1628
CHAPTER 25 Ignition Systems 728
CHAPTER 26 Ignition System Diagnosis and Service 754 SECTION 9 Passenger Comfort 1662
CHAPTER 27 Gasoline, Diesel, and Other Fuels 791
CHAPTER 54 Heating and Air Conditioning 1662
CHAPTER 28 Fuel Delivery Systems 828
CHAPTER 55 Heating and Air-Conditioning Diagnosis and
CHAPTER 29 Electronic Fuel Injection 855
Service 1698
CHAPTER 30 Fuel Injection System Diagnosis and Service 875
CHAPTER 31 Engine Performance Systems 904
Appendix A: Decimal and Metric Equivalents 1731
CHAPTER 32 Detailed Diagnosis and Sensors 941
CHAPTER 33 Intake and Exhaust Systems 985 Appendix B: General Torque Specifications 1732
CHAPTER 34 Emission Control Systems 1017 Index 1733

NEL v

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CONTENTS

Contents for the Photo Sequences xi

Preface xii
Features of the Text xv
Supplements xvii

Steering Tools 139 • Brake System Tools 142 • Heating and

SECTION 1 Air-Conditioning Tools 146 • Key Terms 148 • Summary 149 •
Review Questions • 149
Automotive Technology 1
CHAPTER 7 Basic Theories and Math 151
CHAPTER 1 Careers in the Automotive Industry 1 Learning Outcomes 151 • Matter 151 • Energy 153 • Volume
156 • Force 158 • Time 160 • Motion 160 • Work 163 • Waves
Learning Outcomes 1 • Servicing Today’s Vehicles 1 • Job and Oscillations 168 • Light 171 • Liquids 171 • Gases 173 •
Classifications 9 • Related Career Opportunities 12 • Training Heat 175 • Chemical Properties 177 • Electricity and
for a Career in Automotive Service 13 • ASE Certification 15 • Electromagnetism 182 • Key Terms 184 • Summary 184 •
Key Terms 16 • Summary 16 • Review Questions 16 Review Questions 186

CHAPTER 2 Workplace Skills 18 CHAPTER 8 Preventive Maintenance and Basic

Learning Outcomes 18 • Seeking and Applying for Services 188
Employment 18 • Accepting Employment 25 • Working as an
Automotive Technician 27 • Key Terms 33 • Summary 33 • Learning Outcomes 188 • Repair Orders 188 • Vehicle
Review Questions 33 Identification 191 • Preventive Maintenance 192 • Basic
Services 193 • Hybrid Vehicles 215 • Additional PM Checks
217 • Key Terms 217 • Summary 218 • Review Questions 218
CHAPTER 3 Working Safely in the Shop 35
Learning Outcomes 35 • Personal Safety 35 • Tool and
Equipment Safety 38 • Work Area Safety 45 • Manufacturer’s
Warnings and Government Regulations 48 • WHMIS Right-
SECTION 2
to-Know Legislation 48 • Hazardous Materials 49 • Key Engines 220
Terms 51 • Summary 51 • Review Questions 52

CHAPTER 4 Automotive Systems 54 CHAPTER 9 Automotive Engine Designs and

Learning Outcomes 54 • Historical Background 54 • Modern Diagnosis 220
Power Plants 55 • Design Evolution 55 • Body Designs 57 • Learning Outcomes 220 • Introduction to Engines 220 • Engine
Technological Advances 60 • The Basic Engine 60 • Engine Classifications 221 • Engine Measurement and Performance
Systems 62 • Electrical and Electronic Systems 66 • Heating 231 • Other Automotive Power Plants 234 • Diesel Engines
and Air-Conditioning Systems 69 • Drivetrain 71 • Running 237 • Engine Identification 241 • Engine Diagnostics 243 •
Gear 74 • Hybrid Vehicles 76 • Alternative Fuels 77 • Key Evaluating the Engine’s Condition 249 • Noise Diagnosis 250 •
Terms 77 • Summary 78 • Review Questions 79 Key Terms 255 • Summary 255 • Review Questions 256

CHAPTER 5 Hand Tools and Shop Equipment 80 CHAPTER 10 Engine Disassembly 258
Learning Outcomes 80 • Measuring Systems 80 • Fasteners 81 • Learning Outcomes 258 • Removing an Engine 258 • Engine
Measuring Tools 87 • Hand Tools 96 • Shop Equipment 107 • Disassembly and Inspection 265 • Cleaning Engine Parts
Power Tools 110 • Jacks and Lifts 111 • Service Information 267 • Crack Detection and Repair 273 • Key Terms 276 •
113 • Key Terms 115 • Summary 115 • Review Questions 116 Summary 276 • Review Questions 276

CHAPTER 6 Diagnostic Equipment and Special CHAPTER 11 Lower End Theory and Service 278
Tools 117
Learning Outcomes 278 • Short Block Disassembly 278 •
Learning Outcomes 117 • Engine Repair Tools 117 • Electrical/ Cylinder Block 282 • Cylinder Block Reconditioning 283 •
Electronic System Tools 124 • Engine Performance Tools 129 • Camshaft 289 • Inspection of Camshaft and Related
Transmission and Driveline Tools 137 • Suspension and Parts 296 • Installing the Camshaft and Related Parts 298 •

vi NEL

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Crankshaft 299 • Crankshaft Inspection and Rebuilding 302 • Basic Electrical Components 515 • Troubleshooting Circuits
Installing Main Bearings and Crankshaft 306 • Piston and 519 • Testing for Common Problems 523 • Connector and
Piston Rings 312 • Installing Pistons and Connecting Rods Wire Repairs 528 • Key Terms 535 • Summary 535 • Review
317 • Crankshaft and Camshaft Timing 318 • Key Terms 321 • Questions 535
Summary 321 • Review Questions 322
CHAPTER 18 Batteries: Theory, Diagnosis, and
CHAPTER 12 Upper End Theory and Service 324
Service 537
Learning Outcomes 324 • Cylinder Head 324 • Combustion
Learning Outcomes 537 • Introduction 537 • Basic Battery
Chamber 325 • Intake and Exhaust Valves 326 • Variable Valve
Theory 537 • Battery Ratings 540 • Common Types of
Timing 333 • Cylinder Head Disassembly 341 • Inspection of
Batteries 541 • Lead-Acid Batteries 542 • Servicing and
Cylinder Head and Valve Train 342 • Aluminum Cylinder Heads
Testing Batteries 547 • Jump-Starting 560 • Key Terms 560 •
349 • Resurfacing Cylinder Heads 350 • Grinding Valves 352 •
Summary 561 • Review Questions 561
Valve Guide Reconditioning 354 • Reconditioning Valve Seats
357 • Valve Stem Seals 361 • Assembling the Cylinder Head 363 •
Key Terms 367 • Summary 367 • Review Questions 368 CHAPTER 19 Starting Systems 563
Learning Outcomes 563 • Starting System—Design and
CHAPTER 13 Engine Sealing and Reassembly 370 Components 563 • Control Circuit 572 • Starting System
Learning Outcomes 370 • Torque Principles 370 • Gaskets Testing 573 • Starter Motor Service 581 • Key Terms 583 •
374 • Specific Engine Gaskets 377 • Adhesives, Sealants, Summary 583 • Review Questions 584
and Other Sealing Materials 380 • Oil Seals 383 • Engine
Reassembly 384 • Installing the Engine 392 • Key Terms 396 • CHAPTER 20 Charging Systems 586
Summary 396 • Review Questions 397
Learning Outcomes 586 • Alternating Current Charging
Systems 586 • AC Generator Operation 591 • New
CHAPTER 14 Lubricating and Cooling Systems 399
Developments 596 • Preliminary Checks 599 • General
Learning Outcomes 399 • Lubrication System 399 • Oil Pump Testing Procedures 601 • AC Generator Service 603 • Key
Service 404 • Installing the Oil Pump 406 • Basic Lubrication Terms 604 • Summary 604 • Review Questions 604
System Diagnosis and Service 407 • Cooling Systems 408 •
Cooling System Diagnosis 419 • Cooling System Service 427 • CHAPTER 21 Lighting Systems 606
Key Terms 436 • Summary 436 • Review Questions 437
Learning Outcomes 606 • Automotive Lamps 606 • Headlights
608 • Automatic Light Systems 618 • Headlight Service 621 •
SECTION 3 Headlight Replacement 624 • Interior Light Assemblies 629 •
Rear Exterior Light Assemblies 631 • Light Bulbs 639 •
Electricity 439 Lighting Maintenance 640 • Key Terms 641 • Summary 641 •
Review Questions 642

CHAPTER 15 Basics of Electrical Systems 439 CHAPTER 22 Instrumentation and Information

