Important Questions for Class 11

Physics
Chapter 13 – Kinetic Theory

Very Short Answer Questions. 1 Mark

1. Given Samples of 1 cm3 of Hydrogen and 1 cm3 of oxygen, both at N. T. P.

which sample has a larger number of molecules?

Ans: Equal volumes of all gases, at equivalent temperatures and pressures, contain
the same number of molecules, according to Avogadro's hypothesis. As a result, the
number of molecules in both samples is the same. As a result, the number of
molecules in both samples is the same.

2. Find out the ratio between most probable velocity, average velocity and root
Mean Square Velocity of gas molecules?

Ans: Since,

2 KT
Most Probable velocity, VmP 
m

8KT
Average velocity, V 
m

3KT
Root Mean Square velocity: Vr.m.s. 
m

Now, find out the Ratio between most probable velocity, average velocity and root
mean square velocity of gas molecules

2KT 3KT 3KT

So, V p : VVrm.s  : :
m m m

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 1

 8
 2: : 3


V  : V Vr.m.s.  1:1.3:1.23

3. What is Mean free path?

Ans: The average distance a molecule travels between collisions is known as the
mean free path. It is symbolised by (lambda). Meters are the units of measurement
(m).

4. What happens when an electric fan is switched on in a closed room?

Ans: When an electric fan is turned on, electrical energy is first transferred into
mechanical energy, which is subsequently converted into heat. Heat energy increases
the kinetic energy of air molecules, raising the temperature of the environment.

5. State the law of equi- Partition of energy?

Ans: The average kinetic energy of a molecule in each degree of freedom is equal
1
to KT . According to the law of equi -partition of energy.
2

6. On what factors, does the average kinetic energy of gas molecules depend?

Ans: The absolute temperature is the only variable that affects average kinetic
energy, and it is directly proportional to it.

7. Why the temperature less than absolute zero is not possible?

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 2

Ans: Since mean square velocity is proportional to temperature, it's a no-brainer. If
the temperature is 0, the mean square velocity is also zero, and since molecules
cannot be negative, temperatures lower than the absolute zone are not attainable.

8. What is the relation between pressure and kinetic energy of gas?

Ans: We are aware of this, Pressure  P Kinetic energy  E

1
Now, Kinetic theory of gases is P  Sc 2  1 )
3

S  Density

C  r.m.s Velocity of gas molecules

Translation’s mean kinetic energy per unit

1
Volume of the gas  E  Sc 2  2 )
2

Dividing 1) by 2)

Now, we find out relation between pressure and kinetic energy of gas

P 1Sc 2 2 2
 
E 3  Sc 2 3

2
P E
3

9. What is an ideal perfect gas?

Ans: Ideal gas is defined as a gas that obeys the following laws or qualities.

1) The size of a gas molecule is zero.

2) There is no attraction or repellent force between gas molecules.

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Short Answer Questions 2 Marks

1. If a certain mass of gas is heated first in a small vessel of volume V1 and then
in a large vessel of volume V2 . Draw the P - T graph for two cases?

RT
Ans: Equation of perfect gas; P 
V

1
Given, temperature is P As a result, when the gas is heated in a small vessel .
V

V1 the pressure rises faster than when the gas is heated in a big vessel (Volume).

V2 As a result, the slope of the graph in the case of a small vessel will be greater
than in the case of a large vessel.

2. Derive the Boyle's law using kinetic theory of gases?

Ans: With the temperature constant, Boyle's law states that the volume of a given
quantity of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure P, i.e. PV = constant.

The pressure exerted by a gas is now given by the kinetic theory of gases.

P  Pressure

V  Volume

V  Average Velocity

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m = Mass of 1 molecule

N  No. of molecules

M  mN (Mass of gas)

1mNV 2
P
3V

1
PV  MV 2
3

3. At what temperature is the root mean square speed of an atom in an argon

gas cylinder equal to the r.m.s speed of a helium gas atom at- {20^^ }C ? Given
Atomic Mass is Ar  39.9 and He  4.0?

Ans: Let we know that , Vr.m.s. and V1r .m.s. are the root mean square speeds of
Argon and helium

We have , Atoms at temperature T and T1 respectively.

R  Universal Gas constant

T  Temperature

M = Atomic Mass of Gas

3RT
Now, Vr.m.s. 
M

3RT 1
V1r  m.s. 
M1

Given, M  Mass of Argon  39.9

M1  Mass of Helium  4.0

T1  Temperature of helium  200 C

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T1  273  (20)  253 K

T  Temperature of Argon =?

Now, Vr.m.s. = V1r  m.

3RT 3RT 1

M M1

Squaring both side,

3 RT
 3 RT
 1

M M1

T T1 T 1M
 2 T 
M M M1

Now it's time to put the numbers together. T 1 , M 1M

253  39.9
T  2523.7 K
4.0

4. Show that constant - temperature bulk modulus K of an ideal gas is the

pressure P of the gas?

