68 _LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES covered more than 20 years. The last volume printed was volume 126 (June 1967). The Reporters Division of the Supreme Court who has custody of the original signed decisions of the Supreme Court is ‘updating the Philippine Reports and is almost complete from 1901. Secondary sources are the unofficial sources and are generally referred to as those commercially or those that are not published by government agencies or instrumentalities issuing them. Some of the secondary sources of statutes are the Vital Legal Documents published by the Central Book Supply which contains a compilation of Presidential Decrees (1973). The second edition contains Republic ‘Acts. Prof. Sulpicio Guevara published three books, which contain ‘the full text of legislative enactments or laws namely: (a) Public Laws Annotated (7 vols.), compilation of all laws from 1901 to 1935; (b) Commonwealth Acts Annotated (3 vols.), compilation of laws from 1985-1945; and (©) The Laws of the First Philippine Republic i and of the Philippine Colloge of Law, a state university. Still, it cannot be considered as a primary source because the original laws in the compilation have been edited where the amendments have been integrated into the law. 2 For the Supreme Court decisions, Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA), published by the Central Book Supply is more CHAPTER It eS LBGAL SYSTEM updated’and popular in the legal community than the Philippine ‘Foporta, the primary and official source, Stil itis a secondary source for itis a commereial publication. CRA was published because ifthe delay in the printing of the Philippine Reports by the National Printing Office, the official printer of the Philippine government. ‘The need for a primary’source for compilation of ‘Supreme Court docisions caused Chief Justice Enrique’M. Femando to request then President Ferdinand Marcos for permitsion to revive the printing Of the Philippine Reports and appropriate funds for it. Citations in commentaries or books, treatise, writings, journal articles, pleading and-even court decisions show SORA's popular acceptance. ‘The general rule is that in the absence ‘of a primary source, the secondary source may be citéd. ‘This was the primary ‘rationale for the SCRA’s popularity. SCRA is also now available olectronically by subscription. (httnifeentral.con.oh) th the advent of the new information technology, electronic or digitived sources are popular and effective sources of legal information for the following teasons: (3) no complete and updated Tegel informiation, (awa ‘and ‘court decisions) available; (b). the search engines utilizing the electronic or digitized method facilitate Fesearch; and (c) no complete and updated manually published veaveh tools or law finders for statute and ease law. ‘Those electronic sources started with CD-ROMs and are now online or in electronic Mbraries. The popular use of online/electronie libraries was due to the advent of the smartphones, tablets, and notebook computers, nd Internet with Wi-Fi connection. Online acress may either be through subscription or free or open access. Open access for Jaw is ‘used by both the government and private sector. ‘the Supreme’ Court e-Library is an online electronic brary for all Philippine ‘legal information, case law and statute law from 1901 to present, treaties, bilateral and multilateral treaties, centered into by the Philippines from 1946 to 2010. It has full text of important reference materials such as the Manual of Clerks of Court, Manual of Legal Writing, Law List or List of Lawyers in the fhe Supreme Couro and has links to selected Courts, Access, however, is limited to the Justices, judges and court attorneys of the Supreme Court and law echoole (oy request) through: their law librarians. CDsROMs for decisions are.updated quarterly and mailed to the entire Judiciary, including the equrt libraries. Decisions and issuances of the Supreme Court ind its Offices and the Appellate Courts are found in the Judiciary portal. (sw judiciary. gov.0h)7 States laws and deci such as impeachment proceedings, ions. Chanrobles conducts online bar review ‘program. Lawphil, the database of the Arellano Law Foundation is ‘also a free online database of Philippine I firms have their own electronic librari government websites in the “Library” have théir own’eleetronie applications and some subscribe to online sources both local and foreign. Another mode to get free access to by using Google search or search through the information may be retrieved. In using this mode, make sure that the information from the government websites (gov. ph) is used. For commercial websites, we have CD Asia and the e-SCRA . CD Asia Ine. is an electronic legal source of there is no legal eneyclopedia avai (htipillcentral. com. ks) i text decisions of Philippine Supreme Court decisions from 1901~ present, The content of this electronic source comes from its printed jine Reports Annotat 1960); and 2) the ‘Supreme Court Reports Annotated (1961-pr LEXIS and WESTLAW are used for foreign laws. The Supreme Court issued an En bane Resolution (A.M. No. 14-05-01-SC) dated ‘May 31, 2016 approving the request of Thomson Reuters to publish ‘the decisions of the Supreme Court for the WESTLAW ASIA and has been implemented upon the signing of the Memorandum of ‘Agreement, while En Banc Resolution (A.M. No. 16-09-08-SC) dated September 22, 2015 for the request of LEXISNEXIS ie still pending for the Memorandum of Agreement has not yet been signed. ‘The established policy is that in case of conflict between the printed and electronic sources, the printed version coming from the iseuing government agency prevails. CHAPTER n LEGAL SYSTEM ‘There are, however, two views on the classification ef online ‘Sources and electronic sources: (1) They are considered as Secondary Sources; @) Primary sources; and (@) They ean. be Primary and Secondary sources. My opinion is that online and electronic sources can be Primary sources if they ar tain the actual document wit body, Congress with the Pre ‘Court. They can.also be both Primary and Seson. have both the PDF and the Word file. One online website which jo both a Primary and a Secondary Source is the Official Gazette or werw.gov.ph, If they are Word files, even though they come from_a government agency iositing it like the SC eLibrary, they fare Secondary sources. All thé legal information found in the SC e-Library came from printed primary gources which were converted to Word files, thus making it aaa Secondary source. If there is & conflict between two Primary sources such as.the printed Official Gazette and the PDF file or electronic form found in the Official Gazette online (wwrwgov-ph), the later prevails for it has the signed copy. wwid.gov.ph ‘TO Facilitate Search for the Word File Saae Republic Act No. 10923 eae erinttntrndentetniiteg ntti, verwcenrt« snus pn ean te SS ‘Sse one ed ‘The encircled Republic Act is linked to a PDF file.n [LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES, G=) Republic the Bliprone Gangress of the Pljlippines Bistro Kavita Beeenteath oegens Fest Regular Session Begun and held in Matro Mania, on