Learning Outcomes 439 • Basics of Electricity 439 • Displays 644
Electrical Terms 441 • Conductors and Insulators 447 •
Circuit Components 451 • Electromagnetism Basics 461 • Learning Outcomes 644 • Instrument Panels 644 • Gauges
Key Terms 463 • Summary 464 • Review Questions 464 647 • Electronic Instrument Clusters 650 • Basic Information
Gauges 651 • Indicators and Warning Devices 656 • Driver
CHAPTER 16 Basics of Electronics and Computer Information Warning and Indicator Lights 660 • Driver
Information Centres 662 • Key Terms 664 • Summary 664
Systems 466 • Review Questions 664
Learning Outcomes 466 • Capacitors 466 • Semiconductors
467 • Computer Basics 471 • On-Board Diagnostics 482 CHAPTER 23 Electrical Accessories 666
• Multiplexing 483 • Protecting Electronic Systems 488 •
Diagnosing BCMs 489 • Testing Electronic Circuits and Learning Outcomes 666 • Body Control Modules 666 •
Components 490 • Key Terms 490 • Summary 490 • Review Windshield Wiper/Washer Systems 668 • Horns/Clocks/Power
Questions 491 Outlet Systems 675 • Blower Motors 677 • Cruise (Speed)
Control Systems 679 • Sound Systems 681 • Telematics 686 •
CHAPTER 17 General Electrical System Diagnostics Navigation Systems 687 • Power Lock Systems 688 • Power
Windows 690 • Power Seats 692 • Power Mirror System 696 •
and Service 493
Rear-Window Defroster and Heated Mirror Systems 697 •
Learning Outcomes 493 • Electrical Problems 493 • Other Electronic Equipment 698 • Garage Door Opener
Electrical Wiring Diagrams 496 • Electrical Testing Tools System 704 • Security and Antitheft Devices 704 • Key Terms
497 • Using Multimeters 502 • Using Lab Scopes 511 • Testing 707 • Summary 707 • Review Questions 708

NEL CONTENTS vii

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CHAPTER 24 Restraint Systems: Theory, CHAPTER 30 Fuel Injection System Diagnosis and
Diagnosis, and Service 710 Service 875
Learning Outcomes 710 • Seat Belts 711 • Seat Belt Service Learning Outcomes 875 • Preliminary Checks 876 • Service
713 • Air Bags 714 • Servicing the Air Bag System 722 • Other Precautions 877 • Basic EFI System Checks 877 • Injector
Protection Systems 725 • Key Terms 726 • Summary 726 • Service 890 • Fuel Rail, Injector, and Regulator Service 892 •
Review Questions 726 Electronic Throttle Controls 896 • Idle Speed Checks 899 •
Key Terms 901 • Summary 901 • Review Questions 902

SECTION 4 CHAPTER 31 Engine Performance Systems 904

Engine Performance 728 Learning Outcomes 904 • Ignition Systems 904 • Fuel
System 906 • Air Induction System 908 • Emission Control
Systems 909 • Engine Control Systems 909 • On-Board
CHAPTER 25 Ignition Systems 728 Diagnostic Systems 912 • System Operation 915 • OBD-II
Monitoring Capabilities 916 • OBD-II Self-Diagnostics
Learning Outcomes 728 • Basic Circuitry 729 • Ignition
925 • Basic Diagnosis of Electronic Engine Control Systems
Components 732 • Spark Plugs 734 • Triggering and Switching
930 • Diagnosing OBD-I Systems 931 • Diagnosing OBD-II
Devices 738 • Engine Position Sensors 739 • Distributor
Systems 932 • Key Terms 938 • Summary 939 • Review
Ignition System Operation 742 • Electronic Ignition Systems
Questions 939
743 • Electronic Ignition System Operation 748 • Key Terms
751 • Summary 751 • Review Questions 752
CHAPTER 32 Detailed Diagnosis and Sensors 941
CHAPTER 26 Ignition System Diagnosis and Learning Outcomes 941 • Using Scan Tool Data 941 •
Service 754 Symptom-Based Diagnosis 946 • Basic Testing 947 •
Diagnosis of Computer Voltage Supply and Ground Wires
Learning Outcomes 754 • Misfires 754 • General Ignition 949 • Switches 951 • Temperature Sensors 952 • Pressure
System Diagnosis 754 • Ignition System Inspection 755 • Sensors 955 • Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensors 958 • Oxygen
No-Start Diagnosis 761 • Diagnosing with an Engine Analyzer Sensors (O2S) 961 • Position Sensors 970 • Speed Sensors
763 • Diagnosing with a DSO or GMM 770 • Ignition Timing 972 • Position/Speed Sensors 974 • Knock Sensor (KS) 977 •
772 • Basic Primary Circuit Components 775 • Distributor Computer Outputs and Actuators 978 • Key Terms 983 •
Service 780 • Secondary Circuit Tests and Service 781 • Key Summary 983 • Review Questions 983
Terms 788 • Summary 788 • Review Questions 789

CHAPTER 27 Gasoline, Diesel, and Other CHAPTER 33 Intake and Exhaust Systems 985
Fuels 791 Learning Outcomes 985 • Vacuum System 985 • The Air
Induction System 988 • Induction Hoses 989 • Forced
Learning Outcomes 791 • Crude Oil 791 • Gasoline Induction Systems 994 • Turbochargers 996 • Superchargers
794 • Oxygenates 796 • Gasoline Quality Testing 797 • 1002 • Exhaust System Components 1004 • Exhaust System
Alternatives to Gasoline 798 • Diesel Fuel 804 • Diesel Service 1011 • Key Terms 1014 • Summary 1014 • Review
Engines 806 • Diesel Fuel Injection 810 • Diesel Emission Questions 1015
Controls 818 • Diagnostics 824 • Key Terms 825 • Summary
826 • Review Questions 827
CHAPTER 34 Emission Control Systems 1017
CHAPTER 28 Fuel Delivery Systems 828 Learning Outcomes 1017 • Pollutants 1017 • Emission Control
Devices 1021 • Evaporative Emission Control Systems
Learning Outcomes 828 • Basic Fuel System Diagnosis
1025 • Pre-Combustion Systems 1028 • Post-Combustion
829 • Guidelines for Safely Working on Fuel Systems 829 •
Systems 1036 • Diesel Emission Controls 1040 • Key Terms
Fuel Tanks 831 • Filler Caps 833 • Fuel Lines and Fittings
1045 • Summary 1045 • Review Questions 1045
836 • Fuel Filters 839 • Fuel Pumps 840 • Key Terms 852 •
Summary 853 • Review Questions 853
CHAPTER 35 Emission Control Diagnosis and
CHAPTER 29 Electronic Fuel Injection 855 Service 1047
Learning Outcomes 855 • Basic EFI 856 • Throttle Body Learning Outcomes 1047 • OBD-II Test 1047 • I/M 240 Test
Injection (TBI) 861 • Port Fuel Injection (PFI) 862 • 1048 • Testing Emissions 1050 • Basic Inspection 1055 •
Central Port Injection (CPI) 867 • Gasoline Direct Injection Evaporative Emission Control System Diagnosis and Service
(GDI) 868 • Key Terms 873 • Summary 873 • Review 1056 • PCV System Diagnosis and Service 1062 • EGR
Questions 873 System Diagnosis and Service 1064 • Catalytic Converter