Ans: When a substance P is exposed to increased pressure, a minor fractional

volume drop occurs, which is related to bulk modulus k by:-

P
K 1)
V
V

So we know that, A negative sign implies that the volume is decreasing. Before,
compression in the case of an ideal gas at constant temperature.

m
PV  RT  2 )
M

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M = Molecular Mass of gas

We have, After compression at constant temperature,

m
( P  P)(V  V )  RT
M

Now, From equation 2)

PV  ( P  P)(V  V )

PV   PV   PV  V P  PV

or PV  V P  PV

PV PV
  P  ( Dividing by V on both sides )
V V

P V  V 
  P  1  
V  V 

V P  V 
  1  
V P  V 

V
We're only concerned with minor fractional changes. Therefore, is much smaller
V
than

1, As a result, it can be neglected as compared to 1.

V P
 
V P

V
Using this value instead of in equation 1) we get
V

P
K P
P
P

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 7

As a result, the bulk modulus of an ideal gas is equal to the gas's pressure under
compression at constant temperature.

5. The earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold. Explain Why?

Ans: Infrared radiation from the earth's surface is reflected back to the lower layers
of the atmosphere. As a result, the earth's heat radiation from the sun is trapped by
the atmosphere during the day. The earth's surface would become too cold to live if
it didn't have an atmosphere.

6. If a vessel contains 1 mole of 0 2 gas (molar mass 32 ) at temperature T . The

pressure of the gas is P. What is the pressure if an identical vessel contains 1
mole of Hit at a temperature 2T?

Ans: According to the ideal gas equation: 

PV  nRT

P  pressure

V =volume

n  No . of molecule per unit volume

R=Universal Gas Constant

T  Temperature

PV PV
So we get,  nR or  constant
T T

PV PV 
Hence 1 1
 2 2  1
T1 T2 

Now, in response to the query, 

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 8

P1  P∣ T1  T

V1  V∣ T2  2T

Using above equations in equation 1)

PV T
P2  1 1
K 2
T1 V2

PV 2T
P2  X V1  V2  V( identical vessels )
T V

P2  2P

As a result, the pressure is doubled.

7. At very low pressure and high temperature, the real gas behaves like ideal
gas. Why?

Ans: An ideal gas has a molecule volume of zero and no intermolecular forces.

1) At extremely low pressures, the amount of gas is so huge that the volume of a
molecule is insignificant in comparison to the volume of gas.

2) Because the kinetic energy of molecules is very high at very high temperatures,
the effect of intermolecular forces can be ignored.

As a result, at low pressure, real gases behave like an ideal gas.

8. Calculate the degree of freedom for monatomic, diatomic and triatomic gas?

Ans: The system's degrees of freedom are determined by:- f  3 N  K

Where, f  degrees of freedom

N  Number of Particles in the system.

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K  Independent relation among the particles.

Now ,

1) For a monatomic gas, N  1 and K  0

f  3X1  0  3

2) For a diatomic gas; N  2 and K  m1

f  3X2 1  5

3) For a triatomic gas; N  3 and K  3

f  3X3  3

f 6

As a result, the degrees of freedom for monatomic, diatomic, and Triatomic particles
are 3, 5, and 6 respectively.

9. Determine the volume of 1 mole of any gas at s. T. P., assuming it behaves

like an ideal gas?

Ans: Using the ideal gas equation-

P  Pressure

V  Volume

n  No . of moles of gas

R  Universal Gas Constant

T  Temperature

We have,

PV  nRT

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 10

 nRT
V
P

Given is , n  1 mole; R  8 : 31 J / mol / K;T  273 K

P  1.01105 N∣ m 2

1 (8.31)  273
V
1.01103

V  22.4 103 m3

Since 1 litre

 1000 cm3

 1103 m3

Hence V  22.41

i.e. at S.T.P., any gas has a volume of 22.41. (Standard Temperature & Pressure).

10. A tank of volume 0.3m3 contains 2 moles of Helium gas at 20 C . Assuming
the helium behave as an ideal gas;

Ans:

1) Find the total internal energy of the system.

Given, n  No. of moles  2

T  Temperature  273  20  293 K

R  Universal Gas constant  8.31 J / mole.

3
So we know that, Total energy of the system  E  nRT
2

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 11

 3
Hence, E   n  8.31 293E  7.30 103 J
2

2) Determine the r. m. s. Speed of the atoms.

Molecular Mass of helium  4 g \ mol

4 103 Kg

mol

3RT 3 X 8.31 293

Now , Root Mean speed  Vr  m  s  
M 4 X 103

Vr.m.s.  1.35X103 m / s

11. State Graham's law of diffusion and derive it?

Ans: The rates of diffusion of two gases are inversely proportional to the square
roots of their densities, according to Graham's law of diffusion.