Mondey, tho twenty-fifth ‘ADDITIONAL RULES GOVERNING THE cron ‘OP BARANGAY AND SANGGUNIANG ELECTIONS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, Be it enacted by the Senate ond House of Representatives ofthe ‘Philipines in Congressacsembled: ‘Spemiow 1. Section: I of Republi amesited by Republic Act No- B34 akon Skene sal be ell onthe at CHAPTER I cy LEGAL SYSTEM Ste 10, Repeating) Clouse, — Al laws, presenti acres Sane rn: lea and epuations of pars ere $kSStelatont. with the: provisions of thus At are. bercby Pipeuleds aaended or modied sardines 20, 12, Z/fecity. ~ This A seomeditay ar tx pectin in to G) newepapers of paneal ieulaton. eat Page et eee ee bs ‘Seretry ofthe Senate Hose ofReprerntlver ‘This website is maintained by the Office of the President. ipreme Court, the Primary source for are found inthe Supreme Courtwebsite For decisions of decisionsofthe Supre Saal ‘html) whieh contains the signatures of the Honorable Justices of the ‘Supreme Court who voted when the decision was promulgated and certified by the Honorable Chief Justice,u LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES. As previously stated, decisions are found in the Supreme Cour e-Library, a website of the Supreme Court or the ‘institution fait and contains citation of the Philippine Reports where each case found is considered as a Secondary source only. The rationale behind this is that the decisions are not the original isions anymore fo ee ee a arta ee cere according to the software used. This rationale holds true to other ‘online sources whether they be the open access or free sources such as The Chan Robles Law Firm Library (www.chanrobles gom)and Arellano Law Foundation Lawphil (www.lawphil, nab) and/or the commercial databases such as CD Asia online, which contains full-text of Supreme Court decisions and statutes available {on a subscription basis, Subscription may be made solely for court decisions or statutes or for both. Central Books’ eSCRA is another database which can be accessed online with the use of smartphon tia ad dente and legen Law es ap ie a new source for full-text statutes and Supreme lecisions avail able by subscription, aa ave Still, also to be resolved is how to classify I ow to classify laws published in tho newapapers pursuant to Executive Order No. 200, 1987 Are these resources primary or secondary? My opinion, resources, ia if they are published fn Sts or " or same format as the PDF ne they are considered Primary source. If they were converted or rmatted or “re-typed,” they are Secondary sources. (CHAPTER 11, 6 LRGALSYSTEM ‘Legal researchi-for statute law in ‘the Philippines benefitted remarkably from tho uso of the Jtost technology due to two maior Teublows: a) no complete and wpdated published or printed search tools or law finders for statute law; and (b) no complet ‘compilation of statute law from 1901-to present were available, Problem of the nie law oF tex the Tafada v. Tavera, GR. No. 63915, April 1422), Deeomber 29, 1986 (146 SCRA 446) ease was resalved by the ‘use ofthe latest technology. The Tamtada v. Tavera, was first éecided afore the bloodless revolution popularly known as People Power or the EDSA Revolution and modified in December 29, 1986 or after of general. circulation, ¢-Library have'a complete compilation of statutes. Chanrobles.com ‘Gnd Laiuphil’s collection, especially those before World War If are selective. all government agencies now have their own jssuanees, operations, and contact numbers and other int ‘National Adi ve Register lable ia print and CD mniment issuances versions by CD in the past, ‘The result of the Admi dluding government-owned and -eont rations to provide the UP Law Center with three their issuances which they print in the NAR. Online available much ahead than the NAR. a ‘In finding the laye; our ultimate goal ia to locate mandatory ‘mazy authorities, which have bearing on the legal probles {Tf these authorities are scarce or nonexistent, our next alternative is76 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES to find any relevant persuasive mandatory authority. If our search is still negative, the next alternative might be secondary authori ties. There are however instances where the secondary authort more particularly the commentaries made by experts of the field, take precedence over the persuasive mandatory authorities. With the availability of both, using both sources is highly recommended. 3.8.8, Classification by Character ‘ThiB refetsto the nature ofthe subject treated in books. This cision caters Daksa) Satte Lan Boks ©) Case aw Books or Law Reports; «) A combination ofboth; &) Law Digest and e) "Law Binders” me Law Findere refer to indexes, citator, encyclopedia toon ion amet dime A sen pation a ee is that there are no up-to-date Law Finders Blacks’ Law Dictionary, Words and Phrases are used as alternatives. ‘The absence of up-todate Law Finders is one ofthe problems of legal research which was solved by the avail: a Tesourees whether onlin andr in CD versions lity of electronic, __ To search for legal information, legal researchors go to online virtual Hibraries such as the Supreme Court e-Library, Chan Robles Virtual Library, Arellano's Lawphil, CD Asia onkine and the different databases in CD-ROM format from CD Asia Technologies Asia Inc. The databases developed by OD Asia include not only the compilation of Laws (statutes) and Jurisprudence, but also include a compilation of legal information that aro not available in printed form such as Opinions of the Department of Justice, Securities and Bxchange Commission and Bangko Sentral (Central Bank) rules and regulations, Search engines used in these databases answer for the lack of complete and updated indexes of legal information. CD Asia has seen this need for online application for the latest legal ‘information for research in law. From CD version, CD Asia devel their online version with Laws and Jurisprudence. Additional online versions have now been uploaded namely: SEC Issuances, Department of Justice opinions, Labor, Blections and Taxation. CHAPTER n LEGAL SYSTEM ‘he oad andl purpose of ‘Leigal Research is to find all the materials (aws, court decisions; articles, relevant to a specific purpose like for a casey the bike, In this royard, analysis, creativity and familiarity to the available resources are needed. ‘Bifective and arenrate legal research ean be conducted with one cardinal rule in mind: “ALWAYS START FROM THE LATEST.” Tho exception to this rule i when the research has defined or hhas provided 4 SPECIFIC period. The two Poe cases illustrate this Gnd Mary Grace Poe-Llamanzeres, G-R, No. 221538, September ided for thé May 2016 national elections wherein ‘that ig in ifect is the 1987, However, itwas the jon that was the basis for determining whether Mary horn citizen under the Jporneitizen as define’ ‘Constitution, a8 she iva citizen of the Pailippines frow ‘having to perform any ect to acquire or perfect (ner) ippine citizenship.” Why- was the’ 1996 Constitution used? Spotific period — The Constitution that was prevailing at the time Mary Grace Poe: Llamanzares wae born. was the 1985 und not the 1987 Constitution. ‘Teeson v. Commission on Blections, G.R. No. 161434, March 3. 