viii CONTENTS NEL

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Diagnosis 1070 • AIR System Diagnosis and Service 1072 •
Key Terms 1075 • Summary 1075 • Review Questions 1075
CHAPTER 36 Hybrid Vehicles
Learning Outcomes 1077 • Introduction 1077 • Hybrid Vehicles
1077 • Hybrid Technology 1079 • GM’s Parallel Hybrids 1089 •
Honda’s IMA System 1091 • IMA 1093 • Toyota’s Power-Split
Hybrids 1095 • Ford Hybrids 1101 • Porsche and Volkswagen
Hybrids 1105 • Hyundai and Kia Hybrids 1106 • Nissan and
Infiniti Hybrids 1107 • BMW Hybrids 1107 • Mercedes-Benz
Hybrids 1109 • Maintenance and Service 1110 • Key Terms
1116 • Summary 1116 • Review Questions 1118
CHAPTER 37 Electric Vehicles
Learning Outcomes 1119 • Introduction 1119 • A Look at
History 1119 • Zero-Emissions Vehicles 1120 • Major Parts
1122 • Battery Charging 1125 • Accessories 1129 • Driving
an EV 1130 • Ford Focus 1131 • Nissan Leaf 1132 • Mitsubishi
i-MiEV 1134 • Tesla 1135 • Honda Fit EV 1136 • Other
Possibilities 1137 • Basic Diagnosis 1139 • Fuel Cell Vehicles
1140 • Fuel Cells 1144 • Prototype FCEVs 1149 • Key Terms
1152 • Summary 1152 • Review Questions 1152
SECTION 5
Manual Transmissions and
Transaxles 1154
CHAPTER 38 Clutches 1154
Learning Outcomes 1154 • Operation 1154 • Clutch Service
Safety Precautions 1163 • Clutch Maintenance 1163 • Clutch
Problem Diagnosis 1164 • Clutch Service 1168 • Key Terms
1173 • Summary 1173 • Review Questions 1174
CHAPTER 39 Manual Transmissions and
Transaxles 1176
Learning Outcomes 1176 • Transmission versus Transaxle
1176 • Gears 1178 • Basic Gear Theory 1180 • Transmission/
Transaxle Design 1181 • Synchronizers 1183 • Gearshift
Mechanisms 1186 • Transmission Power Flow 1188 •
Transaxle Power Flows 1192 • Final Drive Gears and Overall
Ratios 1193 • Dual-Clutch Transmissions 1194 • Electrical
Systems 1199 • Key Terms 1201 • Summary 1201 • Review
Questions 1201
CHAPTER 40 Manual Transmission/Transaxle
Service 1203
Learning Outcomes 1203 • Lubricant Check 1204 • In-Vehicle
Service 1206 • Diagnosing Problems 1207 • Transmission/
Transaxle Removal 1210 • Cleaning and Inspection 1213 •
Disassembly and Reassembly of the Differential Case 1219 •
Reassembly/Reinstallation of Transmission/Transaxle 1220 •
Key Terms 1223 • Summary 1223 • Review Questions 1223
NEL
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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CHAPTER 41 Drive Axles and Differentials 1225
Learning Outcomes 1225 • Front-Wheel-Drive (FWD)
Axles 1225 • Types of CV Joints 1226 • Front-Wheel-Drive
1077 Applications 1228 • CV Joint Service 1230 • Rear-Wheel
Driveshafts 1236 • Operation of U-Joints 1237 • Types of
U-Joints 1239 • Diagnosis of Driveshaft and U-Joint Problems
1240 • Final Drives and Drive Axles 1246 • Limited-Slip
Differentials 1252 • Axle Shafts 1253 • Servicing the Final
Drive Assembly 1256 • Diagnosing Differential Noises 1264 •
Key Terms 1266 • Summary 1267 • Review Questions 1267
SECTION 6
Automatic Transmissions and
1119
Transaxles 1269
CHAPTER 42 Automatic Transmissions and
Transaxles 1269
Learning Outcomes 1269 • Torque Converter 1270 • Lock-Up
Torque Converter 1274 • Planetary Gears 1276 • Compound
Planetary Gearsets 1278 • Honda’s Nonplanetary-Based
Transmission 1284 • Continuously Variable Transmissions
(CVT) 1284 • Planetary Gear Controls 1288 • Transmission
Clutches 1290 • Bearings, Bushings, and Thrust Washers 1294 •
Snap Rings 1297 • Gaskets and Seals 1297 • Final Drives and
Differentials 1300 • Hydraulic System 1301 • Pressure Boosts
1306 • Shift Quality 1307 • Gear Changes 1308 • Key Terms
1311 • Summary 1311 • Review Questions 1312
CHAPTER 43 Electronic Automatic
Transmissions 1314
Learning Outcomes 1314 • Transmission Control Module
1314 • Hybrid Transmissions 1324 • Basic EAT Testing 1326 •
Converter Clutch Control Diagnostics 1330 • Detailed
Testing of Inputs 1333 • Detailed Testing of Actuators 1335 •
Key Terms 1337 • Summary 1337 • Review Questions 1337
CHAPTER 44 Automatic Transmission and Transaxle
Service 1339
Learning Outcomes 1339 • Identification 1339 • Diagnostics
1340 • Visual Inspection 1346 • Road-Testing the Vehicle
1349 • Checking the Torque Converter 1352 • Diagnosing
Hydraulic and Vacuum Control Systems 1355 • Common
Problems 1358 • Linkages 1360 • Replacing, Rebuilding, and
Installing a Transmission 1361 • Transmission Overhaul 1362 •
Key Terms 1367 • Summary 1367 • Review Questions 1367
CHAPTER 45 Four- and All-Wheel Drive 1369
Learning Outcomes 1369 • Types of Four-Wheel Drives 1370 •
4WD Drivelines 1376 • Torque Vectoring 1383 • Diagnosing
Four-Wheel-Drive and All-Wheel-Drive Systems 1385 •
Servicing 4WD Vehicles 1389 • Key Terms 1395 • Summary
1395 • Review Questions 1395
CONTENTS ix
 SECTION 7
Suspension and Steering
Systems 1397
CHAPTER 46 Tires and Wheels
Learning Outcomes 1397 • Wheels 1397 • Tires 1398 • Tire
Repair 1412 • Tire/Wheel Runout 1415 • Tire Replacement 1416 •
Tire/Wheel Assembly Service 1418 • Wheel Bearings 1420 •
Key Terms 1423 • Summary 1423 • Review Questions 1424
CHAPTER 47 Suspension Systems
Learning Outcomes 1426 • Frames 1426 • Suspension System
Components 1427 • MacPherson Strut Suspension Components
1434 • Independent Front Suspension 1437 • Basic Front-
Suspension Diagnosis 1442 • Front-Suspension Component
Servicing 1444 • Rear Suspension Systems 1452 • Electronically
Controlled Suspensions 1458 • Servicing Electronic Suspension
Components 1463 • Active Suspensions 1465 • Key Terms 1467 •
Summary 1467 • Review Questions 1468
CHAPTER 48 Steering Systems
Learning Outcomes 1469 • Manual-Steering Systems
1469 • Power-Steering Systems 1478 • Variable-Effort
(Electronically Controlled) Power-Steering Systems 1486 •
Steering System Diagnosis 1489 • Visual Inspection 1494 •
Steering System Servicing 1499 • Power-Steering System
Servicing 1503 • Four-Wheel Steering Systems 1507 • Key
Terms 1512 • Summary 1512 • Review Questions 1513
CHAPTER 49 Wheel Alignment
Learning Outcomes 1515 • Alignment Function 1515 •
Alignment Geometry 1516 • Prealignment Inspection 1521 •
Wheel Alignment Equipment 1522 • Alignment Machines
1526 • Adjusting Wheel Alignment 1526 • Four-Wheel-Drive
Vehicle Alignment 1537 • Key Terms 1538 • Summary 1538 •
Review Questions 1538
SECTION 8
Brakes 1540
CHAPTER 50 Brake Systems
Learning Outcomes 1540 • Friction 1540 • Principles of
Hydraulic Brake Systems 1544 • Hydraulic Brake System
Components 1545 • Master Cylinder Operation 1546 •
Hydraulic Tubes and Hoses 1551 • Hydraulic System Safety
Switches and Valves 1552 • Drum and Disc Brake Assemblies
1557 • Hydraulic System Service 1559 • Pushrod Adjustment
1569 • Hydraulic Brake Boosters 1569 • Electric Parking
Brakes 1572 • Key Terms 1572 • Summary 1573 • Review
Questions 1573
x CONTENTS
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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CHAPTER 51 Drum Brakes 1575
Learning Outcomes 1575 • Drum Brake Operation 1575 •
Drum Brake Components 1576 • Drum Brake Designs 1579 •
Road-Testing Brakes 1583 • Drum Brake Inspection 1585 •
Brake Shoes and Linings 1592 • Wheel Cylinder Inspection
1397 and Servicing 1595 • Drum Parking Brakes 1595 • Integral
Parking Brakes 1597 • Key Terms 1598 • Summary 1598 •
Review Questions 1599
CHAPTER 52 Disc Brakes 1601
Learning Outcomes 1601 • Disc Brake Components and Their
Functions 1602 • Rear-Wheel Disc Brakes 1608 • Disc Brake
1426 Diagnosis 1609 • Service Guidelines 1612 • General Caliper
Inspection and Servicing 1613 • Rotor Inspection and Servicing
1621 • Key Terms 1626 • Summary 1626 • Review Questions 1627
CHAPTER 53 Antilock Brake, Traction Control,
and Stability Control Systems 1628
Learning Outcomes 1628 • Antilock Brakes 1628 • ABS
Components 1629 • Types of Antilock Brake Systems 1634 •
ABS Operation 1637 • Automatic Traction Control 1645 •
Automatic Stability Control 1647 • Antilock Brake System
1469 Service 1651 • Diagnosis and Testing 1652 • Testing Traction
and Stability Control Systems 1658 • New Trends 1658 • Key
Terms 1659 • Summary 1660 • Review Questions 1660
SECTION 9
Passenger Comfort 1662
1515 CHAPTER 54 Heating and Air Conditioning 1662
Learning Outcomes 1662 • Ventilation System 1662 •
Automotive Heating Systems 1663 • Heating System Service
1668 • Theory of Automotive Air Conditioning 1671 •
Refrigerants 1672 • The Air-Conditioning System and Its
Components 1675 • Air-Conditioning Systems and Controls
1687 • Temperature Control Systems 1690 • Key Terms 1695 •
Summary 1695 • Review Questions 1696
CHAPTER 55 Heating and Air-Conditioning Diagnosis
and Service 1698
Learning Outcomes 1698 • Maintenance Precautions 1698 •
Refrigerant Safety Precautions 1699 • Guidelines for
1540 Converting (Retrofitting) R-12 Systems to R-134A 1701 •
Initial System Checks 1702 • Diagnosis 1704 • Air-Conditioner
Testing and Servicing Equipment 1706 • Service Procedures
1710 • General Service 1714 • Recharging the System 1721 •
Climate Control Systems 1725 • Heating System Service 1728 •
Key Terms 1728 • Summary 1728 • Review Questions 1729
Appendix A: Decimal and Metric Equivalents 1731
Appendix B: General Torque Specifications 1732
Index 1733
NEL
 PHOTO SEQUENCES
PS 1 Repairing Damaged Threads with a Tap 88
PS 2 Using a Micrometer 91
PS 3 Changing the Oil and Oil Filter 198
PS 4 Typical Procedure for Inspecting, Removing, Replacing,
and Adjusting a Drive Belt 205
PS 5 Typical Procedure for Cleaning a Battery Case,
Tray, and Cables 208
PS 6 Conducting a Cylinder Compression Test
PS 7 Checking Main Bearing Clearance with
Plastigage 308
PS 8 Installing a Piston and Rod Assembly
PS 9 Measuring and Fitting Valve Springs
PS 10 Replacing a Timing Belt on an OHC Engine 387
PS 11 Performing a Voltage Drop Test 507
PS 12 Soldering Two Copper Wires Together 531
PS 13 Typical Procedure for Cleaning a Battery Case,
Tray, and Cables 549
PS 14 Conducting a Battery Load Test
PS 15 Voltage Drop Testing of a Starter Circuit
PS 16 Removing a Multifunction Switch 635
PS 17 Bench-Testing a Fuel Gauge Sending Unit 657
PS 18 Typical Procedure for Grid Wire Repair
PS 19 Removing an Air Bag Module
PS 20 Using a Scope to Test a Distributorless Ignition
System 773
PS 21 Checking Fuel Pressure on a PFI System 844
PS 22 Checking Current Ramping to the Fuel Pump 848
PS 23 Removing and Replacing a Fuel Injector on a
PFI System 893
PS 24 Preparing a Modern Scan Tool to Read OBD-II
Data 928
PS 25 Diagnosis with a Scan Tool 934
NEL
Copyright 2016 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PS 26 Testing an Oxygen Sensor 966
PS 27 Installing and Aligning a Clutch Disc 1170
PS 28 Disassembling a Typical Transaxle 1215
PS 29 Reassembling a Typical Transaxle 1221
PS 30 Removing and Replacing a CV Joint Boot 1234
PS 31 Disassembling a Single Universal Joint 1242
PS 32 Reassembling a Single Universal Joint 1243
244
PS 33 Measuring and Adjusting Backlash and Side-Bearing
Preload on a Final Drive Assembly with a Shim
Pack 1260
319 PS 34 Measuring and Adjusting Backlash and Side-Bearing
364 Preload on a Final Drive Assembly with Adjusting
Nuts 1261
PS 35 Checking Transmission Fluid Level on a Vehicle
without a Dipstick 1342
PS 36 Changing Automatic Transmission Fluid
and Filter 1344
PS 37 Typical Procedure for Disassembling and Assembling a
556
Warner 13-56 Transfer Case 1391
576
PS 38 Dismounting and Mounting a Tire on a Wheel
Assembly 1414
PS 39 Measuring Front and Rear Curb Riding Height 1445
699 PS 40 Measuring the Lower Ball Joint Radial Movement on a
724 MacPherson Strut Front Suspension 1448
PS 41 Removing and Replacing a MacPherson
Strut 1455
PS 42 Typical Procedure for Performing Four-Wheel
Alignment with a Computer Wheel Aligner 1528
PS 43 Typical Procedure for Bench-Bleeding a Master
Cylinder 1563
PS 44 Removing and Replacing Brake Pads 1616
PS 45 Evacuating and Recharging an A/C System with
Recycling and Charging Stations 1723
CONTENTS xi
PREFACE

