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    a ev ee OS ¥98925 fn U.P. LAW LIBRARY - | i LEGAL RESEARCH AND : CITATIONS, OF THE PHILIPPINES Milagros Santos-On 9 On ines university of tire PAUTPP! COLLEGE OF LAW LIBRARY Ditiman, Quezon CHY ie Publthed di isbuted by REX Book Store Philippine Copyright 2018, 2018 Kem by 4 i az 98925, » ee ei olan iG ISBN 978-971-23-8942-9 No portion. of this" book may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, ‘whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, copied jn different clectronie devicesor in any other form, for atribution or ale, without the written permission of the authorized representative of the publisher except ‘priefpaseagesinbooks, articles,reviews, legal papers, and judicial or other official proceedings with proper citation. “Any copy of thisbook without the corresponding ‘number and the authorized signature of the author tn this page either proceeds from an illegitimate Gource oF is in posseseion of one who has no authority to dispose of the same. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No. 1974 ‘Reprinted: September 2018 Pred by a ex printing company, Inc. ‘Bhoaaphy & clave opaphy | Siegers ome PREFACE ‘Legal research process anil technique is universal. Its the legs! ystems éach country which differs from one nation to another. Ths Phatvppines is unique for its Togal aystom is a combination cf cis Taw Gloman), common Taw (Anglo-American), Muslim law in published or printed form and.cleetronie or digital form. formation ‘can be shiaracterized a8 very vich tes are passed and decisions of courts jine legal system provides that all laws Philippine legel i and dynamic. Bach day, stats are promulgated. The Fi and jurisprudence from aaa ae rod or ropealed. People all over the orld bave xecognizee Sa thse Tegal dovelopments in owe countrys Te Se bn tis regan) 28 < Siettronte or digital forms of Philippine legal information are being & Seveloped to assist logal research of Philippine. legal information umber of visite made to my warkat. the New York Hause ‘sal Law School Program (svww.nsulawelobalore/slobales: Ehitesines htmD website entitled “Philippine Legal Research's Ballingonce of such a need, ‘Thus, a xominder for en update every ta Svears waa made by Mizela Roznovsch, the editer. In addition 19 tro Terevelopments is the fact that Filipinos are all ver the world eet hey need recent developments in Philippine legal information and they Seven mandatory continuing legal information seminars ‘hat ave being conducted outside the Philippines: ‘As T have stated in the’ first edition, there were factors that encouraged me to write the book “Legal Research and. Citations? ‘Thove following factors still exist end @ Foquest for an updete Gneouraged me to write this second edition: 4, ‘The latest information teshinology has-solved the problem of <) The lack of full ext of printed complete statutes (1900-present) cen in law libraries; and b) lack of search tools to know and Secess legal information. WESTLAW and. LEXIS/NEXIS saw eT | OT LT lH), this need and have requested the Philippine Supreme Court to Upload in their databases decisions of the Philippine Supreme Court, Students, the bench and the bar, librarians, and even the public must know that, there are now databases on open (Gees) or commercial sources that can be used for their research needs; 2, ‘The law curriculum was revised where the subject of Legal Research now includes Thesis Writing and is now called “Legal ‘Research and Thesis Writing.” Citations or “Referencing” is one important waiting. Another important part of thesis writing is “Literature Search” which may be synonymous to legal research. All of the ‘patorials used must thus be cited accordingly with the proper Bibliography. ‘The importance of a standard citation now goes beyond mm and is now used in actual practice. The Court 's both members of the bar and the bench to cite ir preferably the primary sources. My batchmates . have said that their law libraries acquired my book for the “Citations” part. My 43-year experience in legal research as the Chief of the Supreme Court Library, ais an academic law librarian of the University of the Philippines College of Law Library and as a professor of Legal Research from the Pamantasan ng Lungsod hg Maynila College of Law, Manila Law School, Centro Escolar ity College of Law and College of Law were together to come up ‘and books on legal ‘The Supreme Court e-Library has played the book’s update for we now have all the leg 1900 to the that are available for the research needs of the judiciary and the law schools that have requested for it. I consider the Supreme Court e-Library as a legacy that I have achieved for the Supreme Court, legal profession and those in search for legal re will not have the SC e-Library. It was Senior Associate Justice Carpio who started the SC e-Library. ‘To Retired Justice Josue Bellosillo, Dean of the CEU College of Law, Retired Justice Angelina Sandoval Gutierres, former Dean of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Graduate School of Law, Atty. Benesto Maced Se, former Donn ofthe Pamantasan 56 1598 ANT Maynila School of Law, Ambassador Benjamin Demian: god 8 aut of the Manila Law School, and Atty: Jose Menue) -papey, Dean of the De La. Salle University College of Lan, My Diokno, aia for giving me the chance to share my Knowledge Sirtiae, and experionce in Legal Regearch to students in prepars fem to their greater challenge in the legal profession. Special thanks to Senior Jutiee Antonio. Carpio for endo me his Lady Justice which is ently used in the book’s cover, me Tis Gapveme Court Library Staff and the e-Library team; 19 to ree gisated members of the Philippine Group of Law Librarians GOLL) who share the sai mission. to provide efficient Tegal Seearch to their institutionss and’to Rex's Rana Patoe. jn iispiration these days are wn tomy Best apo and this for my second apo, Inigo Miguel. My late husband, ‘Hondi srill always be around us:and, our datighters,. Am married to Mike and Ann Charisse, now ™ ‘VHE AUTHOR OMA DEDICATION I dedicate this 2nd Edition ‘to my grandchildren INIGO MIGUEL ONG FRANCISCO and LUISA BRIELLE ONG FRANCISCO, and my dear husband DONDI who has always been with us these past 12 years ‘and my daughters ‘Ami Camille married to Mike, and Ann Charisse ‘married to Dave CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE Pre-Spanish (before 1521) Martial Law Period (1972-1986) Republic Revival (1986-present) ‘Three co-equall branches of the Government 1. Executive Branch... 