-

B. CGI : Linear
Algebra .

Complex vector
space
Hilbert space
→

Inner
product .

States
Vector
spare →
of a
physical syst
observables
Linear operators
-

"
maps
-
Transformation

}
Inner product Expectation value

F-
eigenvectors
" values
Orthogonality

product
I
Tensor

Hilbert
-
composite syst .

space
 In:c:3
.eu#::i:ds' =
¥
.

R ← Real vector
If
u
space
s e ←
Complex " "

↳ U E V V
U + U E V
=

* closed under
addition
Z
A E IF U E V did

1-
= ⇐
, =
"
(l ,
2,
1)
*
are Ev

Enn t ?
-

i +
it
/ X
x
 Vectors statisfy :

I .
U
,
U EV : Ut =
Utu

2 .
Usu ,wEv :
t.tt/utw)--fUtu)tw
a b EA
, , :
(a b) U = a (ble)=b @ U)
identity
B .

Additive : 6+0=6 ; OEV

- #

4 . U ,
U EV : U -16=0

U U -
-

f- 1) D= -
U
,
=
IT

5 .
IEE : 1. well

-6
( Utu a. b EF
)
.

a = ant are

U 'VE V

( at
b) U = au + by
 vector
Example :
✓
N
-
-

component ✓

" "

f÷:)
¥;
a
.

(
9 by

)
M t U =
=
? "
=
at u
:

AN t bn,
-_

in M matrices E E
x - -
mij , nij

mil:÷:÷ :
""

i::÷÷÷:
 Sup -

space & Span :

dimensionality
Id of a v
span
-
.

⑦ ¥2 ④ ⑦
I ¥£ ¥3 QUN
= - - - -

z
direct

#
sum -

( x. x) 2-
I @
=

=#
⇐
C
ut E V R' = R'⑦ R' ⑤ IR
'
# ⑦
¥ E

U =

Us ,
+
M£+73
- - -
-

IN
Hi C-
Vie
=
List of
vectors (¥ ,
¥2 ,
Ez
- - - -

ten )
Vi EV

A
,
U, t Az Uz t
Az Uz T - - - -

An Ux, =
0←
Hi
ai o
-
-

Span ( H un ) {
azuijata.MY#g
u 't
E.
- - -
=

( a. y ) span
to
-

#O①
xy :o)
 L

l÷÷i:÷÷÷;÷÷÷i÷÷:i÷÷,
"

ftp.eq.kq-i-E-f#zV
U =

'
ii. I. ni
1- ×

#Xy
is
.

in X
=
=
=
 v→w

EERIE't

± is linear
if u, U EV

D I. ( ate) -

I IN
2) H re EV ,
Ha C- IF )=aT(u)
1- (all

Tcu ) = TU T : V - V
 Inner
I
product vxv → IF
-_ =

Example : dot
product ✓ Rn
=

a- =
(a . .
Az
- n - -

an
)
b- ( by bz bn
)
= n -
,
-

Ctb Albi
+
92-62
t
tanbn
- - - -

P'÷!
=
'

a- 5=5 a-
1)
-
-

a- a- .

> o 9. a- '
-
O '
ff a- so

2) F.( p -

tr
E) a. 5 trace
b
=p
 by + Cz 9252
t - + Chamba
G
- -

9,
( a- ,
5) =

C = -
I Cz , Cz r - -
Cn
=
I
, ,
⇐

C -
- 1 ,
C

Glo) = ( o
.
.
) : vxv → e

(al b) = La b)
=
x E Cl a
,
b EV
,
#

Axioms K bi , bz E V

→ .
Cats = ( bla >
*
Pi Pz , EF

Iff
Z
Cala >
)
Lala 30 =o a=o
'

I calls , >
La Ip ,E tpzbz> =p
.

, ,
-

Cal
xp BD
←

,
4 . =
(x , a
,
+
Azaz / ) b 9,92 ,
b E V

€
4' KEK
't 't
9
,
Cail b) tq Cazybj
" 't
=
Cbl 9, a, + Azaz)
't

µ )
=

,
Cbla ,) +
Az ( blag )

't * 't *
X >
'

Lbla + Az Lbla >

-

, ,
,
I

't
=
dit + Az Cail b)
La , lbg
 E

l :÷:)
" "

A =
oh e, +
Azz l t - - -

, z
= =

't
(al )
b = a
,
't
b, + a
zit bz t - - - -
+
an bn E ¢
=

:µ;&)
ai )
=

fait ai ai - - -
Orthogonality :
if Cal b) =o a
,
b EV

then a ,
b are
orthogonal
Orthonormal
-
calls)
-
- O

Lala) -

-
I Cbl b) -1 '

,
A , b ane offeror mat I
.

{ei} -
Leite; ) -

Si
;
-

{ e :} - are orthonormal bases

a EV a '
Iaiei ; ai
-
-

Leila
-
 -
Lea la) =
Certified "

cer Sir
=

I. ai

=
Ann
Schwarz inequality
'
Kalat
Kalb) ) flat Ibl
'
v¥
lat is ,
la + bl S +
Given a list
( U
, , uz - n . .
ren
)
-

of linearly -
rind vectors ,
then we

can construct another list of

orthonormal vectors

(l , i le , ez - r - en
)
e
; eij > ei

tu ; eil
Ignacio >
-

;
 -
Linear operation
A B E
,
EV
,
u
'
EV
⇐ x.
=
Y v → V

A ( Bc) =
( AB) e
#

A B cu =
A
( Bleu))
Ind
entity I -
IA =
AI -

-
A
Inverse exists
not alway
-

←
A- B '
I
commutation
-

-
meter .
Operators → Matrices

choose basis set U. .

Uz - - - -
U
n
E V

U E V U t Az Uz t a
a U,
Uz
= t
an Un
- - -

, , z

Trl = T ( oh ,
U, ) + T (arroz) t
- - - - + T (an Un
)
= =

Itf ) 2716=2) -1 Az TH Dt t an
)
"

a a
- -

=
t n
,

determined
entirely
{ by
is
Action
of T
set
its action on the basis .

Tj
t
Tzj Uz t
Tay Injun
+
T V Ust
Uj
- -
- -

=
,
.

rn
=

2 Tig
=
'

Ii
in
uj
=

( ;)÷ T -
-

{ Tis } .

to

f÷÷÷÷÷ =÷I :)
Too Toi Taz
TV -

s
,
,

:
⇐

T
h2
=
. . . . U t +
Tmz Un
r - -

iz ,

fits)
,

un 1-
( sur ) LTD
-

I. Tiisjn
-

.
 Basis - mid quantities of an
operator
Trace (m) = Fr (m)
#

of
eigen#desD#t
sum
=

) eigenvalues
=
product of all