Parts of Speech (Winning English Grammar & Composition)

Wining English Grammar & Composition by Mureed Hussain Jasra 0316 5701593
Winning English Grammar & Composition

for CSS, PMS & Other Exams
By
Mureed Hussain Jasra, CSP
CSPs Publisher, Islamabad

0316 5701593
CSPs Academy for CSS, PMS & Other Competitive Exams 0316 5701593
PART-A
GRAMMAR: BASIC TIPS, RULES FOR USAGE AND PRACTICE EXERCISES
Parts of Speech
English words are categorized into Eight (8) basic types called parts of speech or word
classes on the basis of their functions. It is quite important to recognize parts of speech
analyze sentences and understand sentence structure. It also helps you to construct good
sentences. They are
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
Nouns, Articles and Apostrophes
Nouns: Definition and Types
A noun is a name of any person, animal, place, tangible thing, intangible feeling etc. In
other words, any name given to anybody or anything is a noun.
Types:
Nouns can be classified into the following types;
1) Proper Noun: A proper name that is specifically used for a person, place, etc. It is
unique in its meaning and cannot be used commonly by others.
E.g. Pakistan, Rivers, Ali, Himalayas etc.
It has always been used as a singular and with a capital letter in any place of a
sentence; however, a few proper nouns start with a small letter few like name of
fruits, vegetables, colors, seasons and directions.
E.g. Ahmad likes apples and mangoes.
2) Common Noun: A common noun can be commonly used for similar kind of
people or things or beings. It has singular as well plural forms.
E.g. girls, boys, tables, chairs, people, students etc.
Common nouns are used as a singular as well as a plural noun. They are not
capitalized unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. They are further
divided into sub types as;
A. Singular Noun: These are words that are used to name a single person, place,
animal, bird or object.However, they are further used as a countable or an
uncountable noun;
Countable Nouns are those nouns that can be counted or measured and if it is a singular
it always requires article a/an before it.
Examples:
• Tamour brought ten packets of lays for the trip. (specific number – ten)
• Mom asked me to buy a dozen eggs. (specific – dozen means twelve)
• I saw an aeroplane around seven in the morning. (specific – an means one)
Uncountable Nouns are those nouns that cannot be counted. This category of nouns
includes both concrete and abstract nouns.
Examples:
I have a lot of homework to do. (Not specific)
I have a cup of tea. (Cannot count)
B. Plural Nouns: Plural nouns refer to a number of people, places, animals or

things. Nouns are made plural by adding an ‘s’ or ‘es’ or ‘ies’ or ‘ves’ to the
existing root word or with some other way. Some nouns remain the same in
both their singular and plural forms, and some others have totally different
spelling.
Examples:
• I need some apples.
• Did you find the boxes you were looking for?
• I bought mangoes from the market.
• We took photos of some deer on our way.
How Plurals are Formed
(i) The Plural of nouns is generally formed by adding -s to the singular as boy, boys etc.
(ii) But Nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch (soft), or -x form the plural by adding -es to the
singular as class, classes; kiss, kisses etc.
(iii) Most Nouns ending in -o also form the plural by adding -es to the
singular as buffalo, buffaloes; mango, mangoes etc.
(iv) A few nouns ending in -o merely add -s; as dynamo, dynamos; solo,
solos; ratio, ratios etc.
(v) Nouns ending in -y, preceded by a consonant, form their plural by changing -y
into -i and adding -es; as, baby, babies; lady, ladies; city, cities etc.
(vi) The following nouns ending in -f or -fe form their plural by changing -for -fe into v
and adding -es ; as, thief, thieves; wife, wives; wolf, wolves; life, lives etc. But, the
nouns dwarf, hoof, scarf and wharf take either -s or -ves in the plural.
(vii) A few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel of the singlar; as, man,
men; woman, women; foot, feet; tooth, teeth etc.
(viii) There are a few nouns that form their plural by adding -en to the singular; as, ox,
oxen; child, children.
(ix) Some nouns have the singular and the plural alike; as,
Swine, sheep, deer; cod, trout, salmon; aircraft, spacecraft, series, species. Pair, dozen,
score, gross, hundred, thousand (when used after numerals),
(x) Some nouns are used only in the plural.;
(1) Names of instruments which have two parts forming a kind of pair; as, Bellows,
scissors, tongs, pincers, spectacles.
(2) Names of certain articles of dress; as,

Trousers, drawers, breeches, jeans, tights, shorts, pyjamas.
(3) Certain other nouns; as,
Annals, thanks, proceeds (of a sale), tidings, environs, nuptials, obsequies, assets, chatels.
(xi) Some nouns originally singular are now generally used in the
plural; as, Alms, riches, eaves.
Riches do many things.
(xii) The following nouns look plural but are in fact singular:
(1) Names of subjects mathematics, physics, electronics, etc.
(2) The word news
(3) Names of some common diseases measles,

mumps, rickets
(4) Names of some games billiards, draughts

For example;
• Mathematics is his favourite study.
• No news is good news.
• India won by an innings and three runs.
• Measles is infectious.
• Billiards is my favourite game.
(xiii) Certain Collective Nouns, though singular in form, are always used as plurals; as,
Poultry, cattle, vermin, people, gentry. They do not have their plural forms.
• These poultry are mine.
• Whose are these cattle?
• Vermin destroy our property and carry disease.
• Who are those people (= persons)?
• There are few gentry in this town.
(xiv) Letters, figures and other symbols are made plural by adding an apostrophe and
s; as,
• Ali has achieved five A’s in this semester.
• There are more e's than a's in this page.
• Dot your i's and cross your t's.
• Add two 5's and four 2's.
Note:- As a Common Noun 'people' means a 'nation' and is used in both singular and
plural; as,
3) Collective Noun: A collective noun is a name that is given to a group of nouns.

Any noun that refers to a whole or a herd is called a collective noun. Most of
collective nouns are used as a plural noun like police, people etc., but some like
family, team, committee, jury etc. can be used as a singular as well as a plural
noun.
Some ccollective nouns usually take a singular verb, because they are singular in
construction, but they sometimes take a plural verb. Use a singular verb when the
members of the group are acting together as a unit like;
• The family is driving across the country this summer.

• The couple eats out once a month.
• The herd usually stays together.
• The jury has reached a decision.
• A litter of kittens was born in the shelter.
Use a plural verb when the members of the group are acting as individuals like;
• The family are each doing a different chore.

• The couple are taking separate cars to work today.
• The jury were allowed to go home to their families each day.
• A litter of kittens have been running around the shelter making messes.
The plural verbs in the second set of examples may sound odd to some native speakers.
In cases such as those, when you are unsure of whether to use a singular or plural verb,
you can add "members of" before the collective noun, and then use a plural verb because
"members" is plural.
• The members of the family are each doing a separate chore.

• The members of the jury were allowed to go home to their families each day.
Note: There are some nouns which can be used as common as well as collective nouns
like team, family, army etc. They are used as a common noun when different collective
nouns of the same type are being referred and used as a collective noun while the
same collective noun and its members/units are being referred.
4) Abstract Noun: Abstract nouns are names given to feelings, emotions, or stages
of life. In short, an abstract noun may refer to anything which is intangible and
cannot be seen but felt only.
E.g. love trust, knowledge, development, beauty, childhood, old age, youth etc.
5) Material Nouns: A material noun is a name given to any entity or product that
can be quantitatively measured.
Eg. milk, water, gold, silver, oxygen, nitrogen, stones, bricks, gems etc.
There are many errors associated with nouns and the most common errors that we come
across while solving grammar questions in any competitive tests are based on the
following rules.
Rules for Usage

Rule 1
Category: 1
▪ Some nouns always remain singular. The verb and pronoun associated
with these nouns are also always singular.
▪ We do not use these nouns in the plural form, that is we don’t add ‘s’ with
these words and we don’t use plural verbs or plural pronouns with them.
EXAMPLES: Hair, information, machinery, aircraft, furniture, sheep, fish, bread,

advice, money
Category 2
▪ Some nouns are always in the plural form
▪ We attach an ‘s’ at the end of these words even if the quantity of them is
single.
▪ The usage will always be plural.
▪ Verb and Pronoun attached with these nouns will also be in plural form.
▪ Normally, these are works with meanings that come in a pair.
EXAMPLES:
✓ These scissors are broken.
✓ My trousers are torn. .
✓ My spectacles are dirty.
✓ Gloves are useful.
✓ Socks are here.
Category 3
▪ Some nouns are used in the singular sense but the verb and pronoun
attached them are plural.
▪ Normally, these are words that are already the plural of some word
EXAMPLES:
✓ People are standing on the road.
✓ Policemen are running after me.
✓ Children are playing in the park.
✓ Cattle are grazing in the fields.
Category 4
▪ Some words end plurally, i.e with an ‘s’ in the end, but the usage in
terms of verb and pronoun is always singular.
▪ Normally, we have diseases and subjects in this category
EXAMPLES:
✓ Measles is a deadly disease.
✓ Rickets is spreading, and tuberculosis needs to be cured.
✓ Politics of this state is dirty.
✓ Economics is a tough subject.
✓ Mathematics is important.
Rule 2
If the main topic, jist or crux of the sentence is singular, the verb and pronoun will also be
singular.
EXAMPLES:
✓ Bread, butter and milk are good for breakfast. (incorrect)
✓ Bread, butter and milk is good for breakfast. (correct)
✓ Social, financial, political and infrastructural development are important
for Pakistan (incorrect)
✓ Social, financial, political and infrastructural development is important for
Pakistan (correct)
✓ Knowledge of maths, science, social studies and economics are essential
for 10th class students. (incorrect)
✓ Knowledge of maths, science, social studies and economics is essential for
10th class students. (correct)
Rule 3
Normally we treat al collective nouns singularly.
EXAMPLES:
✓ The group of students has come first
✓ My team has won the match
✓ A bunch of keys was found in the trash
There are a couple of exceptions to this rule.
Exception 1: Whenever we divide or split the collective noun, it becomes plural.
EXAMPLES:
✓ My team are split further into five (05) small teams.
✓ My class are divided into many sections.
Exception 2: When the subject of the collective noun comes before the collective noun,
its usage will be plural.
EXAMPLES:
✓ A band of robbers has attacked the city.
✓ Robbers of a band have attacked the city.
Rule 4
All material nouns are treated singularly.
EXAMPLES:
✓ Gold is expensive.
✓ Water is healthy.
✓ Oxygen is important.
Exception: When the material noun is countable, its usage becomes plural too.
EXAMPLES:
✓ Diamonds are a woman’s best friend. (correct)
✓ Please pick up all bricks and stones from the floor.
(correct, as bricks and stones are countable)
✓ My house is made of bricks and stones.
(incorrect, because bricks and stones of a house cannot be counted)
✓ My house is made of brick and stone. (correct)
Rule 5
Similar Sounding Words
▪ Practice and Practise
▪ Advice and Advise
There are a few pairs of words like the above in English vocabulary that have the
difference of ‘c’ and ‘s’. We must remember that there is a grammatical difference
between these words.
▪ Advise is a noun. E.g. Thank you for your valuable advice.

▪ Advise is a verb. E.g. Thank you for advising me.
▪ Practice is a noun. E.g. How is your football practice going?
▪ Practice is a verb. E.g. Are you practicing football every day?
ARTICLES: DEFINITION AND TYPES

An article is use with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun.
Articles specify grammatical definiteness or indefiniteness of the noun.
Types
‘A’ ‘an’ and ‘the’ are the three articles that are used in English.
Rules for Usage

Rule 1
‘A’ and ‘an’ are called ‘indefinite articles’.
Difference between ‘a’ and ‘an’
Both ‘a’ and ‘an’ are used to identify anything that is generalized in a statement.
‘A book’ means any book and ‘an umbrella’ means any umbrella, rather than a specific
book or umbrella.
▪ ‘A’ is always used before nouns starting with a consonant sound.

