HUMAN BODY BASICS Neurons

Coronal Plane - nerve cells that transmit impulses

- Dividing anterior and posterior portions of Somatic Nervous System

the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.
Spinal Cavity
- cavity containing the spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
- first subdivision of the ventral cavity that is
surrounded by the rib cage and contains the
heart and lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- conducts impulses from the brain and
spinal cord to skeletal muscle, causing us to
respond or react to changes in our external
environment
Afferent Peripheral System
- consists of afferent or sensory neurons that
convey information from receptors in the
periphery of the body to the brain and
spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

- second subdivision of the ventral cavity that
contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and
gallbladder, small and large intestines,
spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus
(in women)
Pleural Cavities
- small space between the pleural
membranes
Pericardial Cavity
- space between the epicardium of the heart
and the inner layer of the pericardial sac
Mediastinum
- The space between the lungs
Connective Tissue
- A type of tissue that supports or binds
Protoplasm
- The liquid part of the cell
Epithelial Tissue
- consists of all the nerves that connect the
brain and spinal cord with sensory
receptors, muscles, and glands
Efferent Peripheral System
- consists of efferent or motor neurons that
convey information from the brain and
spinal cord to muscles and glands
Norepinephrine
- hormone produced by the adrenal medulla;
noradrenaline
Ependymal Cells
- line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain;
produce and move cerebrospinal fluid
through the CNS
Oligodendroglia
- provide support by forming semirigid
connective- like tissue rows between
neurons in the brain and spinal cord; also
called oligodendrocytes

- Type of tissue that protects, absorbs, or Nissl Bodies

secretes.
- ribosomes attached to the rough ER in a
NERVOUS SYSTEM neuron; also called chromatophilic
substance
Neuroglia
Axon Terminal
- nerve cells that perform support and
protection - The endings of axon
Multipolar Neurons
- neurons that have several dendrites and
one axon
Unipolar Neurons
- neurons that have only one process
extending from the cell body; most sensory
neurons are unipolar
Bipolar Neurons
- Sensory neurons that consist of one
dendrite and one axon
Membrane Potential
- The ionic and electrical charge around a
nerve fiber that is not transmitting an
impulse; also called resting potential
Reflex Arc
- The pathway that results in a reflex
Acetylcholinesterase
- An enzyme in the postsynaptic neuron that
breaks down acetylcholine
Gray Matter
- Gray areas of the nervous system
White Matter
- Groups of myelinated axons from many
neurons supported by neuroglia
Spinal Meninges
- A series of connective tissue membranes
specifically associated with the spinal cord
Pia Mater
- The innermost spinal or cranial meninx
Arachnoid Mater
- The middle spinal or cranial meninx
Posterior Root
- The sensory root containing only sensory
nerve fibers; also known as dorsal root
Brainstem
- One of the four major parts of the brain; it
connects the brain to the spinal cord
Diencephalon
- One of the four major parts of the brain
consisting of the thalamus and the
hypothalamus
Interventricular Foramen
- Another name for the foramen of Monroe
Cerebral Aqueduct
- connects the third and fourth ventricles of
the brain; also called aqueduct of Sylvius
Pons Varolii
- bridge that connects the spinal cord with
the brain and parts of the brain with each
other
Ventral Cerebral Peduncles
- convey impulses from the cerebral cortex to
the pons and spinal cord
Decussation of Pyramids
- crossing of the tracts in the brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
- part of the brainstem that contains all the
ascending and descending tracts that
connect between the spinal cord and
various parts of the brain
Cerebral Cortex
- surface of the cerebrum
Pupil
- a circular opening in the iris of the eye
Aqueous Humor
- fluid in the anterior compartment of the eye
located in front of the lens
Sclera
- outermost layer of the wall of the eye
Choroid
- the second layer of the wall of the eye
containing blood vessels and pigment cells
 - different kinds of atoms of the same
element

Cornea
- transparent part of the outermost layer of
the eye that permits light to enter the eye
Fovea Centralis
- a depression in the retina
Periodic Table
- table that arranges the elements in such a
way that similar properties repeat at
periodic intervals

Ciliary Body Atomic Number

- consists of smooth muscles that hold the - the number of protons or electrons in an
lens of the eye in place atom

Vitreous Humor Electron Donors

- fluid that fills the posterior compartment of - molecules furnishing electrons during a
the eye behind the lens reaction

External Auditory Meatus Electrons Acceptors

- ear canal - molecules that gain electrons during a
reaction
Tympanic Membrane
- eardrum Electrons Carriers
- molecules that gain electrons only to lose
Auricle them to some other molecule in a very short
- external appendage of an atrium time

Ceruminous Glands Water

- glands that produce earwax - the most abundant substance in living cells

Optic Disk Carbon Dioxide

- where nerve fibers leave the eye as the - chemical produced as a waste product of
optic nerve cellular respiration