2004, 468 Phil, 421, involves the citizenship of Ronald Allan Kelley ‘Poe (alka. Fernando Poe, Jr. for the 2004 national elections. Based ‘Gutho same rule — the prevailing law at the time of birth — older Yaws were used, in this ease, the Civil Code of Spain. tJader the Civil’ Code of Spain, which was in foreo in the Philippines from @ December 1889 up to wntil the day prior to 20 ‘Augen 1950 when the Civil Code of the Philippines took effect, aamtoaledgerent was required to establish Aliation or paternity. ‘The guide in conducting a complete thorough research whether ‘manual or electronic legal research, can be outlined with a formula Snvolving 4 Ws and H: (1):'Who; (@) What; ©) Where; (3) When; aid (6). How. If-one is doing research for a case, it should be followed by “Things, Actions, Relief, Sought, Persons, Places.” ‘The difference between the mamual and electronic legal research78 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES are the steps or the resources to be used to be able to conduct the research. Based on thia formula, the results between the manual ‘and electronic research may be the same but the electronic legal research is much, much faster and thorough than the manual approach. The next, Chapter will answer a portion of the “What” — What are the resoureos that will be used for your research. CHAPTER IV PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH 4.1, Research of Statute Law jaws aré the riles’ ana regilations promulgated by ties; enactments of legislative bodies (national oF ‘cidential issuances, or they may be rcles and wwe, In thig regard, the deliberations o "Whe deliberation of laws, except Presi || Law issuances are available. 4.1.1. Constitution ‘The different Constitutions of the Philippin in some history, books: such a: : Constitutional History-and Const ‘and Pounders of Freedom; anid bby a sevensman Board, The following Constitutions: Mal or Freedom and 1987 Const from the time President Corazon 137 Constitution was ratified and Pesclaimed by President Aquino by virtue of Proclamation No. 38, Pebruary 11, 1987. 080 _LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES ‘The text of the Malolos Cor books such as Gregorio F. Zai available in some history Philippine Constitutional History 1935, 1973, Freedom and 1987 Constitutions are electroni available at the Supreme Court e-Library. ‘The intent and background ofeach provision ofthe Constitution canbe taken from the proceedings ofthe Constitutional Convention (0988) and. the Constitutional Commission (1987). Sources for the 1984-1995 Constitutional Convention are: 10 volumes of the Constitutional Convention Record by the House of Representatives (1966), Salvador Laurel's seven volume book entitled Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention (1966); six volumes ofthe Philippine co Origins, Making, Meaning and Application by the Philippine Lawyers Association with Jose Aruogo as one of its ration of the 1934-1935, », Senate Electoral Tribunal and Mary Grace Poe-Llamanzares, G.R. No. 221538, September 2016, is mostly in Spanish, Journals (3 volumes) and Records (5 volumes) of the Constitutional Commission of 1986 were published by the Constitutional Commission. This publication does not have an index. This problem was remedied when CD Technologies Asia, Inc. ‘came out with a CD-ROM version which facilitated research, for it has a search engine. The electronic copy is found also in the SC e-Library (Reference). ‘The proceedings of the 1978 Constitutional Convention were never published. A photocopy and soft copy of the complete compilation is available at the Filipiniana Reading Room of the ‘National Library of the Philippines. Commentaries or interpretations on the Constitution, decisions of the Supreme Court and other courts, textbooks or treaties, periodical articles of the different constitutions are available in CHAPTER VIT ~ Philippine Legal Resources (P 1 Law), pp. 198-206 and Globalex Part 2: Philippine Legal Information Resources and Citations - Av Treatise/Annotations/Commentaries, CHAPTER IV, a PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH tc, Av.10 Political Law (itinilivew.nzulawelobaLora/dlobalesd Philippines|_Part2.htm) 4.1.2. Treaties and Other International Agreements ‘A treaty is an agreement of a contract between two (lateral) or more (multilateral) nations ox soveteigns, entered into by agents ‘ypuinted (generally, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs or ambassa- dors) for the puryose and duly:sanctioned by supreme powers of the respective countries. Treaties that do not have legislat are executive agreements which may or may not have leg authorization, and. which have: limited execution by constitutional restrictions, In the Philippines, a treaty of international agreement shall not be valid and effective unless concurred sn by at least two-thirds 's of the Senate. [Constitution (1987), Art. VII, See. 21), ‘Those without the concurrence of the Senate are considered as Executive Agresiienta. ‘The Senate website has a list of treaties for concurrence,” (hitp://vwwe senateigov.ph/1 Tth cangresst ‘treaties 17thconaress.nsp) ‘The President of the Philippines may enter into international treaties or agreements as the national welfare and interest may Sequire, and may contract wnd guaranteo foreign loans on behalf of the Republic, subject to such limitations as may be provided by Diiring the time of President Marcos, there was the so-called 7 ‘Agreement. ‘The official text of trehties is published in the Offi Department of Foreign. Affairs Treaty Series (DPATS Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) or the University of the Philippines ‘Law Center’s Philippine Treaty Series (PTS). To ‘Tocate the latest treaties, there are two. posit sources: Department of Foreigr Seiiis and the Senate of the Philippines, There is no eomplete repository of all treaties entered into by the Philippines, There is a wepetive publidation of treaties n the Official Gazette. The DFATS was last published in the 1970s while the PTS's last volume, vol. se treaties entered into until 1961. With the UN Treaty ‘which used to be available only in UN depository libraries in Maat Gig is now available online through the United Nations website (www.un.org), Electronically, major law libraries use the Treaties Gai82 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF TH PHILIPPINES: anid” Tternationol Aireeents” Besdechers Archives WESTLAW, LENDS, at cher online sources onthe Interact A formal Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the ‘Supreme Court and the Department of Foreign Affairs was signed at the Supreme Court for the digitization of full-text of all the treaties entered into by the Philippines from 1946-2010. The MOA provided that the Department of Foreign Affairs will supply the official treaties and the Supreme Court Library Services will produce the CD-ROM version with search engine of the treaties. The CD-ROM containing june 2010 at the Department of js found in the Supreme Court 2010 was the Philippine Treaties Pare cick the follwing for an overrew of Paling and Practice.” on aetnaeeee or tax teatiog, Bustaguio Ordo has published