▪ ‘An’ is always used before nouns starting with a vowel sound.
EXAMPLES:
✓ ‘I have an upper class seat and you have a lower class seat’ is correct
English.
✓ On the other hand, ‘I have an hour to check out a university which
belongs to an honourable parsi who is always in a uniform’ is also correct.
❖ Although uniform and university start with a vowel yet the sound of
these works is ‘youniform’ and ‘youniversity’, so ‘a’ should be used
instead of ‘an’.
❖ Similarly, sounds of ‘hour’ and ‘honorable’ are ‘our’ and ‘onerable’
because ‘h’ is silent.
Rule 2
‘The’ is called ‘Definite article’.
Usage of ‘the’
a) Anything specific stated in a sentence should be preceded by ‘the’.
E.g. Ali, the actor of the movie, is the favorite of the director who says he is
nothing but the best.
b) Any natural resources will always have ‘the’.
E.g. the sun, the moon, the River, the Himalayas etc.
c) Superlative degree of adjectives will always have ‘the’.
E.g. the best, the most hardworking, the most beautiful etc.
Rule 3
‘The’ is never used before proper nouns but can be used before common nouns.
EXAMPLES:
1. Proper Nouns
✓ I love the Pakistan. (incorrect)
✓ My name is the Ali. (incorrect)
2. Common Nouns.
✓ The girl is waiting for us. (correct)
✓ The class needs to be adjourned. (correct)
Exception
Only when a proper noun is treated as a common noun, especially in case of
metaphors/allusions, we can use ‘the’ before these nouns.
EXAMPLES:
✓ Ali is the Saeed Anwar of my team. (correct)

✓ Anum is the Hitler of her class (correct)
In the above mentioned examples, Hitler and Saeed are used as metaphors and
are treated as common nouns.
Rule 4
‘Few’ and ‘little’
Meaning
▪ Few – countable
▪ Little – uncountable
Usage
▪ Few – negligible (-ve)
▪ Little – negligible (-ve)
▪ A few – some (+ve)
▪ A little - some (+ve)
▪ The few – specific few
▪ The little – specific little
‘Few’ is used for something that is ‘next to nothing and negligible’ in value, while
‘a’ few’ means ‘some’ which is more than ‘few’.
Similarly ‘a little’ is more than ‘little’.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
✓ I have a few sweets with me so I cannot share.

(incorrect)
✓ I have few sweets with me so I cannot share.
(correct; it’s a negative statement)
✓ I cannot take a single class of sociology as I have a little knowledge on it.
(incorrect)
✓ I cannot take a single class of sociology as I have little knowledge on it.
(correct)
POSITIVE STATEMENTS
✓ Pakistan is a rich country with few resources.

(incorrect)
✓ Pakistan is a rich country with a few resources.
(correct)
✓ I have little love left for him so I can’t leave him like this.
(incorrect)
✓ I have a little love left for him so I can’t leave him like this.
(correct)
The ‘few’ and ‘the little’ mean something that is specifically mentioned in the sentence.
SPECIFIC STATEMENTS
✓ Little trust that I have in you is not good enough.

(incorrect)
✓ The little trust that I have in you is not good enough.
(correct)
✓ A little knowledge that I have about history is sufficient for me to take
classes on the subject.
(incorrect)
✓ The little knowledge that I have about history is suffici8nt for me to take
classes on the subject.
(correct)
Rule 5
If ‘the’ is not used before a title, it is automatically attached with the subject.
EXAMPLES
✓ The former PM and Finance Minister have resigned. (incorrect)

✓ The former PM and Finance Minister has resigned. (correct)
✓ The former PM and the Finance Minister have resigned. (correct)
The director and faculty of our institute is extremely encouraging.
In this case, the ‘director’ and the ‘faculty’ is the same person since we have not
attached a ‘the’ before ‘faculty’.
Rule 6
‘The’ is not to be used for a place of visit that is a routine visit. In such cases, the usage
becomes general rather than specific.
EXAMPLES
✓ I got to the school everyday. (incorrect)

✓ I got to school every day. (correct)
✓ I go to the church every Sunday and the church that I go to is near my
house. (incorrect)
✓ I go to church every Sunday and the church that I go to is near my house.
(correct)
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Exercise-1 Find the correct statements in terms of grammar and usage.
1
a) He was tall, with brown hairs and blue eyes. He wore a red shirt and jean, and a
brown leather jacket.
b) He sat on a couch holding his guitar and he knew how to play it.
c) His eyes were closed, and he’s cradling the guitar in his arms like a love.
d) Its as if he’s trying to hold on to something that wants to let go.
2.
a) Money saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer, vegetable man and
the butcher
b) until one’s cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close
dealing implied.
c) Three times Della counted it, one dollar and eighty-seven cent.
d) And the next day would be Christmas.
3.
a) She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else.
b) There was no other like it in any of a stores. and she had turned all of them inside
out.
c) It was a platinum fob chain simple and chaste in designing, properly proclaiming
its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornaments-as all good things
should do.
d) It was even worthy of watch.
4.
a) A child was standing on a streets-corner.
b) He leaned with one shoulder against high board-fence and swayed the other to
and fro, while kicking carelessly at the gravel.
c) Sunshine beat upon the cobbles, and a lazy summer wind raised yellow dust
which trailed in clouds down the avenues.
d) Clattering trucks moved with indistinctness through it. The child stood dreamily
gazing.
5.
a) The affair was quickly ended.
b) The father of the family, it appears, was in a particularly savage temper that
evening.
c) And when he perceived that it would amaze and anger everybody if such a
animals were allowed to remain, he decided that it should be so.
d) The child, crying softly, took its friend off to a retired part of the room to hobnob
with him, while the father quelled a fierce rebellion with his wive.
6.
a) Each watch is little different.
b) The first watch is about Russian Empire.
c) The second is about Soviet Union.
d) The third is about the current times. Vladimir Putin is on this watch.
7.
a) You can watch a moon, but you can see only one side.
b) You cannot see the other-side from the earth.
c) This other side is called the dark side of the moon.
d) In 1959, people saw it for the first time.
8.
a) This news is from Tijuana. Tijuana is a Mexican city.
b) It is at the border with the USA. Some people built a tunnel there.
c) The tunnel leads to USA.
d) The tunnel is not finished. It is a drug smuggling tunnel.
9.
a) Plane is in the air. It is a fighter jet.
b) It drops a bomb. The bomb falls on a town.
c) The town is in Syria after this the jet crashes.
d) The jet hits a market. There are lot of people there.
10.
a) The thousand injuries of Fortunato
b) I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I wowed revenge.
You, who so well know the nature of my soul,
c) will not suppose, however, that gave utterance to a threats.
d) At length I would be avenged; this was a point definitively settled, but the very
definitiveness with which it was resolved precluded the idea of risk.
Exercise-2 Find incorrect statements in terms of grammar and usage.
1.
a) A little or no tension is good.
b) we President and former financial minister of Pakistan has signed a pact with the
US.
c) This pacts holds no good until signed by UNO.
d) Study of politics, economics, history and philosophy of religion is important.
2.
a) The Sues Canal is in Egypt.
b) It earns Egypt five (05) billion dollar each year which makes the canal better.
c) Ships used to wait 22 hours and now they wait for 11 hours only.
d) The Canal will help economy of Egypt to make 15 billion dollars per year.
3.
a) This happens in the Mediterranean Sea.
b) A boat is sailing to Europe. There are 700 migrants on boat.
c) A rescue boat approaches it.
d) People start to move. The boat is not big enough for them so it turns over.
4.
a) I am almost a whole day old, now. I arrived yesterday.
b) That is as it seems to me. And it must be so, for if there was a day-before
yesterday.
c) I was not there when it happened, or I should remember it. It could be of course
that it did happen, and that I was not noticing.
d) Very well; I will be very watchful now, and if any day-before-yesterdays happen, I
will make a note of it. It will be best to start right and not let the records get
confused.
5.
a) When the dodo came along, he thought it was wildcat.
b) I saw its in his eye, but I saved him.
c) And I was careful not to do it in a way that could hurt his pride.
d) I past spoke up in a quite natural way of pleasing surprise, and not as if I was
dreaming of conveying information, and said, “Well, I do declare, if there isn’t the
dodo!”
6.
a) There was commotion in Roaring Camp.
b) It could not have been a fight, for in 1850, that was not novel enough to have
called together the entire settlement.
c) The ditches and claims were not only deserted,
d) but also totally drain out of the real picture.
7.
a) So she was quite alone in the world, accept for her dog Ponto,
b) and the blacks who lived in her cabins and worked her crops,
c) and the fowls, a few cows, a couple of mules, her gun (with which she shot
chicken-hawks), and her religion.
d) One morning Mamzelle Aurlie stood upon her gallery, contemplating, with arms
akimbo, a small band of very small children who, to all intents and purposes,
might have fallen from the clouds.
8.
a) Simon Wheeler backed me into a corner and blocked me
b) there with his chair, and then sat down and reeled off the monotonous narrative
which follows this paragraph.
c) He never smiled he never frowned he never changed his voice from the gentle-
flowing key to which he turned his initial sentence,
d) he never betrayed the slightest suspicion of enthusiasm; but all through the
interminable narrative there ran a vein of impressive earnestness and sincere.
9.
a) ‘Despicable Me’ is a film. Minions are in this film. These characters are now in a
new film.
b) People build a big Minions.
c) It is twelve metres tall. It is in North Dublin.
d) This Minion falls onto a road. The traffics stop. Luckily, nobody is injured.
10.
a) Maccabi Games are held every four year.
b) Only Jews compete in these games.
c) This year, people held the games in Berlin.
d) Before World War II, there were 500,000 Jews in Germany.
Exercise-3 Which part of the sentence (a/b/c/d/e) is grammatically incorrect?
1. The most notable / thing about the Time / is that it is / purely relative. / No Error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2. A large amount of / reminiscence is / by common consent.
(a) (b) (c)
/ conceded to drowning man / No Error
(d) (e)
3. It is not past belief / that one may review / an entire courtship while / removing
(a) (b) (c) (d)
one's gloves, / No Error
(e)
4. That is what Trysdale was doing /, standing by / a table in his / bachelors apart-
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ments. / No Error
(e)
5. On a table / stood a singular-looking / green plant in a / red earthen jar. / No Error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
6. The plant / was one of the species of cactis, / and was provided / with long thorns.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
/ No Error
(e)
7. Tentacular leaves / that perpetually swayed / with the slightest breeze with the /
(a) (b) (c)
peculiar beckoning motion / No Error
(d) (e)
8. Trysdale’s friend, / the brother of the bride,/ stood at a sideboard complaining /
(a) (b) (c)
at being allowed to drink alone. / No Error
(d) (e)
9. Both men / were in / evening / dress. / No Error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
10. As he slowly unbuttoned his gloves, / there passed through Trysdale’s / mind a
(a) (b) (c)
swift, scarifying retrospect / of the last few hours / No Error
(d) (e)
Exercise - 4 Identify the incorrect statement. Mark your answer as (a) if only 1"
sentence is incorrect, (b) If only the 2nd sentence is incorrect, (c) If both the sentences
are incorrect and (d) if none is incorrect.
1.
i. The pair of scissors that you gave me yesterday were quite sharp.
ii. The Police is running after me.
2.
i. Romeo and Julict love story is a well known fairy tale amongst all youngsters.
ii. The Cabinet of China letter about the development of UNOs is commendable.
3.
i. I visit the mosque every Friday and I feel quite relaxed.
ii. The mosque always shows me the right path whenever I’m in trouble.
4.
i. Ali being a honest guy that he is, is always prepared for all kinds of hurdles.
ii. Eman is most responsible girl I have ever seen in my life
5.
i. Tuberculosis are a deadly disease and no cure has been found yet.
ii. The family was divided into smaller families which hurt the sentiments of the old
generation.
6.
i. Having 2 bowls of porridge with a glass full of juice and bits of fruit with few
sweets are the healthiest diet for dinner.
ii. Social financial and marital status of a woman affect her career.
7.
i. Mr. Ahmad gave his valuable advise to his followers.
ii. The fan’s wings have still not been repaired.
8
i. Mr. Anwar, the manager point of contact was Mr. Ahsan only.
ii. He managed his duties well to take care of his parental business.
9.
i. Cattle were grazing in the field when the children came running towards it.
ii. The queen’s palace was made of gems and stones.
10.
i. Umer has earned so much of money that they have become a big problem for
him.
ii. Martin and David's families knew each other well.
SOLUTION OF PRACTICE EXERCISE
Exercise-1
1. Only (b) is correct-hairs and jean are incorrect in (a); like a love is incorrect in (c)
because either like love or like a lover should be the correct noun; its is incorrect
in (d0 because it should be its.
2. Both (b) and (d) are correct – there should be an article the before vegetable man
in (a) and it should be cents in (c).
3. Only (a) – full stop before and is incorrect in (b); design instead of designing and
ornamentation instead of ornaments in (c); and watch in (d) should have the
article ‘the’.
4. Only (d) – street-corner in (a); a high board in (b); avenues in (c).
5. Only (b) is correct – a animals is incorrect in (c); wife in (d); over instead of ended
in (a).
6. Only (d) – a little in (a); the Russian empire in (b); the soviet in (c).
7. (c) and (d) – a moon in (a); hyphen in (b).
8. (a) and (b) – the USA in (c); drug smuggling in (d).
9. Only (b) – A Plane in (a), punctuation error in (c); a lot in (d).
10. (a) and (d) – vowed in (b), threats in (c).
Exercise-2
1. (a) and (c) – A little in (a); pacts & the UNO in (c).
2. (b) and (d) – dollars in (b); the economic in (d).
3. Only (b) – there should be the boat in the end.
4. (b), (c) and (d) – comma after day before yesterday, commas before and after of
course in (c); punctuation and records in (d).
5. (a) and (b) – a wildcat in (a); its in (b).
6. (a) and (d) – a commotion in the camp in (a); drained out in (d).
7. (a) and (b) – except instead of accept in (a); cabins in (b).
8. (c) and (d) – punctuation in (c); sincerity instead of sincere in (d).
9. (b) and (d) – a minions in (a); traffic stops in (d).
10. (a) and (d) – The Maccabi games and years in (a); the world war in (d).
Exercise-3
1. (b) – the time is incorrect.