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Carbohydrates

- made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and
Electrons oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
- negatively charged particle that orbits the
nucleus of an atom at some distance from Ammonia
its center - molecule that comes from the
decomposition of proteins via the digestive
Neutrons process and the conversion of amino acids
- part of the central nucleus that makes up an in cellular respiration to ATP molecules
atom; carries no charge
Messenger RNA
Protons - a type of RNA that transcribes the genetic
- part of the central nucleus that makes up an code of a DNA molecule
atom; has a positive charge
Transfer RNA
Isotopes
 - a type of RNA that translates the code of a
DNA molecule that was copied by
messenger RNA
Nucleotides
- complex molecules made up of a sugar, a
phosphate, and a nitrogen base; the building
blocks of nucleic acids
Catalysts
- substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction without being affected by
that reaction
Purines
- a nitrogen base consisting of a fused double
ring of nine atoms of carbon and nitrogen
Pyrimidines
- a nitrogen base consisting of a single ring of
six atoms of carbon and nitrogen
Selectively Permeable Membrane
- allows only certain materials to pass
through, like water through a plasma
membrane
Osmosis
- kind of diffusion that pertains only to the
movement of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion
- the movement of molecules through a
medium from an area of high concentration
of those molecules to an area of low
concentration of those molecules
Brownian Movement
- the random collision of diffusing molecules
Active Transport
- mechanism requiring energy by which cells
acquire materials against a concentration
gradient
Isotonic Solution
- solution in which water molecules diffuse
into and out of a cell membrane at equal
rates, as in normal saline solution
Hypotonic Solution
- solution in which water molecules will
move into a cell and the cell will swell, as in
pure distilled water
Hypertonic Solution
- solution in which water molecules will
move out of a cell and the cell will shrink, as
in a 5% salt solution
Buffers
- a substance that acts as a reservoir for
hydrogen ions
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Infundibulum
- part of the hypothalamus that connects to
the pituitary gland
- open end of fallopian tube
Pituitary Gland
- hypophysis; the major gland of the
endocrine system
Thymus Gland
- an endocrine gland located beneath the
sternum that is also involved in immunity
as a site for lymphocyte production and
maturation
Negative Feedback Loop
- mechanism by which hormonal systems
function
Norepinephrine
- hormone produced by the adrenal medulla;
noradrenaline
Hypothyroidism
- a lack of or low level of thyroid hormone
Releasing Inhibitory Hormones
- produced by the hypothalamus, they inhibit
the release of hormones from the pituitary
gland
Cortisol
- hormone that stimulates the liver to
synthesize glucose from circulating amino
acids
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
 - stimulates development of the follicles in
the ovaries of females, and the production
of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules of
the testes
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its
hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- stimulates ovulation in the ovary and
production of the female sex hormone
progesterone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the
hormone cortisol
Thyroid Gland
- an endocrine gland located along the
trachea
Thyroxine
- a hormone of the thyroid gland that
regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins; also known as
tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Cretinism
- a lack of or low level of thyroid hormones in
children, resulting in mental and sexual
retardation
Exophthalmia
- bulging of the eyeballs
Goiter
- enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an
inadequate amount of iodine in the diet
Calcitonin
- hormone secreted by the thyroid that
lowers the calcium and phosphate ion
concentration of the blood
Hyperthyroidism
- too much secretion of thyroid hormone
Hyperparathyroidism
- an abnormally high level of PTH secretion
Hypoparathyroidism
- an abnormally low level of PTH
Adrenal Medulla
- inner part of the adrenal gland
Pineal Gland
- an endocrine gland located in the
epithalamus of the diencephalon that
produces the hormone melatonin
Melatonin
- hormone produced by the pineal gland
Pancreatic Islets
- islets of Langerhans; endocrine portion of
the pancreas
CELL STRUCTURE
Prokaryotic Cells
- refers to cells that do not have membrane-
bound organelles, such as bacteria
Cellulose
- carbohydrate material that makes the cell
wall of plant cells, fiber in our diet
Nucleoplasm
- that protoplasm inside the nucleus of a cell
Organelles
- structures within the protoplasm
Nucleoplasm
- that protoplasm inside the nucleus of a cell
Microns
- a cellular measurement equal to one--
thousandth of a millimeter
Cytoplasm
- the protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell
Plasma Membrane
- membrane surrounding cells
Plasmalemma
- membrane surrounding cells; also called the
plasma membrane
Vacuoles
 - an area within the cytoplasm that is - a carotenoid pigment in plant cells that
surrounded by a vacuolar membrane produces a yellow color

Nuclear Membrane
- double-layered membrane that surrounds
the nucleus Thylakoid
- individual double membranes that make up
a granum in a chloroplast

Chromatin Chloroplasts
- term used to describe the genetic material - organelles found only in plant cells where
inside a nucleus before duplication photosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment
chlorophyll
Autolysis
- the process of self-destruction in old or Chromoplasts
weakened cells - plastids in plant cells that contain the
carotenoid pigments
Transcription
- process by which messenger RNA copies Granum
the genetic code in a DNA molecule - stacks of membranes found in chloroplasts

Centrosome THE BLOOD

- area near the nucleus made of two
centrioles Neutrophils
- most common leukocytes; they secrete
Translation lysozyme
- process by which transfer RNA reads the
code on messenger RNA and gets the amino Monocytes
acids to make a protein - largest leukocytes; phagocytize bacteria and
dead cells; histiocytes; macrophages
Flagella
- long fibers that push a cell like the flagellum Hemoglobin
of a sperm cell - red pigment in erythrocytes

Microtubules Phagocytosis
- long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin - the process in which phagocytes eat cellular
debris and other substances
Tubulin
- protein fibers that make up the spindle Megakaryocytes
during cell division - produce thrombocytes or platelets

Cilia Thrombin
- small hairs found on cells that function in - an enzyme formed from prothrombin that is
movement of materials across the cell’s necessary for the clotting mechanism
outer surface
Fibrin
Carotene - long threads that form a clot
- a carotenoid pigment in plant cells that
produces a red-orange color Prothrombin
- plasma protein produced by the liver that is
Xanthophyll involved in blood clotting
Thromboplastin Kinetochore
- a substance released from blood platelets - a disk of protein on the centromere
that is involved in the clotting reaction
Aster
Syneresis - a starburst cluster of microtubules of
- clot retraction tubulin produced by the centriole

