Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns

Introduction

When we think of operational goals in business, increased revenue and profits quickly
comes to mind. Employee job satisfaction and good public relations are worthwhile
causes for board members to consider. In the Internet age, having a social media
presence to promote a company’s image or goods is deemed a must. True, all of these
items are legitimate achievements to strive for in any business.
However, there is another factor that is just as relevant for businesses to address and
one that the public is ever increasing becoming concerned about, and that is the
environment.
How often have we seen the headlines of a developer who intends to build a business
park or residential tract on land that has had a previous history of soil contamination?
Business operations can have a direct impact upon the environment in the form of
pollution or in how office equipment is disposed of. Air and ground water can be
vulnerable to legitimate business practices. Moreover, the public, through social media,
can become aware of environmental harms resulting from business operations and
thereafter mount aggressive online campaigns that can impair a company’s image and
relations with the greater community. Increasingly, consumers are choosing to work
exclusively with companies that are aligned with positive environmental missions
(Leonard, 2019).
In this week’s lecture, we will explore how environmental issues and business
operations are corollary factors that must work hand-in-hand. In essence, caring for the
environment has now become part of the modern day corporate culture mindset.

Federal Environmental Regulations

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Theodore Roosevelt (the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909) is often
considered the "conservationist president", and he wrote the following (National Park
North Dakota, 2019):
We have become great because of the lavish use of our resources. But the time has come to
inquire seriously what will happen when our forests are gone, when the coal, the iron, the
oil, and the gas are exhausted, when the soils have still further impoverished and washed
into the streams, polluting the rivers, denuding the fields and obstructing navigation.
Conservation and environmentalism has a rich history in America. The photography of
Ansel Adams captivated the world and as his images captured extraordinary
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 2

picturesque views of Yosemite and other national parks. Through his photographs, he
has touched countless people with a sense of that mystique and a realization of the
importance of preserving the last remaining wilderness lands (Turnage, 2019).
The rise of the modern environmental movement in America can be traced to several
widely publicized events in the 1960s that includes concern over hydrogen bomb
testing on Bikini Atoll, oil spills off of the coast of California, and the use of insecticides
and other chemicals (Gordon, 2012). Probably no other event shed light on the extent of
environmental pollution than when Lake Erie caught fire. The idea of a waterway being
so polluted that it combusts inspired the Randy Newman song “Burn On” and Lake
Erie became so symbolic of environmental destruction that Dr. Seuss mentioned it by
name in his environmental awareness book The Lorax (Gordon, 2012).
At this time, environmental regulation was the province of state law and for the most
part, businesses were freely dumping toxins into waterways and in the air. In fact, only
about a third of U.S. fresh water was safe to drink from and watersheds across the
nation contained dangerous quantities of unsafe pathogens and hazardous chemicals
(Downey, 2017).
Thus, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 in response
to poor air and water quality. The EPA is the managing body for corporate compliance
with the environmental laws and regulations set forth by Congress, and depending on
the industry, businesses may find themselves with a variety of rules and regulations
with which they must comply (Leonard, 2019).
Shortly after its enactment, the EPA proved itself to be a serious advocate for the
environment as in 1972, both the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act were passed into
law. It was through theses legislative acts that the EPA could not stop the dumping of
pollutants and fine industry for such activities. The net result was that the percentage of
drinkable fresh water in the United States rose from about 30 percent to well over 60
percent and six major air pollutants in our atmosphere dropped by over 69
percent between 1972 and 2014 (Downey, 2017).
Each of these Acts will be discussed in greater detail below.
Now that we have analyzed how the EPA came into existence and before we discuss the
Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act, let us take a quick break and review the material
with an ungraded knowledge check.
Check Your Knowledge
True or False: The EPA was created in 1970 in response to poor air and water quality.

Answer: True. Businesses were freely dumping toxins into waterways and in the air.
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 3

Fill-In the Gap: the managing body for corporate compliance with
the environmental laws and regulations set forth by Congress.

A) Congress
B) The Department of Education
C) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
D) None of the above

Answer: ‘C’. The EPA’s mission is to ensure industrial compliance with emission
standards set for pollutants put into the water and air.

True or False: Because of the pollutants it held, Lake Erie caught on fire.

Answer: True. Lake Erie did catch on fire because of the many pollutants in its water
and the incident inspired environmental activism.