2. (d) – the should be used before drowning man.
3. (e) – No error.
4. (d) – It should be bachelors apartment.
5. (a) – a table is incorrect. It should be the table.
6. (b) – cactis is incorrect after. It should be either cacti or cactus.
7. (c) – a instead of the after with.
8. (d) – It should be made instead of allowed.
9. (c) – an evening.
10. (e) – No error.
Exercise-4
1. (c) – was quite in (I) and police are in (II).

2. (c) – Apostrophe with ‘s’ is missing after Juliet and China in both (I) and (II).
3. (d) – Both the sentences are correct.
4. (c) – an honest in (I) and the most in (II).
5. (c) – Tuberculosis is in (I) and family were in (II).
6. (c) – is a diet in (I) and affects in (II).
7. (c) – advice in (I) and wings of the fan in (II).
8. (a) – manager’s.
9. (b) – palace was made of gem and stone.
10. (c) – it has become a problem in (I) and Martin’s and David’s in (II).
PRONOUNS
DEFINITION AND TYPES
Any word that is used as a substitute for a noun is a pronoun. Some examples of
pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours and ourselves.
TYPES
1. Personal Pronoun: A Personal Pronoun can be the subject or object of a clause or

sentence. Some examples of these pronouns are I, he, she, it, they, we, you, us,
them, etc, As the definition of personal pronouns suggests, they, can be either
subject pronouns or objects pronouns.
▪ Subject Pronouns are often (but not always) found at the beginning of a
sentence. More precisely, the subject of a sentence is the person or thing
that lives out the verb.
E.g. I owe that person Rs.3,000. I am living out that debt.
Here, I is the subject pronoun.
▪ Object Pronouns, by contrast, indicate the recipient of an action or
motion. They come after verbs and prepositions (to, with, for, at, on,
beside, under, around, etc.)
E.g. The guy I borrowed money from showed me a crowbar and told me to
pay him immediately.
2. Indefinite Pronoun: Some examples of Indefinite Pronouns are few, everyone, all,
some, anything, and nobody.
E.g. Everyone is already here.
3. Relative Pronoun: Relative Pronouns are who, whom, which, whoever,

whomever, whichever, and that.
E.g. The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.
4. Intensive Pronoun: Intensive Pronouns are myself, himself, herself, themselves,

itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves.
E.g. He himself is his worst critic.
5. Demonstrative Pronoun: There are five Demonstrative Pronouns. They are these,
those, this, that, and such.
6. Interrogative Pronoun: The pronoun which is used to begin a question is called

Interrogative Pronoun. Examples of Interrogative Pronouns are who, whom,
which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever.
7. Reflexive Pronoun: These are the ones that end in self or selves.
There are many errors that occur due to incorrect usage of pronouns and the most
common ones are associated with the rules mentioned below.
To make it easier to understand, let us divide pronouns into two basic categories.
I. Personal Pronouns
II. Nonpersonal Pronouns
I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Rules For Usage

There are 11 rules attached to personal pronouns which are as follows.
Rule 1
Personal Pronouns change their shape when they are transformed from subject to
object.
EXAMPLES
➢ My best friend and I had a great time yesterday.

Both My friend and I are in the subject.
➢ My best friend and I had a great time but my parents were worried about me.
We are still talking about the same first person but as soon as I is treated in the
object, the pronoun changes its meaning from I to me.
All passive voice statements will always have the object pronoun.
EXAMPLES
➢ I teach English. {Active voice}

➢ English is taught by me. {Passive voice}
Subject Object Subject Object

I me we us
he him she her
you you they them
it it who whom
The second person pronoun ‘you’ and the third person pronoun ‘it’ are exceptions
that remain the same — both as the subject and as the object.
Rule 2
Besides ‘you’ and ‘it’, there is another pronoun that remains the same in subject and
object and that is ‘one’.
EXAMPLES
➢ One must always listen to ones parents and fulfill one’s responsibilities and
respect ones elders.
Rule 3
Here is a list of a few more personal pronouns.
EXAMPLES
Everyone Anybody Someone Nobody
An one Somebody No one Everybody
The above pronouns are always used singularly
EXAMPLES
➢ Is anyone coming for the party?
➢ Has everyone arrived?
➢ Everybody is present in the class today.
The pronouns used as the object for these pronouns must also be singular. It is
conventional to use his over her as the object unless the context requires her to be used.
Most common mistakes
EXAMPLES
➢ Everybody has to get their homework done by tomorrow. (incorrect)
➢ Everybody has to get his homework done by tomorrow. (correct)
➢ Have anyone lost their watch. (incorrect)
➢ Has anyone lost his watch. (correct)
➢ Everybody are watching over their houses. (incorrect)
➢ Everybody is watching over his house. (correct)
➢ Everybody in the girl’s hostel are required to bring their own bedding
(incorrect)
➢ Everybody in the girl’s hostel is required to her own bedding. (correct)
Rule 4
EXAMPLES
➢ The Ganga is the holiest river. (correct)
➢ No river is as holy as the Ganga. (incorrect)
➢ No other river is as holy as the Ganga. (correct)
➢ One of the boys in my class is wearing a black t-shirt. (correct)
➢ Ali is one of the boys in my class who is wearing a black t-shirt. (incorrect)
➢ Ali is one of the boys in my class who are wearing a black t-shirt. (correct)
Rule 5
Each other is always used when two nouns/pronouns are used in a sentence. For
more than two, we always use one another.
EXAMPLES
➢ My sister and I share a lot between one another (incorrect)
➢ My sister and I share a lot between each other (correct)
➢ All the boys in my batch were fighting with each other. (incorrect)
➢ All the boys in my batch were fighting with one another. (correct)
Rule 6
Each and every
Each and every is always used singularly. Any verb or any pronoun associated with
each and every will always be singular.
EXAMPLES
➢ Each song in this album remind me of my parents. (incorrect)
➢ Each song in this album reminds me of my parents. (correct)
➢ Everyone in this house are watching TV. (incorrect)
➢ Everyone in this house is watching TV. (correct)
➢ Every boy and every girl in my house is celebrating their birthday.
(incorrect)
➢ Every boy and every girl in my house is celebrating his or her birthday.
(correct)
Rule 7
Placement of 1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person
EXAMPLES
➢ I, you and Ali were called by the principal. (1,2,3) (incorrect)

➢ I, you and Ali were awarded by the principal. (2,3,1) (positive)
➢ I, you and Ali were punished by the principal. (1,2,3) (negative)
Normally the rule is always 2, 3, 1 but even using 3, 2 ,1 is not incorrect where
‘I’ is 1st person; ‘You’ is 2nd person; and Ali is 3rd person.
The rule is that we always use 2, 3, 1 or 3, 2, 1 in positive or incorrect statements, but in
case of negative statements, it is always 1, 2, 3.
EXAMPLES
➢ You, Ali and I were called by the principal. (correct)
➢ You, Ali and I were awarded by the principal. (correct)
➢ I, you and Ali were punished by the principal. (correct)
Rule 8
We would need to introduce some conjunction pairs here to explain a few rules on
pronouns.
We know there are a few conjunction couples in our grammar like ‘Either...or’,
‘Neither...nor’, ‘Not only...but also’, ‘Hardly...when’, ‘No sooner....than’, ‘So...that’,
‘Too...to’, ‘Although...yet’
In the case of these word pairs (known as correlative conjunctions), an error that
we normally make is the incorrect usage of verb and pronoun.
EXAMPLES
➢ Either my sister or my brothers.......... celebrating .......... birthday.
➢ Neither my friends nor my mom....interested in getting .......... clothes washed in
the machine.
➢ Not only friends but my whole family .......... celebrating .......... victory.
The verb and the pronoun is always used with the second part of the couple i.e.
or/nor/but; we ignore the 1st part while judging the verb and the pronoun.
➢ Either my sister or my brothers are celebrating their birthdays.
➢ Neither my friends nor my mom is interested in getting her clothes washed in the
machine.
➢ Not only friends but my whole family is celebrating its victory.
Rule 9
Conjunction connectives are conjunctions used with prepositions. Some of these are
‘along with’, ‘together with’, ‘along by’, ‘accompanied by’, etc.
The verb and pronoun used in case of conjunction connectives always go with the
subject.
EXAMPLES
➢ Mr. Rahim, along with his wife and two children are going to Dubai tospend their
holidays. (incorrect)
➢ Mr. Rahim, along with his wife and two children is going to Dubai to spend his
holidays. (correct)
Rule 10
We can use conjunctions without their respective couple which will be used as pronouns.
EXAMPLES
➢ Either of my sisters has watched this movie.
➢ Neither of Ali and Rahim has ever watched a movie in a cinema hall.
➢ Out of Ali, Rahim and Ahmad, neither of them is wearing black.
We can use ‘either’ and ‘neither’ as pronouns only between two nouns.
Rule 11
We have a few passive verbs that automatically use the pronoun in the object case (refer
to Rule 1).Pronouns after verb are always in objective forum.
EXAMPLES
➢ Let I think about it. (incorrect)
➢ Let me think about it. (correct)
➢ Make he and she a cup of coffee. (incorrect)
➢ Make him and her a cup of coffee. (correct)
➢ Give they a piece of your mind. (incorrect)
➢ Give them a piece of your mind. (correct)
II. NONPERSONAL PRONOUNS
A pronoun used for anything and everything that is not a person is a nonpersonal
pronoun. Such pronouns can be used for animals, plants, things, feelings, emotions, days,
dates etc. Let us take a look at these pronouns.
1. It: ‘It’ is the most commonly used pronoun. This pronoun is used for almost every
nonpersonal being or thing.
EXAMPLES
➢ It is a beautiful day.
➢ It is Monday.
➢ It is your fault.
➢ It is a sweet dog.
➢ It is love.
2. This and that: ‘This’ and ‘that’ can normally be used as a couple as well.
EXAMPLE
➢ This is the book that I was reading the other day.
Both ‘this’ and ‘that’ are specific pronouns.
3. These and those: Plural forms of ‘this’ and ‘that’, again have specific usage.
EXAMPLES
➢ Weather of Karachi is better than that of Islamabad. (correct)

➢ Scenery of Kashmir is more beautiful than that of Murree and Abbotabad.
(incorrect)
➢ Scenery of Kashmir is more beautiful than those of Murree and Abbotabad.
(correct)
4. That and which:‘That’ is specific and ‘which’ is general.
EXAMPLES
➢ Please pick up the book that is on the table. (specific book)