ABOUT THE BOOK Finally, through the invaluable assistance of

automotive instructors and contributors across
Advancing technology continues to improve the opera- Canada, we’ve focused on continuing to ensure that
tion and integration of the various systems of the auto- the text is technically sound and up-to-date. We are
mobile. These changes present ongoing challenges confident that the changes throughout the third
for the student to become a successful automotive Canadian edition will continue to meet the unique
technician. The third Canadian edition of Automotive needs of Canadian students and instructors and will
Technology: A Systems Approach was designed and keep Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach
written to continue to prepare students for those chal- the preferred resource on the market.
lenges. This book concentrates on the need-to-know Section 1 gives an overview of the automotive
essentials of the various automotive systems—and industry, careers, working as a technician, tools,
how they have changed from the vehicles of yesterday— diagnostic equipment, and basic automotive systems.
the operation of today’s vehicles, and what to expect Chapter 1 explores the career opportunities in the
in the near future. New technology is addressed automotive industry and includes coverage of alterna-
throughout the book, but some older technology tive career options. Updated features include current
remains in this edition as technicians will still see this vehicle and industry information. Chapter 2 discusses
technology in older vehicles. This does not mean the workplace skills. This chapter goes through the pro-
pages are filled with fact after fact. Rather, each topic cess of getting a job and keeping it in today’s market.
is explained in a logical way, slowly but surely. Many It also covers some of the duties common to all auto-
years of teaching have provided us with a good sense motive technicians. Chapter 6 covers the special and
of how students read and study technical material. diagnostic tools required for use in all eight system
We also know what draws their interest to a topic and sections in this textbook. Chapter 7 presents both the
keeps it there. This knowledge has been incorporated science and math principles that govern the opera-
in the writing and the features of this book. tion of the automobile. Too often, we as educators
assume that our students know these basics. We have
included this chapter to serve as a reference for those
NEW TO THIS EDITION students who want to be good technicians and need
This new edition is the largest revision to date. This a better understanding of why things happen the way
third Canadian edition builds upon the strengths and they do. Chapter 8 is a new chapter in Section 1, cov-
success of the market-leading second Canadian edi- ering preventive maintenance and basic vehicle ser-
tion. The new design has a cleaner look with an easy- vices. Preventive maintenance is becoming a greater
to-read font and clear objectives at the beginning of part of the day-to-day tasks of today’s technicians.
each chapter. The new “Go To” feature allows for Section 2 has thorough coverage and updated
easier navigation, and the “Performance Tip” feature photos of the latest engine designs, materials, and
introduces performance-enhancing techniques. technologies. There is also coverage of theory, diag-
There are a total of four new chapters in nosis, and service to in-block and overhead camshaft
this edition: Chapter 8, Preventive Maintenance engines. There are discussions on the latest trends,
and Basic Services; Chapter 36, Hybrid Vehicles; including the most current variable valve timing and
Chapter 37, Electric Vehicles; and Chapter 43, lift systems.
Electronic Automatic Transmissions. Additionally, Section 3 covers basic electricity and electronics,
each existing chapter has been updated in response with a separate chapter covering troubleshooting
to the changing industry. Many of the photos and and repairing electrical and electronic systems. The
photo sequences have been revised and updated coverage of all major electrical systems includes new
for clarity or to present updated technology. We’ve technologies such as adaptive systems (e.g., cruise
expanded our coverage to ensure that the most control), many new accessories, dashboard displays,
recent technological advancements in automotive and servicing current electrical systems. The rest of
technology have been incorporated, as well as the the electricity section includes up-to-date coverage
many elements unique to the role of a Canadian pro- on body computers and the use of lab scopes and
fessional automotive technician. graphing meters.

xii NEL

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Engine performance is covered in Section 4 and procedures. With the complexity of today’s vehicles,
includes a thorough discussion of fuels and alterna- being able to break down the vehicle into subsystems
tive energy sources. The fuels chapter (Chapter 27) or individual components allows the student to focus
includes discussion about gasoline, diesel, and alter- on that particular component or system operation.
nate fuels. Chapter 29 has been updated with new Diagnostic and service procedures can be generic
photos and current information, including injector as well as unique to different automobile manufac-
service and electronic throttle control. Chapter 33 has turers. Because many automotive systems are inte-
been updated to cover the latest boost controls for grated, we identify these important relationships
turbocharged engines. Chapters 34 and 35 contain the between systems and also flag any potential safety
latest information on emission control system opera- issues. While this edition has a new chapter dedi-
tion, testing, and servicing. Chapter 36 is another new cated to hybrid vehicles, there are also references to
chapter to this third Canadian edition and is dedicated hybrid technologies throughout the book to identify
to hybrid vehicles, including all the relevant informa- how the systems are different in a hybrid vehicle.
tion on safe working procedures, operation, and the Effective diagnostic skills begin with learning
various hybrid vehicle systems. Chapter 37 is also to isolate the problem. By identifying the system
a new chapter, covering the most current advance- that contains the problem, the exact cause is easier
ments in electric vehicle technologies. to pinpoint.
Sections 5 and 6 cover transmissions and drive- Learning to think logically about troubleshooting
lines, including comprehensive discussions of new problems is crucial to mastering this essential
clutch technologies, six-speed transmissions, auto- skill. Therefore, logical troubleshooting techniques
matic manual transmissions, and differential designs. are discussed throughout this text. Each chapter
Chapter 43 is another new chapter that offers informa- describes ways to isolate both the problem system
tion all about electronic automatic transmission and and the individual components of that system.
transaxle controls, including operation, diagnosis, This systems approach provides the student
and servicing. This section (Chapter 44) also includes with important preparation for the Certificate of
two new photo sequences: Checking Transmission Qualification (Red Seal) certification exams. The
Fluid Level on a Vehicle without a Dipstick and book’s sections are outlined to match the Red Seal
Changing Automatic Transmission Fluid and Filter. test specifications and address many of the identi-
Many topics in Section 7 have been updated, such fied National Occupational Analysis tasks. Further,
as tire and wheel servicing, tire pressure monitoring the review questions at the end of every chapter
systems, current suspension and steering systems, give students practice answering Red Seal–style
and four-wheel alignment procedures. questions. The single most important goal of this
Section 8 covers brakes and provides current text continues to be giving students a better under-
coverage of the latest technologies, inspection and standing of the total vehicle. This will give students
servicing of drum, disc and antilock brakes, and sta- the very best chance to become skilled automotive
bility control and traction control systems. Heating technicians with unlimited career potential.
and air-conditioning systems are discussed in the
final two chapters in Section 9. These chapters have
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
been updated with new refrigerant information and
current inspection and service procedures. We would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank
these knowledgeable educators for their comments and
suggestions throughout the development of this book.
ORGANIZATION AND GOALS OF
THIS EDITION CONTRIBUTOR AND TECHNICAL
REVIEWER
The third Canadian edition of Automotive
Technology: A Systems Approach remains a Jeff Oakes
comprehensive guide to the service and repair of Conestoga College
contemporary automobiles. The book is divided into
nine sections, the first being an introduction to the Jeff was instrumental in the development of this edi-
automotive industry and general service work and tion. His tireless effort, extremely thorough review,
procedures. The remaining eight relate to specific and true passion for the automotive trade have made
automotive systems and include many diagnostic this a better book.