The Clean Water Act of 1972

For the past several decades, the federal government has been committed to ensuring
the healthiness of the nation's waters from pollutants and other factors that could cause
contamination. To the Clean Water Act’s credit, it also set wastewater standards for
industry and quality criteria recommendations for surface waters.
The Clean Water Act made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source
(point sources are discrete conveyances such as pipes or man-made ditches) into
navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained through the EPA's National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program (EPA, 2019).
By many measures, the Clean Water Act has fulfilled the ambition of its drafters. The
sewage discharges that were commonplace in the 1960s are rare, the number of waters
meeting quality goals has roughly doubled, and great progress has been made in
controlling industrial pipes that discharge waste (Salzman, 2012).
As we assess the Clean Water Act, take a look at this 6:31 minute video on The Clean
Water Act: A Brief Introduction and History by Boat of Knowledge Ohio University.
While watching the video, keep in mind the following points:

The Clean Water Act: A Brief Introduction and History

 Compare and contrast point source and non-point source pollution

 Reflect on how the Environmental Protection Agency came into existence
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 4

 Assess how the Clean Water Act lead to the enact of the Safe Drinking Water Act
This video identifies the difference between point source and non-point source
pollution. The first is a term referring to pollution that is coming from a localized and
stationary source like an outlet pipe from a factory. Non-point source pollution comes
from a widely distributed location like an agricultural field. It also explains how the
EPA became enacted into law in 1970 by President Richard Nixon after a series of well-
publicized environmental disasters including the Cuyahoga River fire. Once the EPA
became its own agency, it was empowered to create new rules regarding water
pollution and industrial emission standards into waterways. In an effort to create health
standards in water for human consumption, the Safe Drinking Water Act was enacted.
Like many other federal environmental regulations, the Clean Water Act retained large
roles for state level implementation, and the effectiveness of that implementation most
likely varied across states (Keiser & Shapiro, 2017). As such, there has been legitimate
critique as to the effectiveness of state monitoring of water quality.
Other major sources remain largely unregulated as in the example of where the Clean
Water Act largely exempted runoff from agricultural fields and irrigation ditches such
that pesticides, manure, and other pollutants have flowed into streams, rivers, and
eventually lakes and bays (Salzman, 2012).
Using our Utilitarian approach of cost-benefit analysis, there is further debate as to
whether the costs side of regulation is outweighing its benefits. In fact, existing cost-
benefit analyses of the Clean Water Act have not estimated positive benefit/cost ratios
as studies have revealed the Clean Water Act’s annual costs are twice the Act’s benefits
(Keiser & Shapiro, 2017).
This of course begs the question as to whether businesses are truly complying with
Clean Act standards or are statistical numbers on water quality being manipulated.
Now that we have covered the Clean Water Act, let us take a quick break and review
the material with an ungraded knowledge check.
Check Your Knowledge
True or False: The Clean Water Act sets the wastewater standards for industry.

Answer: True. The Clean Water Act has a permit system that sets the criteria for
industry emissions into waterways.
True or False: The states have enacted uniformed laws that regulate disposal of waste
into water ways.

Answer: False. The effectiveness of state laws implemented to prevent water pollution
from industry varies form state-to-state.
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 5

Fill-In the Gap: The Clean Water Act has largely exempted runoff from
and irrigation ditches.
A) Freeways
B) Schools
C) Agricultural fields
D) None of the above

Answer: ‘C’. Runoff from agricultural fields is not being regulated and this is a criticism
of the EPA.

The Clean Air Act of 1972

The Clean Air Act’s goal is to control and monitor air quality and air pollution rates on
a national level in coordination with state and local governments.
In the EPA’s Guide to the Clean Air Act (2007), the agency states:
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA sets limits on certain air pollutants, including
setting limits on how much can be in the air anywhere in the United States. This
helps to ensure basic health and environmental protection from air pollution for
all Americans. The Clean Air Act also gives EPA the authority to limit emissions
of air pollutants coming from sources like chemical plants, utilities, and steel
mills. Individual states or tribes may have stronger air pollution laws, but they
may not have weaker pollution limits than those set by EPA.
Toxic air pollutants, or air toxins, are known to cause or are suspected of causing
cancer, birth defects, reproduction problems, and other serious illnesses and even death
(EPA, 2007).
As the chart below shows, pollutants are emitted by a variety of sources.