➢ Please pick up the book which is on the table. (general book)
➢ The copies of Mr. Roy’s book that sell for Rs.200 each are selling like hot cakes.
(incorrect)
➢ The copies of Mr. Roy’s book which sell for Rs.200 each are selling like hot cakes.
(correct)
➢ The table which I bought yesterday is broken. (incorrect)
➢ The table that I bought yesterday is broken. (correct)
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1.
a) Pakistan today told China that they see improving bilateral ties as a priority of.
b) it’s foreign policy and expressed desire to expand strategic cooperation,
setting aside concerns here
c) over future direction of the relations in the backdrop
d) of the big US push into the Asia-Pacific region.
2.
a) US Defence Secretary Leon Panetta
b) which announced Washington’s plans to deploy
c) 60 per cent of US naval assets in the Asia-Pacific in the
d) next few years raising strong concerns in Beijing, is currently in Pakistan
seeking to strength US-Pakistan military ties.
3.
a) The CBI has sought Attorney General’s opinion on registering a case in the
alleged
b) artificial cost inflation by Reliance Industries BSE 3.44% for the development
of their eastern offshore KG-D6 fields
c) The CBI, sources said, have completed its inquiry into the alleged conspiracy
d) in allowing RILBSE 3.44 % to raise cost of developing the KG-D6 field from the
proposed USD 2.39 billion.
4.
a) On June 1, a day after Gen Ali retired from office,
b) the BEML Chief had held a press conference in Lahore asking the former army
chief to apologise
c) for alleged “defamatory” statements against the company whose products.
d) As the CEO of the company, I deny those as absolutely false, motivated,
damaging and defamatory, Ahmad had said.
5.
a) Today’s meeting may address these issues, sources said.
b) Many highway projects in the country are stalled as the companies are unable
to tie up funds for these projects.
c) Various power and road projects are stuck due to environment or financial
huddles
d) Saad would meet the ministers of power, coal, civil aviation, railways and
shipping in the evening at their residence, sources said
6.
a) Owing to the indication, the pilot decided to land the plane at the Sialkot
airport for an immediate inspection, he said adding the aircrafts made a
precautionary landing
b) All the passengers are safe and were deplaned from the aircraft.
c) The checks which showed that there was no discrepancy in the engine, the
airline said.
d) However, the airline has made all necessary arrangements to accommodate
passengers in another flight.
7.
a) Twentynine years later, it’s hard to write about someone like Umer a few days
after his won another world championship
b) Do you dwell on he’s meteoric rise as a child prodigy?
c) His Sportstar posters on the walls of teenagers growing up in the late ’80s?
d) Or do you move straight to how his never changed in spite of everything, but
how you wish he was more.
8.
a) The decision of the PPP this time is in sharp contrast to the 2009
b) by-election to the KPK Provincial Assembly seat for that the party had fielded
cine star Raja Babbar.
c) against Dimple which is the daughter-in-laws of Akbar.
d) Babbar won the by-poll after PPP general secretary Mr. Usman campaigned
against Dimple during her maiden entry into the political fray.
9.
a) Besides lagging into safety measures, there are large number of safety
category posts lying vacant in railways for years.
b) At least 30 passengers were killed and about 100 were injured in two
accidents within the span of 10 days recently.
c) While 25 passengers were killed, 16 of themselves charred to death, and 43
injured when the Awami Express rammed into a stationary goods train
d) on May 22 at Sukkar, five were killed and more than 50 hurt when 11 coaches
of Shalimar Express met with an accident.
10.
a) Over 700 Pakistani companies are operational in the UK. “Issues relating to
investment climate and their development were discussed
b) Pakistan would like to see greater investments flow from the UK and her own
benefit lying in the deal
c) Visa difficulties for Pakistani entrepreneurs and businessmen as also student
visas was discussed”, a source said pointing
d) out that it was agreed to continue the dialogue on these issues.
Exercise-1 Find the incorrect statements in terms of grammar and usage.
1.
a) Each and every student present in Kalam’s session were engrossed in the
speech
b) Which was being delivered on the last day when the legend lived
c) He spoke on various topics and had more to speak on
d) Unfortunately his time had come and there was nothing he could do about
them
2.
Pakistan has been facing intense US pressure for reducing it’s engagement with
Iran
who is, in view of sanctions imposed by some countries.
However, Foreign Affairs Minister S M Qureshi had yesterday made it clear that
Iran
is a “key country” for meeting Pakistan’s energy needs and that the US pressure
to reduce oil imports from Iran will not impact its “legitimate” trade ties.
3.
a) A young and successful executive who was traveling down a neighborhood
street.
b) He was watching for kids darting out from between parked cars and slowed
down when he thought he saw something.
c) As his car passed, none children appeared. Instead, a brick smashed into the
Jag’s side door!
d) The angry driver then jumped out of the car, grabbed the nearest kid and
pushed him up against a parked car, shouting, “What was that all about and
who are you?”
4.
a) Personality assumes various names and concepts in present day world
b) Since humans started believing that we are superior than other creations,
because they possess this rare tool called mind,
c) they have used every possible means to explain how mind can affect the
development of human characteristics and perspectives
d) and all of they constitute personality
5.
a) Beauty lies in the eyes of a beholder! How true that statement is as definition
beauty differs from person to person
b) We often hear the term ‘natural beauty’; and what does that mean? It actually
relates to the unadulterated beauty of a person. It is a woman without
makeup herself
c) Today, beauty has touched artificial levels.
d) There are fewer and fewer people satisfied with how she looks.
6.
a) People in the past have been sued by the Recording Industry Association, for
unauthorised downloads
b) But recently some of those companies, for example, Pepsi and a few others
have been offering legal and free downloadable TV Commercials on the
websites for its limited durations.
c) Another company that has joined the bandwagon on offering free ads or
commercials is Apple.
d) The ad offered by Apple for free downloading was the sassy ad, it was to be
seen Super Bowl’s 88 million viewers on February 1.
7.
a) Recession is not to be confused with its depression.
b) In it’s early stage it can be controlled in a methodical manner.
c) Experience helps to avert total collapse. Unchecked, it leads to severe
depression. Depression is a dead end
d) It’s time to close shop completely. It’s a total state of irrevocable economic
failure.
8.
a) Those that have been able to save their funds,
b) Those who have not invested in fly-by-night companies,
c) Those who remain calm till the storm passes,
d) Those that take stock immediately and decide to reinvest in a recession proof
business
9.
a) While becoming old is a natural phenomenon, the problems associated with it
are also inevitable
b) It is at this stage of life that one needs housing; healthcare and financial care
more than his other priorities in life
c) Which is prepared to look after those elder people and allow them to lead a
life of dignity and peace
d) The loving care that they can get in a family environment, she contributes to
their good health and emotional well being.
10.
a) The growth of the child is determined by several factors like his parents, his
upbringing and of course his academics.
b) The exposure is much needed to give the child the right indication of the areas
to improve.
c) There is no way you can goad the child to go up on stage and rattle off
something that is difficult.
d) Hence, elocution classes are a great way to bring the enthusiasm in a child to
speak well on a platform.
Exercise-3 Which part of the sentence (a/b/c/d/e) is grammatically incorrect?
1. I, Meera and Ali / have been invited / for Usman’s / birthday party. / No error
{a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2. My sister and I/cherish our childhood memories /where we used to enjoy with/
(a) (b) (c)
each another a lot. / No error
(d) (e)
3. Each of the citizens / of Pakistan have contributed / towards of welfare / of our
(a) (b) (c) (d)
country. / No error
(e)
4. Parveen, Eman and Ayesha/ have been the best / of friends and share/ everything
(a) (b) (c) (d)
with each other. / No error
(e)
5. Green plants need /oxygen to survive as it /cannot survive without / the process
(a) (b) (c) (d)
of photosynthesis. / No error
(e)
6. Hira is one of the animals / on the street / which has been abducted / recently.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
/ No error
(e)
7. Give him and her a piece / of our mind since / they have not been / meeting their
(a) (b) (c) (d)
targets of late. / No error
(d) (e)
8. Not only my friends / but also my whole family / are visiting us to / spend its
(a) (b) (c) (d)
holidays. / No error
(e)
9. Everyone in this / world has to fulfill / their duties and /responsibilities. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
10. Either Raja Rahim or/ Riaz will attend /the seminar; all can’t /at the same time.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
/ No error
(e)
Exercise-4 Identify the incorrect statement. Mark your answer as (a) if only 1 st
sentence
is incorrect, (b) if only the 2nd sentence is incorrect, (c) if both the sentences are
incorrect and (d) if none is incorrect.
1.
I. The book that you gave me yesterday to read, which was based on mythology,
is quite interesting.
II. The dog is running after his tail and is going insane.
2.
I. The child and his mother were locked in the mall by mistake.
II. Love, Trust and Friendship has their own meanings which are beautiful.
3.
I. I, myself learnt how to drive and I am doing great now.
II. The prisoners were dying of hunger so the police promised for a good meal.
4.
I. He is adamant on going for higher studies and it is for he benefit that he
thinks like that.
II. Have anyone seen my wallet?
5.
I. This is the movie which I have watched a thousand times.
II. Which movie did you watch yesterday?
6.
I. One of the students in my class has come first in the whole school.
II. Eman is also one of the girls who have come first in the school.
7.
I. It is he who decided to walk out of the relationship not me.
II. My room is better than that of my friends and cousins.
8.
I. I and Ali are joining work from today onwards.
II. I and Ali were reprimanded for our carelessness.
9.
I. Mr. Shahid together with his family are going to Jhang to spend their holidays.
II. Neither Shayan nor his friends have ever fulfilled their responsibilities.
10.
I. Its because of Shayan that we all ended up in this huge mess.
II. Shayan and his friends lost their logs of boxes and its components.
Solution of Practice Exercise
PART-1
1. (c) and (d) — they see is incorrect in (a), it should be it sees; it’s is wrong in (b), it
should be its.
2. (a) and (c) - who instead of which in (b); strengthen in (d).
3. (a) and (d) — there is wrong, it should be its in (b); CBI has in (c).
4. (a) and (b) — whose products in (c); those and punctuation (c) inverted commas
in (d) are Incorrect.
5. (a) and (b) — spelling of huddles is wrong in (c); their residence in (d) is incorrect,
it should be his.
6. (b) and (d) - he and aircrafts are wrong in (a); which is inappropriate in (c).
7. Only (c) – twentynine in (a); he’s in (c); his in (d) is wrong.
8. (a) and (d) – which instead of that in (b); which instead of who in (c); daughter in
laws is wrong too.
9. (b) and (d) – into and a large is incorrect in (a); themselves is incorrect in (c).
10. Only (d) - their development in (a); her benefit in (b); punctuation and as also is
incorrect in (c),
Part-2 Find the incorrect statement in terms of grammar.
1. (a), (b) and (d) - were in (a); that in (b); them in (d) are incorrect.
2. (a) and (b) - it’s in (a); who in (b).
3. (a) and (c) - who in (a); none in (c)
4. (b) and (d) - we in (b); they in (d).
5. (a), (b) and (d) – this instead of that in (a); this instead of that in (b); they instead
of she in (d).
6. (b) and (d) – their limited instead of itls in (b); which instead of it in (d).
7. (a) and (b) – its depression is incorrect in (a); incorrect its in (b)
8. (a) and (d) — those who is correct.
9. (b), (c) and (d) - one’s other priorities in (b); which and those in (c); she associated
with care in (d).
10. Only (a) - it is the correct pronoun used for a child.
PART - 3
1. (a) Meera, Ali and I

2. (c) - when instead of where
3. (b) - has
4. (d) - one another
5. (b) they cannot survive
6. (c) - have been abducted
7. (e) - No error
8. (c) - is visiting us
9. (c) - his duties
10. (a) - Either can only be used for 2 nouns.
PART - 4
1. (c) – that instead of which in (a) and its tail in (b)

2. (c) – child and its mother in (a), and have their own meaning in (b)
3. (b) - the police promised them a holiday
4. (c) – his benefit in (a) and has anyone in (b)
5. (a) – that I watched yesterday
6. (d) No error
7. (b) than those of my friends.
8. (a) – Ali and I are joining work
9. (c) - is going to Jhang in (a) and has fulfilled in (b)
10. (c) – it’s in (a) and their components in (b)
VERBS AND ADVERBS
VERBS
DEFINITION
An action or activity performed by a noun or a Pronoun is called a verb.
Verb is a vast concept which needs clarity for writing of correct and impressive
writing. Instead, we will only stick to those basics that help us in solving usage based
questions in our competitive tests.
We will only limit our knowledge of verbs to
▪ Tenses
▪ Rules
▪ Modal auxiliaries
▪ Phrasal verbs
What is a main verb and what is an auxiliary verb? Let us understand by examples.
EXAMPLES
➢ She is teaching.
➢ She is teaching English.
teaching — main verb
is /am/are/was/has/had/have — auxiliary or helping verbs
A main verb can be either transitive or intransitive. We cannot convert a sentence

in active voice with an intransitive verb into passive voice as object is missing.
THREE FORMS OF VERBS (EXAMPLES)
Verb – 1st Form (present Verb – 2nd Form (past Verb – 3rd Form (perfect
tense) tense) tense)
open opened opened
shine shone shone
eat ate eaten
swim swam swum
hang hung Hung
teach taught taught
make made made
go went gone
lie lay lain
TENSES: A BRIEF EXPLANATION
Past Tense Present Tense Future tense (will
always use
will/shall/could as
an auxiliary verb)
Simple I taught I teach I will teach
Perfect I had taught. I have taught. I will have taught.
a) Will always use
Verb 3rd Form
b) Will always use
has/ have / had
as an auxiliary
verb
Continuous I was teaching. I am teaching. I will be teaching.
a) Verb will always
be in the ‘ing’
form
b) Will use a simple
auxiliary verb
Perfect Continuous I had been teaching. I have been I will have been
a) Auxiliary verb teaching. teaching.
used will be
has/had/have
b) Verb will be in
the ‘ing’ form
Rules for Usage

Rule 1
Difference between ‘for’, ‘since’ and ‘from’

▪ ‘For’ is used to specify duration of time.
▪ ‘Since’ is used when starting point of time is specified.
▪ ‘Form’ is used when both starting and ending points are specified.
EXAMPLES
➢ I have been waiting for you for last 5 years. (incorrect)