NEL PREFACE xiii

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CONTENT AND TECHNICAL REVIEWERS including serving on the board of directors and as
executive vice-president. Jack was also associated
Winston Bertie with ATMC, SAE, ASA, ATRA, AERA, and other auto-
Centennial College motive professional associations.
Martin Restoule has 30 years of experience
Greg Buerk as a Canadian Interprovincial Standards 310S and
British Columbia Institute of Technology 310T technician. Martin is an automotive and truck
transport technician professor and coordinator at
Ross Dunn Algonquin College in Ottawa and is very active in
British Columbia Institute of Technology the various Ontario college motive power educators
committees. He is currently a member of both the
Mubasher Faruki local and provincial motive power apprenticeship
British Columbia Institute of Technology advisory committees as well as the Ontario Motive
Power Curriculum Delivery Advisory Committee.
Greg Henderson Martin is also very active with Skills Ontario and
Vancouver Community College Skills Canada automotive competitions. In addi-
tion to chairing the Ontario and national skills
Mike Howells competitions, he also chairs the National Technical
British Columbia Institute of Technology Committee for Skills Canada and represents Canada
at World Skills as the Canadian expert. He has
Russ Hunter authored and co-authored a number of ASE test
British Columbia Institute of Technology prep manuals, as well as the Canadian Truck and
Transport Technician Interprovincial Certificate of
Robert Hyde
Qualification Test Preparation manual.
Algonquin College
Stephen Leroux has over 25 years of experience
in the field as an automotive service technician. He
Scott McLaughlin
possesses a 310S Canadian Interprovincial Standard
Canadore College
along with many other industry training certificates
Hans Reimer obtained while working in various dealerships across
Fanshawe College the Greater Toronto Area. He is a professor and coor-
dinator at Centennial College, as well as an avid sup-
Brian Southgate porter of and participant at Skills Ontario and Skills
Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Canada events. Stephen is also involved with the
Technology Ontario Youth Apprenticeship Program and partici-
pates with the advisory committee of his local school
board. He has written a number of articles on vehicle
safety and maintenance for national newspapers and
ABOUT THE AUTHORS has also participated in various interviews on the sub-
Jack Erjavec has become a fixture in the automo- jects. Stephen earned a college diploma in automo-
tive textbook publishing world. He has many years tive technology from Centennial College, a certificate
of experience as a technician, educator, author, and in adult learning, and is also an associate member of
editor, and has authored or co-authored more than the Society of Automotive Engineers.
40 automotive textbooks and training manuals. Rob Thompson has about 20 years of teaching
Mr. Erjavec holds a Master of Arts degree in voca- experience and worked in the industry for 10 years
tional and technical education from Ohio State prior to being an educator. He is an ASE master auto-
University. He spent 20 years at Columbus State mobile technician with A9 and L1 certification. He
Community College as an instructor and adminis- is also currently an officer of the North American
trator and has also been a long-time affiliate of the Council of Automotive Teachers (NACAT) and has
North American Council of Automotive Teachers, served on NACAT’s board.

xiv PREFACE NEL

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 FEATURES OF THE TEXT

Learning how to maintain and repair today’s automobiles can be a daunting

endeavour. To guide the readers through this complex material, we have built
in a series of features that will ease the teaching and learning processes.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Each chapter begins with the purpose of the
chapter, stated in a list of learning outcomes. Both
cognitive and performance outcomes are included
in the lists. The outcomes state the expected out-
come that will result from completing a thorough
study of the contents in the chapters.

WARNING! AND CAUTION!

Instructors often tell us that shop safety is their most important
concern. Cautions and warnings appear frequently to alert stu-
dents to important safety concerns.

SHOP TALK
These features appear throughout the book to give practical,
common-sense advice on service and maintenance procedures.

CUSTOMER CARE
Creating a professional image is an important part of shaping a
successful career in automotive technology. The customer care
tips were written to encourage professional integrity. They give
advice on educating customers and keeping them satisfied.

USING SERVICE INFORMATION

Learning to use available service information is critical to
becoming a successful technician. The source of information
varies from printed to online material. The gathering of informa-
tion can be a time-consuming task but nonetheless is extremely
important. We have included a feature that points the student in
the right direction to find the right information.

PERFORMANCE TIP
This feature introduces students to the ideas and theories behind
many performance-enhancing techniques used by professionals.

NEL xv

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 GO TO
This feature tells the student where to look in the text for prereq-
uisite and additional information on the relevant topic.

HYBRID VEHICLES
In addition to a new dedicated chapter on hybrid vehicles, abun-
dant content on hybrid technologies is presented throughout the
textbook within the specific system areas.

PHOTO SEQUENCES
There are 45 step-by-step photo sequences scat-
tered throughout the text that illustrate practical
shop techniques. The photo sequences focus
on techniques that are common, need-to-know
service and maintenance procedures. These
photo sequences give students a clean, detailed
image of what to look for when they perform
these procedures.

PROCEDURES
This feature gives detailed, step-by-step instructions for impor-
tant service and maintenance procedures. These hands-on proce-
dures appear frequently and are given in great detail because they
help to develop good shop skills.

KEY TERMS
Each chapter ends with a list of the terms that were introduced
KEY TERMS
in the chapter. These terms are highlighted in the text when first
used, and are also defined in the Glossary.

SUMMARY
Highlights and key bits of information from the chapter are listed
SUMMARY
at the end of each chapter. This listing is designed to serve as a
refresher for the reader.

REVIEW QUESTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS

A combination of short-answer essay and interprovincial
Undersize bearings are available in .0254 mm examination–style multiple-choice questions makes up the end-
(0.001 in.), or .0508 mm (0.002 in.)sizes for shafts of-chapter questions. These questions are used to challenge the
that are uniformly worn by that amount. Undersize
bearings are also available in thicker sizes, such reader’s understanding of the chapter’s content. The chapter objec-
as .2540 mm (0.010 in.),.5080 mm (0.020 in.), and tives and content are used as the basis for the review questions.
.7620 mm (0.030 in.), for use with crankshafts that
have been refinished (or reground) to one of these
standard undersizes. The difference in thickness of
the bearing is normally stamped onto the backside
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
of the bearing. Bearings may also be colour-coded Throughout the text, measurements are given in metric and
to indicate their size.>
UCS increments.

xvi FEATURES OF THE TEXT NEL

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 SUPPLEMENTS

www.nelson.com/instructor. Printable versions

of the Test Bank in Word and PDF formats are
available upon request.
• NETA PowerPoint: Microsoft® PowerPoint®
ABOUT THE NELSON EDUCATION
lecture slides for every chapter have been created
TEACHING ADVANTAGE (NETA) by Martin Restoule of Algonquin College. There
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage is an average of 50 slides per chapter, many fea-
(NETA) program delivers research-based instructor turing key figures, tables, and photographs from
resources that promote student engagement and Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach,
higher-order thinking to enable the success of Third Canadian Edition.
Canadian students and educators. Be sure to visit • Image Library: This resource consists of digital
Nelson Education’s Inspired Instruction website copies of figures, short tables, and photographs
at www.nelson.com/inspired / to find out more used in the book. Instructors may use these jpegs
about NETA. Don’t miss the testimonials of instruc- to customize the NETA PowerPoint or create
tors who have used NETA supplements and have their own PowerPoint presentations.
seen student engagement increase! • Instructor’s Manual: This resource was written
by Dean Key of the University of Fraser Valley. It
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES is organized according to the textbook chapters
and includes instructional outlines, engagement
All NETA and other key instructor ancillaries are
strategies, and answers to review questions from
provided on the Instructor Companion Site at
the textbook.
www.nelson.com /automotivetechnology3Ce ,
• Day One: Day One—Prof In Class is a PowerPoint
giving instructors the ultimate tool for customizing
presentation that instructors can customize to
lectures and presentations. Instructor materials
orient students to the class and their text at the
can also be accessed through www.nelson.com/
beginning of the course.
instructor.
• NETA Test Bank: This resource was written
by Krystyna Lagowski. It includes over 1000 mul-
tiple-choice questions written according to NETA
guidelines for effective construction and devel- • MindTap for Automotive Technology is a person-
opment of higher-order questions. Also included alized teaching experience with relevant assign-
are 500 true/false questions, 500 completion ments that guide students to analyze, apply, and
questions, and 430 short answer questions. elevate thinking, allowing instructors to mea-
sure skills and promote better outcomes with
ease. A fully online learning solution, MindTap
combines all student learning tools—readings,
multimedia, activities, and assessments—into
a single Learning Path that guides the student
The NETA Test Bank is available in a new, through the curriculum. Instructors personalize
cloud-based platform. Testing Powered by the experience by customizing the presenta-
Cognero® is a secure online testing system that tion of these learning tools to their students,
allows instructors to author, edit, and manage even seamlessly introducing their own content
test bank content from any place with Internet into the Learning Path. Instructors can access
access. Nelson Testing Powered by Cognero for MindTap for Automotive Technology at www
Automotive Technology can be accessed through .nelson.com/instructor.

