(Original PDF) Converging Media A New

Introduction to Mass Communication

4th
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/original-pdf-converging-media-a-new-introduction-
to-mass-communication-4th/
Contents
Preface xxvii
About the Authors xxxii

PART 1 THE CHANGING MEDIA LANDSCAPE

1 Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation 3

Telephony: Case Study in Convergence 4 Surveillance 26

Three Types of Convergence
Technological Convergence 8
Economic Convergence 9
Cultural Convergence 11
Implications of Convergence
Media Organization Changes 13
Media Type Changes 14
Media Content Changes 15
Media Use Changes 16
Media Distribution Changes 17
Media Audience Changes 18
Media Profession Changes 20
Attitude and Value Changes 21
Mass Communication in
the Digital Age 23
Interpersonal Communication 23
Mass Communication 24
Mass Communication and Convergence 25
Functions of Mass Communication
Correlation 27
8
Cultural Transmission 27
Entertainment 27
Theories of Communication 28
Transmission Models 28
13
Critical Theory and Cultural Studies 30
Television: The Future of Convergence 31
Looking Back and Moving Forward 33
Discussion Questions 34
Further Reading 34
Features
Media Quiz: The Nature of “Intermass”
Communication 5
Media Pioneers: Steve Jobs 10
International Perspectives: Crying in a BMW  12
Convergence Culture: User-Generated Content:
Creativity or Piracy? 19
Ethics in Media: Interactively Mapping Gun
26 Owners 22

2 Media Literacy in the Digital Age 37

Education and Media 38 Semiotics 40

Framing 42
What Is Media Literacy? 38
Early Concerns of Media Effects 44
What Makes Mediated Communication
Different? 40 Media Grammar 44
vii
 viii Contents
Print Media 45
Radio and Recorded Music 46
Film and Television 46
Digital-Media Grammar 47
Implications of Commercial Media
Commercial-Media Debate 49
Concentration of Media Ownership
Media Bias 52
Developing Critical Media-Literacy Skills 55
Looking Back and Moving Forward 57
PART 2 MASS-COMMUNICATION FORMATS
3 Print Media: Books, Newspapers, and Magazines
Functions of Print Media 62
Transmission of Culture 62
Diffusion of Ideas and Knowledge
Entertainment 63
Distinctive Functions of Books 64
History of Books to Today 64
Monastic Scribes 65
Johannes Gutenberg 65
Beginnings of Mass Communication and
Mass Literacy 66
Cheaper and Smaller Books 66
Dime Novels 66
Mass-Market Paperbacks 67
Print-on-Demand 67
Digital Books 68
Current Book-Industry Issues
Sales and Readership of Books
Outlook for Books 71
Distinctive Functions of Newspapers
Local Newspapers 73
National Newspapers 74
History of Newspapers to Today 75
The Commercial Press and
the Partisan Press 75
www.oup.com/us/pavlik
Discussion Questions 58
Further Reading 59
Features
Media Quiz: Testing Your Media Literacy 39
48
International Perspectives: Mobile Telephony
in the Developing World 50
51
Ethics in Media: When SNL Parody Gets
Taken Seriously 54
Convergence Culture: Dos and Don’ts When
Evaluating Online Information 56
61
Colonial Readership and Finances 75
The Golden Age of Newspapers 76
62 Current Newspaper-Industry Issues 78
Newspaper Chains 78
Benefits of Chains 79
Problems with Chains 79
Leading Newspaper Chains 79
Declining Number of Daily Newspapers 79
Sales and Readership of Newspapers 82
Circulation and Readership 82
Advertising 83
Outlook for Newspapers 84
Distinctive Functions of Magazines 84
History of Magazines to Today 85
69 Current Magazine Industry Issues 86
70 Sales and Readership of Magazines 87
Outlook for Magazines 89
Looking Back and Moving Forward 90
73 Discussion Questions 90
Further Reading 91
Features
Media Quiz: Print Media 63
International Perspectives: Global Ebook
Marketplace 68