➢ I have been waiting for you since last 5 years. (correct)
➢ I have been working in an MNC since so many years. (incorrect)
➢ I have been working in an MNC for so many years. (correct)
➢ It has been raining for Monday. (incorrect)
➢ It has been raining since Monday. (correct)
➢ For ages, I have not met my mom. (incorrect)
➢ Since ages, I have not met my mom. (correct)
➢ The new session starts from 15th of June. (incorrect)
➢ The new session starts on 15th of June. (correct)
Whenever we use ‘For’ or ‘Since’ in a sentence, the verb will always be in the Perfect
Tense. Usage of has/have/had is mandatory.
Rule 2
Rule of parallelism
If a noun or pronoun has two or more verbs attached with it, all verbs used will be
in the same tense to be parallel.
EXAMPLES
➢ I love to swim, jog and dance (incorrect)

➢ I love to swim, jog and to dance. (incorrect)
➢ I love to swim, to jog and to dance. (correct)
➢ I love to swim, jog and dance. (correct)
➢ I love swimming, jogging and dancing. (correct)
➢ My mother loves growing new trees and to plant fresh flowers.(incorrect)
➢ My mother loves growing new trees and planting fresh flowers.(correct)
➢ My loves to grow new trees and to plant fresh flowers. (correct)
➢ I have finally finished my work and revised it. (incorrect)
➢ I finally finished my work and revised it. (correct)
➢ I have finally finished my work and have revised it. (correct)
➢ I am talking to my friend and have invited her for dinner. (incorrect)
➢ I am talking to my friend and inviting her for dinner. (correct)
➢ I have spoken to my friend and have invited her for dinner. (correct)
Rule 3
Normally, we don’t use our senses (hear /see/taste /smell) in the continuous
tense, especially when these words are in the subject of the sentence.
EXAMPLES
➢ I am smelling this flower for the first time. (incorrect)

➢ I can smell this flower. (correct)
➢ I am hearing good music from outside. (incorrect)
➢ I can hear good music from outside. (correct)
➢ I am seeing most of the boys wearing black. (incorrect)
➢ I can see most of the boys wearing black. (correct)
Rule 4
Usage of the condition ‘if
When condition ‘if’ is used, we don’t normally use the perfect tense.
EXAMPLES
➢ If I was in your place, I would have been equally irritated. (incorrect)
➢ If I was in your place, I would be equally irritated. (correct)
➢ If I were you, I would have been a millionaire. (incorrect)
➢ If I were you, I would be a millionaire. (correct)
Rule 5
▪ Wishes - always in past tense
▪ Hopes - always in present/future tense
▪ Wants - always specific
▪ ‘If Only’ - past tense
EXAMPLES
➢ I wish I can climb Mount Everest one day (incorrect)

➢ I wish I could climb Mount Everest. (correct)
➢ I hope I could be a superstar. (incorrect)
➢ I hope I become a superstar. (correct)
➢ I want that all my students should pass with a distinction. (incorrect)
➢ I want all my students to pass with a distinction. (correct)
➢ If only there are more books in the library, I can read more. (incorrect)
➢ If only there were more books in the library, I could read more.(correct)
Rule 6
Rule of Redundancy
There are many words that are used repetitively in a sentence, and should be
eradicated as the sentence is incorrectly structured.
Unwanted repetition of words is redundancy.
We don’t use ‘back’ with ‘Re’ as this root word means ‘back’.
EXAMPLES
➢ Reply back to my emails. (incorrect)
➢ Reply to my emails. (correct)
➢ Revert back to my calls. (incorrect)
➢ Revert to my calls. (correct)
We don’t use will / would /shall twice in one sentence as once is enough to depict
that the tense form is future tense.
EXAMPLES.
➢ I will go to the party if you will come to pick me up. (incorrect)
➢ I will go to the party if you come to pick me up. (correct)
➢ I would have gone to the doctor if it would have stopped raining.
(incorrect)
➢ I would have gone to the doctor if it had stopped raining. (correct)
There is no need to use A.M. and morning together; usage of ‘every’ is correct as it
adds a different meaning.
EXAMPLES
➢ I get up at 6 AM. in the morning. (incorrect)
➢ I get up at 6 in the morning. (correct)
➢ I get up at 6 A.M (correct)
➢ I get up at 6 A.M. every morning. (correct)
We cannot use ‘the reason’ and ‘because’ together.
EXAMPLES
➢ The reason why I teach is because I love teaching. (incorrect)

➢ The reason why I teach is, I love teaching. (correct)
➢ I teach because I love teaching. (correct)
MODAL AUXILIARIES
1. ‘Will’ is used to convey a sense of surety /certainty.

▪ I will come to your house for sure.
2. ‘Would’ is used to convey a sense of uncertainty,
▪ I would go for his birthday party.
3. ‘Shall’ also conveys the sense of uncertainty, but is only used when there is an
obligation /duty attached.
▪ I shall take you grammar classes from tomorrow onwards.
4. ‘Should’ is used for advice /recommendation.
▪ You should wear warm clothes in winter.
5. ‘Must’ is often used to convey the sense of warning, something which can have a
negative consequence if not allowed.
▪ You must study hard else you will fail.
6. ‘Ought to’ is only used in case of moral obligation.
▪ You ought to help the needy.
▪ You ought to respect your elders.
7. "Need to’ is used to show necessity.
▪ We all need shows to study hard, exams are approaching.
8. ‘Can’ shows the subject's ability to do something.
▪ I can solve this question.
9. ‘Could’ is the Past Tense form of ‘can’.
▪ I could have become a doctor.
10. ‘May’ is used for something that is unsure, it can also be used to seek permission.
▪ I may have done this.
▪ May I borrow you car.
11. ‘Might’ can be used for something that is not sure, but it can’t be used to seek
permission.
▪ She might have gone to her father’s house.
▪ Might I borrow your pen? (incorrect)
Rule 7
Usage of ‘used to’
We can use this modal auxiliary is two different ways.
1. Past tense
‘Used to’ denotes an action in the past.
EXAMPLES
➢ I used to live in Karachi.
➢ I used to play Cricket.
2. Habit
Used to’ denotes a habit also.
Verb will always be in the ‘ing’ form, i.e. in the continuous tense whenever we use
‘used to’ to denote a habit.
EXAMPLES
➢ I am used to respecting my teachers.
➢ I am used to watching TV till late.
Rule 8
Had Better
Another modal auziliary that can be used as warning is ‘had better’.
One of the commonest errors that we make is when we think ‘had better’ should
be used in the past tense as it has the auxiliary verb ‘had’.
We always use the 1st form of verb with ‘had better’.
‘Had better’ is a phrase and has got nothing to do with past tense.
EXAMPLES
➢ You had better studied hard otherwise you will fail. (incorrect)
➢ You had better study hard otherwise you will fail. (correct)
➢ We had better hurried or we will miss our flight. (incorrect)
➢ We had better hurry or we will miss out flight. (correct)
ADVERBS
ADVERBS
DEFINITION
Normally, we assume that an adverb is a word that qualifies a verb.
This is just one of the definitions of an adverb. Yes, it qualifies a verb.

But it also qualifies other words.
Definition 1: Adverb is a word that explains the quality of a verb.
E.g. She sings beautifully.
Definition 2: Adverb also qualifies an adjective.
E.g. She is extremely beautiful.
Definition 3: Adverb also qualifies another adverb.
E.g. She is just too rich.
So, an adverb qualifies a verb, an adjective and another adverb.
There are a few rules regarding adverbs.
1. Any sentence is grammatically correct with or without the adverb. The use of
an adverb is only to emphasise something; it doesn’t change the grammatical
sense of any sentence.
2. All ‘ly’ words are adverbs.
3. Normally, the errors revolving around this part of speech are associated with
the placement of the adverbs which is quite complicated in many cases.
RULES AND EXCEPTIONS
Rule 1
Adverbs used for adjectives
Almost all the times when we use adverbs for adjectives, the placement of the
adverb is just before the adjective it modifies.
EXAMPLE
➢ A very beautiful girl was talking to an extremely rich boy and their ferociously
dangerous parents found them lying in a very filthy pool of blood.
Rule 2
Exception to the above rule is ‘enough’,
EXAMPLES
➢ I have enough money to buy anything. (adjective)
➢ I am rich enough to buy anything. (adverb)
➢ I am smart enough to understand such problems. (adverb)
➢ I have enough smartness to understand such problems. (adjective)
When we use ‘enough’ with money and smartness, it precedes these nouns. Why?
Because ‘money’ and ‘smartness’ are nouns and ‘enough’ used here is used as an
adjective.
On the other hand, ‘smart’ and ‘rich’ are adjectives, so ‘enough’ used for adjectives
will be an adverb and hence it is used after the adjectives.
This is the only exception whererein an adverb is used after the adjective.
Rule 3
Placement of adverbs in case of verbs
To understand this, we will have to understand a few more categories of adverbs.
1. Adverb of Manner (how an action shown is done)
E.g. nicely, badly, swiftly, slowly, quickly etc
2. Adverb of Place (where the action is done)
E.g. in the class, here, there, everywhere
3. Adverb of Time (when the action is done)
E.g. now, yesterday, tomorrow, later etc
4. Adverb of Frequency (how many times is the action done)
E.g. frequently, never, sometimes, always, seldom etc
Placement of adverbs
▪ Adverb of Manner, Place and Time will follow the verb in the same sequence.
▪ Adverb of Frequency will precede the verb i.e. it will placed right before the verb
but after the auxiliary verb.
EXAMPLES
➢ She melodiously sang a song today in the class. (incorrect)
➢ She sang a song melodiously in the class today. (correct)
➢ She sings always in front of strangers. (incorrect)
➢ She always sings in front of strangers. (correct)
➢ Never she completes at home on time her homework. (incorrect)
➢ She never completes her homework at home on time. (correct)
Rule 4
Use of ‘only’
‘only’ is always used just before the word it is being used for.
EXAMPLES
➢ I am 16 years old only. (incorrect)
➢ I am only 16 years old. (correct)
➢ I have Rs. 500 only. (incorrect)
➢ I have only Rs.500. (correct)
➢ You have only helped me in all these years. (incorrect)
➢ Only you have helped me in all these years. (correct)
Rule 5
Hardly and Scarcely
We can use these words both as conjunctions and as adverbs.