a serce on the Pilippine tax treatin, Other sources of important tater tte spendin honk he set nw ale ech ete rian Journal Inerotional La or the Piippine Yeas of International Law. a! 4.1.3. Statutes Proper (Legislative Enactments) Statutes are euacients ofthe dient lgislative bodies sin 1900 broken down as follows: een rin vie 4,275 ACTS — Enactments from 1900-1935 783 Commonwealth Acts ~ Enactments from 1935-1945 2034 Presidential Decrees — Knactments from 1972-1985 ‘884 Batas Pambansa ~ Enactments from 1979~1985 10923 Hepublic Acts — Ranctments from 1046 1987-October 15, 2016 a Based on the dates of promulgation of the Presidential Decrees and the Batas Pambansa, there was a time when both President CHAPTER TV 88 PHIVIPPINELBGAL RESEARCH ‘Marcos aid the Batasang Pambansa (Parliament) were issuing laws ‘at the same time but nobody questioned the affectivity of these laws. ‘During Martial Law, aside from Presidential ‘Decrees, the President promulgated other issuances namely: 57 General Orders, 1,525 Letters of Instruction, 2,489 Proclamations, 832 Memorandum Order, 1,207 Memorandum Circular, 167 Letters 3 Implementation, Letters of Authority, Letters of Instruction, $a Adminietrative Orders and 1,098 Executive Orders. Complete compilation of Presidential Decrees and call Martial Law Issuances are available in the Malacatiang Records and Archives. ‘As previously stated, the Presidential Decrees istued by President Marcos during Martial Law and the Executive Orders issued by President Aquino before the opening of Congress may be classified as both executive and legislative enactments for there was no legislature during those two periods, “Lawe' passed by the new 1987 Congress started with Republic ‘Act No, 6836, as the last Republic Act-promulgated by Congress ‘before Martial Law was Republic Act No. 6825. ‘The following are the Philippine codes adopted from 1901 to present: Administrative Code of 1987 (8.0. No. 292) Child and Youth Welfare Code (P.D. No. 603) Civil Code (R.A. No. 386) Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Code Code of Bthical Standards for Public Officials and Employees (R.A. No. 6713) Cooperative Code (R.A. No. 9520) Corporation Code (Batas Pambansa Big. 68) Family Code (8.0. No. 208), Fire Code (R.A, No. 9514) Fisheries Code (R.A. No. 8550), Forest Reform Code (P.D. No. 708) Insurance Code (P.D. No. 1460)84 _JLBGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES Intellectual Property Code (R.A. No. 8293) Labor Code (P.D. No. 442) ‘Land Transportation and ‘Traffic Code (R.A. No, 4136) ‘Local Government Code (R.A. No. 7160) ‘Muslim Code of Personal Laws (P.D. No. 1083) +, National Building Code (P.D. No. 1096) National Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes and Supplements (E.0. No. 51, s. 1986) ‘National Internal Revenue Code (P.D. No. 1158) ‘Omnibus Election Code (Batas Pambansa Ble. 881) Philippine Environment Code (P.D. No. 1152) + Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815) Sanitation Code (P.D. No. 856) State Auditing Code ‘Tariff and Customs Code (P.D. No. 1464) Water Codo (P.D. No, 1067) An important type of legal research which is of utmost importance specially when a case is filed in Court is searching for the intent of the law. This is possible but one has to determine the following: a. Was it introduced by both Houses of Congress or just by one? How? Look at the encircled portion of the example given (see p. 86). ‘One has to go through the printed Journals and Records of each or both Houses of Congress, which contain their deliberation by using the S. No. and the H. No. ‘This indicates that Rep. Act No. 10923 was introduced in both Houses of Congress. Bach House has their own separate deliberation, ‘There are several instances where laws are introduced only in one House. All bills on the budget or appropriations must start only in the House of Representatives, CHAPTER IV. 5 PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH. Gangress of the Philippines ta Slee _Seoeenth anges ist Rogie Sesion ‘Begun and eld in Meizo'Minta, on Monday, the tronty-ffth day of uly, two thousand sitéen. [Rerumic Act No, 10923 ] JARANGAY AND SANGGUNTANG KABATAAN StadnioNs AND RoROTHERYUREOSES Beit enacted bythe Seite and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled Séetion of Republic Act No. 9164, 23 amended by Republic Act No. 3340. and. Republic At Ha"Gosso, fo heveby further amended to road a folow=: “suet 1, Do Bsa sal ‘SeSEGa hieh shal be held om dy 15, 2002 Sic yereted tenpay apd aap SSESSRE'S Ziyi be MEG heat Monday ». When the lnw passed is older than the last thee or four Congresses, onehasto goto the Archives Division of the House which {ntrodused the law. Bach House has its own Archives Division86 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES ie eee es a i Sagal aa ee ne ae Geen Sea rire, ee Ara ees (wwwisenate.gov.oh) or the House of Representatives (www. congress.gov.ph), See raiaedtereicennerontrs | BEBE reer tntentinn Seaeaiees ERS SR TR a aa, using the above, there are two intent ofthe law: 1) TitleSubject: and 2) way is faster than the title approach and this can be done by just {getting the number which ison the upper left-hand portion (encircled portion, see example given on p. 86). ff searching for the lumber. The socond ‘The Batasang Pambansa has likewise published its proceed nga. There ate no liberation for Prcidental Decrees, 4.1.4, Executive (Presidential Issuances) Executive Orders and Proclamations of the Governor- General were published annually in a set Executive Orders and ‘oclamations. ‘Thirty-three (83) volumes were published until 1935 by the Bureau of Printing. Administrative Acts and Orders of the President and Proclamations were published. Only a few libraries in the Philippines have these publications for a the Law Library of Congress, Cincinnati Law Library Association (hi fre nat he cape ote Supreme Cor he ines), and some atthe Litany of the Intute of South Ea Studies in Singapore. a et ji ~~. _ _— sewer eee eye ve eewoUvlUlmUmvmUmumUCUOUCUOCUCUOUCUOUMUUGUUUOUUOOUUD CHAPTER IV 8 PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH In searching for Executive Orders, Proclamations, Admi- istrative Orders, and Memorandum Orders and Circulars of the Prosident, the YEAR it was promulgated is a must or needed (see ‘Chapter Vi.6.1.8), If no year is available, the President and/or the Exocutive Secretary issuing it must be stated, As a new President is ‘sworn in, all the Presidential issuances start with No. 1—The only exceptions were Exetiitive Orders issued by President Carlos P. Garcia after he assumsed'the presidency becaiise President Ramon Magsdyeay died in a plane crash, He continued the numbering started by Presitlent Magsaysay. When President Garcia was.locted President, he started his Executive Order No. 1. ‘To illustrate: the need/importance of the year aro two Executive Order No, 1 which were both promulgated by President Aquino. Order'No. 1 is constitutional while another Rxec Executive Order No. 1 issued by President Benigno S. Aa on July 20, 2010 [106 OG No. 35, 4899 (August 90, 201 declared unconstitutional sl Biraogo v. Phi Truth Commission of 201 Extcutive Order No, 1 