Media Pioneers: Emilie Jacobi 72
Timeline: History (and Pre-History) of
Newspapers 76
4 Audio Media: Music Recordings, Radio
The Recording Industry 94
Distinctive Functions of the Recording
Industry 94
History of Recorded Music 95
From Tin Pan Alley to Hollywood 96
Roots of Rock and Roll 97
Redefining Rock 98
The Recorded-Music Industry Today
Recording-Industry Business Model 103
Creation 103
Promotion 103
Distribution 103
Pricing Structure 104
Outlook for the Recording Industry
Digital Rights Management and Illegal
File Sharing 104
New Business Models Emerging 105
What Is Broadcasting? 106
Radio 107
Distinctive Functions of Radio 107
History of Radio 109
Wireless Telegraphy 109
Exploring Radio’s Early Potential 109
Voice Transmission 109
Radio Before, During, and After WWI 110
5 Visual Media: Photography, Movies, and Television
Photography 124
History of Photography 124
Photographic Industry Today 125
Movies 127
Contents ix
Convergence Culture: Freesheets: Riding
the Rails of Newspapers’ Future? 83
93
Widespread Public Adoption of Radio 111
FM Radio, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and
David Sarnoff 111
Creating a Viable Business Model for Radio 112
The Rise of Radio Networks 113
Consolidation in Radio Station Ownership 113
The Radio Industry Today 115
Radio Station Programming 115
98
Outlook for the Radio Industry 117
Podcasting 117
Satellite Radio 118
Looking Back and Moving Forward 119
Discussion Questions 120
Further Reading 120
104 Media Quiz Answers 121
Features
Media Quiz: The Revolution Will Not Be Televised;
It Will Be Mashed Up 95
Media Pioneers: Amanda Palmer and the Grand
Theft Orchestra 102
Ethics in Media: Prank Calls . . . on the Radio 108
Timeline: Milestones in Early Radio Technology
Development 110
Convergence Culture: NPR and PRI: America’s
Public Radio Networks 112
International Perspectives: Trusting in the Power
of the Airwaves 118
123
History of the Movie Industry 128
Silent Era: New Medium, New Technologies,
New Storytelling 128
Méliès and Griffith 128
Murnau, Flaherty, and Eisenstein 129
 x Contents
Sound and Color 129
Hollywood Movie Moguls 131
Warner Brothers 131
Walt Disney 131
Samuel Goldwyn 132
Marcus Loew 132
Louis B. Mayer 132
Hollywood Star System 132
The Director as Auteur 133
Technological Influences on Movie Genres 134
Other Entertainment Sources for Movies 135
DVDs and Streaming 135
Movie Industry Today 136
Marketing and Distribution for Movies
Movie-Industry Business Model 140
Outlook for the Movie Industry
Television 142
History of Television 143
Seeing the Light: The First Television Systems
Modern Television Takes Shape 144
Programming and Genre Influences 144
Pushing the Programming Envelope 145
Cable Comes of Age 145
Filling the Days 146
Filling the Nights 146
Sports 147
Reality Shows 148
6 Interactive Media: The Internet, Video Games, and Augmented Reality 159
Interactivity Defined 160
Interactive Media vs. Mass Media 161
Historical Development of User
Interfaces 163
Television Interfaces 163
Intuitive Interfaces 164
Keyboards 164
Computer Mouse 165
Touch Screens 165
Natural Input Methods 165
www.oup.com/us/pavlik
Digital Television: Preparing the Way
for Convergence 150
The Rise of Flat-Panel Displays 150
Television Distribution 151
Broadcast TV 151
Cable TV 151
Satellite TV 151
Television Industry Today 152
Cable System Structure 153
Satellite vs. Cable 153
Television-Industry Business Model 153
Outlook for the Television Industry 155
139 Looking Back and Moving Forward 155
Discussion Questions 156
Further Reading 157
141 Media Quiz Answers 157
Features
Media Quiz: Eye-Q Test 125
143 Timeline: Development of Photography 126
Ethics in Media: The Photojournalist’s Dilemma:
Trauma and the Photojournalist 126
Timeline: Selected Milestones in Early Motion
Pictures 130
Media Pioneers: Kathleen Kennedy,
Producer 138
Convergence Culture: 3-D Movies: What Will Be
the Impact? 142
Graphical User Interfaces 165
Historical Development of the Internet and
the World Wide Web 166
Internet Protocol 167
World Wide Web 168
Graphical Web Browsers 168
Broadband 169
Distribution Dynamics 169
Video Games 171
Historical Development of Video Games 171
 Contents xi