Fibrinolysis Spindle Fibers

- dissolution of a blood clot - group of microtubules formed by the
centrioles to guide the daughter chromatids
Thrombosis to opposite poles
- clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
Metaphase
Embolism - second stage of mitosis
- embolus that becomes lodged in a vessel
and cuts off circulation Anaphase
- third and shortest stage of mitosis
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- hemolytic disease of the newborn Telophase
- final stage of mitosis
CELLULAR METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTION
Cleavage Furrow
Phosphorylation - pinching in of an animal cell membrane
- process by which a phosphate is added to a during cell division
molecule
Chiasmata
Catabolism - figures of chromosomes during crossing-
- an energy-releasing process that breaks over
down large molecules into smaller ones
Tetrad
Anabolism - the figure formed by the lining up of
- an energy-requiring process that builds homologous chromosomes consisting of
larger molecules by combining smaller four chromatids in meiosis
molecules
Synapsis
Calories - the lining up of homologous chromosomes
- unit used to measure energy in meiosis

Chromatin Oogenesis
- term used to describe the genetic material - formation of the female sex cells
inside a nucleus before duplication
Polar Bodies
Fermentation - nonfunctional cell produced in oogenesis
- process in which yeast breaks down glucose
anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen) Spermatogenesis
- production of sperm
Centromere
- portion of a duplicated chromosome that Gametogenesis
holds the two daughter chromatids together - the formation of the gametes
CARDIOVASCULAR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Systemic Circulation
- blood circulation to the body not including
Capillaries the lungs
- microscopic blood vessels where exchange
of nutrients and oxygen and waste and Hepatic Portal Circulation
carbon dioxide gas occurs between blood - route between the digestive tract and the
and tissue cells liver

Trabeculae Tunica Intima

- fibrous connective tissue; extension of the - the innermost layer of the wall of an artery
capsule of a lymph node or vein

Serous Pericardium Tunica Adventitia

- innermost layer of the pericardial sac - the outermost wall of an artery or vein

Pericardial Sac Fetal Circulation

- membrane covering the heart - circulation route that exists only between
the developing fetus and its mother
Fibrous Pericardium
- outermost layer of the pericardial sac Anastomosis
- junction of two or more blood vessels
Pericardial Fluid
- fluid in the pericardial cavity Thoracic Aorta
- the name given to the aorta in the thorax
Endocardium
- innermost layer of the heart wall, including Aortic Arch
epithelial cells that line the heart - the part of the aorta that arches to the left
and heads down the spine through the
Interventricular Septum thorax
- separates the right and left ventricles of the
heart Aortic Semilunar Valve
- found in the opening where the ascending
Ascending Aorta aorta leaves the left ventricle
- leaves the left ventricle of the heart
TISSUES
Abdominal Aorta
- the part of the aorta located in the abdomen Transitional Epithelium
- several layers of closely packed, flexible,
Chordae Tendineae easily stretched cells; cells appear flat when
- connect the pointed ends of the flaps or stretched and saw-toothed when relaxed
cusps to the papillary muscles in the
ventricles of the heart Mast Cells
- round-shaped cells found close to small
Coronary Arteries blood vessels that produce heparin
- supply the walls of the heart with
oxygenated blood Fibroblasts
- small, flattened cells with large nuclei and
Abdominal Aorta reduced cytoplasm that produce fibrin in
- the part of the aorta located in the connective tissue
abdomen
Mesothelium Chondrocytes
- a type of epithelial tissue based on function, - cells of cartilage
also called serous tissue, that lines the Elastic Cartilage
cavities of the body that have no openings - forms the external ear, ear canals, and
to the outside epiglottis

Endothelium Fibrocartilage
- epithelial cells that line the circulatory - forms the intervertebral disks that
system surround the spinal cord

Glandular Epithelium Lacunae

- forms glands - tiny cavities between the lamellae or rings
of compact bone that contain bone cells
Exocrine Glands
- glands that have ducts Dentin
- bone-like substance found in teeth
Serous Tissue
- lines the great cavities of the body that have Cancellous Bone
no opening to the outside; also called - forms the inner spongy tissue underneath
mesothelium compact bone

Pericardium Osteocytes
- membrane covering the heart - mature bone cells

Peritoneum Microglia
- membrane lining the abdominal cavity - phagocytic cell found in the central nervous
system; also called neuroglia
Goblet Cells
- unicellular glands that secrete mucus Erythrocytes
- red blood cells (RBCs)
Histamine
- an inflammatory substance produced in Leukocytes
response to allergies - white blood cells (WBCs)

Heparin Intercalated Disks

- anticoagulant manufactured by the liver - structures that connect the branches of
and mast cells cardiac muscle cells with one another

Ligaments Neuroglia
- connective tissue that attaches bone to bone - nerve cells that perform support and
protection
Tendons
- dense connective tissue that attaches Neurons
muscle to bone - nerve cell that transmits impulses

Hyaline Cartilage Dendrites

- a type of cartilage that forms the early - receptive areas of the neuron; extensions of
skeleton of the embryo the nerve cell body
 - part of a lymphatic node that produces
Axon Terminals lymphocytes
- the endings of axons
Right Lymphatic Duct
Axons - one of two collecting channels or ducts of
- the long extension of a nerve cell body; a the lymphatic system
neuron has only one axon

LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Intestinal Trunk

- drains lymph from the stomach, intestines,
Antigens pancreas, spleen, and surface of the liver
- foreign proteins that gain access to our
bodies through cuts and scrapes, digestive Subclavian Trunk
or circulatory systems, or the urinary and - drains lymph from the upper extremities
reproductive systems
Intercostal Trunk
T Lymphocytes - helps drain lymph from portions of the
- T cells; responsible for providing cellular thorax
immunity
Passive Immunity
Trabeculae - occurs naturally when a fetus receives its
- fibrous connective tissue; extension of the mother’s antibodies through the placenta
capsule of a lymph node
Monokines
Interstitial Fluid - chemicals released by activated
- blood plasma found in the spaces between macrophages involved in the immune
tissue cells response