promulgated by President Corazon on February 28, 1986 [82 OG No. 9, 1234 (March 3, 1986) creating the Presidential Commission on Good Government is constitutional, Administrative atts, orders, and regulations of the President touching on the organization or made of operation of the government, re-arranging or adjusting districts, divisions or parts of the Philippines, and acts and commands governing the general performance of duties of public officials and employees or disposing Of issues of general concerns are made effective by Bxecutive Orders. ‘Those orders fixing the dates when specific laws, resolutions, or orders cease to tale effect and any information concerning matters of public moment determined by law, resolution or exseutive orders, take the form of executive Proclamation. ‘The Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office of the Office of the President during the term of President Benigno Aguino started the Official Gazette gawnh), By the end of their term, they were able toput issuances per President starting with President Manuel L. Quezon until President Benigno Aquino.88 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES 4.1.5. Administrative Rules and Regulations Administrative Rules and Regulations are orders, rules, and regulations issued by the heads of Departments, Bureaus, and other agencies of the government for the effective enforcement of laws within their jurisdiction. However, in order that such rules and regulations may be valid, they must be within the authorized limits and jurisdiction of the office issuing them and in accordance with the provisions of the law authorizing their issuance. Access to administrative rules and regulations have been facilitated due to the two developments: (a) government agencies, including government owned and controlled corporations, now have their own websites and at the Official Gazette online where they include the full text. of their issuances; and (b) the National Administrative Register, a ion of the University of the Philippines Law Center and an ie version (CD-ROM) by CD Asia, Inc, and in the Supreme Court e-Library. In handling these types of materials, there are two important 2ms needed: (a) year it was promulgated; and () issuing agency. ‘This is due to the fact that all Departments, Bureaus, and other government agencies use or issue the Administrative Orders, Memorandum Orders, and Memorandum Circulars for their administrative rules and regulations, and every year, they always start with number 1, Even the Supreme Court issues Administrative Orders, Circulars, Memorandum Orders, and Administrative Matters. The only issuance that is exclusively issued or coming from the President or Office of the President are Proclamations and Executive Orders, (see Chapter VI, 6.1.3 and 6.1.4) Before the Administrative Code of 1987, these orders, rules and regulations were selectively published in the Official Gazette, ‘Thus, the only souree to be able to get a copy of the text of these rules and regulations is the issuing government agency itself. The other alternative is to go to the office of the issuing agency. When the 1987 Administrative Code (B.0. No. 292) was promulgated, all government agencies including government-owned and -controlled corporations are mandated to file three certified copies of their orders, rules, and regulations with the University of the Philippines Law Center's Office of National Administrative Re- sister, which in turn is required to publish quarterly the publication CHAPTERIV 2 ‘PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH called Natiohal Administrative Register; Aside from the printed ‘copies of the University of thie Philippines Law Center, the National ‘Administrative Register is available electronically in CD-ROM (CD ‘Asia Technologies Inc.) and online at the Supreme Court e-Library. index to the printed copy of the National Admi making it difficult to find the documents therein. Re the dato'on which the Code took effect, which are not days after the filing with the UP Law Center, ig Axed by law or specified in the rule, euch a: lie health, safety and welfare, ‘The University of the Philippines Law Center's Office of National Administrative Register is not only tasked to publish this quarterly register but must algo keep an up-to-ate codi all rules thus published and remaining in effect together wil complete index and appropriate tables. offense or defining an act, crime or subject to a penal u text. Exceptions to the “filing requirement” a Cons al Commission, military establi: relative to Armed Forces personnel, the Board of Pardons and Parole and state universities and colleges. ‘As previously stated, there are no up-to-date or complete statutes fnder® and no complete compilation of printed statutes. ‘A quick look at those published in Chapter VII — Philippine Legal ‘Resources show that the latest law finders are in the 1980s and no complete compilation from 1901 to present. To be able to conduct egal research, the only option’is to,use the legal databases and the atest technology.90 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES 4.2, Research of Case Law ‘THE HIERARCHY OF COURTS IN THE PHILIPPINES {Renortip tte nner baer tan (HME second Level Courts: EERE Fest Level Courts SOURCE: 2002 Rovisd ManuaLof Clarks of Cout, Manila, Supreme Cout, 2002. ‘Organizational Chart was amended due io De passage of Republic Act No. 9282 (CTA) EEE EE ED EE SOS SC CCT COUT CMGUEUCUOCUO UY ‘CHAPTER IV a PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESPARCH Case Law or Judicial decisions are official interpretations: or manifestations of law made by persons and agencies of the government perférming judicial and quasi-judicial functions, At the apex of the Philippine Judicial System is the Supreme Court, or what is referred ta aa court of last recort. The reorganization of the Judiciary of 1980 (Batas Pambansa Blg. 129) established the following courts: Court of Appeals; Rogional Trial Courts divided into difforent judicial regions; Metropolitan Trial Court; Municipal Trial Court in Cities; Municipal Trial Courts; + Municipal Cireuit vial Courts. ‘The Shariah (Sharia’a) Circuit and District Courts (Pres. Decree No. 1083), Court of Tax Appeals (Rep. Act No. the Sandiganbayan (Pres, Decree Nos. 1486 and 1606), (1987), Article XI, Section 4 were created by separate Conventional decisions are decisions or rulings made by regularly constituted court of justice. Subordinate decisions are those made by administrative agencies performing quasijudicial functions. One major problem. in conducting research on case law is the availability of published or printed decisions from the Court of Apres the rest of the judicial and quasi-judicial agencies. Reform Program of the Supreme Court funded by the ‘World Bank started to address this problem with the establishment of the SupremeCoutt e-Library aimed to address thi and also those from statute law, The digitization of the Digitization decisions of the Appellate Courts ~ Co Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals, have started online from the mostirecent.and will continue until all their first from their creation will be completed. ef _ he Reporters Office’ of the Supreme Court and the Court cof Appeals keep all tho original and complete copies of @ecisions. By “original,” this’ means that they keep th with the original signatures of the Justices of the Suprenie Court92 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES: eas, For tho rest of the Judiciery or the quasi- ‘copies of their decisions may be taken from the ‘of the Clerks of Court, Records Office, or their Wibraries. There are no available printed compilations of lower court decisions. For those of the Appellate Court, the Court of Appeals has ‘til 19808 only while the Sandiganbaye as one volume, For 1e Coust of Tax Appeals, a compilation is available electronically in the “CD for taxation of CD Asia “ ‘The Supreme Court is embarking on the use of the latest technology in the judiciaxy in its judicial reform projects. 