Consider two gases diffusing into one another at a certain pressure. Let SA and SB
be their densities.

So we know that, the root Mean square velocities of the molecules of gases A and B
will be: 

3P 
VA r  m  s   1
SA 


3P 
VBr  m  s   2
S 


Now, Dividing equation 1) by 2)

V A r  m  s. 3P SB SB 
 X   1
V r  m.s
B
SA 3P SA 


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The rate of diffusion of a gas is now directly related to its molecules' r.m.s. velocity.
If and are the gas diffusion rates, and B is the rate of diffusion of gases, then

rA V A rm.s SB
 
rB V B rM .s SA

Or  this is Graham's law.

rA SB

rB SA

12. State Charles's law? If air is filled in a vessel At 60 C . To what temperature
1rd
should it be heated in order that of air may escape out of vessel?
3

Ans: According to Charles' law, the volume of a given mass of a gas is precisely
proportional to its Kelvin temperature when pressure remains constant, i.e.

V & T if pressure is constant; V  volume T  Temperature

V
Or  constant
T

We have, T1  60  273  333k

v1  V

T2  ?

V 4
v2  V   V
3 3

So now , from Charles's show,

V1 V2 V T
  1  1
T1 T2 V2 T2

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 V2
T2  T1
V1

333  4 V
T2
3 V

Hence,

T2  1710 c or 444k

13. Show that average kinetic energy of translation per molecule of gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature of gas?

Ans: According to the kinetic theory of gases, one mole of an ideal gas exerts a
pressure of

1MC 2
P M  Mass of gas
3V

1MC 2
or PV  V  Volume of gas
3

Since PV  RT (for 1mole of gas)

1
or MC 2  RT R=Universal gas constant
3

3RT
C2  T  Temperature
M

So Now, C T

1
Also, MC 2  RT
3

Dividing by number of molecules of gas  N

1M 2 R
C  T
3N N

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K  Boltzman constant

1 2
mc  KT  Dividing
3

1 2 3
or mc  KT
2 2

1 2
We get , mc  Kinetic energy per molecule of gas
2

1 2
Now, mc  T
2

3
as k  constant
2

14. Air pressure in a car tyre increases during driving? Why?

Ans: Because of the action, the temperature of the air inside the tyre rises during
driving. According to Charles's law, as the temperature rises, the pressure inside the
tyres rises as well.

15. Four molecules of gas have Speeds 2, 4, 6,8, km / s . Respectively.

Ans: Here, C1  km / s  velocity of first gas

C2  4 km / s l=velocity of second gas

C3  6 km / s  velocity of third gas

C4  8 km / s =velocity of fourth gas

1) Average speed -

Calculate the average period –

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We Get used formula is,

C1  C2  C3  C4
 Average speed 
4

Now,

2 468
Average Speed 
4

20
i.e Average Speed   5 km / s
4

2) Root Mean square speed -

Calculate the Root mean square speed –

We Get used formula is,

C12  C22  C32  C42

Root Mean Square Speed 
4

Now ,

2 2  4 2  6 2  82
R. m. s of gas 
4

120
R. m. s of gas 
4

i.e R. m. s of gas  5.48km / s

Short Answer Question 3 Marks

1. If Nine particles have speeds of 5,8,12,12,12,14,14,17 and 20 m / s . Find.

Ans:

1) the average speed

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 16

Divide the total number of particles by the sum of their speeds to get the average
speed.

5  8  12  12  12  14  14  17  20
Hence, Average speed, V   12.7 m∣ s
9

2) the Most Probable speed

The average value of the square of speeds is given by:-

52  82  122  122  122  142  142  17 2  202

Hence, V  2

25  64  144  144  144  196  196  289  400 1602

 
9 9

i.e. V 2  178 m2 / s 2

RM S speed, Vrm.s  V 2  178  13.3 m / s

3) the r.m.s. Speed of the particles

Three particles have a speed of, two particles have a speed of, and the remaining
particles have varying speeds. As a result, the most likely speed,

VmP  12 m / s

 CP 
2. Establish the relation between Y    and degrees of freedom (n)?
 CV 

Cp
Ans: Now y 
CV

Where CP  specific heat at constant pressure

CV  Specific heat at Constant volume.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 17

and n  Degrees of freedom  is the total number of co-ordinates or independent
quantities needed to completely describe the system's position and configuration.

Suppose, a polyatomic gas molecule has ' n  degrees of freedom.

 Total energy associated with a gram molecule of the gas i. e.