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
STUDENT RESOURCES Canadian Automotive Service Technician:
Certificate of Qualification Test
Preparation, 1e

Stay organized and efficient with MindTap—a • Through an exclusive arrangement with
single destination with all the course material Centennial College Press, Nelson is proud to rep-
and study aids you need to succeed. Built-in apps resent this outstanding exam preparation guide
leverage social media and the latest learning by Sean Bennett, Centennial College, and Dave
technology. For example: Weatherhead, Centennial College (published by
Centennial College Press; ISBN: 0-91-985261-0).
• ReadSpeaker will read the text to you. This book is an essential Certificate of
• Flashcards are pre-populated to provide you Qualification (C of Q) exam preparation guide
with a jump start for review—or you can create for automotive service technicians in Canada.
your own. It features study strategies, scheduling, and tips
• You can highlight text and make notes in your for automotive service technicians ready to chal-
MindTap Reader. Your notes will flow into lenge provincial licence examinations. The pro-
Evernote, the electronic notebook app that you vincial training standards and test reportable
can access anywhere when it’s time to study for subjects are used as the basis for the test ques-
the exam. tions that appear in the book, and there are two
• Self-quizzing allows you to assess your complete sample tests formatted identically to
understanding. the C of Q. Each test contains the exact number
of questions in each reportable subject to those
Visit www.nelson.com/student to start using
in a C of Q test, and a detailed answer analysis for
MindTap. Enter the Online Access Code from
each question is provided in the back of the book.
the card included with your text. If a code card is
A vital tool for any automotive service technician
not provided, you can purchase instant access at
student in Canada, this book provides students
NELSONbrain.com.
with all they need to study effectively, strategize,
and pass the Certificate of Qualification exam.

xviii SUPPLEMENTS NEL

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Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Automotive Technology SECTION 1

CHAPTER 1
Careers in the Automotive Industry

LEARNING OUTCOMES

■ Describe the reasons why today’s ■ Describe the major types of businesses ■ Describe the requirements for
automotive industry is considered a that employ automotive technicians. Red Seal certification of automotive
global industry. ■ List some of the many job opportunities technicians.
■ Explain how computer technology has available to people with a background in
changed the way vehicles are built and automotive technology.
serviced. ■ Describe the different ways a student
■ Explain why the need for qualified can gain work experience while WE SUPPORT THE CANADIAN
automotive technicians is increasing. attending classes. INTERPROVINCIAL STANDARDS PROGRAM

SERVICING TODAY’S VEHICLES automotive industry’s part in the total economy of

both Canada and the United States is second only to
When the first automobile rolled down a street over the food industry. Manufacturing, selling, and ser-
100 years ago, life changed. Only the elite owned vicing these vehicles is an incredibly large, diverse,
one of these early horseless carriages, which were and expanding industry.
a sign of wealth and status. Today, an automobile is Thirty years ago, North America’s “big three”
a necessity. Most Canadians would have a difficult automakers—General Motors Corporation, Ford
time surviving without an automobile. We need our Motor Company, and Chrysler Corporation—
cars and we need the automotive industry. Each dominated the auto industry. That is no longer true.
year, millions of new cars and light trucks are pro- The industry is now a global industry (Table 1–1).
duced and sold in North America (Figure 1–1). The Automakers from Japan, Korea, Germany, Sweden,
and other European and Asian countries compete
with North American companies for domestic and
foreign sales; in fact, the two best-selling cars in
North America are from Japanese car companies.
Several foreign manufacturers, such as Honda,
Toyota, and BMW, operate assembly plants in Canada
and the United States. Chrysler LLC declared bank-
ruptcy in 2009 and was taken over by Fiat S.p.A., both
the Canadian and American governments, and the
United Auto Workers (UAW) union. This move made
Chrysler a global company once again because its
merger with Daimler dissolved. Fiat has since bought
out the other partners. Many smaller auto manufac-
turers have been bought by larger companies to form
larger global automobile companies. Most often, the
FIGURE 1–1 ownership of a car company is not readily identifi-
Ford’s F-Series pickup has been the best-selling vehicle in
able by the brand name, an example of which is Ford
Canada for many years. Motor Company; Ford brands include Ford, Lincoln,
Martin Restoule and Mazda. Many more mergers and acquisitions in

NEL 1

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 FACTS ABOUT THE PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT- AND MEDIUM-DUTY
TABLE 1–1
TRUCKS SOLD IN NORTH AMERICA (ALL FIGURES ARE APPROXIMATE)
COUNTRY ANNUAL SALES
MANUFACTURER OWNED BY COMMON BRANDS OF ORIGIN (UNITS SOLD)
BMW AG Shareholders 53% and BMW, Mini, and Germany 330 thousand
family 47% Rolls-Royce
Chrysler Group Fiat Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep Italy and North America 1.6 million
Daimler AG Aabar Investments 8%, Kuwait Bentley, Daimler Trucks & Germany 288 thousand
Investments 7%, Renault-Nissan Buses, Mercedes Benz, and
3%, and shareholders 81% Smart
Fiat S.p.A. Family 30% and Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Italy 22 thousand
shareholders 70% Chrysler, Ferrari, Fiat,
Lancia, and Maserati
Ford Motor Company Family 40% and Ford, Lincoln, and Mazda North America 2.2 million
shareholders 60%
Fuji Heavy Ind. Ltd. Shareholders 81%, Toyota 16%, Subaru Japan 320 thousand
Suzuki 2%, and Fuji 1%
Geely Automotive Li Shu Fu 50% and Volvo China 71 thousand
shareholders 50%
General Motors U.S. Treasury 32%, UAW Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, North America 2.8 million
Trust 10%, Canada DIC 9%, Holden, Opel, and Vauxhall
and shareholders 49%
Honda Motor Co. Shareholders 80% and various Acura and Honda North America and 1.5 million
banks 20% Japan
Hyundai Motor Co. Shareholders 74%, Hyundai and Kia Korea 1.3 million
Hyundai Mobis 21%, and
Chung Mong Koo 5%
Mazda Motor Co. Shareholders 80%, various Mazda Japan 270 thousand
banks and Ford Motor Co. 20%
Mitsubishi Motors Shareholders 71% and Mitsubishi Japan 79 thousand
Mitsubishi Corp. 29%
Nissan Motor Corp. Shareholders 52%, Renault SA Nissan and Infinity Japan 1.2 million
44%, Daimler 3%, and Nissan 1%,
Porsche Auto Holding Family 90% and Porsche Germany 29 thousand
Qatar Holding 10%
Suzuki Motor Corp. Shareholders 79%, Volkswagen Suzuki Japan 27 thousand
20%, and Fuji HD 1%
Tata Motors Tata 35%, Indian banks 14%, Jaguar, Rover, and Tata India 60 thousand
and shareholders 50%
Toyota Motor Corp. Shareholders 85%, Toyota 9%, Daihatsu, Isuzu, Lexus, Japan 1.9 million
and others 6% Scion, Tesla, and Toyota
Volkswagen AG Porsche 54%, Lower Saxony 20%, Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Germany 500 thousand
Qatar Holding 17%, and Lamborghini, and
shareholders 10% Volkswagen
© Cengage Learning

2 SECTION 1 Automotive Technology NEL

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the future will continue to create additional global
automobile manufacturers. A number of vehicles are
built jointly by North American and foreign manufac-
turers. These vehicles are built in North America to
be sold here or exported to other countries. Some of
these joint ventures manufacture automobiles over-
seas and import the vehicles into North America.
This cooperation between manufacturers and
the public acceptance of imported vehicles has
resulted in an extremely wide selection of vehicles
from which customers may choose. This variety has
also created new challenges for automotive techni-
cians based on one simple fact: Along with the dif-
ferent models come variations in their systems. FIGURE 1–2
Today’s cars use less fuel, perform better, and run more
The Importance of cleanly than they did in the past.
Automotive Technicians Martin Restoule

The automobile started out as a simple mechanical

beast. It moved people and things with little regard speed of light. This means the operation of the various
to the environment, safety, and comfort. Through systems can be monitored and changed very quickly.
the years, these concerns have been the impetus for Electronic components have no moving parts, are
design changes. A technical area that has affected durable, do not require periodic adjustments, and are
vehicle design the most is the same one that has very light. All of these factors allow today’s automo-
greatly influenced the rest of our lives—electronics. biles to be cleaner, safer, more efficient, and better
Today’s automobiles are sophisticated, electronically performing than vehicles of the past.
controlled machines. To provide comfort and safety The application of electronics has also led
while still being friendly to the environment, these to the success of hybrid vehicles (Figure 1–3).
new machines use the latest developments of many A hybrid vehicle has two separate sources of power.
different technologies—mechanical and chemical Those power sources can work together to move the
engineering, hydraulics, refrigeration, pneumatics, vehicle, or each source can power the vehicle on its
physics, and, of course, electronics. own. Today’s hybrid vehicles are moved by electric
Because electronics play an important part in motors and/or a gasoline engine. Hybrid vehicles are
the operation of all automotive systems, an under- complex machines, and all who work on them must
standing of electronics is a must for all automotive be properly trained.
technicians. The needed level of understanding is
not that of an engineer; instead, technicians need a
practical understanding of electronics. In addition to
mastering the mechanical skills needed to remove,
repair, and replace faulty or damaged components,
today’s technician also must be able to diagnose and
service electronic systems.
Computers and electronic devices are used to
control the engine and its support systems. Because
of these controls, today’s automobiles use less fuel,
perform better, and run more cleanly than those in
the past (Figure 1–2).
Electronic controls also are used in nearly all sys-
tems of an automobile. The number of electronically
controlled systems on cars and trucks increases each
year. There are many reasons for the heavy insur- FIGURE 1–3
gence of electronics into automobiles. Electronics The Toyota Prius is the best-selling hybrid vehicle.
are based on electricity, and electricity moves at the Martin Restoule