Chyle Lymphokines
- lymph in the lacteals that has a high fat - chemicals released by the sensitized T
content and looks milky lymphocytes

Lacteal Pathogens
- lymphatic vessel that absorbs fats and - disease-causing microorganisms
transports them from the digestive tract to
the blood INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Lymph Sweat Glands

- the name given to interstitial fluid when it - simple tubular glands found in most parts of
enters a lymphatic capillary the body that secrete sweat

Lingual Tonsils Dermis

- located on the back surface of the tongue at - second layer of skin; also called the corium
its base
Epidermis
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels - top layer of skin
- lymphatic vessels that enter the lymph
nodes at various sites Keratinization
- a process by which epidermal cells of the
Germinal Center skin change shape, composition and lose
 water as they move to the upper layers and - consists of smooth muscle fibers attached to
become mainly protein and die a hair follicle that causes the goose flesh
appearance on the skin when we get scared
Keratin or get a chill
- a protein material
Sebum
Stratum Granulosum - oily substance that lubricates the skin’s
- a layer of epidermis made of flattened cells surface
containing granules
Callus
- a thickened area of skin developed from an DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND NUTRITION
excessive amount of friction
Endothelium
Corns - epithelial cells that line the circulatory
- caused by abrasion on bony prominences system
on the foot
Peristalsis
Stratum Lucidum - the physical movement or pushing of food
- clear layer of epidermis along the digestive tract

Desmosomes Defecation
- interlocking cellular bridges that hold skin - the elimination from the body of those
cells together substances that are indigestible and cannot
be absorbed
Stratum Corneum
- outermost layer of epidermis, consisting of Absorption
dead cells - the passage of digested food from the
digestive tract into the cardiovascular and
Stratum Germinativum lymphatic systems for distribution to the
- regenerative layer of epidermis, lowermost body’s cells
layer
Ingestion
Stratum Spinosum - the taking of food into the body
- spiny or prickly layer of epidermis
Dentin
Melanocytes - bone-like substance found in teeth
- cells responsible for producing melanin
Esophagus
Melanin - collapsible, muscular tube located behind
- pigment responsible for variations in skin the trachea that transports food to the
color stomach

Cyanosis Mediastinum
- bluish discoloration of the skin caused by - the space between the lungs
lack of oxygen in the blood
Diaphragm
Hypodermis - the muscle that separates the thoracic from
- subcutaneous tissue the abdominal cavity used in breathing

Arrector Pili Muscle Large Intestine

 - the last part of the digestive tract measuring Oropharynx
5 feet in length; the bowel - second portion of the pharynx located at the
back of the mouth
Rectum
- the last 7 to 8 inches of the gastrointestinal Small Intestine
tract - place where absorption and digestion occur

Anus Tunica Mucosa

- the opening of the anal canal to the exterior - innermost lining of the alimentary canal

Tunica Submucosa
Glycogen - the second layer of the wall of the
- animal starch alimentary canal

Heparin Tunica Muscularis

- anticoagulant manufactured by the liver - the third layer of the wall of the alimentary
and mast cells canal

Thrombin Muscularis Mucosa

- an enzyme formed from prothrombin that is - a third layer of the tunica mucosa of the
necessary for the clotting mechanism small intestine

Prothrombin Lamina Propria

- plasma protein produced by the liver that is - the second layer of the tunica mucosa
involved in blood clotting consisting of loose connective tissue

Lips Visceral Peritoneum

- fleshy folds that surround the opening of - another name for the tunica serosa
the mouth
Mesentery
Papillae - extensions of the visceral peritoneum
- projections of the lamina propria covered
with epithelium; produce the rough surface Uvula
of the tongue - a conical projection hanging from the
posterior border of the soft palate;
Pancreas functions in the swallowing process and
- a large digestive gland of the alimentary prevents food from backing up into the
canal nasal area

Insulin Filiform Papillae

- hormone produced by the pancreas that - found at the front of the tongue; important
regulates blood glucose levels in licking

Glucagon Fungiform Papillae

- a hormone produced by the pancreas that - found toward the back of the tongue;
regulates blood glucose levels contain taste buds

Nasopharynx Circumvallate Papillae

- uppermost portion of the pharynx located - projections of the lamina propria that are
in the nose covered with epithelium and contain taste
buds; found toward the back of the tongue
 Pyloric Sphincter
Lingual Frenulum - the connection between the stomach and
- septum dividing tongue into symmetrical the beginning of the duodenum
halves
Fundus
Parotid Gland - the rounded portion of the stomach above
- one of the salivary glands and to the left of the cardia
- dome-shaped portion of the uterus above
Sublingual Gland the uterine tubes
- one of the three salivary glands

Buccal Glands Pepsinogen

- secrete small amounts of saliva; found in - covalent bonds that form between different
the mouth amino acids to form proteins

Amylase Pepsin
- the salivary enzyme that breaks down - enzyme that begins to break down proteins
carbohydrates
Rugae
Incisors - large mucosal folds of the stomach
- front teeth used to cut food
Cardia
Periodontal Ligament - part of the stomach that surrounds the
- anchors the root of a tooth in its socket gastroesophageal sphincter

Cementum Parietal Cells

- substance that covers the dentin of the root - secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach
of a tooth
Mucous Cells
Premolars - secrete mucus
- teeth with two projections or cusps;
bicuspid teeth Pancreatic Juice
- a mixture of digestive enzymes in the
Gingivae pancreas
- the gums
Acini
Mumps - exocrine glands of the pancreas
- disease caused by a virus that infects the
salivary glands, especially in children Duodenum
between ages 5 and 9 - shortest and first part of the small intestine