4.2.1, Supreme Court Decisions _, Desisions of the Supreme Court/are the highest source of jurisprudence, source of law, aside from the laws of the land. Tt 's the judgment of this court which determines whether a law i constitutional or not. Unconstitutional laws, even though it by the President and passed by both Houses of Congress, take effect in the Philippines. Decisions of the Supreme Court are classified as follows: “Regular Decisions” and extended Resolutions axeipubliahed in coutt seports chet in primary ox secondary gourees. These decisions provide: the justice who penned the Gecision or ponente and the other justices responsible for promulgating the decision, whether En Bane or by Division. Separate dissenting and/or concurring opinions are likewise published with the main decision, There is a certification from ‘the Chief Justice after each decision is made. It is only after the certification of the Chief Justice enn a decision be made available in print and uploaded electronically on the Supreme Gaurt webolts under Dessione ani the Supreme Court e-Library. ‘Minute Resolutions bear the same force and effect as the regular decisions or extended resolutions, They-are issed ‘and signod by the respective Clerks of Court Bn Bane or by any of the three Divisions and signed by their respective Clerks of Court. These Minute Resolutions are not published in Court reports but the Supreme Court has now incorporated these Minute Resolutions, more particularly those that resolve a motion for reconsideration or those that explain or affirm a decision, and Administrative Matters in the Supreme Court e-Library under “RESOLUTIONS” CHAPTER IV 99 PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH Recently, the Supreme Court website has included selected Minute Resolutions. ‘The Chanrobles.com has included Minute Resolutions in its website. Case Reports in the Philippines such as the Philippine Reports, ‘Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA), and the Supreme Court ‘Advanced Decisions (SCAD) came in bound yolumes which generally cover a' month per volume. The Supreme Court Advance Decisi (SCAD) has: been: discontitnted. ‘The Official Gazette, Phil Reports, and the Advance Sheets are the px repositories of decisions and extended resolutions of the Supreme Court. The Advance Sheets are. dec rodused form” oF “photocopied copy” of the actual original decision which contains tho full text, the siguiatures of the Justices and the certification of the Chief Justice. The original decisions or those with the actual signatures aré deposited in the Reporters Office of the Supreme Court. The printing of Advance Sheetshas been discontinubd because it is uploaded almost immediately on the Supreme Coutt website ‘as soon as a decision has been certified by the Chief Justice. The Official Gazette and Philippine Reports aro both primaxy sources. ‘The difference between’ the: two is that the Official Gazette is a selective compilation while Philippine Reports contains the complete lation of decisions of the Supreme Court. The problem ia that jine Reports volumes 1-127 are out of print. There are limited copies of the more recent volumes which are now available in ‘the Supreme Court and Court Libraries throughout the country. To remedy this problem, some libraries like De La Salle Law Library was able to purchase from the Central Book Supply the Philippine Reports Annotated from volume 1 ‘There were unpublished decisions of the Supreme Court from 1902 until 1960. The list and subject field are found at the back of some volumes of the Philippine Reports. Some of these decisions are cited in treatises or annotations, In view of the importance of these decisions, the Supreme Court e-Library started to collect these unpublished decisions and include them in its database, The unpublished decisions from 1946-1960 are ble in the Reporters Office of the Supreme Court. ‘The availability of some of the unpublished decisions before World War II is a problem for ‘a number of the original decisions have been burned. So, there is ‘no complete compilation of the original decisions of the Supreme Court, This problem ie being addressed by the Supreme Court e-Library where a great number of these unpublished decisions of the Supreme Court before the war were retrieved from differentEEE EE LE SS BOSS CCFC WTCVTE YEE 9% LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES. sources such as the United States National Archives in Maryland, private collections of former Supreme Court Justices such as Chief Justice Ramon Avanceiia and Justice George Maleolm (collection is, found in the University of Michigan) and private law libraries who were able to save some of their collection such as the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest university in the Philippines. Search for the unpublished decisions still continue, Due to the unpublished decisions after the War, the late Judge Nitafan of the Regional ‘Trial Court of Manila started publishing Supreme Court Unpublished Decisions, Volume 1, which covers de- cisions from March 1946 to February 1952. However, only two vol- umes were published duo to Judge Nitafan's untimely death. The Office of the Reporter of the Suprome Court has these unpublished decisions from 1946, The early vohimes, particularly those before the war were originally published in Spanish in the Jurigpru: Filipina, ‘They were translated in English to become the Philippine Reports ‘Some decisions after the second Philippine independence were still in the Spanish language. There are a number of decisions now in the Filipino language. The Philippine Reports until volume 126 (1960's) was published by the Bureau of Printing, now called the National Printing Office. Printing was transferred to the Supreme Court in the 1983 due to the need for a complete official publication or primary source of the Court's decisions. The Supreme Court's Philippine Reports started with volume 127, ‘The most popular secondary sources are the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA) and SCRA and the Lex Libris Jurisprudence CD-ROM and CD Asia Online. The online and CD versions are on subscription basis while the printed SCRA may be purchased per volume. Two new sources which are on subscription basis are: (a) My Legal Whiz; Eosy Contextual Legal Research; and (©) Law Juan