Types of Video Games 175 Features

Media Quiz: Engaging with Interactive
Video-Game Industry 177
Media 161
Trends in Video Games 179 International Perspectives: The Internet
of Babel 162
Gamification 180
Timeline: Milestones in the Development
Augmented Reality 181 of the Internet 166
Timeline: Development of Video Games 172
Ethics of Interactive Media 182
Media Pioneers: Super Mario 174
Looking Back and Moving Forward 183 Convergence Culture: Is Playing Video Games Bad
Discussion Questions 184 for You? 178
Further Reading 184

PART 3 MEDIA PERSPECTIVES

7 The Impact of Social Media 187

Defining Social Media 188 Privacy 209

Dialogic Commmunication 189 Transparency 210
Participatory Production 191 Social Media: The Good, the Bad,
What Is “Social” About Social Media? 193 and the Ugly 211
Choice 193 Are Social Media Making Us Less Social? 211
Conversation 193 Are Social Media Making Us Dumber? 213
Curation 194 Looking Back and Moving Forward 214
Creation 195 Discussion Questions 215
Collaboration 195 Further Reading 216
Types of Social Media 196
Features
Email 197
Media Quiz: How Connected Are You? 189
Discussion Boards and Web Forums 198
International Perspectives: New Kid on the Social
Chat Rooms 199
Network Block 197
Blogs and Microblogs 199
Media Pioneers: Jack Dorsey 202
Wikis 201
Convergence Culture: Are We Really Separated by
Social-Networking Sites 203
Six Degrees? 206
Producers and Produsers 206 Ethics in Media: Cyberbullying: New Twists on an
Reputation, Ratings, and Trust 208 Old Problem 212

8 Journalism: From Information to Participation 219

What Is News? 220 News Values and the Associated Press 223
The Historical Development of Pulitzer and Hearst: The Circulation Wars,
Journalism 222 Sensationalism, and Standards 225
 xii Contents
www.oup.com/us/pavlik

Joseph Pulitzer 225 Journalism in the Digital World 239

William Randolph Hearst 226 Nontraditional Sources 241
The Rise of Electronic Journalism 226 Online User Habits 242
Murrow and News in TV’s Golden Age 227 Personalization 242
Changes in Television News 227 Contextualization 243
Foundations of Journalism 228 Convergence 244
The Hutchins Commission and A Free and Responsible The Business of Journalism 244
Press 228 Salaries 245
Separation of Editorial and Business Diversity in the Newsroom 246
Operations 229
Fairness and Balance in News Coverage 229
Careers in Journalism 246
Framing the News 230 Looking Back and Moving Forward 247
Expert Sources 231 Discussion Questions 247
Further Reading 248
From Event to Public Eye: How News MEDIA QUIZ ANSWERS  249
Is Created 231
Gathering the News 232 Features
Producing the News 232 Media Quiz: A Nose for News 221
Distributing the News 234 Media Pioneers: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and
Types of Journalism 235 the Role of Minority Newspapers 224
Alternative Journalism 236 International Perspectives: Covering Islam 230
Public Journalism 236 Convergence Culture: Platypus Journalism: The
Citizen Journalism 237 Future, or Evolutionary Dead End? 233
An International Perspective 239 Ethics in Media: Do the Ends Justify the
Means? 243

9 Advertising and Public Relations: The Power of Persuasion 251

Strategic Communications 253 Advertising in a Digital World 266

Persuasive Communications 254 Cookies 266
The Role of Media in Persuasion 255 Email Marketing 266
Banner Ads 266
Advertising 256
Pop-Ups and Video 267
The Historical Development of Advertising 256 Classifieds and Auction Sites 267
Advertising Agencies 258 Search-Engine Ads 267
Commercial Television 258 Mobile Media 268
Internet 260 Behavioral Advertising 268
The Rise of Branding 260 Viral Marketing 268
Selling Products, Selling Ideas 262 The Advertising Business 268
Advertising Channels 263 Advertising Agencies 269
Print Media 263
Electronic Media 264 Public Relations 272
Outdoor 265 The Historical Development of Public
Direct Mail 265 Relations 272
 Contents xiii