Deglutition Helicobacter Pylori

- the process of swallowing
Food Bolus
- the soft mass of chewed food
Esophageal Hiatus
- an opening in the diaphragm for passage of
the esophagus to join the stomach
- bacterium associated with the development
of stomach or peptic ulcers
Bile Duct
- part of the gallbladder that transports bile
to the duodenum of the small intestine
Falciform Ligament
- separates the two lobes of the liver
 - found on the free edge of villi of intestinal
Ascending Colon epithelial cells to increase the absorptive
- first part of the colon surface area of the cell

Cecum Escherichia Coli

- pouch-like first part of the large intestine - normal bacteria in the intestine

Plicae Feces
- folds in the small intestine - semisolid mass of indigestible material in
the large intestine

Villi
- projections on the plicae of the mucosal
coat of the small intestine that increase Anal Columns
absorptive surface area - longitudinal folds of mucous membrane of
the anal canal
Chyme
- the digested, viscous, semifluid contents of Gallstones
the intestine - collection of precipitated cholesterol in the
gallbladder
Jejunum
- the second part of the small intestine Hepatitis
measuring 8 feet in length - inflammation of the liver caused by
excessive alcohol consumption or a virus
Ileum infection
- the third part of the small intestine
measuring 12 feet in length Appendicitis
- inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Mesocolon
- an extension of the visceral peritoneum of Cirrhosis
the colon - long-term degenerative disease of the liver
in which the lobes are covered with fibrous
Colon connective tissue
- largest part of the large intestine
Colorectal Cancer
Sigmoid Colon - cancer of the large intestine and rectum
- last part of the colon
Diverticulosis
Descending Colon - the presence of pouch-like herniations
- part of the colon on the left side of the body through the muscular layer of the colon

Transverse Colon Food Poisoning

- the second part of the colon found under - a bacterial infection of the digestive tract
the liver
Thrush
Anal Canal - a fungal infection of the mouth caused by a
- the terminal 1 inch of the rectum yeast

Microvilli Diarrhea
- the passing of loose, watery stools affecting
the function of the colon
 Endochondral Ossification
Gastritis - the formation of bone in a cartilaginous
- inflammation of the stomach lining environment

Pancreatic Cancer Lacunae

- fatal cancer of the pancreas - tiny cavities between the lamellae or rings
of compact bone that contain bone cells
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Trabeculae
Cartilage - fibrous connective tissue; extension of the
capsule of a lymph node
- a type of specialized connective tissue

Ligaments
Red Bone Marrow
- connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
- found within cancellous bone; makes blood
cells
Tendons
- dense connective tissue that attaches
Medullary Cavity
muscle to bone
- center of the shaft of long bone filled with
yellow bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
- blood cell formation
Metaphysis
- flared portion at each end of a long bone
Endosteum
composed of cancellous or spongy bone
- a fibrovascular membrane that lines the
medullary cavity of a long bone
Diaphysis
- shaft composed mainly of compact bone
Osteoblasts
- cells involved in the formation of bony
Yellow Bone Marrow
tissue
- connective tissue consisting of fat cells

Periosteum
Sulcus
- fibrovascular membrane that covers a bone
- a furrow or groove

Osteoprogenitor Cells
Metatarsals
- undifferentiated bone cell
- bones of the sole of the foot; form the arch
of the foot
Osteoclasts
- bone cells present in almost all cavities of
Carpals
bone responsible for reabsorbing bone
- bones of the wrist
during remodeling
Clavicle
Intramembranous Ossification
- collar bone
- formation of bone by a process in which
dense connective tissue membranes are
Patella
replaced by deposits of inorganic calcium
- kneecap
salts
Tibia
Fontanelle
- larger of the two bones forming the lower
- soft spot on top of a baby’s head
leg
Humerus - a single bone that forms the back and base
- largest and longest bone of the upper arm of the cranium

Fibula Sphenoid Bone

- lateral calf bone - forms anterior portion of the base of the
cranium
Ulna
- longer, medial bone of the forearm Foramen Magnum
- inferior portion of the occipital bone
Radius through which the spinal cord connects
- shorter, lateral bone of the forearm with the brain

Scapula
- shoulder blade Supraorbital Ridge
- overlies the frontal sinus and can be felt in
Phalanges the middle of the forehead
- the bones of the fingers and toes
Hyoid Bone
Calcaneus - bone that supports the tongue
- the heel
Palatine Bones
Femur - form the posterior part of the roof of the
- thigh bone mouth or part of the hard palate

Cranial Bones Tympanic Plate

- cavity containing the brain - forms the floor and anterior wall of the
external auditory meatus
Sternum
- the breastbone Maxillary Bones
- make up the upper jaw
Nasal Cavities
- cavities of the nose Ethmoid Bone
- the principal supporting structure of the
Orbital Margin nasal cavities; forms part of the orbits
- a definite ridge above each orbit
Mandible Bone
Occipital Condyle - the strongest and longest bone of the face;
- a process for articulation with the first forms the lower jaw
cervical vertebra
Nasal Bones
External Occipital Crest - thin, delicate bones that join to form the
- a projection of the occipital bone for muscle bridge of the nose
attachment
Lacrimal Bones
External Occipital Protuberance - bones that make up part of the orbit at the
- a projection of the occipital bone for muscle inner angle of the eye; contain the tear sac
attachment
Glenoid Fossa
Occipital Bone - a depression in the scapula for articulation
with the head of the humerus