NEL CHAPTER 1 Careers in the Automotive Industry 3

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 The design of today’s automobiles is also influ-
enced by legislation. Throughout history, automobile
manufacturers have been required to respond to new
laws designed to make automobiles safer and run
more cleanly. In response to these laws, new systems
and components are introduced. Anyone desiring to
be a good technician must regularly update his or her
skills to keep up with the technology.
Legislation has not only influenced the design of
gasoline-powered vehicles, it has also led to a wider
use of diesel engines in passenger vehicles. By man-
dating cleaner diesel fuels, the laws have opened the
door for clean-burning and highly efficient diesel
engines. These new engines have also been fitted FIGURE 1–4
with electronic controls.
Good technicians are able to follow a specific manufacturer’s
Some provinces have passed laws that require diagnostic charts and interpret the results of diagnostic
vehicle owners to have their cars’ exhaust tested tests.
on an annual or bi-annual basis. These prov- Martin Restoule

inces require the vehicles to pass some form of an

Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) test. These tests
may require a shop to perform a computerized emis- do not fix the problem is not something consumers
sion system scan or operate the vehicle on a chassis want—nor should we expect them to. It is also not
dynamometer through a range of loads and speeds something that helps the reputation of technicians or
to mimic regular driving conditions, followed by the manufacturer of the vehicle.
an idling period. A vehicle not achieving the speci- The primary reason some technicians are unable
fied emission limits will require maintenance of its to fix a particular problem is simply that they cannot
emission control devices. That is why it is called an find the cause of the problem. Today’s vehicles are
Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) test. This test, and complex, which means that a great amount of knowl-
the laws that tell the owners their vehicles must pass edge and understanding is required to diagnose them.
the test, affects the work of a technician. The cause Today’s technicians must have good diagnostic
of test failures must be found and corrected. skills. Individuals who can identify and solve prob-
lems the first time a vehicle is brought into a shop are
The Need for Quality Service wanted by the industry. For these technicians, there
Vehicles will continue to become more complex; are many excellent opportunities.
therefore, the need for good technicians will con- The high cost of electronic components and many
tinue to grow. Currently there is a great shortage of mechanical parts has made the hit-or-miss method of
qualified automotive technicians. This means there repair too expensive. Too often, mechanics who do
are, and will be, excellent career opportunities for not understand how to properly troubleshoot an elec-
good technicians. Good technicians are able to tronic system automatically replace its most expen-
diagnose problems in both the simple and complex sive component—the computer, which often results
systems of today’s automobiles. Of course, after the in a very expensive wrong guess. Computers are very
cause of a problem has been identified, the system reliable. Normally, the cause of a problem in a com-
must be properly serviced or repaired (Figure 1–4). puter system is the failure of an inexpensive switch
With the increase in the price of new vehicles or sensor, a corroded wire or poor electrical connec-
came increased public demand for very reliable vehi- tion, or a bad mechanical part within the system.
cles. The public also demands that when things do go
wrong, they should be corrected the first time owners The Need for Ongoing Service
take the vehicle back to the dealership—they expect The use of electronic controls has not eliminated the
the problem to be “repaired right the first time.” This need for routine service and scheduled maintenance
feeling also carries through to older vehicles, those (Figure 1–5). In fact, it has made it more important
out of warranty, and those serviced by someone other than ever. Although the computer systems can make
than the dealership. Paying for repairs and parts that adjustments to cover up some problems, a computer

4 SECTION 1 Automotive Technology NEL

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 COMMON TOMATA SAUCE.

Tomatas are so juicy when ripe that they require little or no liquid
to reduce them to a proper consistence for sauce; and they vary so
exceedingly in size and quality that it is difficult to give precise
directions for the exact quantity which in their unripe state is needed
for them. Take off the stalks, halve the tomatas, and gently squeeze
out the seeds and watery pulp; then stew them softly with a few
spoonsful of gravy or of strong broth until they are quite melted.
Press the whole through a hair-sieve, and heat it afresh with a little
additional gravy should it be too thick, and some cayenne, and salt.
Serve it very hot.
Fine ripe tomatas, 6 or 8; gravy or strong broth, 4 tablespoonsful:
1/2 to 3/4 hour, or longer if needed. Salt and cayenne sufficient to
season the sauce, and two or three spoonsful more of gravy if
required.
Obs.—For a large tureen of this sauce, increase the proportions;
and should it be at first too liquid, reduce it by quick boiling. When
neither gravy nor broth is at hand, the tomatas may be stewed
perfectly tender, but very gently, in a couple of ounces of butter, with
some cayenne and salt only, or with the addition of a very little finely
minced onion; then rubbed through a sieve, and heated, and served
without any addition, or with only that of a teaspoonful of chili
vinegar; or, when the colour is not a principal consideration, with a
few spoonsful of rich cream, smoothly mixed with a little flour to
prevent its curdling. The sauce must be stirred without ceasing
should the last be added, and boiled for four or five minutes.
 A FINER TOMATA SAUCE.

Stew very gently a dozen fine red tomatas, prepared as for the
preceding receipt, with two or three sliced eschalots, four or five
chilies or a capsicum or two (or in lieu of either, with a quarter of a
teaspoonful of cayenne pepper), a few small dice of lean ham, and
half a cupful of rich gravy. Stir these often, and when the tomatas are
reduced quite to a smooth pulp, rub them through a sieve; put them
into a clean saucepan, with a few spoonsful more of rich gravy, or
Espagnole, add salt if needed, boil the sauce stirring it well for ten
minutes, and serve it very hot. When the gravy is exceedingly good
and highly flavoured, the ham may be omitted: a dozen small
mushrooms nicely cleaned may also be sliced and stewed with the
tomatas, instead of the eschalots, when their flavour is preferred, or
they may be added with them. The exact proportion of liquid used is
immaterial, for should the sauce be too thin it may be reduced by
rapid boiling, and diluted with more gravy if too thick.
 BOILED APPLE SAUCE.

Apples of a fine cooking sort require but a very small portion of

liquid to boil down well and smoothly for sauce, if placed over a
gentle fire in a close-shutting saucepan, and simmered as softly as
possible until they are well broken; and their flavour is injured by the
common mode of adding so much to them, that the greater part must
be drained off again before they are sent to table. Pare the fruit
quickly, quarter it, and be careful entirely to remove the cores; put
one tablespoonful of water into a saucepan before the apples are
thrown in, and proceed, as we have directed, to simmer them until
they are nearly ready to serve: finish the sauce by the receipt which
follows.
Apples, 1/2 lb.; water, 1 tablespoonful; stewed very softly: 30 to 60
minutes.
Obs.—These proportions are sufficient only for a small tureen of
the sauce, and should be doubled for a large one.
For this, and all other preparations, apples will be whiter if just
dipped into fresh water the instant before they are put into the
stewpan. They should be quickly lifted from it, and will stew down
easily to sauce with only the moisture which hangs about them. They
should be watched and often gently stirred, that they may be equally
done.
 BAKED APPLE SAUCE.

(Good.)
Put a tablespoonful of water into a quart basin, and fill it with good
boiling apples, pared, quartered, and carefully cored: put a plate
over, and set them into a moderate oven for about an hour, or until
they are reduced quite to a pulp; beat them smooth with a clean
wooden spoon, adding to them a little sugar and a morsel of fresh
butter, when these are liked, though they will scarcely be required.
The sauce made thus is far superior to that which is boiled. When
no other oven is at hand, a Dutch or an American one would
probably answer for it; but we cannot assert this on our own
experience.
Good boiling apples, 1 quart: baked 1 hour (more or less
according to the quality of the fruit, and temperature of the oven);
sugar, 1 oz.; butter, 1/2 oz.
 BROWN APPLE SAUCE.

Stew gently down to a thick and perfectly smooth marmalade, a

pound of pearmains, or of any other well-flavoured boiling apples, in
about the third of a pint of rich brown gravy: season the sauce rather
highly with black pepper or cayenne, and serve it very hot. Curry
sauce will make an excellent substitute for the gravy when a very
piquant accompaniment is wanted for pork or other rich meat.
Apples pared and cored, 1 lb.; good brown gravy, third of pint 3/4
to 1-1/4 hour. Pepper or cayenne as needed.
 WHITE ONION SAUCE.

Strip the skin from some large white onions, and after having
taken off the tops and roots cut them in two, throw them into cold
water as they are done, cover them plentifully with more water, and
boil them very tender; lift them out, drain, and then press the water
thoroughly from them; chop them small, rub them through a sieve or
strainer, put them into a little rich melted butter mixed with a spoonful
or two of cream or milk, and a seasoning of salt, give the sauce a
boil, and serve it very hot. Portugal onions are superior to any
others, both for this and for most other purposes of cookery.
For the finest kind of onion sauce, see Soubise, page 126, which
follows.
 BROWN ONION SAUCE.

Cut off both ends of the onions, and slice them into a saucepan in
which two ounces of butter have been dissolved; keep them stewing
gently over a clear fire until they are lightly coloured; then pour to
them half a pint of brown gravy, and when they have boiled until they
are perfectly tender, work the sauce altogether through a strainer,
season it with a little cayenne, and serve it very hot.
 ANOTHER BROWN ONION SAUCE.

Mince the onions, stew them in butter until they are well coloured,
stir in a dessertspoonful of flour, shake the stewpan over the fire for
three or four minutes, pour in only as much broth or gravy as will
leave the sauce tolerably thick, season, and serve it.
 SOUBISE.

(English Receipt.)

Skin, slice, and mince quickly two pounds’ weight of the white part
only of some fine mild onions, and stew them in from two to three
ounces of good butter over a very gentle fire until they are reduced
to a pulp, then pour to them three-quarters of a pint of rich veal
gravy; add a seasoning of salt and cayenne, if needed; skim off the
fat entirely, press the sauce through a sieve, heat it in a clean
stewpan, mix it with a quarter of a pint of rich boiling cream, and
serve it directly.
Onions, 2 lbs.; butter, 2 to 3 oz.: 30 minutes to 1 hour. Veal gravy,
3/4 pint; salt, cayenne: 5 minutes. Cream, 1/4 pint.
 SOUBISE.