Here,

N  Total number of molecules

R  Universal Gas Constant

R  NK

K  Boltzmann Constant

1 n
E  n  KT  N  RT
2 2

So We know that,

Specific heat at constant volume,

dE
Cv 
dT

d n 
CV   RT 
dT 2 

n
CV  R
2

Now Specific heat at constant Pressure, CP  Cv  R

n
CP  RR
2

n 
CP    1 R
2 

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 Cp
As, Y 
C

n 
  1 R
Y
2 
n
R
2

n  2
Y    1 
2  n

2 t 2
Y     1
  n

Hence, Y  1  
2
n 

3. Two perfect gases at absolute temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no

loss of energy. Find the temperature of the mixture if the masses of molecules
are m1 and m 2 and number of molecules is n1 and n 2 ?

Ans: There is no reciprocal interaction between the molecules in a perfect gas. Now,
1
K.E of gas  mv 2
2

Energy equivalence is achieved by energy equivalence:

1 2 3
mv  KT
2 2

K.E of one gas  n1   KT1   1 )

3
2  

K.E. of other gas  n2   KT2   2 )

3
2 

Now , n1 , n 2  Number of molecules in gases

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K  Bolt zman' Constant

T1 , T2  Temperatures.

3
Total K.E.  K  n1T1  n2T2  (adding equation 1)\&2)
2

Let we know that, T be the absolute temperature of the mixture of gases

Then,

Total Kinetic energy  n1   KT   n2   KT 

3 3
2  2  

3
Total K.E  KT  n1  n2   4 )
2

Since there is no loss of energy, hence on equating eq 4 3 ) & 4) for total K.E.: 

3 3
 (n1  n2 )  K  n1T1  n2T2 
KT
2 2

T  n1  n2    n1T1  n2T2 

n1T1  n2T2
Therefore, T 
n1  n2

4. Derive Avogadro's law?

Ans: Avogadro's law asserts that equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature
and pressure, have the same number of molecules. Consider two gases with similar
volumes at the same temperature T and pressure P .

Let M1 =Mass of first gas

M 2  Mass of second gas

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C1  C2  r.m.s velocity of gas molecules of 2 gases m1/ m2  Mass of each molecule
of gas

M1 , m 2  Number of molecules of gas

Now, M1  m1n1 and M2  m2 n 2

From kinetic theory of gas: -

1M 1 2
For first gas  P  C1  (1)
3V

1M 2 2
For second gas  P  C2  (2)
3V

Now, Equating equation 1) 82) for pressure

1M 1 2 1M 2 2
C1  C2
3V 3V

M1c12  M22C22  3 
AverageK.E Average KE
  for same temperatures
Molecule of first gas Moleculeof sec ond gas

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 21

1 1
M 1C12  M 2C22
2 2

M1C12  M2C2 2  4 
Let Cl, C2  Cn  Random velocities of gases molecules

Let Radom rectangular co-ordinates of  - molecules

x12  y12  z12  c12

So, xn2  yn2  zn2  cn2

we have,

Initial Molomentum of A,  mx1

on collision with wall, Momentum = -mx,

Change in Momentum  mx1  mx1

 2 mx1

Let , The molecule in between the collisions of two walls OPKT and QRSL covers
a distance  2a

2a
So, time between 2 collisions 
x1

2
x1 mxg
As Mornentum transferred in 1 second  2 mx1x 
2a a

mx12
From Newton's second law  f1 
a

mxn2
fn 
a

Total force in X -direction  f1  f 2 fn

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 22

 mx12 mx22 mxh2
  
a a a

Pressure exerted on wall QRSL


Fx m 2
a 2 
 2 x1  x22      xn2
a

Dividing equation 4 ) by 3 )

M 1C12 M 2C22
 M  m n
m1c12 m2c22

m1n1 m2 n2

m1 m2

 I.e. Avogadro's law

n1  n 2

5. What are the assumptions of kinetic theory of gas?

Ans: The following are the assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases:

1) A gas is made up of a vast number of molecules that should all be elastic spheres
and identical.

2) A gas's molecules are in a constant state of rapid and unpredictable mobility.

3) Gas molecules are extremely small in comparison to the distance between them.

4) There is no attraction or repulsio between the molecules.

5) Molecule collisions with one another and with the vessel's walls are perfectly
elastic.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 23

6. Estimate the fraction of molecular volume to the actual volume occupied by
oxygen gas at STP. Take the diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3A .

Ans: Given, Diameter of an oxygen molecule, d  3A

d 3
Radius, r    1.5 A  1.5 108 cm
2 2

We know that the Actual volume occupied by 1 mole of oxygen gas at

$TP  22400 cm3

4
Let Molecular volume of oxygen gas, V   r 3  N
3

Where, N is Avogadro's number  6.0231023 molecules/mole

4
 
3
V  3.14  1.5  108  6.023  1023  8.51 cm3
3

8.51
Hence, the Ratio of the molecular volume to the actual volume of oxygen 
22400

 3.8 104

7. Estimate the total number of air molecules (inclusive of oxygen, nitrogen,

water vapour and other constituents) in a room of capacity 25.0 m3 at a
temperature of 27 C .

