Dirac notation I vectors

:
sad ,
-

"
dual vectors
Ig Tig lei > cejl
I
.
=

(Atu
=

linear Lu > )
→ set of All re
= =

, ,

operators
e-
A EIC) #_
-€
H u, u EV

An operator is normal
-
if FAI
-
n
- Ata
A

spectral theorem :
① Hermitian
operators
-
②
Unitary
Any normal operator m on V is
orthonormal
diagonal with respect to some

basis for v
unitary
.

stay
.

Mont .
Mtm µ =

D= 2- Xi lei > Lei )

spectra
=

↳ .
Identity : I
?!,leiz 4} -

sample .

I =
163 , he> =
2- cited

-}÷leje!i d
le; >
ce
Sig
-
d

I
=

cite :c) =
IUD
in

IT = T
-

-
TI
d d

1- TITI Elli > ceil T

3- le; > Cg )
=
=

=L
-

=/

Cgi
TijI
-
=
Ti
; Kike; )
Projectors : ①I =
It ,
② ph pp =p
.

Red

P =
I lei > ceil →
p = le , > Ce , I t lez > leg )
c'
-
-
-
-
=
,

tu) →
{ le , > ,
less } 91¥33
' us -
-

① ±⇐ ,

plus tee lei )

Evile
→
> S
-
-

t
Si ,
Uil #
=

② I psoj
leI±ez1 less > rest ← rank
=
t I
- -

Elle) =
Uz lez ) +
Us les) (÷ :! ) I
II =
 out to I
Unitary : u =
.

1¥33 Is .
Etonians
His =
Ellis
/u=?¥T
- -

l er )
?
U
Ifi > ceil er ) Ifa )
=
=

Sir
I
T =

Tij lei > Ce; I → Ita ( T ) 't

Y
Iraq spore
*
1- it
Ti, , g. ,
=

lei > ceil

' I µ .

> a,
Trace matrix {LID } {If;D
!
of a

!
-

Face
1-
It
=

-
I =

Trace is basis mid .

Iaetae 1¥ Ciel Eau

>
=

Ita
d ←
T - Fr (T ) =
E Lem l T
-
tem >
= #

→ m =
,
d T

I Y
=

lessee;lemI
,
Sai .

81M .

Imtmm
=
 Fr (
A +B) = FCA ) + A
-
(B)
TI ( a. A.) a'ECA)
¢
=

Trace is
cyclic F
(ABTJ =L (Bett)
- Fr ( cars
)
'

d
-

74191 E)
? Ceil > call Alli)
=
x

A¥¥"
# #
=L

④I
=

cat -

?÷ei
+
=
Cal Af > ceil) IN

t.tt#lx3=C9lA*
- LAID
Positive
operator ; pT .

ft >
£ElA
70
0¥ HI EE
=

"
positive operator .

I
A- ⑦ O =
CQIAIQ ) 20 Hla ) EV

=-y
\-
Show

meet
for ME

> o
Ld)

Mtm > o
,
 Polar
=)
decomposition
-

then
A E Ld) ,
U
, positive
operator J , K ,
such that
×
A KI 's I '

FATA Taft
=

K -
-

-
,
=

zlei9
=
Singular value
decomposition .

AE LU ) v.v
-
→
unitary .

A-
I -
diagonal matrix
=
UDI
diagonal elements
of D
are
singular values .
=­
 f e e
f

1¥
: -

t
.
i
÷ ,
.

AZ =
I ai le ; ) (e ; I = A A .

- -
=
j

TA -
-

J Tx; lei > ceil

i

ANY
't

=
e =
2- exile ; > ceil =
In
, =
e -