2. Legislative Branch... 2.1, Senate of the Philippines 2.2, House of Representatives. 3. Judiciary... 4.1, Supreme Court of the Philippines. 3.1.1. The Judicial and Bar Council (JBC), 3.1.2. Office of the Court Administrator (OCA). 4.1.3. The Philippine Judicial Academy (PHILJA) 3.1.4. The Philippine Mediation Center (PMC)... 3.1.6, Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Office (MCLE) ... aa. 32. . Classification of Legal Sources, 32, Court of Appeals... 3.8, Sandiganbayan.. 3.4, Court of Tax Appeals 5. Regional Trial Courts. 36. Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTC), Municipal ‘rial Courts in Cities (MTCC), Municipal Trial Courts (MTC), Municipal Circuit Trial Courts 37. 8.8.” Quasi-Courts or Quasi-Judicial Agencies, 3.9. Other Judicial Procedures Constitutional Commissions. 4.1. The Civil 4.2, The Cor 4.3. Commission on Audit, jervice Commission. jssion on Hlectio Local Governments .. Other Government Agencies «. 6:1. ‘The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 62. ym on Appointments .. 6.3. The Commission on Human Rights... 6.4. ‘The Office of the Ombudsman... CHAPTER TI LEGAL SYSTEM Nature of the Philippine Legal System. ‘Sources of Law... : 3.2.1, Statutes or Statutory Lat 3.2.9. Jurisprudence or Case Law. 43.3.1. Classifieation by Authority. 3.3.2, Classification by Source.. 3.3.3, Classification by Character, 4. 8. 6. 5. 6. aL 3 2, a, 4 5. CHAPTER IV PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH Research of Statute La 4.1.1. Constitution... 4.1.2. Treaties and Other International Agreements... 4.1.8. Statutes Proper (Legislative Enactments). 4.1.4, Executive (Presidential Issuance: 4.1.8, Administrative Rules and Regulations Research of Case Law... 4.2.1, Supreme Court Decisions 4.2.2, Court of Appeals Decisions 4.2.8. Court of Tax Appeals, 4.2.4, Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeal As 4.2.5, Decisions of Administrat Commissions, and Board: CHAPTER V LEGAL PROFESSION AND LEGAL EDUCATION Legal Education Board (LEB) Law Schools. ‘Admission to the Bar. Bar Associations and Institutions ‘Law Librarians Associations... CHAPTER VE PHILIPPINE LEGAL CITATIONS Primary Sources by Authorit 6.1.1. Statutes 6.1.2. Treaties ... 6.1.8. Bxecutive/President 6.14, Administrative Rules and Regulation 123 1.2, Case LawiSurisprudence uo ub: Crdinkivcomne: 125 12:1, CaselCourt Reports ~ Printed Compilation... 140 6.2. Jurisprudence — Court Deck 125, 1.2.2. ed teas Electronic (62.1. Administrative Decisions 12 a Eeiage an 3, Case Find er, 6.2.2. Secondary Source a | a Ore a es ee a ; . Annotations/Commentaries/Treatis, ets. 6.2.2.1, Commentaries, Tr on os a. 713.1. Civil Law. 6.2.2.2. ch Found in a 48 a7 145 6.2.2.3, PeriodicallJournal articles . 6.2.2.8a Printed Source... 6.2.2.8 Blectronie Soures Conflict of Law International Law. 7.3.1.¢ Credit Transactioi 6.2.2.4. Newspaper Artic ws | 7,.1.1d Land Titles and Di 6.2.2.4a Printed Source.. as | Se aceseae .3.1.1e Agrarian Refor 6.2.2.4 Blestronie Source. 128 site a 7.9,1.1f Natural Resourees.. 6.3, Citations Repeatedly Used. we : a Bitiograsti | 7.8.1.1g Obligation’ and Contracts emcee | 7.3..1h Partnershi CHAPTER Vil | PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESOURCES 7.3.1.1} Muslim Peroonal La 7, Books, Bleetronic Published Legal Materia 182 7.8,1.1k Propert 57 11. Reference Mater as2 | 78.1.11 Sales 158 7.2 Dictionaries 182 7.8.1.1m Succession. 159 7.1.Ab Form Books it 7.4..1n Torts and Damages 159 7.1.1e Statutory Law Books 135 | 7.32, Commercial Law.. 160 71.10: Statutory Law — Printed Compilation. 195 7.8.2.1. Special Topics in Commercial Law... 168 22 Statutory Law — Electronie Compilation. 187 7.3.2.1a Banks and Bankin 163 7.4.14 Statute Finder (ndex/Digests) 187 1.8.2.1b Corporations... 164 7.1.4e Administrative Rules and Regulat 138 1.8:2.16 E-Commerce oa 7.1. International Treaties.. 139 7.32.14 Insurance... 167 1 ; ai 7.a.2.1¢ Intellectual Property ~ 168 7.9.2.1f Negotiable Instruments. 170 7.32.1¢ Securities Law am 7,8.2.1h Transportation. are 7.3.3. Criminal Law. 173 1733.1. Special Topics in Criminal Law wun 178 7.8.8.10 Anti-Gratt.. 178 7,8.3.1b Anti-Money Launder 118 17.3.8.1¢ Bouncing Chocks. 179 a9 180 180 7.3.4. Environmental Law « isi 7.8.8, Labor Law svn 2 ees, 7.8.6, Legal and Judicial Ethics oe 188, 7.9/7. Logal Medicine and Other Medical Laws 193 7.3.8. Legal Philosophy ~~» 195 7.3.9. Legal Research and Writing.. 198 7.8.20. Political Law ase 197 7.3.10.1. Constitution. 197 7.3.10.1a Constitution (1987) 197 7,3.10.1b Provisional/Freedom Constitution (proclamation No. 8, 8. 1986) .--- 199 7.3.10.1¢ Constitution (1978). ? 200 7,8.10.14 Constitution (1995) 201 7,8.10.1¢ Comparative : 201 7,3.10.1f Annotations, Commentaries and ‘Treaties on Constitutional La 202, 1124.10.14 Special Topics in Political Law. 208 7.3.10.1g.1 Administrative Law 7,8.10.1g.2 Citizenship and Immigration Laws 7.3.10.1g.8 Blection Law...m 7.8.10.1¢.4 Local Government 7.3.10.1g.6 International Law .« 7.9.11. Remedial Law .. 6 7.8.11.1. Special Topies in Remedial Law 7.8.11.1a Civil Procedure... 7.3.11.1b Criminal Procedure. 7.9.11.2e Bvidence... 7,$.11,14 Special Proceedings... 7.3.11.1e Summary Procedure... 7.3.11.1f Muslim Law Remedial) 7.B.AL.Ag Other Specific Procedural Law 7,3.11.Ag.l Alternative Dispute Resolution/Mediation, 7.8.11.1g¢2 Appeals, Certiorari, ete... 1 1g.8 Arrests 7.9.1.1g-4 Bjectment 7.9.11.1g.6 Small Claim: 7.3.12. Statutory Construction 7.8.13. Taxation... 17.8.18.1. Other Specific Tax Laws. 7.3.18.1a Income Taxation 7.9.13.1b Tariff and Customs Code... 7.8.13.1¢ Other Mare Special ‘Topics in Tax 7.3.14. Trial ‘Technique and Practice. 7.9.16. Other Special Topics 74. Philippine Blectronic Sources: 7.4.1. Philippine Online Sources. Ada Government Souree 7.4cla,1 Supreme Court E-Library 7.4.20 Law Schools _ 1.41 Commercial ~ By Subserption- 7.4.2 CD-ROM. 1.8. Philippine Legal Publishers CHAPTER | INTRODUCTION Lagal Research is defined as") The finding ane assembling of auton that bear on a question of laws 2) The Bold of study ot aesnod with the effective maxshaling of authos ies ‘26 ft question of law, (Black's Law Dictionary, “Abridged 8th {G05}, William H. Putman (Lagol Resear “Analysis and Saed 3 2010) has a similar definition “as then 5 finding ‘problem’” and included the use:of the vant ioe used for a specific problem. “Legal a widetermining how the law applies toa Pr sae teceoss and principles of legal research are the sary sogal renearch vary according to country and tie Tegal mr Tacobstein, Fundamentals of egal Resrareh. £0 ara College of Lavi Hauser Global Law Schoo FT) Globalex’s: Foreign. Law Research ‘(ithe nvulauslobal ort tqlobales/index himltanen=OLRA) contains ‘Tegal esearch and Baar atom ofthe different cnuntsis of tho world Kom ‘Afghanistan te zimbabwe, Also found in this website are ‘ntornational Law Research and Comparative Law Research, ‘The Philippine legal literature i number of statutes promulgated and the annotations, commentaries, are rapidly Bro is rich, considering the isprudence decided, and availability is an i ‘securate and effective I ‘materials, howevs 2 ‘lability of these "Mo better understand ‘has to know the basicin! structure and its legal system. 