Trends in the Development of Public Relations 275 Media Quiz Answers 283
PR and Media Relations 276
Pseudo-Events 276 Features
Distributing News to the Media in the Digital Age 276 Media Quiz: The Dynamics of Persuasion 253
Finding Sources Online 277 Media Pioneers: Madam C.J. Walker 257
PR Firms and the PR Industry 277 Convergence Culture: Me 2.0: The Guide to
Branding Yourself 262
Changing Trends in Advertising
International Perspectives: Global Advertising 270
and PR  278
Media Pioneers: Daniel J. Edelman 274
Looking Back and Moving Forward 281
Ethics in Media: Fooling Most of the People Most of
Discussion Questions 282
the Time . . . Digitally 279
Further Reading 282

PART 4 MEDIA AND SOCIETY

10 Media Ethics 285

Ethics, Morals, and Laws 286
Major Systems of Ethical Reasoning
Character, or Virtue Ethics
The Golden Rule 288
The Golden Mean 288
Virtue Ethics in Action 288
Duties 289
The Categorical Imperative 289
Discourse Ethics 289
Duties-based Ethics in Action 290
Consequences 291
Utilitarianism 291
Social Justice 291
Consequence-based Ethics in Action 292
Relationships, or Dialogical Ethics
Ethics of Care 294
Dialogical Ethics in Action 294
Moral Relativism 295
Issues in Ethical Decision Making
Going Undercover 300
Victimizing the Victims 301
286
Society of Professional Journalists Code
287 of Ethics 302
Ethical Issues in Advertising 302
Deceptive Advertising 303
Puffery 303
Conflicts of Interest in Advertising 303
Advertising Codes of Ethics 305
Ethics in Public Relations 305
Conflicts of Interest in PR  305
Public Relations Codes of Ethics 306
Ethics in Entertainment 307
292 Stereotypes in Entertainment 307
Sex and Violence 307
Looking Back and Moving Forward 308
Discussion Questions 309
295 Further Reading 309

The Role of Commercialism in Media

Ethics 297 Features
Media Quiz: How Moral Are You? 287
Media Types Influencing Content 298
International Perspectives: Mistaken Identity: One
Ethics in Journalism 299 Life Lost, Another Ruined 293
Privacy Rights Versus the Public’s Right to Know 299 Convergence Culture: Forbidden Fruit 304
 xiv Contents
www.oup.com/us/pavlik

11 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age 311

The Legal Framework 312 Regulating Commercial and Political

Speech 329
The Foundations of Freedom
Commercial Speech 330
of Expression 314
Tobacco and Alcohol Advertising 330
National Security 314
Unclear Regulatory Boundaries 331
Clear and Present Danger 315
Political Speech 331
Prior Restraint 315
Equal-Time Rule 332
Libel 316
Fairness Doctrine 332
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) 316
Protecting Journalists Against Libel 317 Children’s Programming Protections 332
Shield Laws 317 The Children’s Television Act 333
Censorship 319 Violent and Sexual Programming:
The Censorship of Comics 319 The V-Chip 333
The Hays Code 320 Intellectual Property Rights 334
Indecent Content 321
Fair Use 335
Obscenity 322
Criticism, Ridicule, or Humor 323 Privacy 336
The Evolution of Regulating Legal Issues in the Digital World 336
Electronic Media 323 Digital Rights Management 337
Early Days and the Radio Act of 1912 Privacy 338
(1911–1926) 323 Content Rights and Responsibilities 339
Increasing Regulation and the Federal Radio Looking Back and Moving Forward 339
Commission (1927–1933) 324 Discussion Questions 340
The Communications Act and Spectrum Scarcity Further Reading 340
(1934–1995) 324 Media Quiz Answers 341
The Telecommunications Act and Its Effects
(1996–present) 324 Features
Electronic Media Regulation Media Quiz: Legal Limits 313
Internationally 325 Media Pioneers: Anthony Lewis and Legal
The Federal Communications Journalism 318
Commission (FCC) 327 Convergence Culture: The Great Network
Neutrality Debate 326
Universal Service 328
International Perspectives: The Rise and Fall
The FCC, License Renewal, and
of Russian Media 327
Regulatory Power 328
Ethics in Media: Does the Punishment Fit
Spectrum Auction 329
the Crime? 337