When used as adverbs
EXAMPLES
➢ I have hardly any money with me.
➢ I scarcely see you these days.
There is no need to use ‘when’ with either of these words while using them as
adverbs.
When used as conjunctions
EXAMPLES
➢ Hardly I crossed the road when I met with an accident. (incorrect)
➢ Hardly had I crossed the road when I met with an accident. (correct)
➢ Scarcely I pulled the shot when she dies. (incorrect)
➢ Scarcely had I pulled the shot when she died. (correct)
Rule 6
Common Mistakes made in Adverbs
EXAMPLES
➢ Delhi is a fairly populated city. (incorrect)
➢ Delhi is a very populated city. (correct)
➢ Hardly a few hundred years ago man used to live in caves. (incorrect)
➢ Barely a few hundred years ago man used to live in caves. (correct)
➢ I seldom or ever meet my friend. (incorrect)
➢ I seldom or never meet my friend. (correct)
➢ I would rather to fail than to cheat. (incorrect)
➢ I would rather fail than cheat. (correct)
➢ I love listening music. (incorrect)
➢ I love listening to music. (correct)
➢ I suggested her to start walking. (incorrect)
➢ I suggested to her to start walking. (correct)
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1.
a) Elocution refers to one’s capacity in communicating with others.
b) It involves the use of exact speech and gestures.
c) It is natural for parents to want their children to speak well exceptionally in
school or when among friends.
d) Parents get worried if the they observe that their child is not good in speech
as they are aware that Communication skill is necessary at any level and in any
profession.
2.
a) The present world seems to be a degenerate.
b) Children are losing their innocence earlier than it was in previous generations.
c) Topics like sex, drugs, etc. that were a hush hush till years ago, is openly
spoken about amongst twelve year olds.
d) Crime amongst the youngsters seems commonplace.
3.
a) Pakistan is a country which always has had a rich tradition
b) A substantial part of Pakistan’s tradition is rooted in religion and spirituality.
c) In fact, as it is the home to so many different faiths, there have been so many
saints and sages who have propagated their individual spirits.
d) It is vital then that there is a positive spiritual and religious factor in the lifes of
children.
4.
a) Military surplus vehicles are usually auctioned off.
b) These includes a number of land and air vehicles
c) Some of these vehicles are the dakota aircrafts that can be used for private
flying or for transportation or airplanes like the P -51.
d) However, a license is required to selling or exporting these vehicles.
5.
a) Poverty, race, ethnicity and immigration state are not in themselves
determination of student achievement.
b) There is no reason to believe that Demography is one’s destiny.
c) The number of melanin in a student's skin, the home country of her
antecedents,
d) the amount of money in the family bank account, are not the inexorable
determinants of academic success.
6.
a) Educational business is about passion and a constant desire to learn
something new.
b) While there are so many opportunities in the field of education,
c) opening up a play school in Pakistan comes with a few challenges.
d) If you are desirous of opening a play school, make sure you done your
homework well.
7.
a) Preschool teacher requirements vary from country to country and state to
state.
b) The requirements for preschool teachers includes elementary education
training and license.
c) Most of the school require teachers to have a Bachelors Degree or a high
school diploma.
d) The preschool teachers are also required to attend early childhood education
courses.
8.
a) MBA in itself is an attractive career optional.
b) Correspondence MBA means pursue your MBA in a distance learning mode.
c) Correspondence MBAs have become mainly very popular because of the
immense competition in a full time MBA program.
d) MBA in a correspondence mode can help you continue with your current job
at the same time pursue your education.
9.
a) As you age, arthritis dogs your footsteps.
b) If you are not careful it could cripple you down in mentally and physically.
c) The joints are usually effected, especially the knees and elbows.
d) Synovial fluid is the name given to the lubricant present in the joints and the
cartilage is the special tissue, which absorbs shocks.
10.
a) A surgical procedure that is done under general anesthesia, liposuction
removes the deposits of fat which lie trapping between the skin and muscle.
b) A cannula connected to a suction pump is allowed to penetrate the skin
through small incisions.
c) Suction breaks through the layers of deposited fat.
d) Tumescent liposuction avoids general anesthesia by using a dilute solution of
lidocaine (a local anesthetic) in combined with epinephrine.
Exercise -2 Find the incorrect statements in terms of grammar and usage.
1.
a) He wrote to his mother every week till date.
b) A potrait of the manager hanged on the wall of the company.
c) The teacher has often complained that if I would not work hard, I won't pass.
d) The stranger asked Peter where he lived.
2.
a) I have once been to Australia.
b) All my friends are mostly non-smokers.
c) Pakistan is a fairly populated and polluted country.
d) I seldom or ever meet my old friends.
3.
a) I had had enough of your tantrums.
b) Ali has enough smartness to become an PAS officer.
c) Eman is enough smart to clear CAT.
d) She has courage enough to visit the doctor without anybody.
4.
a) All teachers want that their students should pass with a distinction.
b) If only there can be more schools and colleges built in Pakistan, there would
be no illiteracy.
c) If I was a millionaire, I would have bought all the luxuries of life for myself.
d) I shall take the morning class tomorrow.
5.
a) It is extremely hot to go outside and play.
b) We hardly ever get the chance to go to anybody’s house for dinner.
c) She lives in a country far off where there are no amenities.
d) All the crops this monsoon have been spoiled owing to the poor rains.
6.
a) It was bitterly cold outside when we set out on our trek.
b) I cannot by no means allow my children to be libertines.
c) No one sings as melodious as she does.
d) This hard won trophy should be celebrated instead of being abandoned.
7.
a) Only he has been able to help me.
b) Ahmad only is responsible for his own misdeeds.
c) Anwar has only eaten an apple for breakfast and he must be hungry now.
d) Sara is only 20 years old and she wants to get married.
8.
a) I asked her had she received any letters or mail on my behalf, she said no.
b) I told not to go out in the rain.
c) He enquired where my office was and let me in the building.
d) I could not meet him at dinner, he went out before I reached.
9.
a) By the time I finished my exams, I had already started preparing for a party.
b) Most likely, I will participate in the sports function.
c) I would have done it if could have done it.
d) Might I borrow your car for a day?
10.
a) Every morning, at 6 a.m., my alarm starts ringing and I start my day like a
robot.
b) I visited England and I know the nook and corner of the place.
c) The doctor visited me and said that I was ok.
d) He had decided what he wanted to be.
Exercise -3 Which part of the sentence (a/b/c/d/e) is grammatically incorrect ?
1. None of my friends / have attended /any of the college / seminars. / No error

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2. Neither of my / relatives have /ever watched / a movie in a cinema hall. / No error

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
3. The show which / had been running in the city / for over a month, finally survived
(a) (b) (c)
the ordeal / and made a lot of money. / No error
(d) (e)
4. I am hearing / this piece of news /for the first time /and its quite exciting / No
error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
5. Today, in the morning / ali has gone / out to buy / groceries. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
6. Riaz meticulously / tapped the callers / details and got / him arrested. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
7. Never I have / told a lie / to anybody / in my life. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
8. I hardly have / any / goods left / in the stockroom. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
9. I saw the / tailor nicely / stitching my / new attire. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
10. Sara has / the habit of / singing / anywhere solemnly. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Exercise -4 Identify the incorrect statement. Mark your answer as (a) if only 1 st
sentence is incorrect, (b) if only the 2nd sentence is incorrect, (c) if both the sentences
1.
I. In her senior class, Hina cleared her Maths compartment.
II. She grew 5 inches taller since the last time I saw her.
2.
I. Hardly no one has ever dared to visit the haunted hill.
II. Hardly he crossed the road when he met with an accident.
3.
I. Everyone forgot to get their notebooks today.
II. Aman and Akbar have been married for 20 years now.
4.
I. My teacher has finished the chapter, has revised the contents and has
given us a test on it.
II. She has too very Gold to buy ornaments for herself.
5.
I. I am feeling so weak that I may not walk.
II. I don’t understand why is she always late to school.
6.
I. I never have and I never will bunk my classes.
II. He had only returned from Karachi last week.
7.
I. I could have cleared my exam on time but I wont.
II. I will call you when the dinner will be ready.
8.
I. If I was a teacher, I would have turned out all the naughty children of my
class.
II. How I wish I can become a doctor.
9.
I. We had better reached home on time before it starts raining.
II. Razia is used to help everyone in her society.
10.
I. You ought to take up swimming classes this summer.
II. You must follow the rules and regulations before you’re chucked out.
Solution -1
1. (b) and (d) - to communicate in (a); to speak exceptionally well in (c).

2. (a) and (b) — are openly spoken in (c); a commonplace in (d).
3. Only (b) - has always had in (a); home (in place of ‘the home’) in (b); lives in (d)
4. (a) and (c) - these include in (b); sell or export in (d).
5. (b) and (d) — determinants in (a); amount in (c).
6. (a) and (b) - opening in (c); you have done in (d).
7. Only (d) - teacher's in (a); include in (b); bachelor’s in (c).
8. Only (d) - option in (a); to pursue in (b); popular mainly in (c).
9. (b) and (d) — in is incorrect in (b); affected in (c).
10. (b) and (c) - trapped in (a); combination in (d).
Solution -2
1. (a), (b) and (c) - writes in (a); hung in (b); will not work hard in (c).
2. (a), (c) and (d) — to Australia once in (a); very instead of fairly in (c); seldom or
never in (d).
3. (a), (c) and (d) — have had in (a); smart enough in (c); enough courage in (d).
4. (a), (b) and (c) — Want that in (a); if only there were in (b); I could in (c).
5. (c) and (d) — far off country in (c); due to poor rains in (d).
6. (b) and (c) — any means in (b); as melodiously in (c).
7. (b) and (c) — Only Ahmad in (b); eaten only an apple in (c).
8. (a), (b) and (d) — if she had in (a); told her in (b); had gone out in (d).
9. (a), (b) and (d) — I had finished in (a); I may or would instead of will in (b); may in
(d).
10. (a) and (b) — 6 instead of 6 am in (a); I have visited in (b).
Solution -3
1. (b) — have
2. (b) — have
3. (a) – that
4. (a) – listening
5. (b) – went
6. (a) — meticulously after tapped
7. (a) — never have I
8. (a) —I have hardly
9. (b) — nicely should come after the verb
10. (d) — solemnly everywhere
Solution -4
1. (b) — has grown

2. (c) - hardly anyone in (a); hardly had he in (b).
3. (a) — his notebook
4. (b) — too much gold
5. (c) — cannot in (a); she is always in (b).
6. (b) —only
7. (c) — did not in (a); is instead of will be in (b).
8. (c) — were instead of was in (a); wish I could in (b).
9. (c) — had better reach in (a), used to helping in (b).
10. (a) — ought to is incorrect.
ADJECTIVES
Any word that modifies or qualifies a noun or a pronoun is an adjective. It explains the
quality of a noun or a pronoun whether negative or positive.
Types
1. Adjectives of Quality: E.g. Honest, Kind, Large, Bulky, Beautiful, Ugly etc
2. Adjectives of Quantity: E.g, All, Half, Many, Few, Little, No, Enough, Great etc.
3. Adjectives of Number: E.g. One, Two, Twenty, Thirty-Three etc also known as
Cardinals, First, Second, Third, Seventh etc also known as Ordinals.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives: E.g. This, That, These and Those
5. Interrogative Adjectives: E.g. Where, What, Which and Whose
In competitive tests, we should be more concerned about the degrees of
adjectives.
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
Category Positive degree Comparative Superlative Degree

(for one noun/ Degree (for two (for more than 2
pronoun) nouns/ pronouns) nouns/ pronouns)
Category 1 Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Category 2 Fast Faster Fastest
Slow Slower Slowest
Category 3 Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Hardworking More hardworking Most hardworking
Rules for Usage
Rule 1
We cannot mix two degrees and we need to stick to the priorities.
EXAMPLES
➢ This building is more higher than that building. (incorrect)
➢ This building is higher than that building. (correct)
➢ Air is the most safest form of travel. (incorrect)
➢ Air is the safest form of travel. (correct)
➢ He is the most wealthiest businessman of our family. (incorrect)
➢ He is the wealthiest businessman of our family. (correct)
➢ I am much more better now. (incorrect)
➢ I am much better now. (correct)
➢ Hina is much more Prettier than Sara. (incorrect)
➢ Hina is much prettier than Sara. (correct)
Rule 2
Superlative Degree
1. Always use the article ‘the’ with a superlative degree.
EXAMPLES
➢ She is the best girl in my class.

➢ You are the most dedicated student.
2. Some words are naturally in the superlative degree and we can’t use them in the
comparative form at all.
EXAMPLES
ideal outstanding perfect opaque
circular triangular deadly favorite
Rule 3
Comparative degree
Always use ‘than’ as a couple in the object when comparative degree is used.
EXAMPLES
➢ The Jehlum is the holiest river in Pakistan. (correct)

➢ If the above sentence is converted into comparative degree, then possible
mistakes can be avoided by taking a look at these examples.
➢ The Jehlum is holier than all rivers in Pakistan. (incorrect)
➢ The Jehlum is holier than any other river in Pakistan. (correct)
➢ No river in Pakistan is as holy as the Jehlum. (incorrect)
➢ No other river in Pakistan is as holy as the Jehlum. (correct)
Rule 4
This is the case when we are comparing two qualities of the same person.
This rule is an exception to Rule 1, wherein we give more preference to category 3

than category 2.
EXAMPLES
➢ Riaz is stronger than wiser. (incorrect)

➢ Riaz is more strong than wise. (correct)
➢ Shahid is wiser than richer. (incorrect)
➢ Shahid is more wise than rich. (correct)
Rule 5
In case of words that naturally end with er/or we don’t use ‘than’; instead, we use the ‘to
form to compare.
EXAMPLES
➢ I am more junior than you. (incorrect)