 stationary fuel combustion sources (such as electric utilities and industrial

boilers),
 industrial and other processes (such as metal smelters, petroleum refineries,
cement kilns and dry cleaners),
 highway vehicles, and
 non-road mobile sources (such as recreational and construction equipment,
marine vessels, aircraft and locomotives).
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 6

Source: US EPA National Emissions Inventory 2014 ver. 2

As we discuss the Clean Air Act, take a look at this 3:52 minute video on Air Pollution
101by National Geographic. While watching the video, keep in mind the following
points:

Air Pollution 101

 Compare and contrast the different types of human-made air pollution

 Reflect on how climate change creates higher weather temperatures
 Assess how smog can be divided into two categories
This video provides an overview of the types of pollutants found in the air as a result of
human activity such as industrialization from factories and transportation from cars,
trucks and buses. Air pollution from human activity creates an emission of carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane are commonly referred to as Greenhouse Gasses,
which trap heat from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, thus raising global
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 7

temperatures. This leads to higher weather temperatures and the creation of smog. In
turn, smog comes in two forms, sulfurous (comes from fossil fuels) and photochemical
(comes from coal and factory emissions).
Over the years, the Clean Air Act has been credited by its supporters with reducing
emissions of toxic lead, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, and raising consciousness
among ordinary Americans about the importance of pollution control (Power, 2010).
Yet along with such praises, the EPA and the Clean Air Act have come under fire for
being too restrictive on companies to the point that business are losing profits and
workers are losing their jobs. The basic premise to criticism is that EPA regulations are
hindering the economy.
Another critique is that the Clean Air Act is failing in its mission as certain pollutants
are not regulated. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency has virtually no
authority to combat pollution from one state that drifts into another—even though
studies show that air quality in a given area can be affected by pollutants from a
different region, nation or continent (Power, 2010).
Another complaint has a Utilitarian element in terms of Cost-Benefit Analysis similar to
what we read when evaluating the Clean Water Act. The argument is as follows:
Some critics argue that an old complaint about the law—The Environmental
Protection Agency is required by law to consider costs when developing certain
kinds of pollution standards, such as emission standards for industrial facilities,
but is not allowed to consider costs in determining national ambient air quality
standards—is all the more urgent when facing a problem as broad as global
warming (Power, 2010).

Now that we have covered the Clean Air Act, let us take a quick break and review the
material with an ungraded knowledge check.
Check Your Knowledge
True or False: The Clean Air Act controls and monitors air quality and air pollution
rates on a national level.

Answer: True. Under the Clean Air Act, EPA sets limits on certain air pollutants,
including setting limits on how much can be in the air anywhere in the United States.

True or False: Businesses have never complained about EPA regulations under the
Clean Air Act as such rules are seen as a benefit to society.
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 8

Answer: False. Industry and various types of businesses have fought against EPA
regulations under the Clean Air Act under a variety of arguments including that EPA
regulations are more weighted on the cost side rather than on the benefits side.

Multiple-Choice: Toxic air pollutants, or air toxics, are known to cause or are suspected
of causing which of the following?
A) cancer
B) birth defects
C) reproduction problems
D) all of the above

Answer: ‘D’. Toxic air pollutants, or air toxics, are known to cause or are suspected of
causing cancer, birth defects, reproduction problems, and other serious illnesses and
even death (EPA, 2007).

EPA Ethics?

As such, is there a downside to recognize when we evaluate the EPA and the various
Acts that came about that were intended to make our environment cleaner and
healthier?

In a recent government report, it became public notice that the Environmental

Protection Agency failed to follow its own ethics procedures to ensure members of its
scientific advisory committees do not have conflicts of interest (Buble, 2019). This, in
turn, raises the question as to the credibility of EPA decision-making. Are agency
decisions the product of bias and favoritism? As Rep. Lizzie Fletcher, D-Texas, who
chairs a House Committee’s panel on the environment noted, the “EPA’s inconsistent
compliance with its own ethics policy related to advisory committee members raises
doubts about the agency’s actions” (Buble, 2019).