2 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES 1, Introduction ‘The Philippines is an archi ‘area of 301,780 99. km. a ‘Piatiopines Gast visited March 81, 20177). Tt is surrounded by the ‘Pacific Ocean on the East, South ‘China Sea’on the North and the ‘West and the Celebes Sea’ ‘on the South. These comprise the National T ‘of the Philippines. Article I of the 1987 Constitution: ‘at the “National territory comprises ‘the Philippine ‘gith all the islands and waters embraced therein "feritories which the Philippines has sovereignty or Laws enacted by Congress defined the baselines of the territorial sea of the Philippine archipelago. As early as 1035, the {auolines have been defined in the 1935 Constitution. This was 2000, amended both laws and:defined the archipelagic baselines a ‘Regime of Islands.” This definition is consistent with Article 124 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the existing baselines act and to “define ‘of the Philippines.” It doe CHAPTER 3 uyTRODUCTION or to Scarborough Shoal, both of which China and Vietnam daim oe their territory, while the Philippines elaims.a part of what are sited “Spratlys and all of Scarborough Shoal,” The constinationality SF the law was questioned at.the Supreme Court in the ease of ‘Magationa ». Ermita, G.R. No. 187167, July 16, 2011. The decision upholding the coustitutionality of the law was penned. by Justin ‘Antonio 'T, Carpio. The petitioners of the case were professors of Javr, Taw students, and lator, The petitioners filed the case it 5 of the Philippines, taxpayers, and sthy to mention. are the: two grounds invoked jtutionallty’ of the lew: legislators. Not by the petitioners in questioning the 1) “Republie Act No, 9522 reduces the P by all vessels and aire ‘and national sectirity, contravening the ‘3 nucle policy, and damaging marine resources, in violation of relevant constitutional provisions.” speech before the Philippine ‘entitled, “Protecting jine Seo,” on Mareh 6, 4 LBGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES ‘The conflicting claims in the South China Sea are governed by the United Nations Convention'on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) dated December 20, 1982 (httoJ/wecwsun.ors/depts/losleonvention— lageementsltextsluncloshinclos-apdD, and the 1994 Agreement Hoisting to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention, ‘Slosiadx htm) The Philippines and China, who are claimants to eegouth China Sea, are among the 165 countries that ratified the UNCLOS. socints Justice the West Phitippiiie Sea. Dispute,” 9-das eneroaches on 80% of the Philippines’ 200-nm ex Rconpmic zone (REZ) and:100% of its'150-nm extended contine shel? (2CS) facing the South China Sea —what che Philippines West Philippine Sea”. China's 9-dash line elaim has similar effects or the EEZs and EOSs of Vietnam, Malaysia, Brut facing the South China Sea. ‘Justice Antonio": Carpio'a #peceh Before the Philippine Women “Judges Association, entitled “Protecting the Nation's Marine Wealth in the West Phi ‘Seq2" March 6, 2014 includes the illustration ‘on the 9-Dashed Lines. i, and Indonesia CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION ce Antonio Gaxpio stated that “maritime dispute in the West Philippine Sea’eould be more easily resolved if all the imant greed on two things: first, on the applicable aw to govern the ‘dispute, and second, on the historical facts on the West Philippine Sea.” ‘The Philippines omhistorical maps avai and National Library of Austr: can be seen ina cartogtaphie © Ties, Searborough Shoal in Ancient Mapo; June 2014 lecture of Senior Associate, Justice Antonio T. Carpio. ‘The first map in this edrtographis éxhibie was published in 1734 by ‘Jesuit Pedro Murillo, It is cotisidered the “mother of all Philippine ‘This territorial, di has’ both political and éeoromic implications for the Philippines, China, and also Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indon ere was even headline stating “Is the ‘South China Sea on the Brink of War?" Asa measure to resolve the controversy, the’ Philippines has’used the:legal remedy inasrauch fas China and the Philippines are parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). 6 [LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES | CHAPTER INFRODUCTION ‘tae Philippines Aled a formal claim befoie an arbitration | ‘Duterte," Available at . 0/3 oni fe 1982 United Nations | inas-sift-to-nis 12 x=0 (ast visited. December of an shinas-gitNithough China has mot agzopted the decision of 18 cer eation between The Republi of the Philippines (applicant) and Fo ae al tribunal; the Filipino people gained the nights "he The People’s Republic of China (Reepondant),” 24-August 2019 (PCA =| decision. To appreciate and learn topic, dustice Antonio Carpio delivered lectures in "manent Court of Arbitration. The s eorerd abroad which are available at the: website of avaiifne case on July 12, 2016. Tho fulltext of the 479 paues of the net Maritime and Ocean Affairs, (attmlirewstimon.shl Final award on she West Philippine yath China Sea) sategorvlectunes mm ease—The Republic of PI = ii ce fe cin ee aly 22, 2016 is available at 8 We ‘I text of the Rules of Procedure of the case is “ted January 30, 2017), @ rember 6-11, 2016 through . 