Ans: Given is, Volume of the room, V  25.0 m3

Temperature of the room, T  27 C  300 K

Pressure in the room, P  1 atm  11.013 105 Pa

We get, The ideal gas equation relating pressure ( P ) , Volume (V), and absolute
temperature ( T ) can be written as:

PV  k B NT

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 24

Where,

K B is Boltzmann constant  1.38 1023 m 2 kg s 2 K 1

N is the number of air molecules in the room

Now,

PV
N 
k5T

1.013 105  25

1.38 1025  300

 6.111026 molecules

As a result, the total number of air molecules in a room is 6.111026 .

8. From a certain apparatus, the diffusion rate of hydrogen has an average

value of 28.7 cm3 s1 . The diffusion of another gas under the same conditions is
measured to have an average rate of 7.2 cm3 s 1 . Identify the gas.

[Hint: Use Graham's law of diffusion: R1 / R 2   M2 / M1  , where R1 , R 2 are

1/2

diffusion rates of gases 1 and 2 , and M1 and M 2 their respective molecular

masses. The law is a simple consequence of kinetic theory.

Ans: Given ,

Rate of diffusion of hydrogen, R1  28.7 cm3 s1

Rate of diffusion of another gas, R2  7.2 cm 3 s 1

According to Graham's Law of diffusion, we have:

R1 M2

R2 M1

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 25

Where,

M 1 is the molecular mass of hydrogen  2.020 g

M 2 is the molecular mass of the unknown gas

Now putting value in given,

2
R 
 M 2  M1  1 
 R2 

2
 28.7 
 2.02    32.09 g
 7.2 

32 g is the oxygen molecular mass. As a result, oxygen is the unknown gas.

Long Answer Questions 4 Marks

1. Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of any (ideal) gas at standard
temperature and pressure (STP: 1 atmospheric pressure 0 C . Show that it is
22.4 liters

Ans: The relationship between pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature
(T) is known as the ideal gas equation.

PV  net

Where,

R is the universal gas constant  8.314 J mol1 K 1

n  Number of moles  1

T  Standard temperature  273 K

P  Standard pressure  1 atm  1.013 105 Nm 2

Formula is,

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 26

 nRT
V 
P

Now put the value,

1 8.314  273

1.013  105

 0.0224 m3

i.e V  22.4 liters

As a result, a gas's molar volume at STP is 22.4 litres.

2. Three vessels of equal capacity have gases at the same temperature and
pressure. The first vessel contains neon (monatomic), the second contains
chlorine (diatomic), and the third contains uranium hexafluoride (polyatomic).
Do the vessels contain equal number of respective molecules? Is the root mean
square speed of molecules the same in the three cases? If not, in which case is
the largest?

Ans: Yes. All of them have the same number of molecules in them.

No. Neon has the highest root mean square speed.

The three jars have the same volume because their capacities are equal.

As a result, the pressure, volume, and temperature of each gas are the same.

The three vessels will each contain an equal quantity of the corresponding
molecules, according to Avogadro's law. This is the same as Avogadro's number.

, N  6.023 10 23 .

The root mean square speed  vru  of a gas of mass m , and temperature T , is given
relation is :

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 27

 3kT
vr  
m

Here , k is Boltzmann constant

As we know the given gases, k and T are constants.

Hence vr depends only on the mass of the atoms, i.e.,

14

1
vrne 
m

As a result, the root mean square speed of the molecules in each of the three scenarios
differs. The mass of neon is the smallest of the three elements: neon, chlorine, and
uranium hexafluoride. As a result, among the supplied gases, neon has the fastest
root mean square speed

3. A metre long narrow bore held horizontally (and closed at one end) contains
a 76 cm long mercury thread, which traps a 15 cm column of air. What happens
if the tube is held vertically with the open end at the bottom?

Ans: Given By the Length of the narrow bore, L  1 m  100 cm

Length of the mercury thread, l  76 cm

Length of the air column between mercury and the closed end, la  15 cm

Now, The mercury length that occupies the air space is because the bore is kept
vertically in air with the open end at the bottom : 100  (76  15)  9 cm

Hence, the total length of the air column  15  9  24 cm

Let h cm of mercury flow out as a result of atmospheric pressure.

- Length of the air column in the bore  24  h cm

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 28

And, length of the mercury column  76  h cm

Initial pressure, P1  76 cm of mercury

Initial volume, V1  15 cm3

Final pressure, P2  76  (76  h)  h cm of mercury

Final volume, V2  (24  h)cm 3

Temperature remains constant throughout the process.

 PV
1 1  PV
2 2

76 15  h(24  h)

h2  24h  1140  0

24  (24) 2  4 11140

h 
2 1

 23.8 cm or 47.8 cm

Height can't possibly be a disadvantage. As a result, 23.8 cm of mercury will flow

out of the hole, leaving 52.2 in the chamber. The length of the air column will be.
24  23.8  47.8 cm .

