8/28/2019

Schedule
• Mon 8/26: Phasors
• Wed 8/28: Complex power
ECE330: Power Circuits & Electromechanics • Fri 8/30: Power factor correction
Lecture 2. Complex Power • Mon 9/2: Labor day (no class)
• Wed 9/4: Three-phase power
• Fri 9/6: Review + Quiz 1

Announcements
Prof. Richard Y. Zhang
• iClicker REEF
Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• Piazza
ryz@illinois.edu
1 2

1 2

Last lecture. Phasors Last lecture. Phasors

Im y(t)
Phasor (peak) Imaginary axis
y(t)
V
Phasor (rms) Real axis
θ(t) x(t) Re t

Sine vs Cosine: Always assume cosine-based

x(t) Phase Angular Peak vs RMS: Always assume RMS
velocity
Amplitude must always be positive
Power engineer’s convention.
t 3 Make sure you memorize this slide 4

3 4

Today Review: Complex numbers

Rectangular
Im
• Review: Product of complex numbers y
• Product of sinusoidal waves V V
• Complex power and the power triangle y
• Exercises θ Re Polar θ
x x

6
5

5 6

1
 8/28/2019

Aside: Euler’s Identity Review: Complex Conjugates

Theorem (Euler). Im
y
Proof.
V Star denotes “conjugate”
θ Re
x
-θ

-y

Reflection across the real line

8
7

7 8

Review: Complex multiplication Today

Rectangular: Complicated & error-prone
• Review: Product of complex numbers
• Product of sinusoidal waves
• Complex power and the power triangle
• Exercises

Polar: Intuitive & hard to get wrong

9 10

9 10

Product of Sinusoids Product of Sinusoids

High school trig (remember this?)

sum of diff of
frequencies frequencies

sum of diff of
angles angles
sum of diff of
Now consider cosine waves frequencies frequencies

sum of diff of sum of diff of

frequencies frequencies Look for frequencies frequencies
Coincidence? 11 counterexamples 12

11 12

2
 8/28/2019

Product of Sinusoids: Same Frequency Powering a lightbulb

Again, consider cosine waves v(t) = cos(ωt)

R=1
Set both frequencies ω1 = ω2 = ω
+1W +1W
+1V +1W +1V +1W
double DC
frequency ½ ½
Let’s see a real-world example 0 0 0 0 0

13
-1V -1V 14

13 14

Powering a lightbulb Powering a lightbulb

Instantaneous power Instantaneous power
v(t) = cos(ωt) v(t) = cos(ωt)

R=1 Average power R=1 Average power

average power = useful work

½ ½
0

15 Only DC component does useful work 16

15 16

Why RMS? [V] Why RMS? Exact analog to DC.

[V] [V]
v(t) = cos(ωt) [V] [A]
[A]
[W] 1 [Ω]
R = 1 [Ω]
[W]
[A]
[W]
[W] Vdc = 1 [V]
[V] [A]
1 Vpk → 1 Ω → 1 Apk → ½ W ?? 1 [Ω] [W]
Factor of ½ is confusing.
It’s also different for square waves, triangle
1 Vrms → 1 Ω → 1 Arms → 1 W
waves, sawtooth waves 17 Idc = 1 [A] Same formula for all waves 18

17 18

3
 8/28/2019

Today Phasors and Waves

Phasors Waves
• Review: Product of complex numbers [V] Equivalence [V]
• Product of sinusoidal waves [A] [A]
• Complex power and the power triangle product product

• Exercises Instantaneous Power

???
Product is a [W]
average
complex number
Average Power
Cannot have
[W]
unit of Watt
19 20

19 20

General Expression for Average Power Phasors and Waves: Complete Picture
Phasors Waves
[V] Equivalence [V]
[A] [A]
product product

Complex Power [VA] Instantaneous Power [W]

AC

• Sum & difference DC

• Factor of 2
real part average

Real Power [W] Equal

Average Power [W]

21 22

21 22

Phasors and Waves: Complete Picture Comparing AC to DC

Phasors Waves
[V] Equivalence [V]
[A]
AC Average Power
[A]
product product

Complex Power [VA] Instantaneous Power [W]

Vdc DC Power
real part average

Real Power [W] Equal

Average Power [W]
DC formula is a special case of
Intuitive & hard Complicated & the AC formula
Error-prone Idc
23
to get wrong 24

23 24

4
 8/28/2019

Power engineer’s convention.

Power Triangle Make sure you memorize this slide Today

Complex Power [VA] • Review: Product of complex numbers

Reactive Power [VAR] Imag • Product of sinusoidal waves
• Complex power and the power triangle
Apparent Power [VA] • Exercises

Power Factor [Dimensionless] Real

Lagging Real Power [W]

Leading 25 26

25 26

Exercise 1 Exercise 1

What is the REAL power? What is the REAL power?

Q
50
45o
Hint: Phasors are Hint: Phasors are
always in RMS always in RMS P
27 28

27 28

Exercise 2 Exercise 2

What is the REACTIVE power? What is the REACTIVE power?

Q
50
45o
No imaginary watts!
P
29 30
Watch your units

29 30

5
 8/28/2019

Exercise 3 Exercise 3

What is the COMPLEX power? What is the COMPLEX power?

Q
70
30o P
Hint: Hint:

31
32

31 32

Schedule
• Mon 8/26: Phasors
• Wed 8/28: Complex power
• Fri 8/30: Power factor correction
• Mon 9/2: Labor day (no class)
• Wed 9/4: Three-phase power
• Fri 9/6: Review + Quiz 1

33

33