18 and above ‘the Permanent news in almost channels and wavered in his pot the arbitral a's license to extract seabed resources in inte wetiens? This article quoted Graham Allison who wrote th of the five permanent members Security C ever accepted any intern: their sovereignty or China rejects the Court! in , sea he other great powers have repeatedly done for decades! ‘over Sabah. There have been clashes betwee ‘Rnaiiable at "Of Course China, Like All Great Powers, Will Tenors the Sultanate of Sulu and Malaysia. The Unit ferdict ov (nttnlithediplomatscom/2016/07/ to intervene and initiate negotiations between West:PHL-Sea-Pulse-Asia html “Another claim that'romdains unresolved isthe histars claim of ‘be doing just thePhilippines to Sabab. The Sultanate of Sulu claims the ov hip the military forees of fations was urged to parties. ‘The Filipino culture has molded over moro than « hundred ethic groups consisting of 91% Christian Malay, 4% Mushy Malay, sepne Chinese, and 3% others. As of the August 2010 national con the population of the Philippines has increased from 92.5% million in'May 1, 2010 to 100.98 million in August 2015. According * the Philippine Statistics Authority, “tho Philippine population increased by 1.729% annually, on average, during the period 2010 1 2018." fd December 8, 2016)). There are similar ies on China's noncompliance or refusal ‘of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Tne Pinlippines- awaits and respects the way President Rodrigo Fen Dutorte will resolve the matter. Opening diplomatic ties with Tee nanny be its initial step. A positive outcome of this move is an Srportant concession by China, which has laid elaim.to most of te aeteaie waterway and interfored with Ssbing and drilling Dy #he aiippines and other coimtries who have competing claims to the PaytEgfs and rocks?” (Carel Giacomo, “China's Gift to President an) This increase in population has an impact ani jurisprudence, ahd even government policies. ‘on the laws, 8 [LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES Filipino (Tagalog) is the ‘national Tanguage [Constitution (a98p, Art XIV, Sec, 6} of the Philippines. Howevsr, Filipina 92 Geeich are the official languages for pusposes of communication Soiied ruction, (Constitution [1987], Art. XIV, Seo, 7) Optional use arttne national language Filipino (Tagalog) is allowed. Supreme Gout Administrative Circular No, 16-2010 allowed the optionsl use cat on a por ease basis, of Filipino (Tagalog) in court proceedings ‘n ae oat the difficulties encountered in the use af Filipino a= mani, Heated by the Presiding Judges and the court stenographers of some ‘este vinis Gireular provides that “in appropriate cases as may be Sere nod by the Presiding Judge and without objestion ofthe Dar: seerihe above-mentioned courts may uze Filipino in the beasing vies ejation of motions, or in the conduct of mediation, pre-trial oe tral, and in any other court proceedings. Existing trans. les may be used freely, and technical terms slated literally into Filipino.” jergarten Education Act gual education (MTB: MLE) method as the primary medium of instruction for teaching wir tanning in the Kindergarten level.” Section 5, Likewise speci® sity provides that the Dapartment of Education must include fn its san Eig strategies the “child's understanding of Bnglish, which is the official language.” ‘There are several dialects or regional languages (spoken and writton) throughout the different islandsof the.country, but hero a Sight major dialects, which include Bicolano, Cebuano, Hifieron®s cserrondgo, locano, Parapango, Pangasinense, Tagalog, and Waray: ‘There are two major religions in the country: Christianity and Islam, Christianity, more particularly Catholicism, is practiced by saa than 80% of the population. It was introduced by Spain in 1621, The Protestant religion was introduced by American missionaries ‘The Aglipayan Church, or the Independent Church, and the Iglesia Ni Cristo are two Filipino independant churches ant sous organizations. Other Christian religious organizations Hike Teli Shacdai, Ang Dating Daan, Jesus Is Lord, and the Kingdom the eae Christ of Pastor Apollo Quibolay have been established. Membership of the Iglesia Ni Cristo and ‘the El Shaddai are srompciag worldwide. ‘These independent churches and religions organizations are having a great infiuence to the nation especially during elections. CHAPTER ° DSTRODUCTION ‘the Constitution of he Philippines specifically provides that he sorecation of Church and State is: iavilabie Constitution Hono OT However religion hasia great intuenco in te See. Of Tijppines. Ror tho Muslim a special laws the legal system im Peroonal Laws (Presidential Deeroe No, 10%) i Godt Sigatoa and special costs were establishes ‘96 Sharia courts Fein a errimation for he Muslim or Isamie communi A separated, The Catholic Church has affected te present ineeal system. A priest hail so take leave 7 ‘priest when he polities! Ss? govemner of a province in Reyion Il. A moveren Tee was lated to be able to choone the Eesident of Ee ‘Philippines eee other government officials in the May 2009, national elections. and ones Bemment of tho Iglesia Ni Cristo, Bl Shade’ and other The us organizations io sought jn evexy elation, The Church's religi,cigjor ieenes has aifected the passage of BIE ‘pending in Seagresa such aa the Reproductive Health Bil Senets Bill No, 2865. Conersice Bil No. 4248) which was approved by Bots ‘Houses of Congress on December 19, 3 deirconatitationality of the lawin the consolidated case cof Imbong ¥ ‘Ochoa, Jr., GaR, No. 204819, April 8, 2014. ‘Gases are filed in the Suipreme Court that alects seston the Chanch, The Diocese of Bacolod Represented by ‘he ‘Most Rev. Bighop Vieente-M, Navarra v. Comainission 0% Elections, GR. No. arena, July 5, 2016, is a question on whether the SF in used by ae cpondents falls under the “definition of elses vropaganda the resBetcion 1-4 of Commission on Elections Reset under eo rensona’ Firat, it “sontaine the names oF 7 for panty list groups who voted for oF against tbS RH Law." Second, wie chesk maricion “Team Buhay’ and the cos8 ‘mark on “Team tay’ clearly suggests that those belonging to Team Buhay’ should Paves fd while those under ‘Team Patay’ should be rejected during be ered 19, 2018 elections.” Lastly, petitioners poste the ‘tarpaulin fon the cathedral’s facade to draw atter ‘There are other bills still pesding in'Congreas such a8 itor; and weunation of the death penalty. The Philppincs is ‘considered ant neonly eountzy that does not allow divores, Howey, ‘annulment ae ne Tinga is recognized and cases filed and decided increasing, of marrage ssrove the death penalty was started by the Hones Tee cnecsontatives. nother Sssue is the extrajudicist ‘lings. This caves joined by human rights activists in the ‘Philippines and abroad. CHAPTER II GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE ‘The Constitution is the fundamental law of the land. There