4. An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the bottom of a lake 40 m deep at
a temperature of 35 C ?

Ans: Given is, Volume of the air bubble, V1  1.0 cm3  1.0 106 m3

Bubble rises to height, d  40 m

Temperature at a depth of 40 m, T1  12 C  285 K

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 29

Temperature at the surface of the lake, T2  35 C  308 K

The pressure on the surface of the lake:

P2  1atm  11.013 105 Pa

The pressure at the depth of 40 m :

P1  1 atm  d  g

Given ,

 is the density of water  103 kg / m3

g is the acceleration due to gravity  9.8 m / s 2

 P1  1.013105  40 103  9.8

 493300 Pa

PV PV
We have: 1 1
 2 2
T1 T2

Where, V2 is the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface

PV1T2
V2 
T1 P2

Now put the value,


 
(493300) 1.0 105 308
285 1.013 10 5

 5.263 106 m3 or 5.263 cm3

As a result, the volume of the air bubble decreases as it approaches the surface.
5.263 cm3 .

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 30

5. Estimate the average thermal energy of a helium atom at

Ans:

(i) room temperature  27 C 

At room temperature, calculate the average thermal energy of a helium atom.

T  27 C  300 K

3
Now, Average thermal energy  kT
2

Let, k is Boltzmann constant  1.38 1023 m2 kg s 2 K 1

3 3
 kT   1.38  1098  300
2 2

 6.211021 J

As a result, at ambient temperature, the average thermal energy of a helium atom is

27 C is 6.211021 J

(ii) the temperature on the surface of the Sun (6000 K)

Determine the average thermal energy of a helium atom at the sun's surface.
T  6000 K

3
Now, Average thermal energy  kT
2

3
1.38 1038  6000
2

 1.2411018 J

As a result, a helium atom on the sun's surface has an average thermal energy of
1.24110 19 J

(iii) the temperature of 10 million Kelvin (the typical core temperature in the
case of a star).

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 31

Find the average thermal energy of a helium atom At temperature, T  107 K

3
Now, Average thermal energy  kT
2

3
1.38 1038 107
2

 2.07  1016 J

As a result, the average thermal energy of a helium atom at a star's core is 2.07 1016 J

6. At what temperature is the root mean square speed of an atom in an argon

gas cylinder equal to the rms speed of a helium gas atom at  20 C ? (atomic
mass of Ar  39.9u , of He  4.0u ).

Ans: Given data is,

Temperature of the helium atom, TF   {20^^ }C  253 K

Atomic mass of argon, M A  39.9u

Atomic mass of helium, M He  4.0u

Let,  vr  d be the rms speed of argon.

Let  vrwe Ht be the rms speed of helium.

We have , The rms speed of argon is given by:

v 
n  A

3RTA
M t

Where,

R is the universal gas constant

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 32

TA is temperature of argon gas

Now, The rms speed of helium is given by:

3RTR
 vrms Ht   (ii)
MH

It is given that:

 vrre  At   vrwb B

3RTAV 3RTB

MA MH

T T
 B
M  M Ht

THt
TA   M
M Ht

253
  39.9
4

 2523.675  2.52 103 K

As a result, the argon atom's temperature is 2.52 103 K .

Long Answer Questions 5 Marks

1. Derive an expression for the pressure due to an ideal gas?

Ans: Consider an ideal gas confined in an OPQ RSTKL cubical container with
capacity on each side a. V now, V  a 3 ((Side) 3  volume of cube)

Where, n  Molecule of gas

m  Mass of each molecule

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 33

M  mxn  Mass of gas

Now Similarly, Py 
m 2
a3

y1  y2 2    yn 2 

Pz 
m 2
a 3z1  z2 2    zn 2 
Px  Py  Pz
P  Total pressure 
3

Put the following equation as per formula,

1m 
  2  x12  x22    xn2   2  y12  y22    yn2   3  z12  z22    zn2  
m m
3 a a a 

P
m  2
3a 3 
  
x1  y12  z12     xn 2  yn 2  zn 2  ( from equation A)

m 2
P C1  C22    Cn2 
3v

 Multiply & divide by n (no of molecules of gas)

1mpn  C12  C22    Cn 2 

P  
3v  n 

1M 2
P C
3v

C12  C22    Cn2 C 2  C22    Cn2

c2  or C  1
n n

C  r.ms . velocity of gas.

2. Figure 13.8 shows plot of PV∣ T versus Poor 1.00 103 kg of oxygen gas at two
different temperatures.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 34

Molecular mass of H2  2.02u,of O2  32.0u, R  8.31 Jmo11 K1

Ans:

(a) What does the dotted plot signify?