For example, Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide linked to acute poisonings that can cause
neurodevelopmental harms in children (especially prenatal) including lower birth
weight, reduced IQ, loss of working memory, attention disorders, delayed motor
development, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, and, in extreme cases, death
(EarthJustice, 2019).
In June of 2017, before the EPA’s tentative decision to ban Chlorpyrifos, the EPA
Administrator met with Dow CEO, Andrew Liveris, on March 9, 2017 and twenty days
later, the EPA announced its decision to deny a petition to ban Dow’s chlorpyrifos
pesticide from being sprayed on food (Beyond Pesticides, 2019). With this ruling,
Chlorpyrifos is permitted to be sold by US chemical companies to the agricultural
industry.
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 9

As we Critique the EPA and its decision-making, take a look at this 4:14 minute video
on Trump Admin Won’t Allow Cancer Warning Labels On Roundup Products by The
Ring of Fire. While watching the video, keep in mind the following points:

Trump Admin Won’t Allow Cancer Warning Labels On Roundup Products

 Reflect on the value of putting cancer warning labels on products

 Critique whether Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, which has been
found to cause a wide array of cancers, should be banned
 Assess whether the EPA is meeting its mission
This video provides an explanation of how cancer warnings are used to inform the
public about harmful chemicals in the products that they purchase. In this manner,
people can make an informed decision as to whether they wish to risk exposure to
harmful chemicals. Glyphosate is an example of such a chemical as it has been linked to
cancer. The EPA is the lead federal agency with the mission to regulate the use of
harmful chemicals. Yet, if it allows companies to bypass the labeling of their products
which contain harmful chemicals which will be released in the air, the argument can be
made that the EPS is failing in its mission.
Our ethical analysis of EPA action is not just centered on the agency. We must likewise
examine the ethics of the business community in relation to EPA compliance.
Now that we have analyzed the issue of EPA ethics, let us take a quick break and
review the material with an ungraded knowledge check.
Check Your Knowledge
True or False: EPA practices have never demonstrated any type of conflict of interest
concerns.

Answer: False. In a recent government report, it became public notice that the
Environmental Protection Agency failed to follow its own ethics procedures to ensure
members of its scientific advisory committees do not have conflicts of interest.
True or False: Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, which has been found to
cause a wide array of cancers.
Answer: True. Glyphosate is a chemical used in pesticides and it is known to cause
cancer.
Fill-In the Gap: is a pesticide linked to acute poisonings that can cause
neurodevelopmental harms in children.
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 10

A) Chlorpyrifos
B) Iodine
C) Caffeine
D) None of the above

Answer: ‘A’. Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide linked to acute poisonings that can cause
neurodevelopmental harms in children and, in extreme cases, death (EarthJustice, 2019).

Business Ethics?

Shareholder value versus the public health/environment, can the two be on the same
page of business prosperity? If you are a shareholder in a company that emits a
significant amount of pollutants, should a cleaner way of doing business be on a high
priority on the company’s agenda? Will shareholders mind if companies pursue cleaner
methodologies if it means a very minimal return on their investment? How will
workers respond if their job is eliminated in response to compliance with EPA
regulations?

As such, can a good faith Utilitarian approach to a Cost-Benefit Analysis on company

practices that impact the environment ever achieve a good result that appeases
everyone?

Is it therefore in the greater interest of maintaining a stable economy and job security
for thousands of businesses to fight against EPA regulations?

In an online article by the United States Chamber of Commerce entitled, “How EPA is
Smothering 5 Small Businesses,” author, J. D. Harrison (2016) shares the following two
stories that reflect the impact of EPA regulations on business and employment:

Last year, Ameren announced plans to close the Meramec site, the smallest of the
company’s remaining coal-powered plants, by 2022. While the company has cited a
number of factors that played into the decision, executives acknowledged that the
Environmental Protection Agency’s new, stricter carbon emission limits for power
plants -- which had been proposed one month before Ameren’s announcement -- made it
“clearer” the facility would have to close. In fact, the site may be shuttered even sooner
depending on how the rules are implemented.