had been five Constitutions, all ratified by the Filipino People, namely, Malolos Constitution, 1935 Constitution, 1943 Constitution (effective during the Japanese occupation), 1973 Constitution, and i ‘The 1935 Constitution was’signed by then ident Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The 1986 ‘Freedom Constitution was considered as a Provisional Constitution, commission was created that drafted the 1986 Constit ‘upon ratification in a plebiscite held on February 2, 1987, the 1987 Constitution which defined the present political structure of the Philippines. The ratification was proclaimed on February 11, $987, Under the current Duterte administration, there is & move in Congress to reviselamend the present Constitution and form a federal form of government, In addition to such form of government, another revision thet President Duterte proposed to amend is the declaration of Martial Law. ‘The 1987 Constitution provides that the Philippines is « democratic and republican state where sovereignty resides in the ‘people and all government authority emanates from thom. (Art. 1 See. 1) ‘The government structure differs as one gocs through the history of the Philippines, which may be categorized as follows: (a) ‘Pre-Spanish; (b) Spanish Period; (c) American Period; (4) Japanese Period: (e) Republic; and (f) Martial Law Period. 1. Pre-Spanish (before 1521) ‘The Barangays or independent communities were the unit of governmont structures before Spain colonized the Philipeines. The fhead of each barangay was the Datu. The Datu was D called Cabeza de Barangay during the Spanish period. He governed the barangays using native rules which are customary and unwritten. There were 0 two codes during this CHAPTER I n GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE, fod: the Maragtas Code issued by Datu to cot de Panay Toland and the Code of Kalantion issued »y Sumalewel of in 1438, The existence of these codes is questiones Dato Kale dtorians, Just Hike many ancien sities, trial by odes! was practiced 2, Spanish Period (1521-1898) ‘Tie Spanich Period can be traced from the time Magee? discovered the Philippines when be landed on Mactan Taland Gaba) on March. 16, 1621. Royal decress, Spanish laws and (fecal sesuances of special laws for the Philippines were, extended special Sfrippines from Spain by the-Spanish Grown throsah °° The chief legislator is the governor-general who cxercise® neg tunetiona by promulgating executive decrees, edict O° ative Foran the force of law, The “bierarehical structure of ¢he ral oF ordinary jurisdiction.” is i" Ye Manila, or Spanish Supreme Court im the i fe fanetions whem: laws. were ‘The Real Au Philippines also exercised passed in the form of autos book entitled “An Int las Leyes, de Indi laws were also the end of the Spanish 1870, Lay Provisional pare la fou Codigo Penal en las Islas Codigo mento Cl, Codigo de onereto, Cage i Ley i ay Hipavecaria, Lay de Minos, Ley Notarial de 1862, Rais 1880, Le Pte of Foreigners for Ultramarine Provinces, and she Gade of Military Justice. Some of these laws remained soa gthe early American period and until the Philippine laws vere promulgated. Decisions of the Real Audencia were appedlable to the Cow af the indies in Sevile, Spain. When it was abolished in 19% the Of the nes prema de Espofa de Indias assumed is function. (% Rediguer, The History of the Judicial System of the Philippines 3 [1999). 12 _ LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES In between the’ Spanish and the American Periods i Philippine historians consider as the first Philippine Republic. This was when General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippine Tadependence in Kawit, Cavite onJuine 12, 1898. The Malolos Congress, also Known a8 Assembly of the Representatives which can be considered as revolutionary in nature, was convened on. September 15, 1898. The first Philippine Constitution, the Malolos Constitution, was approved on January 2 the Supreme Court was promulg: Guevara, The Lawe of the First of Malolos} 1898-1899, 170 [1997] composition of the Judiciary during the Ms the Audencia de la Capital and the Jueces. 3, American Period (1898-1946) ‘The start of this period can be traced back to the Battle of Manila Bay when Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, ‘and sala de lo criminal or eriminal branch. (attpd is phibistorv/indexphp) The Philippine Judiciary Act of 1901 or Act No. 136 was passed by the Seoond Philippine Commission on June wneral Order No. 20 was abolished. Legislative function was transferred to the Philippine Commission in 1901, which was created by the United States President as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and later CHAPTER IL a GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE qatified by the Philippine Bill of 1902, This dame Bill provided for Slippine Assembly which convened ‘Jones Law provided for the establishment body on October 16, 1916, composed of the ‘Representatives, signed by U. 1995 annd ratifies ofthe 1935 Constitution are availableinan. Convention proceedings both in print and di ia available in the SC e-Library (nitoileli ‘hat governed the Philippines during this ‘McKinley's Instruction to the Second ‘Spoorier Amendment of ight to'promulgate 1935 Constitut ily changed the cameral aystem, However, the bicameral system Suant to the 1940 Constitutional amendment, The Commonwealth government is considered as a transition. governme! Sefore the granting of the Philippine independence. ed of ywn Constitution. The ive system to a uni- ‘Tustice has always been a Fil of the Philippine Supreme Court during this period were Americans. we of the American Justices were not law graduates: Decisions pondered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines were appealed we the United States Supreme. Court, which were reported in the United States Supreme Court Reports ‘ManiuelL. Quezon and Sergio Osmefia were elected as President ana Vice. President, respectively, during the September 14, 1935 Slections, Tn the éleetions; ‘President Quezon won over General Emilio Aguinaldo, and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay, the President of the Prrst Philippine Republic (1898) and the head of the Aglipayan Church, respectively. The Commonwealth government went into exile in Washington DC, United States of America during the 14 _LRGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES Japanese Period from May 13, 1942 to October 8, 1944. President ‘Manuel L, Quezon died on August 1, 1944 and was succeeded by ‘Vice President Sergio Osmesia who brought back the government to Manila on February 28, 1945. 