The dotted plot in the graph, in which the ratio is equal, depicts the ideal behaviour
of the gas Is a constant quality (where is the number of moles and is the universal
gas constant). It isn't affected by the gas's pressure.

(b) Which is true: T1  T2 or T1  T2 ?

The dotted plot in the graph represents the ideal gas. The gas's temperature curve is
closer to the dotted plot than the gas's temperature curve. When a real gas's
temperature rises, it begins to behave like an ideal gas. As a result, is true for the
given plot.

(c) What is the value of PV / T where the curves meet on the y -axis?

The value of the ratio PV / T , where the two curves meet, is R . This is because the
ideal gas equation is given as:

PV   RT

PV
 R
T

Where,

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 35

P is the pressure

T is the temperature

V is the volume

 is the number of moles

R is the universal constant

Molecular mass of oxygen  32.0 g

Mass of oxygen  1103 kg  1 g

We have, R  8.314 J mole1 K 1

PV 1
   8.314
T 32

 0.26 JK 1

Therefore, the value of the ratio PV / T , where the curves meet on the y -axis, is

0.26 JK 1

(d) If we obtained similar plots for 1.00 103 kg of hydrogen, would we get the
same value of PV / T at the point where the curves meet on the y -axis? If not,
what mass of hydrogen yields the same value of PV / T (for low pressure high
temperature region of the plot)?

If we obtain similar plots for 1.00 103 kg of hydrogen, then we will not get the same
value of PV / T at the point where the curves meet the y -axis. This is because the
molecular mass of hydrogen ( (2.02u) is different from that of oxygen (32.0 u).

We have:

PV
 0.26 JK 1
T

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 36

Now ,

R  8.314 J mole1 K 1

Molecular mass ( M ) of H 2  2.02u

PV
Let   R at constant temperature
T

m
where,  
M

m - Mass of H 2

PV M
m  
T R

0.26  2.02

8.31

 6.3 102 g  6.3 105 kg

Therefore,, 6.3 105 kg of H 2 will yield the same value of PV / T .

3. An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litres has an initial gauge pressure of 15 atm

and a temperature of 27 C . After some oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder,
the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and its temperature drops to 17 C . Estimate
the mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder  R  8.31 J mol1 K 1 , molecular mass
of O2  32u ).

Ans: Given,

Volume of oxygen, V1  30 litres - 30 103 m3

Gauge pressure, P1 15 atm  15 1.013105 Pa

Temperature, T1  27 C  300 K

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 37

Universal gas constant, R  8.314 J mol1K 1

Let the initial number of moles of oxygen gas in the cylinder be n1 .

Now we calculate the given equation,

1 1  n1 RT1
PV

PV
 n1  1 1
RT1

15.195 105  30 103

  18.276
(8.314)  300

m1
But, n1 
M

Where,

m1  Initial mass of oxygen

M - Molecular mass of oxygen  32 g

 m1  n1M  18.276  32  584.84 g

The pressure and temperature drop after some oxygen is removed from the cylinder.

Given is , Volume, V2  30 litres  30 103 m3

Gauge pressure, P2  11atm  111.013105 Pa

Temperature, T2  17 C  290 K

Let n2 be the number of moles of oxygen left in the cylinder.

The gas equation is given as:

2 2  n2 RT2
PV

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 38

 PV
 n2  2 2
RT2

11.143 105  30 103

  13.86
8.314  290

m2
But, n2 
M

Where,

m2 is the mass of oxygen remaining in the cylinder

 m2  n2 M  13.86  32  453.1 g

The mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder can be calculated using the following
formula:

Mass of oxygen in the cylinder at the start - Mass of oxygen in the cylinder at the
end  m1  m2

 584.84 g  453.1 g

 131.74 g

 0.131 kg

Hence, 0.131 kg of oxygen is taken out of the cylinder.

4. Estimate the mean free path and collision frequency of a nitrogen molecule
in a cylinder containing nitrogen at 2.0 atm and temperature 17 C . Take the
radius of a nitrogen molecule to be roughly 1.0oA . Compare the collision time
with the time the molecule moves freely between two successive collisions
(Molecular mass of N2  28.0u 

Ans: We know that the , Mean free path  1.11107 m

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 39

Collision frequency  4.58 109 s 1

Successive collision time  500  (Collision time)

Pressure inside the cylinder containing nitrogen, P  2.0 atm  2.026 105 Pa

Let , Temperature inside the cylinder, T  A17 C  290 K

Radius of a nitrogen molecule, r  1.0  11010 m

Diameter, d  2 11010  2 1010 m

Molecular mass of nitrogen, M  28.0 g  28 103 kg

The relationship gives the nitrogen root mean square speed :

3RT
vnse 
M

Where,

R is the universal gas constant  8.314 J mole1 K 1

3  8.314  290
 vme   508.26 m / s
28 104

The mean free path ( b is given by the relation:

kT
Now , l 
2 d2  P

Where,

K is the Boltzmann constant  1.38 1021 kg m 2 s 2 K 1

1.38 102  290

l 
 
2
2  3.14  2 1012  2.026 105

 1.11107 m

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 40

 vrec
Collision frequency 
l

508.26
 7
 4.58  109s 1
1.1110

Collision time is given as:

d
T
vnsL

2 1010
  3.93 1013 s
508.26

The amount of time that passes between subsequent collisions :

l
T 
vrm

1.11107
  2.18 1010 s
508.26 m / s

T  2.18 1010
   500
T 3.93 1011

As a result, the period between subsequent collisions is 500 times that of a single
collision.