In another story, Harrison shares the experience of a cattle rancher who is challenged by
EPA water regulations:
Under the rule… the agency can claim jurisdiction over any “waters” that are deemed to
be adjacent to streams, wetlands and creeks, essentially stripping away broad regulatory
power from states and local jurisdictions. In the process, the EPA has opened landowners
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 11

and ranchers up to a host of new permitting requirements, as well as potentially

devastating fines and lawsuits.
If businesses are therefore fighting for their survival, does this force their hand to fight
back against EPA rule-making? If so, the United States Chamber of Commerce has been
an advocate for businesses to challenge EPA action under the Clean Air Act and Clean
Water Act as well as other environmental regulations believed to impair the growth of
business. This is a role that the Chamber prides its self on as seen in its many public
statements:
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce (the Chamber), the world’s largest business
federation representing the interests of more than 3 million businesses of all
sizes, sectors, and regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry
associations, and dedicated to promoting, protecting, and defending America’s
free enterprise system, strongly supports the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s (EPA’s or Agency’s) efforts to improve policy and processes (Bradly,
2018).
In this regard, the Chamber is not opposed to all regulation but in the manner within
which the EPA handles its review process.
The delays and limited transparency in the review process are further indicative
of EPA’s overly-conservative approach to hazard and exposure assessments…
Congress only intended that EPA find that a substance is “not likely to present”
unreasonable risk, rather than the “does not present” an unreasonable risk
finding…This lower bar should allow for an efficient review process, rather than
a protracted one.
However, the Chamber has been criticized as being a representative of special interests
that are major polluters. In an article by DeSmogBlog (2019), the following was noted:
“The U.S. Chamber of Commerce claims to have millions of members and
represent both large and small businesses, but its membership list isn’t public
and as a trade association, the group has no legal obligation to disclose its donor
[sic]. With this lack of transparency, we have very little information about who
supports the Chamber’s anti-science position on climate change and who funds
its efforts to block policies that would address it. As a result, the Chamber can
use its vast resources to influence public policy without any accountability for
those behind it.

Are the Chamber’s members in agreement with this climate policy and simply
using the group to do their bidding without company affiliation (and potential
reputational damage)? Or is the Chamber’s climate agenda controlled by a
handful of powerful companies while the majority of members disagree?
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 12

Without greater transparency around the political activities of companies and

trade associations, we don’t know.”

Now that we have analyzed the issue of business ethics, let us take a quick break and
review the material with an ungraded knowledge check.
Check Your Knowledge
True or False: The U.S. Chamber of Commerce holds the position that EPA has an
overly-conservative approach to hazard and exposure assessments.

Answer: True. In a letter to the EPA, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce emphasized that
Congress only intended that EPA find that a substance is “not likely to present”
unreasonable risk, rather than the “does not present” an unreasonable risk finding.

True or False: The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has been criticized as being a
representative of special interests that are major polluters

Answer: True. The Chamber has been criticized on the grounds that it can use its vast
resources to influence public policy without any accountability for those behind it.

Fill-In the Gap: The U.S. Chamber of Commerce (the Chamber), the world’s largest
business federation representing the interests of more than businesses.

A) 900,000
B) 1 million
C) 3 million
D) none of the above

Answer is ‘C’. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce represents over 3 million businesses
from sole proprietorships to large corporations.

What Should the Entrepreneur Do: Comply or Not Comply?

When we evaluated the value of planning and selecting the business entity structure
that is right for the venture, we touched upon compliance with government regulations
as a type of transactional activity that will be engaged in.

In a Utilitarian perspective, a Cost-Benefit Analysis would be a wise exercise to

determine if the business venture had the ability to satisfy those expected requirements
that would be imposed by government such as those rules pertaining to environmental
regulation. Would there be enough investment capital to purchase the requisite
equipment that would create low emissions? Are there smart ways to handle and/or
recycle produced industrial waste that are cost effective?
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 13

Production, by its very nature, creates some level of unwanted waste material. Its
disposal will cause an effect somewhere in the environment. About two-thirds of
landfill waste contains biodegradable organic matter from households, business and
industry, and as this material decomposes, it releases methane gas that contributes to
global warming (Newton, 2019).

As rain falls on landfill sites, organic and inorganic constituents dissolve, forming
highly toxic chemicals leaching into groundwater while the mixture of toxic
substances and decaying organic material can impact the soil quality of the areas
surrounding a landfill site (Newton, 2019).

No one would suggest that such results were an intended plan by entrepreneurs. Yet,
business social responsibility demands that efforts be made to comply with existing
government regulations and leave a negative ecological footprint.