Coracoid Process
- bony projection on the scapula that
functions as an attachment for muscles that
move the arm
Acromial Process
- bony prominence on the scapula
Pelvic Girdle
- formed by the two hipbones
Obturator Foramen
- a large opening in the hip bone for passage
of nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments
Acetabulum
- deep socket on the lateral side of the
hipbone just above the obturator foramen
Canaliculi
- small canals in compact bone that connect
lacunae with one another
Frontal Lobe
- forms the anterior portion of each cerebral
hemisphere
- one of three narrow passageways in the
nasal cavity formed by the turbinate bones
Middle Meatus
- one of three narrow passageways in the
nasal cavity formed by the turbinate bones
Superior Meatus
- one of three narrow passageways in the
nasal cavity formed by the turbinate bones;
known as the olfactory region of the nose
Bronchial Tree
- branching of the bronchi
Epiglottis
- large, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage of the
larynx that blocks food from entering the
trachea when we swallow
Laryngopharynx
- lowermost portion of the pharynx
Fauces
- opening to the oropharynx

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Cricoid Cartilage

- a ring of cartilage of the larynx that attaches
Pleural Cavities to the first tracheal cartilage
- small space between the pleural
membranes Glottis
- space between the vocal cords in the larynx
Nasal Cavities
- cavities of the nose Terminal Bronchioles
- divisions or branches of bronchioles
Pharynx
- part of the digestive tract (throat) involved Bronchioles
in swallowing - smaller branches of segmental bronchi

Internal Nares Left Primary Bronchus

- two internal openings in the nose - the first left division of the trachea

Trachea Right Primary Bronchus

- windpipe - the first right division of the trachea

Alveoli Visceral Pleura

- milk-secreting cells - covers the lungs
- cup-shaped outpouchings lined with
epithelium in the lungs Pleural Membrane
- membrane that encloses and protects the
Inferior Meatus lung
 - condition in infants in which too little
Parietal Pleura surfactant is produced, causing the lungs to
- outer layer of the pleural membrane of the collapse; also known as hyaline membrane
lung disease

Surfactant Laryngitis
- fluid inside the respiratory membrane - inflammation of the mucosal lining of the
larynx
Respiratory Bronchioles
- microscopic divisions of terminal Pneumonia
bronchioles - pneumonitis; an infection in the lungs

Bronchopulmonary Segment Whooping Cough

- segment of lung tissue that each of the - respiratory disorder caused by a bacterial
tertiary bronchi supplies infection, resulting in severe coughing; also
called pertussis
Alveolar Sacs
- two or more alveoli that share a common Tuberculosis (tb)
opening - bacterial infection of the lungs

Internal Respiration ARTICULAR SYSTEM

- exchange of gases between the blood and
body cells Bursae
- closed sacs with a synovial membrane
External Respiration lining
- the exchange of gases between the lungs
and blood Syndesmosis
- joint in which bones are connected by
Partial Pressure ligaments between the bones
- the amount of pressure that gas contributes
to the total pressure Gomphosis
- a joint in which a conical process fits into a
Lung Cancer socket and is held in place by ligaments
- a common type of fatal cancer mainly due to
smoking Amphiarthroses
- joints that allow only slight movement
Emphysema
- a degenerative disease with no cure that Flexion
results in the destruction of the walls of the - bending or decreasing the angle between
alveoli of the lungs bones

Cystic Fibrosis Hyperextension

- an inherited disease of the respiratory - increases the joint angle beyond the
system, usually fatal by early adulthood anatomic position

Bronchitis Extension
- inflammation of the bronchi - increasing the angle between bones

Respiratory Distress Syndrome Abduction

 - movement of a bone or limb away from the
midline of the body
Opposition
- movement that occurs only with the thumb
Rotation
- moving a bone around a central axis
Retraction
- moving a part of the body backward on a
plane parallel to the ground
Pivot Joint
- a type of synovial joint, like the joint
between the atlas and axis vertebrae
Condyloid Joint
- a type of synovial joint, also called an
ellipsoidal joint, like the wrist
Saddle Joint
- a type of synovial joint, the carpal
metacarpal joint in the thumb
Subcutaneous Bursae
- found under the skin

Protraction Depression
- moving a part of the body forward on a - lowering a part of the body
plane parallel to the ground - abnormal emotional state

Circumduction Gliding Joint

- moving the bone in such a way so that the - a type of synovial joint found in the spine
end of the bone or limb describes a circle in
the air and the sides of the bone describe a URINARY SYSTEM
cone in the air
Renin
Pronation - enzyme produced by the kidneys that helps
- moving the bones of the forearm so that the regulate blood pressure
radius and ulna are not parallel
Erythropoietin
Supination - hormone that stimulates red blood cell
- moving the bones of the forearm so that the production in red bone marrow
radius and ulna are parallel
Hilum
Inversion - notch in the center of the concave border of
- moving the sole of the foot inward at the the kidney through which the ureter leaves
ankle the kidney
- depression on one side of a lymph node
Eversion
- moving the sole of the foot outward at the Renal Sinus
ankle - cavity in the kidney

Elevation Renal Fascia

- raising a part of the body - outermost layer of tissue that surrounds the
kidney
Dorsiflexion
- raising the foot up at the ankle joint Adipose Capsule
- second layer of tissue that surrounds the
Reposition kidney
- occurs when the digits return to their
normal positions Ureters
 - transport urine from the renal pelvis into Endothelial-Capsular Membrane
the urinary bladder - formed by the visceral layer of Bowman’s
capsule and the endothelial capillary
Adventitia network of the glomerulus
- the outermost layer of the wall of the
alimentary canal Renal Corpuscle
- made up of Bowman’s glomerular capsule
Urethra and the enclosed glomerulus
- the tube that leads from the bladder to the
outside Distal Convoluted Tubule
- name given to the ascending limb of Henle
Gout as it enters the cortex and becomes
- an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the convoluted
joint at the base of the large toe and other
joints of the feet and legs