4, Japanese Period (1941-1944) ‘The invasion of the Japanese forces when* Clark Field, an ‘American military airbase in Pampanga, was bombed on December 8, 1941, "marked the start of the Japanese Period, which lasted for three years. A Japanese Republiowas established with Jose P. Laurel das ite President and Jose Yuloas’ Ohief Justice of the Supreme Court "The 102 Supreme Court decisions during this period were recognized jine Reports, the official publication tified by Bagon ings (SALIBAPI. This 1943 Constitution {tes ceased to be recognized or became ineffective after the war. ‘This period which was considered as a military rule by the Japanese Imperial Army lasted for three years and ended in 1944 with the defeat of the Japanese forces. 5. Republic Period (1946-1972) July 4, 1946 was the inauguration of Philippine independence. 'A Philippine Republic was reborn. A republic means a government by the people and sovereignty resides in the entire people as a body politic. The provisions of the 1935 Constitution as amended, defined the government structure, which provided for the establishment cof three co-equal branches of government. Executive power rests in the President, legislative power in two Houses of Congress and judicial power in the Supreme Court and inferior courts. Separation of powers is recognized, Judiciary Act of 1948 or Republic Act No. 296 was enacted which defined jurisdiction of cases in courts. Efforts to amend the 1935 Constitution started on August 24, 1970 with the approval of Republic Act No. 6182 where 310 delegates were elected on November 10, 1970. On June 1, 1971, ‘delegates of the Constitutional Convention met, While it was st hn session, President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared Martial on September 21, 1972. The Constitutional Convention completed the draft Constitution on November 29, 1972. It was submitted for ratification through citizens’ assemblies on January 17, 1973. This is known as the 1973 Constitution. CHAPTER IL 6 GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE 6. Martial Law Period (1972-1986) Congress of the Philippines was:abolished when Martial Law (Proclamation No. 1081) ‘was declared on September 21, 1972. si tion, 1973 Constitution was ratified by the Filipino people in.a plebiscite, cinch was certified by President Ferdinand Marcos on January 17, 1978 under Proclamation No. 1102, However, the ratification At JGhallenged in the Supreme Court in, the case of Javellana v. Joocutive Secretary (G.R, No. 186142, March 81, 1978; 50 SCRA 30). Execitive:and legidlative powers were merged and “peecutive was the Prime Minister who was elected by Ail members. of the National Assembly (Parliatment). Th Constitution, Military tribunals were also established: Amendments to the Constitution were nade wherein by virtue of amendment No. f: the powers of the President and the Prime Minister wore merged into the meumbent President Ferdinand E. Marcos, Am No.6 authorized President Matos to continue exercising le Powers until Martial Law was in effect. Amencisent No. 7 provided Pewee barangays as the smallest political subdivision and the songgundane or councils, The 1961, amendment: introduced the snodified presidentis/parliamentary system of government of the Philippines. The President shall be elected by the people for a term of six years while the Prime Minister shall be elected by a majority St the Batasang Pambansa (Parliament) upon the nomination of the President, He was the head of the Cabinet and had supervision over i the ministries, The President during this period was Ferdinand BE, Marcos and the Prime Minister was Cesar Enrique Aguinaldo ‘Virata. Proclamation No. 2045 (1981) lifted Martial Law and abolished ty tribunals, Elections were held on June 16, 1981. President areas waa re-clectad into office as President, The Constitution was ‘again amended in 1984 anda plebiscite was held on January 27, 1984 pursuant to Batas’Pambansa Blg. 648 (1984). Elections were held on May 14, 1984 for the 183 elective seats in the 200-member Batasang Pambansa. 16 _LBGALRESEARCH AND CITATIONS OP THE PHILAPPINES ‘An impeachment resolution by 57 members of the Oppositi was fled against President Marcos but was’ dismissed. A special ‘presidential election, popularly known as Snap Election, was called by President Marcos.on November 3, 1985 and waaheld on February 7, 1986. The National Movement for Free Eléetions (NAMFREL) showed that Corazon, C. Aquino led the elections by over ‘votes. However, the, Batasang Pambansa declared that Ferdinand E, Marcos and Arturo M. Tolentino won over Corazon ©, Aquitio and Salvador H, Laurel as President and Vico President, respectively. President Marcos and Viee President Tolentino took their oath before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino at the Malacaiian Palace, Manila, This event led to the People Power Revolution, which ousted President Marcos on February 25, 1986. He fled and fied in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii on September 29, 1989 at the age of 72, The remains of President Marcos was allowed to be flown back to.the Philippines in September 1993 during the term of President Fidel Ramos with the condition that it will be flown straight fron Hawaii to Hlocos Norte. Since then, the body was kept in a refrigerated exypt in Batac, Ilocos Norte. [Domini M. Tordesillas. On the Mareoa Burial Issue. Available at httg:liwww philetar.coml i falcissue (ast viewod on December 14, 2016)) ‘Thon presidential candidate Rodrigo Roa Duterte, during the national elections eampaign of 2016, promised to allow the burial of President Marcos'at the Libingan ng Mga Baya place/cemetery for heroes, ifhe would win as President, Duterte won tthe elections on May 9, 2016, On June 11, 2016, President Duterte iasued a verbal order to implement his campaign promise. Cases were fled bfore the Supreme Court to oppose this order. In Ocampo . Bnriques, GR. Nos. 225973, 225984, 226007, 226116, 226117, 226120, and 226204, November 8, 2016, the Supreme Court, by a ‘voteof 9-5, allowed the burial of President Marcos at the Libingan ng ‘Mga Bayani. The body of President Marcos was flown by helicopter from Tlocos Norte to the Zi st November 18, 2016 in what can be called military honors were held, witnessed by the mioiia was not allowed inside the cemetery. This has sparked