➢ I am junior to you. (correct)
➢ She is more superior than me. (incorrect)
➢ She is superior to me. (correct)
➢ Karachi is preferable than Islamabad. (incorrect)
➢ Karachi is preferable to Islamabad. (correct)
➢ I prefer tea than coffee. (incorrect)
➢ I prefer tea to coffee. (correct)
Rule 6
Rule of Parallelism
EXAMPLES
➢ Driving a car is easier than a cycle. (incorrect)
➢ Driving a car is easier than riding a cycle. (correct)
➢ Roads of Punjab are better than Sindh. (incorrect)
➢ Roads of Punjab are better than those of Sindh. (correct)
➢ She is more popular than Sara and is most hardworking in her class.
(incorrect)
➢ She is more popular than Sara and is more hardworking than any other in her
class. (correct)
➢ Raja's house is bigger than his friend an relatives. (incorrect)
➢ Raja’s house is bigger than those of his friends and relatives. (correct)
Rule 7
A few differences
1. between/among - ‘between’ is always used for two two noun entities whereas
‘among’ is used for more than two.
2. each other/one another — ‘each other’ is used for two nouns and ‘one another’ is
used for more than two.
3. for/since - ‘for’ is used when a duration of time is mentioned whereas ‘since’ is
used when a point of time is mentioned.
4. much/many - ‘much’ is used for uncountable nouns and ‘many’ for countable
nouns.
5. beside/besides - ‘beside’ means ‘at the side of’ and ‘besides’ means ‘apart from’
6. in spite of /despite - Both mean the same thing but ‘despite of’ would be
incorrect.
7. consists of/comprises - Both have the same meaning but again, ‘comprises of’ is
incorrect.
8. too/very /enough - ‘very’ is a moderate degree; ‘enough’ is used for basic needs
met; and ‘too’ is an extreme degree with which, we also use ‘to’ in some
sentences occasionally.
9. farther/further - ‘farther’ is for distance and ‘further’ is for position.
10. elder /older - ‘elder’ is always used with ‘to’ for blood relations. Older is used to
denote seniority in terms of age; it uses ‘than’.
11. last/latest - ‘last’ is for position and ‘latest’ is for the latest time.
12. earlier/previous - ‘earlier’ refers to time and ‘previous’ refers to position.
13. ago/before - ‘ago’ is used for time and ‘before’ for position.
14. former/latter - Always used for two nouns/pronouns, ‘former’ means first one
and ‘latter’ means last one.
15. few/a few - ‘few’ means negligible and ‘a few’ means some.
16. little/a little - ‘little’ means negligible and ‘a little’ means some.
17. few/little - ‘few’ is for countable nouns and ‘little’ is for uncountable nouns.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
EXERCISE-1 Find the correct statements in terms of grammar and usage
1.
a) Some great authors have published their worst work from beyond the grave.
b) Few though, keep getting better when they’re dead.
c) One such author was the Chilean novelist and short story writer, Roberto
Bolano.
d) His seminal five-part novel, 2666, came out posthumously, won the National
Book Critics Circle Award.
2.
a) Hilary Mantel is twice winner of the Man Booker Prize.
b) She made her name dissecting the 16th-century court intrigues.
c) She wrote about the court intrigues of King Henry VIII's adviser, particularly
Thomas Cromwell.
d) Now, she is turning her attention to a more modern politician, Margaret
Thatcher.
3.
a) “The very ethos of his practise is rooted in a 1960s
b) American obsession with the implications of space travel and,
c) with that, an fear embedded of otherness,” writes the Guggenheim’s Nancy
Spector
d) in her introduction to this 30-year retrospective of Crewdson’s work.
4.
a) How can you become so famous that they name two schools, the wing of a
hospital, a museum and a pub after you ... and then be totally forgotten?
b) That’s the puzzling surrounding John Moore, novelist and countryman.
c) He was born in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, seven years ago the Great War,
d) and he remained out of the limelight following rural pursuits all his life.
5.
a) The story concerned a woman
b) who asks a doctor to take revenge deadly
c) on her promiscuous husband by
d) removing his bladder, tongue and genitalia
6.
a) Pirandello described this play as a comedy “full of songs and sunshine...
b) so light-hearted it doesn’t seem like one of my works” and,
c) to be sure, it will come as quite a surprise to anyone expecting the usual
tricks,
d) Meta theatrical meditations on the relativity of truth and the deceptiveness of
personal identity et al.”
7.
a) Bandit Ashok Kol, who gained notoriousness
b) for abducting three primary school teachers –
c) performing duties in Manikpur block of Chitrakoot
d) district in a short span of four months.
8.
a) A fighter proclaimed allegiance to Islamic State has appeared
b) in a video urging fellow Turks to rebel against “infidel” President Tayyip
Erdogan
c) and help conquering Istanbul, highlighting the threat the
d) NATO member faces as it battles the radical insurgency.
9.
a) Gwen Stefani and Gavin Rossdale might have announced
b) their divorce but it seems they are keeping it cool and pretty
c) as the two were together spotted with their kids
d) at the Balboa Fun Zone in Newport Beach, California.
10.
a) In her ten year-long career in Lollywood,
b) actress Noor Jehan has had a mixed bag
c) of big small budget films, but she believes at the end of the day
d) an actor needs commercial viability.
Exercise-2 Find the incorrect statements in terms of grammar

1.
a) The country found that its economy is growing more stronger after the battle.
b) Between Raja and his brother, Raja is more devoted and is most diligent
towards his work.
c) The most southern tip of Pakistan is still unknown to many.
d) I prefer tea to coffee.
2.
a) Islamabad is more preferable than Karachi.
b) My sister who was senior than a very famous celebrity has always been his
fan.
c) My most inner fear is to come across sharks on the beach.
d) I have always lived in Punjab and I love the place.
3.
a) Most of my life I have lived in an urban densely populated state.
b) I am shocked to see how dramatic it has changed.
c) You need to look closely at the problems of a place to identify them and
correct them.
d) A majority of the citizens residing belongs to the middle strata.
4.
a) Hina is a real good singer.
b) Riaz has worked hard due to which he failed in all his examinations.
c) The little knowledge that I have about this place is enough for me to roam
around.
d) A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
5.
a) There aren’t many apples left with me, hardly two.
b) Previously, I used to live in Islamabad with my parents but now I have settled
down in Peshawar.
c) I have little faith in him because of which I don’t leave my baby with him.
d) People these days are buying lesser newspapers.
6.
a) Of the two batsmen, I prefer the latter.
b) My grandfather used to live in a big yellow old big house.
c) We are celebrating my anniversary by opening a 10-year old champagne.
d) I drove a little further to take my wife out for a long drive to give her the much
needed break.
7.
a) I enjoyed my walk which was a nice 5 — mile beautiful walk, thoroughly.
b) Jennifer is putting in her 10-hours every day to work, she is exhausted.
c) A two-inch cyst caused a lot of trouble in his bladder.
d) The eastern most area of Pakistan is full of terrorists.
8.
a) The brilliant attractive singer got awarded.
b) It was a bright fun-filled evening with my friends.
c) The large old Persian cat is exquisitely beautiful.
d) All people who live in Africa, those particularly living in jungles are afraid of
God.
9.
a) Rossette covered her wall with green neon paint.
b) The cave was quite dark and extremely cold.
c) It gets hotter in Islamabad more in august than in June.
d) More the money better it is.
10.
a) His childish smile is extremely attractive.
b) It was quite immature of him to say something so ridiculous.
c) The colour of the walls compliment the colour of the furniture.
d) I find him quiet irritating at times.
Exercise-3. Which part of the sentence is (a/b/c/d/e) grammatically incorrect ?
1. Raja is much / more stronger / than his / own brother. / No error

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2. Islamabad is further / from Karachi by / 1300 kms and it / is quite a long journey. /
(a) (b) (c) (d)
No error
(e)
3. Travelling / by train / is safer / than by bus. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
4. Out of saffron, / green and white / the former one / is my favorite colour. / No
error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
5. From the / two sisters, / Eman is the / prettier one. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
6. Pakistan is a historical / country /with beautiful / monuments./ No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
7. My current job /is a very stressing / one and I am / looking for a change. / No
error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
8. Rich do / not tolerate / the poor / easily. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
9. I am too much / worried / to attend the / seminar. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
10. I took the / latest train to / Mangalore to reach / home on time. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Exercise - 4 Identify the incorrect statement. Mark your answer as (a) if only 1 st
are incorrect, and (d) if none is incorrect.
1.
I. The scenery of KPK is better than that of Punjab and Sindh.
II. My sister who is older to me bullies me a lot.
2.
I. I am elder than all my students of my batch.
II. I have had enough of your tantrums.
3.
I. She is enough beautiful to get through the Miss Pakistan pageant.
II. Gold is more expensive than any other metal in the world.
4.
I. He is generating productivity in the company than any of his competitors.
II. Mrs Rodney is becoming young day by day.
5.
I. He was so generous man that he denoted all of his wealth to the needy.
II. She is such a beauty that you can’t help staring at her.
6.
I. Phillip dances so beautiful that all other men start feeling jealous of him.
II. The bored story told by Nassir put me off to sleep.
7.
I. The teacher was quite upset with the student’s performance.
II. The death of my favorite granny was quiet upsetting.
8.
I. Ramiz was amazing to see how adamant his younger brother is towards his
goals.
II. These bitter medicines have left a sour taste in my mouth.
9.
I. Beside being rich, Riaz is quite a wise man.
II. Riaz is much more wiser than he is rich.
10.
I. The Jehlum is holier than all the rivers of Pakistan.
II. No river in Pakistan is as holy as the Jehlum.

Solution - 1.
1. (c) and (d) — works in (a); a few in (b).

2. (b) and (d) — twice the winner in (a); advisors in (c).
3. (b) and (d) - practice in (a); an embedded fear in (c).
4. (a) and (d) — puzzle in (b); before instead of ago in (c).
5. (c) and (d) — concerns in (a); deadly revenge in (b).
6. (a) and (c) - so like in (b); meta-theatrical in (d).
7. (c) and (d) - notoriety in (a); hyphen in (b).
8. (b) and (d) - proclaiming in (a); conquer in (c).
9. (a) and (d) - pretty cool in (b); spotted together in (c).
10. (b) and (d) - ten-year long career in (a); small and big in (c).
Solution - 2
1. (a), (b) and (c) — more stronger in (a); most in (b); southernmost in (c).
2. (a), (b) and (c) - more preferable in (a); senior than in (b); innermost fear in (c)
3. (a), (b) and (d) – urban densely populated in (a); dramatically in (b); belongs in (d)
4. (a) and (b) - really in (a), hardly worked in (b)
5. (b) and (d) – Earlier in (b); lesser in (d) should be fewer.
6. (b), (c) and (d) - big old yellow is right in (b); ten-year-old in (c), farther in (d)
7. (a) and (b) – beautiful 5-mile walk in (a); 10 hurs is incorrect in (b)
8. (a) and (d) – attractive brilliant in (a); particularly those in (d).
9. (a) and (d) - non green in (a); the more and the better in (d)
10. (a), (c) and (d) - childlike instead of childish in (a); complement in (c); quite
instead of quite in (d).
Solution - 3
1. (b) - more is wrong

2. (a) - farther
3. (d) - travelling by bus
4. (c) —first instead of former
5. (a) — of the two sisters
6. (a) — historic
7. (b) — stressful
8. (a) — the rich
9. (a) — much not required
10. (b) -last instead of latest
Solution - 4
1. (c) — than those in (a); elder to me or older than in (b).
2. (a) — elder to in (a)
3. (a) — beautiful enough
4. (c) — more than in (a); younger in (b).
5. (a) — such instead of so
6. (c) — beautifully in (a); boring story in (b).
7. (b) — spelling of quiet in (b)
8. (a) — amazed in (a)
9. (c) — besides in (a); more in (b).
10. (a) — holier than any other river in (a)
CONJUNCTIONS
This is the most misunderstood part of speech in grammar.

A conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or sentences and shows the
relation between them. We understand a conjunction to be a word that joins two words,
which is not the only definition.
The only word that comes to our mind is ‘and’ but there are many more
Types
1. Coordinating Conjunctions: E.g. and, with, etc.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: E.g. although, as, before, once, though, until
whether, etc.
3. Adversative Coordinating Conjunctions: E.g. but, nevertheless, however,
whereas, only, still, etc.
4. Alternative Conjunctions: E.g. or, nor, either...or, neither...nor, otherwise, else
etc,
5. Inferential or Illative Conjunctions: E.g. therefore, for, so, etc.
6. Conjunction Connectives: Conjunction + Prepositions E.g. along with, together
with, accompanied by, etc.
7. Conjunction Couples: This is an extremely important category. Normally, most of
the errors related to conjunctions are committed because of incorrect
understanding of how conjunction couples should be used. Some of the
conjunction couples are the same as alternative conjunctions (For example,
‘either ... or’, ‘neither ... nor’). Other examples that are in common use include
▪ Not only... but also ▪ Not... but

▪ Whether ... or ▪ Hardly ... when
▪ Scarcely ... when ▪ No sooner ... than
▪ Too... to ▪ As... as
▪ So... that ▪ Such... that
RULES FOR USAGE

Rule 1
Rule of Parallelism
EXAMPLES
➢ I am neither interested in Bollywood nor Hollywood. (incorrect)
➢ I am interested neither in Bollywood nor Hollywood. (correct)
➢ I not only believe in life after death but also ghosts. (incorrect)
➢ I believe in not only life after death but also ghosts. (correct)
➢ Either my sister will come to drop me and my brother. (incorrect)
➢ Either my sister or my brother will come to drop me. (correct)
Rule 2
Usage of verbs and pronouns
In case of conjunction couples, the verb and the pronoun will be associated with
the second part of the couple.
EXAMPLES
➢ Either my sister or my friends will visit me to invite me for her graduation day.
(incorrect)
➢ Either my sister or my friends will visit me to invite me for their graduation day.
(correct)
Rule 3
Use of verbs and pronouns in case of conjunction connectives
In case of connectives, the verb and the pronoun is associated only with the
subject.
EXAMPLES
➢ My brother along with his friends are coming to my house to celebrate their
holidays. (incorrect)
➢ My brother along with his friends is coming to my house to celebrate his holidays.
(correct)
Rule 4
Negative Conjunctions
We all understand that two negatives make one positive; we cannot use a negative word
with a negative conjunction.
EXAMPLES
➢ Work hard lest you will not pass. (incorrect)

➢ Work hard lest you will fail. (correct)
➢ Unless you don’t come to pick me I will not attend the seminar. (incorrect)
➢ Unless you come to pick me I will not attend the seminar. (correct)
Rule 5
Hardly /scarcely and either/neither
We can use ‘hardly’ /‘scarcely’ both as adverbs and conjunctions.
EXAMPLE
➢ I have hardly any money with me.
We can use hardly /scarcely as conjunctions in pair with ‘when’.