Polyuria Ascending Limb of Henle

- increase in urine production - name given to the loop of Henle as it
ascends toward the cortex
Podocytes
- epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the Descending Limb of Henle
Bowman’s glomerular capsule - name given to the proximal convoluted
tubule as it dips into the medulla
Nephrons
- functional units of the kidney Renal Tubule
- the general name of the tubule of a nephron
Renal Capsule
- innermost layer of tissue that surrounds the Efferent Arteriole
kidney - carries blood away from the glomerular
capsule
Renal Pelvis
- a large collecting funnel formed where the Afferent Arteriole
major calyces join - takes blood from the renal artery to
Bowman’s glomerular capsule
Renal Columns
- cortical substance between the renal Collecting Duct
pyramids - connects with the distal tubules of other
nephrons
Renal Papillae
- the tips of the renal pyramids Peritubular Capillaries
- surround the convoluted tubules of a
Renal Pyramids nephron
- triangular structures within the medulla
Renal Plexus
Glomerulus - the nerve supply to the kidneys
- a capillary network surrounded by
Bowman’s capsule Trigone
- a triangular region of the bladder formed by
Proximal Convoluted Tubule the two openings from the ureters and the
- first part of the renal tubule single urethral opening
Micturition Reflex Perimysium
- an unconscious reflex and conscious desire - layer of connective tissue surrounding the
to urinate fascicle of a muscle

Internal Urinary Sphincter Sarcotubular System

- located at the junction of the urinary - membranes of vesicles and tubules that
bladder and urethra; made of smooth surround muscle fibrils
muscle
Z Line
External Urinary Sphincter - narrow, dark-staining band found in the
- surrounds the urethra as it leaves the central region of the I band
bladder; made of skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
Detrusor Muscle - the area between two adjacent Z lines in a
- three layers of smooth muscle in the muscle cell
bladder wall
Glomerulonephritis Sarcolemma
- inflammation of the kidneys - the electrically polarized muscle cell
membrane
Cystitis
- inflammation of the urinary bladder Myosin
- thick filaments of protein in a muscle cell
Renal Failure
- results from any condition that interferes Actin
with kidney function - thin filaments of protein in a muscle cell

Oliguria Smooth Muscle

- a scant amount of urine produced daily - found in hollow structures of the body like
the intestines; cannot be influenced at will
Hematuria
- blood in the urine Skeletal Muscle
- muscle attached to bone through its tendon,
Uremia under voluntary control
- excessive urine in the blood
Electrical Potential
Pyuria - caused by a rapid influx of sodium ions into
- pus in the urine a muscle cell

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Acetylcholine

- neurotransmitter substance
Cardiac Muscle
- muscle found only in the heart Resting Potential
- normal electrical distribution around a
Fascia muscle cell when it is not contracting
- layer of areolar tissue covering the whole
muscle trunk Phosphocreatine
- found in muscle tissue; provides a rapid
Endomysium source of high-energy ATP for muscle
- delicate connective tissue that surrounds contraction
the sarcolemma of a muscle cell
Isotonic Contraction
 - contraction in which tone or tension - muscle that raises the eyebrows and
remains the same as the muscle becomes wrinkles the skin of the forehead
shorter and thicker
Levator Labii Superioris
Trapezius - muscle that raises the upper lip and dilates
- muscle that draws the head to one side and the nostril
rotates the scapula
Infraspinatus
Sternocleidomastoid - muscle that rotates the humerus outward
- main muscle that moves the head
Serratus Anterior
Deltoid - muscle that moves scapula forward
- muscle that abducts the arm
Pronator Teres
Orbicularis Oris - muscle involved in pronating the forearm
- muscle that closes the lips
Tibialis Anterior
- muscle that dorsally flexes the foot Supinator
- muscle that supinates the forearm
Pectoralis Major
- muscle that flexes and adducts the arm Extensor Carpi
- muscles that extend the wrist
Agonists
- muscles performing the actual movement Opponens Pollicis
- muscle that flexes and opposes the thumb
Synergists
- muscles that assist the prime movers Flexor Digitorum
- muscle that flexes toes and fingers
Antagonists
- muscles that relax while the agonist Interossei
contracts - muscles that cause abduction of the
proximal phalanges of the fingers
Teres Minor
- muscle that adducts and rotates the arm Gluteus Medius
- muscle that abducts and rotates the thigh
Buccinator medially
- muscle that compresses the cheek
Diaphragm
Occipitalis - the muscle that separates the thoracic from
- muscle that draws the scalp backward the abdominal cavity used in breathing

Gluteus Maximus Abductor Digiti Minimi

- muscle that extends and rotates the thigh - muscle that abducts little toe
laterally
Abductor Hallucis
Latissimus Dorsi - muscle that abducts, flexes great toe
- muscle that extends, adducts, and rotates
the arm medially Extensor Hallucis
- muscle that extends great toe; dorsiflexes
Frontalis ankle
Flexor Hallucis
 - muscle that flexes great toe
Seminiferous Tubules
Quadriceps Femoris - tightly coiled tubules in each lobule of a
- muscle that extends the knee testis

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Interstitial Cells of Leydig

- found in the testes that produce male sex
Fetus hormone testosterone
- embryo at 9 weeks
Primary Spermatocytes
Mammary Glands - produced by mitotic division of immature
- produce milk in females sperm cells or spermatogonia

Seminal Vesicles Secondary Spermatocytes

- produce an alkaline, viscous component of - produced by the first meiotic division of the
semen rich in fructose primary spermatocytes