As we discuss the waste from business and business social responsibility, take a look at
this 1:51 minute video on The Problem With E-Waste by Global Citizen. While watching
the video, keep in mind the following points:

The Problem With E-Waste

 Reflect upon the type of products that constitute e-waste

 Assess the recycling value of e-waste
 Evaluate the health risks in recycling e-waste
This video provides an overview of how our electronic devices are disposed of to create
e-waste and how e-waste is a fast growing source of toxic waste. The source of e-waste
includes discarded computers, cell phones and any type of electronic equipment. If
recycled, e-waste could produce 67 billion dollars in precious metals. Unfortunately,
those workers who are doing the recycling work are exposed to toxic chemicals like
lead and mercury.
Now that we have covered e-waste, let us take a quick break and review the material
with an ungraded knowledge check.
Check Your Knowledge
True or False: Using rechargeable devices helps to limit e-waste produced.

Answer: True. Using rechargeable batteries helps to eliminate the number of batteries
that would end up in a landfill.
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 14

True or False: Acid rain can change the composition of waste in a landfill.

Answer: True. As rain falls on landfill sites, organic and inorganic constituents
dissolve, forming highly toxic chemicals
Fill-In the Gap: Industrial production creates some level of .
A) unwanted waste material
B) employment problems
C) noise
D) none of the above

Answer: ‘C’. Industrial production will always create some degree of waste by-product.

Weekly Recap

In this Module, we reviewed how the Environmental Protection Agency came into
existence and along with it, a host of regulations were enacted, the most prominent
being the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. Although both enactments have been
credited with improving environmental health and quality, companies have
complained that the EPA has been too restrictive on businesses such that a negative
impact to the country’s economy and job stability has been created. At the same time,
the EPA has come under fire for being too lenient with industry for allowing major
polluters to continue in operation and for failing to eliminate hazardous chemicals
because of internal conflicts of interests.
For the entrepreneur, recognition of those applicable federal and state environmental
regulations need to be analyzed for how they will be addressed once the business
venture is in operation. Inevitably, even with compliance on refuse disposal, business
activities will produce some level of waste and/or pollution.
Congratulations on completing Week 5’s lecture. See you next week with Lecture 6.

References

Beyond Pesticides.Org. (2019). Did Dow Chemical Influence the EPA Administrator’s
Decision to Reverse Chlorpyrifos Ban? Retrieved from
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2017/06/dow-chemical-influence-epa-
administrators-decision-reverse-chlorpyrifos-ban/
BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 15

Boat of Knowledge Ohio University. (2017, Jan 18). The Clean Water Act: A Brief
Introduction and History. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=jsHsra_Nt7o
Bradley, N. (January 19, 2018). New Chemicals Review Program under the Amended Toxic
Substances Control Act; Notice of Public Meeting and Opportunity for Public Comment, 82
Fed. Reg. 51,415 (November 6, 2017); Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2017-0585. Retrieved from
https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/1.19.18-
_comments_to_epa_on_new_chemicals_review_program_under_the_amended_toxic_s
ubstances_control_act_tsca.pdf
Buble, C. (2019, July 18). EPA Failed to Ensure Outside Advisors Don’t Have Conflicts
of Interest. Government Executive. Retrieved from
https://www.govexec.com/management/2019/07/epa-failed-ensure-outside-
advisers-dont-have-conflicts-interest/158540/

DeSmogBlog. (2019). US Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved by

https://www.desmogblog.com/us-chamber-commerce#s5
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EarthJustice. (2019). What you need to know about Chlorpyrifos. Retrieved from
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Gordon, E. (June 2012). History of the Modern Environmental Movement in America.
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Keiser, David A. and Shapiro, J. (2017). "Consequences of the Clean Water Act and the
Demand for Water Quality." Retrieved from
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BUSS213 Lecture 5 - Environmental Concerns 16

National Park North Dakota. (2019). Theodore Roosevelt and Conservation. Retrieved
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Salzman, J. (2012, Dec 10). Why Rivers No Longer Burn: The Clean Water Act is one of
the great successes in Environmental Law. Retrieved from
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success-in-environmental-law-made-rivers-stop-burning.html
The Ring of Fire. (2019, August 12). Trump Admin Won’t Allow Cancer Warning Labels
On Roundup Products. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
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