EXAMPLES
➢ Hardly I boarded the train than I met with an accident. (incorrect)
➢ Hardly had I boarded the train when I met with an accident. (correct)
‘Either’ /‘neither’ can also be used as pronouns besides being used as conjunction
couples.
EXAMPLES
➢ Either of my two sisters is coming to stay with me.
➢ Either of my parents is at fault.
Rule 6
A Few Differences
▪ while/when: ‘while’ specifies duration of time and ‘when’ means a point of time.
▪ even though/even if: ‘even if’ is a condition and ‘even though’ is a contradiction.
▪ until/unless: ‘until’ is for time, ‘unless’ is a negative condition and ‘until and
unless used together is a warning.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Exercise —1 Find the correct statements in terms of grammar and usage.
1.
a) Riaz went to the Grocer to buy milk, eggs, and butter.
b) Although, I cried, yet, I am okay.
c) Tom and Jerry, and Doraemon are the new favorites among the younger
generation.
d) Tom is quite large whereas jerry is petite.
2.
a) Lisa let out a sigh that was filled of pain and regret.
b) What could she do still move on; find a new life and new dreams?
c) the old one was beyond repair.
d) She still had to carry on.
3.
a) I remembered those words while the funeral and the days
b) that followed when I helped him and my niece attend
c) in all the sad chores that follow an unexpected death.
d) I thought about them on the plane returning to California.
4.
a) Tess was a precocious eight years old when
b) she heard her Mom and Dad talking of her little brother,
c) Andrew. All she knew was that he was too sick
d) and they were completely out of money.
5.
a) When they reached to the check-out stand,
b) the little girls immediately begun to clamour for gum
c) and burst into a terrible tantrum at discovering
d) there’d be no gum purchased. The mother patently said, “Monica, we’ll be
through this checkout stand in 5 minutes”
6.
a) For me to love, is commit myself,
b) Freely or without reservation.
c) I am sincerely interest in your happiness and well being.
d) Whatever your needs are, I will try to fulfill them.
7.
a) For while I am opposed to all orthodox creeds,
b) I have creed myself, and my creed is this:
c) Happiness is the only good also
d) The time to be happy is now. The place to be happy is here.
8.
a) One day, when I was freshman in high school.
b) I saw a kid in my class was walking home from school.
c) His name was Kyle. It looked as he was crying
d) all of his books, I thought to myself, “why would anyone bring ho9me all his
books on a Friday?
9.
a) Things were bad now and even would get worse later.
b) They would. I had not heard the word depression although,
c) and would not for some time after that, but I felt something very wrong going
on.
d) I felt that I was wrong - my hair was wrong, my face was wrong, and my
personality was wrong.
10.
a) Well, while he finished reading,
b) he had great big tears in his eyes.
c) And he looked up to me and he said,
d) “Mama, I sure do love you.”
Exercise - 2 Find the incorrect statements in terms of grammar.
1.
a) Since I could not go out with my friends, therefore I wasn’t in a very good
mood.
b) He climbed up the mountain so as to get a panoramic view of the town.
c) Although he was poor, but he was content with his life.
d) I am tired but still ready to party.
2.
a) The man is either dead or pretends to be dead.
b) We are all in the drain along with some of us looking at the stars and the
positivity around.
c) Even though I studied hard all night, I would still not pass.
d) Until and Unless you don't prepare through for your exam well you will never
get through.
3.
a) The meal was good but expensive.
b) I love reading and lazing around when travelling.
c) I want to lose weight although I hate diets.
d) My parents are warm and friendly however a little strict at times.
4.
a) Even though you run fast, you will still be late for your exam.
b) I will help her even if that means going against the whole world.
c) Even if you pass, you will still not get admission in a good college.
d) Even though I exercise daily, I am still not losing weight.
5.
a) Once I will finish my food, we can go for shopping.
b) As soon as I will hear any news about your grandmother I will inform you,
c) She is as diligent like her father.
d) I recently bought a new car so I am broke as of now.
6.
a) Since she loves driving, she is learning the technique.
b) Everybody, but Nancy is present in the class today.
c) The mother was so thrilled with her son’s result she said today you can have
ice cream or candies.
d) He is such a brat although he doesn’t let anybody close to him soon.
7.
a) He was the best candidate therefore he did not win the elections.
b) I wanted to buy a good pair of jeans still I went shopping with my friends.
c) Mr. Shahid along with his friends has gone for a holiday.
d) Either my stomach is upset or my hunger just died.
8.
a) Riaz is much stronger then his friends.
b) Whether it rains on Sunday, I will not be able to take my children to the zoo.
c) I will still ask her out, whether you agree with me or don’t.
d) I like both animals as well as plants.
9.
a) Money is not everything, sometimes all you need is love.
b) Luke was late to the anniversary celebration although his car met with an
accident.
c) Companies like Microsoft are thriving even while recession.
d) Thousand of opportunities are coming your way if you work hard.
10.
a) The news of her arrival is too good as true.
b) I was so tired to even take my shoes off and sleep.
c) He is extremely intelligent to be called a minor.
d) She is strong enough to get over her sadness.
Exercise - 3 Which part of the sentence (a/b/c/d/e) is grammatically incorrect?
1. I have been /working in Microsoft / since the past / 10 years. / No error

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2. Though I / could not attend / the party, / I enjoyed the pictures a lot. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
3. Even though/ I managed to pass / the exams, yet I won't get / admission in a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
good college. / No error
(e)‘
4. No sooner/ I had jumped out / of the windows than / the cops caught me. /
(a) (b) (c) (d)
No error
(e)
5. I hardly / ever get / the time to / pray. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
6. Either of / my brothers / are watching / the movie show, / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
7. Scarcely had the / monkeys Jumped / than the poacher / shot them, / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
8. Both my parents / as well as my guardians / were invited to the / correct /
(a) (b) (c) (d)
No error
(e)
9. I was learning not /English but also /Maths for further competitive/based tests./
(a) (b) (c) (d)
No error
(e)
10. Wear warm clothes / in winter lest / you will not catch / a cold. / No error
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Exercise - 4 Identify the incorrect statement. Mark your answer as (a) if only 1st
1.
I. I not only cleared my tests but passed with distinction.
II. Either my sister will drop me at the airport or my brother.
2.
I. Neither of my friends have watched this movie earlier.
II. I neither have any interest in playing nor reading.
3.
I. She is neither beautiful nor smart to win the Miss Pakistan pageant.
II. It was not Maths but history due to which I failed.
4.
I. He had hardly crossed the road when he met with an accident.
II. This library has hardly any good books.
5.
I. No sooner did I start studying than all my friends dropped in to disturb me.
II. The sooner you start studying, it’s better.
6.
I. My grandmother either goes for shopping every Sunday or teaches at home.
II. He was either talking about his strengths or his weaknesses.
7.
I. Though he got out of the town on time, yet the bomb exploded on his face.
II. Although I reached the hospital on time, but I could not catch hold of her.
8.
I. Since I am sick, I will not got to work.
II. I have been working since ages.
9.
I. The new model of the car will be launched from the 15th of November.
II. I have covered Pakistan from the north to the south.
10.
I. I am too poor to afford a new house.
II. I am such a poor that I can’t afford a new house.

Solution - 1
1. Only (d) - comma used after eggs is wrong in (a); punctuation comma mistake in
(b); comma before and is wrong in (c).
2. (c) and (d) - filled with in (a); but instead of still in (b).
3. (b) and (d) - through instead of while in (a); to instead of in in (c).
4. (a) and (d) - talking about in (b); extremely or very sick in (c).
5. Only (d) - at instead of to in (a); began to in (b); upon instead of at in (c).
6. (c) and (d) - to commit in (a); and instead of or in (b).
7. (b) and (d) - for while in (a); also in (c) is inappropriate.
8. (a) and (d) - of my class in (b); like instead of as in (c).
9. Only (c) - even is wrong in (a); although instead of yet in (b); comma in front of
and in (d),
10. (b) and (d) - when instead of while in (a) and at me instead of to me in (c).
Solution - 2
1. (a) and (d) - since and therefore used together in (a); although and but used
together in (d), it should be although and yet.
2. (b) (c) and (d) - (b) is contradictory, should use but/still instead of along with; even
if in (c), no don’t with unless, it should be unless you prepare for your exam in (d)
3. (b), (c) and (d) - while instead of when in (b); but instead of although in (c); but
instead of however in (d).
4. (a) - even if instead of even though
5. (a), (b) and (c) - once I finish in (a); as soon as I hear in (b); as diligent as in (c).
6. (c) and (d) - so/that and and instead of or in (c) , such and that in (d).
7. (a) and (b) - still/but instead of therefore, so instead of still in (b).
8. (a), (b) and (d) - than in (a), if in (b), both...and in (d).
9. (b) and (d) - because instead of although in (b); even during in (c).
10. (a), (b) and (c) - too good to be true in (a), so and that in (b), too and to in (c).
Solution - 3
1. (c) - for
2. (e) – Noerror
3. (c) - yet is incorrect
4. (b) – had I
5. (e) - No error
6. (c) - is watching
7. (c) - when
8. (b) – and
9. (a) – not only
10. (c) – no not with lest
Solution - 4
1. (c) – not only/but also in (a); either my sister or my brother in (b).

2. (c) – has in (a); I have interest in neither playing nor reading in (b).
3. (b) – Both are correct
4. (a) – hardly had he
5. (b) – the better it is
6. (b) – talking about either his strengths or his weaknesses
7. (c) – though and yet not allowed in (a); although and yet is a couple in (b).
8. (d) Both are correct
9. (a) - on or by the 15th
10. (b) - such a poor is wrong

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Wining English Grammar & Composition by Mureed Hussain Jasra 0316 5701593

Winning English Grammar & Composition

CSPs Publisher, Islamabad

GRAMMAR: BASIC TIPS, RULES FOR USAGE AND PRACTICE EXERCISES

Nouns, Articles and Apostrophes

Nouns: Definition and Types

I have a lot of homework to do. (Not specific)

I have a cup of tea. (Cannot count)

B. Plural Nouns: Plural nouns refer to a number of people, places, animals or

(x) Some nouns are used only in the plural.;

(2) Names of certain articles of dress; as,

(2) The word news

(3) Names of some common diseases measles,

(4) Names of some games billiards, draughts

3) Collective Noun: A collective noun is a name that is given to a group of nouns.

• The family is driving across the country this summer.

• The family are each doing a different chore.

• The members of the family are each doing a separate chore.

Rules for Usage

EXAMPLES: Hair, information, machinery, aircraft, furniture, sheep, fish, bread,

▪ Advise is a noun. E.g. Thank you for your valuable advice.

ARTICLES: DEFINITION AND TYPES

Rules for Usage

▪ ‘A’ is always used before nouns starting with a consonant sound.

✓ Ali is the Saeed Anwar of my team. (correct)

✓ I have a few sweets with me so I cannot share.

✓ Pakistan is a rich country with few resources.

✓ Little trust that I have in you is not good enough.

✓ The former PM and Finance Minister have resigned. (incorrect)

✓ I got to the school everyday. (incorrect)

Exercise-1 Find the correct statements in terms of grammar and usage.

Exercise-2 Find incorrect statements in terms of grammar and usage.

Exercise-3 Which part of the sentence (a/b/c/d/e) is grammatically incorrect?

SOLUTION OF PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. (b) – the time is incorrect.

1. (c) – was quite in (I) and police are in (II).

DEFINITION AND TYPES

1. Personal Pronoun: A Personal Pronoun can be the subject or object of a clause or

3. Relative Pronoun: Relative Pronouns are who, whom, which, whoever,

4. Intensive Pronoun: Intensive Pronouns are myself, himself, herself, themselves,

6. Interrogative Pronoun: The pronoun which is used to begin a question is called

Rules For Usage

➢ My best friend and I had a great time yesterday.

➢ I teach English. {Active voice}

Subject Object Subject Object

The above pronouns are always used singularly

➢ I, you and Ali were called by the principal. (1,2,3) (incorrect)

II. NONPERSONAL PRONOUNS

➢ Weather of Karachi is better than that of Islamabad. (correct)

4. That and which:‘That’ is specific and ‘which’ is general.

➢ Please pick up the book that is on the table. (specific book)

Exercise-1 Find the correct statements in terms of grammar and usage.

Exercise-1 Find the incorrect statements in terms of grammar and usage.

Exercise-3 Which part of the sentence (a/b/c/d/e) is grammatically incorrect?

Solution of Practice Exercise

Part-2 Find the incorrect statement in terms of grammar.

1. (a) Meera, Ali and I