Prostate Gland Spermatids

- secretes an alkaline fluid that is part of the - secondary spermatocytes that undergo the
semen second meiotic division
Penis
- the male reproductive organ used to deliver Glans Penis
spermatozoa into the female reproductive - head of the penis
tract
Acrosome
Spermatogenesis - contains enzymes that aid the sperm cell in
- production of sperm penetrating the ovum

Progesterone Spermatozoa
- female sex hormone - mature sperm cells

Testosterone Sertoli Cells

- the principal male sex hormone
Tunica Albuginea
- a layer of white, fibrous, connective tissue
that covers each testis
- produce secretions that supply nutrients for
the developing sperm cells
Straight Tubules
- located at the tip of each lobule of a testis

Raphe Rete Testis

- external median ridge of the scrotum - network of ducts in the testis

Spermatogonia Ductus Epididymis

- immature sperm cells - a single tube in the testis into which the
coiled efferent ducts empty
Cremaster Muscle
- muscle in the spermatic cord that elevates Vasectomy
the testes - an operation for birth control that severs
the vas deferens, preventing sperm from
Scrotum reaching the exterior
- outpouching of the abdominal wall
containing the testes Spermatic Cord
 - connective tissue sheath enclosing the vas
deferens Oocyte
- immature egg
Seminal Plasmin
- an antibiotic in semen that can destroy Endometrium
certain bacteria - innermost layer of the uterine wall

Membranous Urethra Ovarian Follicles

- connects the prostatic urethra to the penis - ova and their surrounding tissues in various
stages of development
Prostatic Urethra
- surrounded by the prostate gland Cervix
- narrow, inferior portion of uterus that
Infundibulum opens into the vagina
- part of the hypothalamus that connects to - the constricted junction between the crown
the pituitary gland and the root of a tooth, also known as the
- open end of fallopian tube neck of a tooth
Uterus Fornix
- womb - recess in the lower portion of the birth
canal
Vagina
- the opening into the female reproductive Clitoris
system that leads to the uterus - small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue
with nerves found at the anterior junction
Oogenesis of the labia minora
- formation of the female sex cells
Urethral Orifice
Isthmus - the terminal opening of the urethra
- small, constricted region between body of
uterus and cervix Labia Minora
- two delicate folds of skin medial to the labia
Estrogen majora; part of the vulva
- female sex hormone
Labia Majora
Graafian Follicle - two longitudinal folds of hair-covered skin;
- a mature follicle with a mature egg part of the vulva

Germinal Epithelium Ovulation

- surface of an ovary - ejection of a mature egg

Prostate Gland Oogonia

- secretes an alkaline fluid that is part of the - female stem cells in a developing female
semen fetus

Erection Corpus Albicans

- swelling and hardening of the penis due to - white body
retained entry blood
Corpus Luteum
Prostate Gland - yellow body
- secretes an alkaline fluid that is part of the
semen Fimbriae
 - finger-like projections surrounding the
infundibulum
Fundus
- the rounded portion of the stomach above
and to the left of the cardia
- dome-shaped portion of the uterus above
the uterine tubes
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
- a ruptured Graafian follicle
Uterine Cavity
- interior of the body of the uterus
Areola
- circular pigmented area of skin surrounding
the nipple
Lactation
- secretion of milk from the mammary glands
Nipple
- the terminal point of the mammary glands
Perineum
- diamond-shaped area at the inferior end of
the trunk between the buttocks and thighs
of both males and females

Cervical Canal Chorionic Vesicle

- interior of the cervix - a 100-cell blastocyst
Myometrium Umbilical Cord
- middle layer of wall of the uterus - a connecting stalk of tissue that connects
the developing fetus to the placenta
Perimetrium
- outermost layer of wall of the uterus Endoderm
- a primary germ layer that forms the lining
Ovarian Cycle of internal organs and glands of a
- the cycle beginning at puberty that developing fetus
produces mature eggs
Mesoderm
Menarche - a primary germ layer that forms the
- first menstrual cycle muscles, bone, and other tissues in a
developing fetus
Menopause
- last menstrual cycle Ectoderm
- a primary germ layer that forms the skin
Coitus and nervous system of a developing fetus
- sexual intercourse
Placenta
Glans - a structure in the uterus through which the
- exposed portion of the clitoris fetus exchanges nutrients and wastes with
the mother
Vaginal Orifice
- the opening into the vagina Amnion
- fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo
Hymen
- thin fold of tissue that partially closes the Chorionic Villi
distal end of the vagina - projections of the trophoblast

Alveoli Breast Cancer

- milk-secreting cells - leading cause of death in women
- cup-shaped outpouchings lined with
epithelium in the lungs Mammary Glands
- produce milk in females
 Ovarian Cancer
Parturition - malignant growth in the ovaries
- childbirth

Labor
- process by which the fetus is expelled from
the uterus

Trichomonas
- a flagellated protozoan that causes
inflammation of vaginal tissue with an
odorous yellow-green discharge

Gonorrhea
- venereal disease caused by a bacterial
infection

Syphilis
- a venereal disease caused by a bacterial
infection

Genital Warts
- highly contagious infection caused by a
virus

Genital Herpes
- infection with simplex herpes II virus that
causes lesions and blister-like eruptions on
the skin of the genitals

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

- bacterial infection of the uterus, uterine
tubes, or ovaries

Phimosis
- condition where the foreskin of the penis
fits too tightly over the head of the penis
and cannot be retracted

Menstrual Cramps
- contractions of the myometrial layer of the
uterus

Ectopic Pregnancy
- implantation of the fertilized egg outside
the uterine cavity

Female Infertility
- inability of the female to produce a child