5. A gas in equilibrium has uniform density and pressure throughout its

volume. This is strictly true only if there are no external influences. A gas
column under gravity, for example, does not have uniform density (and
pressure). As you might expect, its density decreases with height. The precise
dependence is given by the so-called law of atmospheres

n2  n1 exp mg  h2  h1  / kBT 

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 41

Where nl , n1 refer to number density at heights h2 and h1 respectively. Use this
relation to derive the equation for sedimentation equilibrium of a suspension in
a liquid

Column: n2  n1 exp  mgN A    P   h2  h1  / (  RT ) 

Where  is the density of the suspended particle, and   that of surrounding

medium . I N A is Avogadro's number, and R the universal gas constant.] [Hint:
use Archimedes principle to find the apparent]

Ans: We have, according to the rule of atmospheres,

n2  n1 exp mg  h2  h1  / kBT  (i)

Where,

n1 is the number density at height h1 , andn2 is the number density at height h2

m g is the weight of the particle suspended in the gas column

Density of the medium   

Density of the suspended particle  

Mass of one suspended particle  m

Mass of the medium displaced  m

Volume of a suspended particle = V

The effective weight of a suspended particle in a liquid column is given by

Archimedes' principle for a particle suspended in a liquid column as :

Let , Weight of the medium displaced - Weight of the suspended particle

 mg  m g

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 42

 m 
 mg  V   g  mg     g 
 

  
mg 1   .(1i )
 

Now Gas constant, R  kB N

R
kB   (i )
N

Substituting equation (ii) in place of $m g$ in equation (i ) and then using equation

(iii), we get:

n2  n1 exp mg  h2  h1  / kBT 

    N 
n1 exp  mg 1    h2  h1  
   RT 

 N 
 
 n2 exp  mg      h2  h1 
RT  


6. Given below are densities of some solids and liquids. Give rough estimates of
the size of their atoms:

Substance Atomic Mass (u) Density 103 Kgm3 

Carbon 12.1 2.22

(diamond)

Gold
197.00 19.32
Nitrogen
(liquid) 14.01 1.00

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 43

 Lithium 6.94 0.53

Fluorine 19.00 1.14

(liquid)

[Hint: Assume the atoms to be ‘tightly packed’ in a solid or liquid phase, and
use the known value of Avogadro's number. You should, however, not take the
actual numbers you obtain for various atomic sizes too literally. Because of the
crudeness of the tight packing approximation, the results only indicate that
atomic sizes are in the range of a few  A1. .

Ans: Determine the atomic sizes in the range of a few Radius  A1. .

Substance Radius (  A1. )

Carbon (diamond) 1.29

Gold 1.59

Nitrogen (liquid) 1.77

Lithium 1.73

Fluorine (liquid) 1.88

Atomic mass of a substance  M

Density of the substance  

Avogadro's number  N  6.023 102

4
Volume of each atom   r 3
3

4
Volume of N number of molecules   r 3 N  (i )
3

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 44

 M
volume of one mole of a substance  (ii )


4
  r3
3

M
N


3.M
r  3
4 N

For carbon:

M  12.01103 kg

  2.22 103 kg m3

1
 3 12.1104 3
r   2 
 1.29 A
 4  2.22 10  6.023 10 
9

As a result, a carbon atom's radius is 1.29 A.

For the sake of gold:

M  197.00 101 kg

  19.32 103 kg m 3

1
 3 197 101 3
r   2 
 1.59 A
 4  19.32  10 3
 6.023  10 

As a result, a gold atom's radius is 1.59.

In the case of liquid nitrogen:

M  14.01101 kg

  1.00 103 kg m1

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 45

 1
 3 14.01101 3
r   21 
 {1.77^^ }A
 4 1.00 10  6.23 10 
3

As a result, a liquid nitrogen atom's radius is 1.77 A .

In the case of lithium:

M  6.94 101 kg

p  0.53 10i kgm 3

1
 3  6.94 103 3
r   41 
 1.73 A
 4  0.53  101
 6.23  10 

As a result, the radius of a lithium atom is – 1.73 A For liquid fluorine, the radius of
a lithium atom is :

M  19.00 103 kg

  1.14 103 kg

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 46