decisions, iTunes app. West Law International and Lexis Nexis have requested the Supreme Court to upload decisions of the Philippine Supreme Court in their databases. The Supreme Court issued an en bane Resolution (A.M. No. 14-05-01-SC) dated ‘May 31, 2016 approving the request of Thomson Reuters to publish. the decisions of the Supreme Court for the WESTLAW ASIA. The ‘Supreme Court also approved the request of LEXISNEXIS in its En banc Resolution (A.M. No. 15-09-03-80) dated September 22, 2015, However, the Memorandum of Agreement between LEXISNEXIS has not yet been finalized. CHAPTER IV 96 PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH Unlike statutes, legal research for Jurisprudence can be done ‘manually using the: 1) ‘Topic or Subject. Approach; and/or 2) Title Approach. However, the available indexes are also not up-to-date. ‘Topie or Subject Approach is late by thre years for the latest SCRA ‘Quick Index digest is 2014. Bach volume of the SCRA has a subject index at the back and.the latest published volume is 2015, Thus for the Topic or Subject Approach, manually, legal rescarch can be done through the available Law Finders listed below from 1901 to 2015, For the Title Approach, the last published Law Finderis 1985, ‘The Suprome Court Library updated Title Index is available at the Supreme Court Library portal but is not yet available online, Deliberations of the amendments to the Rules of promulgated by the Suprenie Court are not available electronically and inprint. Written request hia to be made to the Supreme Court for the intent of the rules that have been promulgated. ‘Topic or Subject Approach: (Please sce complete title of the publication from the Philippine Legal Resources, Chapter VII, pp. 133-250) Philippine Digest Republic of the Philippine Digest ‘Velayo's Digest ‘Magsino’s Compendium, Supreme Court's unpublished Subject Index Martinez's Summary of Supreme Court Rulings 1984 to 1997 ‘UP Law Center's Supreme Court Decisions: Subject Index and Digests SC’s Case Digests Philippine Law and Jurisprudence Castigador's Citations SORA Quick Index Digest ‘Title Approach or Title of the Approach: (Please see complete title ofthe publication from the Philippine Legal Resources, Chapter VIL) Philippine Digest ~ Case Index96 _LEGAI. RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES Republic of the Philippines Digest ‘Ong, M. Title Index to SC decisions 1946-1078 2v.; 1978 1951 LoL Bey; 1981-1985, aol Bupel 1986 presentis unpublished but available at the Supreme Cou portal P st Library Ateneo's Index Electronic sources of research on case law are as follows: ‘Chanrobles.com. Chan Robles Law Firm Library eSCRA, Central Book Supply Law Juan. {Tunes App (Jurisprudence) t Arellano Law Foundation Lex Libris: Jurisprudence. online aia CD-ROM updated guartely GD Asin Technslogia Ine. (CD-ROM) end CD My Legal Whiz; Basy Contextual Legal Research (https! souwwanvlegalwhiz.com/) ‘Supreme Court e-Library Supreme Court website Like the Statutes, the best, fastest, and most effect , the best, fastest and most effective method to conduct logal research isthe use of the electronic technology. It this regard where the question asked is, “What is the basic sion that a aw rary mst have? The answer i compen with Internet. ‘he rationale is that every Law Library MUST HAVE all the soures of law: statutes and Jerlopradenee, With the lack of complete compilation of laws and Court decisions in print, gue can soasch and aces all sours of law and jurisprudence for there are five of open source databasae ech ap wabite of government agencies, cuch as the Supreme Court, Senate, House titprosesativny a fe en database ko Chanelle ni wwphil by using the computer with Internet. If funds are available, subseriby vailable fzubseribe to the available legal databases fr they have good search search on case law, however, differs from Statute law as to the. ‘ecards. Rep, Act No. 9470, Article 1, Section (4) defines Sudicil records as “records presented to, belonging to the Supreme jourt ineluding all the judicial courts and judicial organization EEE EEE! IEEE GEES VO SeeVeVoeeTClcmrmhCUOCUCUOOCCOUUCUUCUUUCUUBU®8 CHAPTER IV a PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH ‘under the jidiciary." In the Supreme Court, records presented to the judiciary arc foundin what are called the “Rollos. the difference lies between Research on Statutes and Case law, For Statutes, research on the law ean be done while the law is pending search) and the records of laws passed or the records from the iaw is filed, deliberated, until the law is passed. For Court de for records and other information. As previously stated, the new innovation is the availability of proceedings of “Oral Arguments’ in For records of decided cases, written request has to be made to the respective courts where the ease was decided. For the Supreme ‘decided En Bane. Ibis the Office (1983 to present); (b) National. Archives (1948 i {© Court of origin for those to be executed, The Reports Office of the Supreme Court as per the Administrative Code has cust the original signed decisions. The Public Information Office recetves the original electronic copy from the Office of the Chief Justice and fe wsandated to upload this electronic copy within 48 hours from receipt, Advanée or printed copies are given to the Offices of the Fustives, Clerks of Court, and the Library for the $C e-Library "To protect the privacy and dignity of vietims, including their selatives, in cases where the confidentiality of court proceedings and the identities of parties are mandated by law such as in rape cases, Violence against women and children, SC Administrative Circular No. 88-2016 dated July 27, 2015, was issued by the Supreme Court bw the “protocel and procedures in the promulgation, publication, dnd posting on the websites of decisions, final resolutions and final orders using fictitious names for the fetish.” 4.2.2. Court of Appeals Decisions Decisions of the Court of Appeals are nicrely persuasive on ower courts, They are cited in cases where there are no Supreme ‘Court decisions in point. In this regard, they are considered as judicial guides to lower courts and that conclusion or pronouncement98 LEGAL. RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIEPINES they make can be raised as a doctrine, The Re} The Reporter Division, Clerk of Court of the Court of is are tl sit . of Gort of he Court of Appeals ace the rpontory ofall he Court Sources of Court of Appeals decisions are: Text: + Court of Appeals decisi being com ions are now being completed . online starting from the latest to 1936. * * Official Gazette (selective publication) Court of Appeals Reports (CAR) by C: published one volume. sma Reports Office of the Court of Appeals. oe Moreno’s Philippine Law Dictionary. seit Ores tga tse onan snot amr hi tee ear the latest to it decision. cee a eee ee ee poe dere ta Fac Crt ates Aereho a ached eg ei Te ern coer prone ‘from. Deane 1979 to 1980. Sandiganbayan. a ae eee ae ee on eae poner enberon neretar the repository of all of its decisions. eae 42.5. Decisions of Administrative Agencies, Commi sions, and Boards ae ne a tinued) Laws have been promulgated which grants