mass protest throughout the Philippines to this very day, most specially bby vietinis and the families of the’ victims of human rights abuses uring the Martial Law regime. Their ery is “Marcos is NOT s hero.” ‘The protest has not ended. CHAPTER TI ” GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE 7, Republic Revival (1986-present) ‘The Republic period was revived after the blood! popularly known as the People Power or the BDSA 2 Corazon Cofuangéo Aquino.and Salvador H. Lau oath of office aa 11th President and Vice-President of the Phili Republic, respectively, on February 25, 1986 before 4 Frutice Claudio Techankee at the Club Filipino in San Juan, Metro ‘Manila, Prodlamation No, 1 (1986) was promulgated wherein the ‘dont and the Vice President took power in the name and by the tho Filipino. people. Proclamation No. 3 (1986) adopted the Provisional Constitution or Freedom, Constitution which provided for anew government. ‘A. Constitutional, Commission [Anticle V of the Provisional Constit (1986). The Constitutional, Comms was mandated to draft a Consti Constitution was. submitted to the President on. October 15, 1985 and ratified by the people Sita plebiscite held on February 2, 1987. aliheration of the Constitutional Commission ia inthe five volumes of Records and three volurmes of Journals. The digital version of the Geliborations is found in the SC e-Library and CDs of CD Asia. Under the transitory provision of the 1987 Constitt Vieo President elected in the February 7, 1986 elections we a six-year term of office until June 90, 1992, Congres ‘vere held on May 1, 1987, The Republican form of governmes Wan offically revived when the 1987 Constitution was ratified and Congress convened! in 1987. Legislative enactments again rested ot Congress, Republic Acts were again issued by Congress, the ‘number of which took off from the last number used before Martial Law was declared. The numbering of Republic Acts continued from the number last used before Martial Law. [Republic Act No, 6535 (1o7 and Republic Act No. 6636 (1987)] The Republican form of (overhiment by virtue of the 1987 Constitution was'the same type Sf republican government prior to Martial Law by vitae of the ‘1035 Constitution with three co-equal branches: the Bxewutive, the Legislative, and the Judiciary. ‘The Philippines once again became a Republic by virtue of the 1987 Constitution. The same type of republican form of government prior to Martial Law was established with three co-equsl branches as constituted by virtue of jon and Proclamation No. 9 a NT ee TTE TOTTI 18 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPFINES organized; the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicic holding ofie in these three co-equal branches are publicofiers and ‘employees. Constitution (1987), Article XI, Section 1, provides for intogrty, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives" Public officers in the Executive (President and Vice President), the Judiciary (Members or Justices of the Supreme Court), and the Constitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman may be removed from offies by impeachment for, and conviction of, ‘culpable-violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high erimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other publicofficors and employees may be removed from office as provided by lav, such as tho civil service laws, but not by impeachment. [Constitution (1987), Art. XI, Sec. 2} ‘The three co-equal branches of government are i. Executive Branch ‘The President is vested with the executive power. [Constitution (2987), Art. VII, Sec. 1] The President is both the Chief of State Quead of government) and the Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed ‘Forces of the Philippines [Constitution (1987), Art. VIL, Sec. 15) Since 1898 when the First Philippine Republic was established, the Philippines has had 16 Presidents from Emilio Aguinaldo to Rodrigo Roa Duterte. ‘The Executive Branch also includes the Vice President and the Secretaries of Heada of the Executive Departments and other Both the President and the Vice President are elected for a term of six years by direct vote of the Filipino people. The President is not tligible for a re-lection while the Vice President cannot serve for more than two terms, Congress is empowered to promulgate rules in the canvassing of certificates of election. The Supreme Court sitting en bane is the sole judge of all election contests relating to their election, returns, and qualifications (Constitution (1987), Art./VII, Sec, 4]. The Supreme Court En Banc thus acts as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal, The Supreme Court promulgated the 2005 CHAPTER TL 19 GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE Rules on the Presidential Tribunal (A.M. No. 05-11-0680). Both een President and the Vice President may be removed from office by Gupeachment [Constitution (1987), Arts XI, Se. 2] to be initiated by TEP House of Representatives (Constitution (1987), Art. XI, Seo. 3) etl tried and decided by the Senate [Constitution (1987), Art. XT, See, 3(6)), The Cabinet members are nominated by the President, subject *0.the confxmation of the Commission on. Appointmen's {Constitution (1987), Art. VII, See. 16) which consists of the Diceident of the Senate, as.exofficio Chairman, twelve Senators ere twelve Members of the House of Representatives [Constitution (198, Art. VI, Sec. 8). The President exercises control overall he creeutive departments, bureaus and offices. (Constitution (1987), ‘Art, VII, See. 171 ‘The Office of the Solicitor General is “an independent and autonomous sffce attached to the Department of Justice. The ‘authori T and supervision of the Department of Justice are limited vidgetary proposal. Its mission is to promote and seat of the Republic of the Philippines and its people piste proceedings and matters requiring tho services of a lawyer.” (Available at. hitnllasg.cov.phlindex.pholsbaut-the-ofiesimission- Sioton-core-valies, Last visited Decomber 15, 2016) 2. Legislative Branch Legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines ‘ot the ‘Senate and the House of Representatives ‘son (1987), Art. VI, Sec. 1]. History has provided that the veteucture has undergone numerous changes. To better recite its transition, the Philippine Senate has provided « railed account and is found in the Senate website, (aomv.senate, ‘gov.phlaboutlhistors.aso) 2.1, Senate of the Philippines (www.senate.govph) ‘Phe