(French Receipt.)

Peel some fine white onions, and trim away all tough and
discoloured parts; mince them small, and throw them into plenty of
boiling water; when they have boiled quickly for five minutes drain
them well in a sieve, then stew them very softly indeed in an ounce
or two of fresh butter until they are dry and perfectly tender; stir to
them as much béchamel as will bring them to the consistence of very
thick pea-soup, pass the whole through a strainer, pressing the onion
strongly that none may remain behind, and heat the sauce afresh,
without allowing it to boil. A small half-teaspoonful of pounded sugar
is sometimes added to this soubise.
White part of onions, 2 lbs.: blanched 5 minutes. Butter, 2 oz.: 30
to 50 minutes. Béchamel, 3/4 to 1 pint, or more.
Obs.—These sauces are served more frequently with lamb or
mutton cutlets than with any other dishes; but they would probably
find many approvers if sent to table with roast mutton, or boiled veal.
Half the quantity given above will be sufficient for a moderate-sized
dish.
 MILD RAGOUT OF GARLIC, OR, L’AIL À LA BORDELAISE.

Divide some fine cloves of garlic, strip off the skin, and when all
are ready throw them into plenty of boiling water slightly salted; in
five minutes drain this from them, and pour in as much more, which
should also be quite boiling; continue to change it every five or six
minutes until the garlic is quite tender: throw in a moderate
proportion of salt the last time to give it the proper flavour. Drain it
thoroughly, and serve it in the dish with roast mutton, or put it into
good brown gravy or white sauce for table. By changing very
frequently the water in which it is boiled, the root will be deprived of
its naturally pungent flavour and smell, and rendered extremely mild:
when it is not wished to be quite so much so, change the water every
ten minutes only.
Garlic, 1 pint: 15 to 25 minutes, or more. Water to be changed
every 5 or 6 minutes; or every 10 minutes when not wished so very
mild. Gravy or sauce, 1 pint.
 MILD ESCHALOT SAUCE.

Prepare and boil from half to a whole pint of eschalots by the

preceding receipt; unless very large, they will be tender in about
fifteen minutes, sometimes in less, in which case the water must be
poured from them shortly after it has been changed for the second
time. When grown in a suitable soil, and cultivated with care, the
eschalots are sometimes treble the size that they are under other
circumstances; and this difference must be allowed for in boiling
them. Drain them well, and mix them with white sauce or gravy, or
with good melted butter, and serve them very hot.
 A FINE SAUCE, OR PURÉE OF VEGETABLE MARROW.

Pare one or two half-grown marrows and cut out all the seeds;
take a pound of the vegetable, and slice it, with one ounce of mild
onion, into a pint of strong veal broth or of pale gravy; stew them
very softly for nearly or quite an hour; add salt and cayenne, or white
pepper, when they are nearly done; press the whole through a fine
and delicately clean hair-sieve; heat it afresh, and stir to it when it
boils about the third of a pint of rich cream. Serve it with boiled
chickens, stewed or boiled veal, lamb cutlets, or any other delicate
meat. When to be served as a purée, an additional half-pound of the
vegetable must be used; and it should be dished with small fried
sippets round it. For a maigre dish, stew the marrow and onion quite
tender in butter, and dilute them with half boiling water and half
cream.
Vegetable marrow, 1 lb.; mild onion, 1 oz.; strong broth or pale
gravy, 1 pint: nearly or quite 1 hour. Pepper or cayenne, and salt as
needed; good cream, from 1/4 to 3/4 of pint. For purée, 1/2 lb. more
of marrow.
 EXCELLENT TURNIP, OR ARTICHOKE SAUCE FOR BOILED
MEAT.

Pare, slice, and boil quite tender, some finely-grained mild turnips,
press the water from them thoroughly, and pass them through a
sieve. Dissolve a slice of butter in a clean saucepan, and stir to it a
large teaspoonful of flour, or mix them smoothly together before they
are put in, and shake the saucepan round until they boil: pour to
them very gradually nearly a pint of thin cream (or of good milk
mixed with a portion of cream), add the turnips with a half-
teaspoonful or more of salt, and when the whole is well mixed and
very hot, pour it over boiled mutton, veal, lamb, or poultry. There
should be sufficient of the sauce to cover the meat entirely;[58] and
when properly made it improves greatly the appearance of a joint. A
little cayenne tied in a muslin may be boiled in the milk before it is
mixed with the turnips. Jerusalem artichokes make a more delicate
sauce of this kind even than turnips; the weight of both vegetables
must be taken after they are pared.
58. The objection to masking a joint with this or any other sauce is, that it
speedily becomes cold when spread over its surface: a portion of it at least
should be served very hot in a tureen.

Pared turnips or artichokes, 1 lb.; fresh butter, 1-1/2 oz.; flour, 1

large teaspoonful (twice as much if all milk be used); salt, 1/2
teaspoonful or more; cream, or cream and milk mixed, from 3/4 to 1
pint.
 OLIVE SAUCE.

Remove the stones from some fine French or Italian olives by

paring the fruit close to them, round and round in the form of a
corkscrew: they will then resume their original shape when done.
Weigh six ounces thus prepared, throw them into boiling water, let
them blanch for five minutes; then drain, and throw them into cold
water, and leave them in it from half an hour to an hour,
proportioning the time to their saltness; drain them well, and stew
them gently from fifteen to twenty-five minutes in a pint of very rich
brown gravy or Espagnole (see Chapter IV.); add the juice of half a
lemon, and serve the sauce very hot. Half this quantity will be
sufficient for a small party.
Olives, stoned, 6 oz.; rich gravy, 1 pint: 15 to 25 minutes. Juice,
1/2 lemon.
Obs.—In France this sauce is served very commonly with ducks,
and sometimes with beef-steaks, and with stewed fowl.
 CELERY SAUCE.

Slice the white part of from three to five heads of young tender
celery; peel it if not very young, and boil it in salt and water for twenty
minutes. If for white sauce put the celery, after it has been well
drained, into half a pint of veal broth or gravy, and let it stew until it is
quite soft; then add an ounce and a half of butter, mixed with a
dessertspoonful of flour, and a quarter of a pint of thick cream or the
yolks of three eggs. The French, after boiling the celery, which they
cut very small, for about twenty minutes, drain and chop it; then put it
with a slice of butter into a stewpan, and season it with pepper, salt,
and nutmeg; they keep these stirred over the fire for two or three
minutes, and then dredge in a dessertspoonful of flour: when this
has lost its raw taste, they pour in a sufficient quantity of white gravy
to moisten the celery, and to allow for twenty minutes’ longer boiling.
A very good common celery sauce is made by simply stewing the
celery cut into inch-lengths in butter, until it begins to be tender; and
then adding a spoonful of flour, which must be allowed to brown a
little, and half a pint of good broth or beef gravy, with a seasoning of
pepper or cayenne.
Celery, 3 to 5 heads: 20 minutes. Veal broth, or gravy, 1/2 pint; 20
to 40 minutes. Butter, 1-1/2 oz.; flour, 1 dessertspoonful; cream, 1/4
pint, or three yolks of eggs.
 WHITE CHESTNUT SAUCE.

Strip the outer rind from six ounces of sound sweet chestnuts,
then throw them into boiling water, and let them simmer for two or
three minutes, when the second skin will easily peel off. Add to them
three quarters of a pint of good cold veal gravy, and a few strips of
lemon rind, and let them stew gently for an hour and a quarter. Press
them, with the gravy, through a hair-sieve reversed and placed over
a deep dish or pan, as they are much more easily rubbed through
thus than in the usual way: a wooden spoon should be used in
preference to any other for the process. Add a little cayenne and
mace, some salt if needed, and about six tablespoonsful of rich
cream. Keep the sauce stirred until it boils, and serve it immediately.
Chestnuts without their rinds, 6 oz.; veal gravy, 1 pint; rind of 1/2
lemon: 1-1/4 hour. Salt; spice; cream, 6 tablespoonsful.
Obs.—This sauce may be served with turkey, with fowls, or with
stewed veal cutlets.
 BROWN CHESTNUT SAUCE.

Substitute rich brown gravy for the veal stock, omit the lemon-rind
and cream, heighten the seasonings, and mix the chestnuts with a
few spoonsful of Espagnole or highly flavoured gravy, after they have
been passed through the sieve.
 PARSLEY-GREEN, FOR COLOURING SAUCES.

Gather a quantity of young parsley, strip it from the stalks, wash it

very clean, shake it as dry as possible in a cloth, pound it in a mortar,
press all the juice closely from it through a hair-sieve reversed, and
put it into a clean jar; set it into a pan of boiling water, and in about
three minutes, if gently simmered, the juice will be poached
sufficiently; lay it then upon a clean sieve to drain, and it will be
ready for use.
Spinach-green, for which particular directions will be found at the
commencement of Chapter XXIV., is prepared in the same manner.
The juice of various herbs pounded together may be pressed from
them through a sieve and added to cold sauces.
 TO CRISP PARSLEY.

Wash some branches of young parsley well, drain them from the
water, and swing them in a clean cloth until they are quite dry; place
them on a sheet of writing paper in a Dutch oven, before a brisk fire,
and keep them frequently turned until they are quite crisp. They will
become so in from six to eight minutes.