some administrative to perform quasi-judicial functions. These functions are from their regular administrative or regulatory functions SE SN ESS Se SS eee See UeUe eT OUOUuUCUSeCUUOOUOOUWG CHAPTSRIV * PHILIPPINE LEGAL RESEARCH where rules and fegulations are promulgated. ‘The Securities Regulations Code (Rep. Act No. 8790) signed by President Joseph B, Estrada on July 19, 2000 affected Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) quasi functions. The other agencies performing said Ainetions are National Labor Relations Commission QNLRO), Insurance Commission, Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), Social Security System (SSS) and oven the Civil Sorviee Commission (CSO), Some of their decisions are published in the Official 8. fication such as the SEC and the CSC or ‘own websites. An important source is ‘Register which is available in printed and CD-ROM (CD od the: Supreme Court ‘The {987 Administrative Code required that all. government, agenci including all government-owned and -controlled « smi provide the UP Law Canter and regulations. In turn, the UP Law Cer to publish them. This is done in the National Admini CD Asia Technologies’ Lex Libris seri ROMs for tho Department of Ji Securities and Exchange Commission, Bango Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the i ind the Bureau. of val Revenue. Included in these individual CD-ROMs are the p issuances as well as Supreme Court decisions. Its CD- (vol, VID) incorporated issuances from the Department of Labor and Bmployment and its alliliated agencies and oflices. Sor versions ave now being made available online.CHAPTER V LEGAL PROFESSION AND LEGAL EDUCATION 5.1, Legal Education Board (LEB) Rep, Act No, 7662, otherwise known as the Legal Education Reform Act of 1993, created the Legal Education Board and was approved on December 23, 1993. The Board shall be composed of a Chairman, a representative of each of the following: Integrated ilippine Associati jon of Law Professors (PALP), ranks of active law practitioners, and law students sector. The members of the LEB ore appointed by tho Presidont without need for confirmation from the Commission on Appointments. The Chairman shall serve for five years; representatives of the IBP, PALS, and PALP for three years, and representative of the active law practitioner, and law students sector for one year without re-appointment. The Legal ‘Edueation has replaced the Commission on Higher Education for legal education. Its primary functions are: to administer the legal education system; to supervise the law schools; to set the standards of accreditation for law schools; to accredit law schools that meet the standards of accreditation; to prescribe minimum standards for law admission and rinimom qualifcatios and compensation of faculty to preseribe the basic curricula for the course of study aligned to the requirements for admission to the Bar; to establish a law practice internship; and to adopt a system of continuing legal education. 100 CHAPTERY 101 LEGAL PROFESSION AND LEGAL EDUCATION 5,2. Law Schools ‘The Office of the Bar Confident ofthe Supreme Court as of July 2014 has listed the following law sehools in the Philippines which have produced bar candidates: “Abra Valley Colleges, Tait St., Bangued, Abra Adamson University, San Marcelino St., Manila *Acmilianum College Inc., Sorsogon City *Aklan Colleges, Kalibo, Aklan ‘Andres Bonifacio College, College Park, Dipolog City ‘Angeles University Foundation, MacArthur Highway, Angeles City, Pampanga Aquinas University, 2-S King's Building, JAA Penaranda, St., Legazpi City 1a University Pefiablanca Campus, Pefiablanca, Cagayan *“Araullo Universit tas, Cabanatuan City ‘Taft Ave, cor. Menlo St., Pasay *Arellano Univer: city Ateneo de Davao University, Jacinto St., Davao City *Atenco de Manila University, Rockwell Drive, Rockwell Center, Makati Batangas State University, Rizal Ave., Batangas City *Bicol College, Daraga, Albay “BIT International College (formerly Bohol Institute of Technology), Tagbilaran City, Bohol “Bukidnon State University, Fortich St, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon *Bulacan State University, MacArthur Highway, Malolos, Bulacan “Cagayan State University, Andrews Campus, Puguegarao City, Cagayan *Camarines Norte School of Law, Itomang, Talisay, Camarines Norte102 LEGAL RESEARCH AND CITATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES *Central Philippine University, Jaro, lilo City *Centro Escolar University ~ Makati Cainpus, Buendia Ave., Makati City “Christ the King College, Calbayog City, Samar *City University of Pasay, Pasadefia St., Pasay City “Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion, 1 Arzobispo St., Roxas City, Capiz *Gollege of Maasin, R. Kangleon St, Tunga-Tonga, Maasim City +*Cor Jesu College, Digos, Sacred Heart Ave., Digos City, Davao del Sur ‘Cordillera : Career Development College, Buyagan Poblacion, La Trinidad, Benguet ‘De La Salle University Makati Extension Campus, RCBC Plaza, Gil Puyat cor. Ayala Ave., Makati City “De La Salle University, 2401 Taft. Ave., Manila “De La Salle Lipa, 1962 J.P. Laurel National Highway, Lipa City, Batangas Dipolog Medical Center (DMC) College Foundation, Inc., Fr. Patangan Road, Sta. Filomena, Dipolog Cit *Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, San Fernando City, La Union *Dr. Vicente Orestes Romualdez Educational Foundati Inc, Calanipawan Road, Calanipawan, Tacloban Ci Leyte East Central Colleges, San Fernando City, Pampanga ‘astern Samar Stato University, Borongan, Eastern ‘Far Eastern University, Nicanor Reyes Sr, St, Sampaloe, Manila ‘Father Saturnino Urios University, San Francisco St. cor. J.C. Aquino Avenue, Butuan City Fernandez College of Arts and Technology, Gil Carlos St., Baliuag, Bulacan CHAPTER 103 LBGAL PROFESSION AND LEGAL EDUCATION *Foundation University, Dr. Miciano St, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental +Harvadian Colleges, San Fernando City, Pampanga +Holy Name University, Lesage corner Gallares Streets, ‘Tagbilaran City, Bohol International Harvardian University, Shellanger Cmpd., Bagumbayan, Sta, Cruz, Laguna auayan Campus, Cauayan “Isabela State University, City, Isabela ‘Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte ‘Jose Rizal University, 80 Shaw Blvd, Mandaluyong City Josefina H. Cerilles State College, West Capitol Road, Pagadian City “Laguna State Polytechnic University, . Barangay Bubukal, Sta, Cruz, Laguna Leyte Colleges, Paterno St., Tacloban City “Liceo de Cagayan, University, Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental Luna Goco Colleges, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro “Lyceum of the Philippines University, 109 LP. Levi St,, Saleedo Village, Makati City Lyceum of the Philippines University, 35 Muralla Cor. ‘Real Sts., Intramuros, Manila “Lycoum-Northwestera University, Tapuse District, Dagupan City, Pangasinan “Manila Law College, 641 Sales St, Sta. Cruz, Manila ‘+Manuel L. Quezon University, 916 R. Hidalgo St. Quiapo, Manila ‘Manuel S. Enverga University Foundaticn—Lucena, University Site, Lucena City “Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Hows Norte Masbate Colleges, Masbate City, Masbate