Senate of the Philippines is composed of 24 Senators who serve for a term of not more than six years and are elected at large bby qualified voters. No. Senator may be clected for more than two consecutive terms. (Constitution (1987), Art. VI, See. 4] The Senate Seied by the Senate President, Pro Tempore, Majority Leader and Minority Leader. The Senate President is elected by majerity vote of ts members, For the 17eh Congress, as of September 19, 2026, there 2 _LEGALL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THR PHILIPPINES are 40 committees and 24 oversight committees. The Senate rules ‘and Rules of Procedure Governing Inquiries in Aid of Legislation, [Resolution No. 5, adopted on August 9, 2010; Resolution No. 145, February 6, 2013, and Amended under Resolution No. 9 adopted of August 15, 2016 are found in the Senate website (Available at ‘httox/hvwez.senate.gov.ph/about/Rules%4200f%20the?420Senate.pdf, last visited on: December 27, 2016) Resolution No. 99, Resolution ‘Adopting the Rules of Procedure on Impeachment Trials adopted on March 23, 2011 and the legislative process art found in the Senate website. The sole judge of contests. fon, returns and qualifications of members of the Senate rests with the Senate Electoral Tribunal (SBT), which is composed of nine members, three of whom are Justices of the Supreme Court and six ‘Members of the Senate. [Constitution (1987), Art. VI, Sec. 17. The Senate Electoral Tribunal has approved on November 12, 2003 its Revised Rules. 2.2, House of Representatives (wyw.congress.gov.ph) In the House of Representatives, the 17th Congress is composed of 295 members, elected by legislative districts for a term of three years. No Representative shall serve for more than three consecutive terms, The partyclist representatives who come from registered regional, and sectional parties and organizations shall ite 20% of the total number of representatives. The rationale behind the party-list system is that they are supposed to give the marginalized sectors a voice in the House of Representatives. The election of party-list representatives was by virtue of Rep. Act No. 7941, which was approved on March 3, 1995. In a recent decision of the Supreme Court penned by Justice Antonio ‘T. Carpio on April 21, 2009, Barangay Association for National Advancement and ‘Transparency (BANAT) v. Commission on Elections (G.R. No. 17971) and Bayan Muna, Advocacy for Teacher Empowerment Through ‘Action, Cooperation and Harmony Towards Educational Reforms, Inc, and Abono (GR, No. 179295), Rep. Act No. 7941 was declared unconstitutional with regard to the 2% threshold in the distribution of additional party-list seats. The Court in this decision provided a procedure in the allocation of additi “ta under the par! system, Major political parties are disallowed from participating in party-list elections. CHAPTER IE a GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE, Rep. Act No, 7941! did not provide a definition ‘comprises the marginalized group. With this, the parts fs perceived to be abused by powerful interest groups and the traditional politicians as/a way to be a memiber of Congress. The Commission on Elections (COMELEC for brevity) has scrutinized the 172 groups who applied for party-list for the May 2018 elections. ‘The COMELEC has disqualified some of these groups, some of w! have present representation in’ Congress or are “incumbents. two (62) party-list groups who were disqualified by the COMELEC to participate in the May 13, 2019 election, pursuant to Rep. Act No 7941, COMELEC Resolution Nos, 9866 and 9531 filed their cases before the Supreme Court. The consolidated ease Atong Paglawm, Inc, Represented by its President, Mr Alan Coramission. on ‘Elections (G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2018) was permed by: Justice ‘Antonio. Carpio. ‘This cage enumerated the six parameters in determining who may participate in party-list elections. ‘The officials of the House of Representatives are the Speaker of the House; Deputy Speaker for Luzon, Deputy Speaker for Visayas, Deputy Speaker for Mindanao, Majority: Lender, and Minority Leader. The Speaker of the House ‘of Representatives is elected by ‘a majority vote of members. There are’67 standing committees and 16 special committees of the House of Representatives. The Rules being used is that of che 16th Congress adopted on Dave 10, 2014 with amendment. adopted on May 20, 2015 and Februa beep houso.rules.ndt (ast viewed on December 27, 2018)] The sole judge of contests relating to election, tetums and qualifcasions of Jnembers of the House of Representatives reste with the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (RET) which is composed of inne Members, three of whom are Justices. of the Supreme Court ‘and six Members of the Senate. [Constitution (1987), Art. VI, Sec. 17] Tho House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal adopted its 1998 Internal Rules on March 24, 1998. 2 LEGALRESBARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES Legislative Process How a Bill Becomes a Law HOW A BILL BECOMES ALAW _at tee a I as FBassarmenm ‘SOURCE: Congressional Library: House Printing vlan, Adminvatative Support Bureau, Ju 1206 | CHAPTER T 3 ‘GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE P jewepapers of General 1987) Laws will take effect 15 days after publication. G2) ‘Republica the Pilipyinrs Gangress ofthe Hitippines Bisco tain Seventeenth Congress Gest egal sion ogun end halt I Mig Mali, On Mondey, the rwontyfith \dayof July, i thousand son. [Reruauic AcrNo. 10923 } AN AGTPOSTPONING THE OCTOBER 2016 BARANGAY MST ORNOGUNIANG KABATAAN. ELECTIONS, ReENDING FOR Tis SURES REPUBLIC ACT AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10696. ‘PRESCRIBING BERUBLG ACT Noaneme tr coNRUCT SBRETGNA EYL SkNGGUNIANG KABATAAN ELECTIONS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES: _Beit enacted by the Seale aid House’of Representatives of the ‘Phillppinesin Congress oseembles? ‘Secrion 1. Section 1 of Republic Act No. 9164, 28 auended by. Republic Act No. 9240 and Ropublic ‘Ack Ne°0sse, fe hoveby farther oruended to reud. os follows: sci. Deseo St — Phas hl eon fend sanpimaniang Kabataan ee Be held on, July 18, tn a REScRS SS aah wilt he a andy ™ [LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES see. 14, Bffesiviy. = Tile Ach aball take effect jromacdanay site te publication 2 the Offiiat Gazette oF im Io @) newepapece of panersl

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