12 Media Theory and Research: From Writing to Text Messaging 343

The Role of Theory and Research 344 Media-Effects Research 345

Mass Society, Mass Communication 344 Propaganda and the Magic Bullet 346

Payne Fund 346
Radio’s Wider Impact 347
Television and Violence 348
Limited Effects 349
Cultivation Analysis 350
Spiral of Silence 351
Third-Person Effect 352
Criticisms of Media-Effects Research
Understanding the Audience 353
Audiences Creating Meaning 353
Uses and Gratifications 353
Encoding/Decoding 354
Reception Analysis 354
Framing 355
Cultural Studies 356
Ideology and the Culture Industry 356
Criticisms of Cultural Studies 358
Sociohistorical Frameworks 358
Information Society 359
Political Economy 359
Media Ecology 360
13 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age 371
Journalism and Political Coverage
Politicians Using the News 374
Sound Bites and Horse Races 375
The Changing Tone of Television
Political Coverage 375
Opinion Polls 376
Political Advertising 377
The Impact of Negative Advertising 377
Negative Advertising Effectiveness 379
Politics and Entertainment 380
Political Campaigns and Entertainment
Political Debates 381
Social Media and Political
Campaigns 383
Changes with Social Media 384
Changing Rules for Politicians 385
Contents xv
Agenda Setting 361
New Directions in Media Research 362
Media Research: What Type of Science
Is It? 364
Quantitative Research 366
Qualitative Research 367
352 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Working Together 368
Looking Back and Moving Forward 368
Discussion Questions 369
Further Reading 369
Features
Media Quiz: Theory and Practice 345
Convergence Culture: Advertising’s Potential
Negative Effects on Women—
and Men 350
Media Pioneers: danah boyd, Researcher 357
International Perspectives: Theories Old,
Theories New, Theories Borrowed . . . 361
Ethics in Media: Conducting Online Research:
Public, Semipublic, or Private? 364
372 Social Media and Civic Engagement 386
Databases and Government Transparency 387
Smart Mobs 388
Looking Back and Moving Forward 390
Discussion Questions 390
Further Reading 391
Features
Media Quiz: Playing Politics 373
Ethics in Media: Can Imagery Lead
to Action? 379
380
Convergence Culture: Image Is
Everything 382
International Perspectives: Crowdsourcing
Election Monitoring 386
Media Pioneers: Bill Adair and PolitiFact 389
 xvi Contents
14 Global Media in the Digital Age 393
Four Theories of International Mass
Communication 394
Authoritarian Theory 395
Libertarian Theory 396
Social Responsibility Theory 396
Soviet Theory 396
The Public, the Public Sphere, and
Public Opinion 398
Political and Socioeconomic Issues
with Global Media 399
Media in Developing Countries 400
Searching for Truth: Self-Censorship
in China 402
The Digital Divide 402
Global Media, Local Values 404
New Worlds—or Cultural Imperialism? 404
Convergence and Its Discontents 406
Globalization of Media Production 408
Global Media Flow 408
Protecting Local Voices 409
Some Developing Nations 409
A Neighbo(u)ring Nation 410
www.oup.com/us/pavlik
Promoting Global Voices 411
Cybersecurity and Media 412
Looking Back and Moving Forward 413
Discussion Questions 414
Further Reading 414
Media Quiz Answers 415
Features
Media Quiz: Global Media 395
Ethics in Media: J-Ethinomics—Teaching Ethics
and Economics in Journalism 397
Convergence Culture: Following a Natural
Disaster 400
Media Pioneers: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and
Jawed Karim—YouTube Founders 407
Glossary G-1
Notes N-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
 ACEJMC Learning Goals xvii

Converging Media provides extensive content on the twelve core values and compe-
tencies of the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Commu-
nications (ACEJMC). As a nationally elected member of the ACEJMC from 2004 to
2007, John V. Pavlik recognized that the ACEJMC-based learning goals provide a
useful benchmark for assessing student learning. By covering the twelve core values
and competencies, this text provides a strong foundation for students to become
well-rounded journalists and experts in mass communication.

ACEJMC Learning Goal How Converging Media Supports

1. FREEDOM OF SPEECH: Understand and apply the
principles and laws of freedom of speech and press
for the country in which the institution that invites
ACEJMC is located, as well as receive instruction in
and understand the range of systems of freedom of
expression around the world, including the rights
to dissent, to monitor and criticize power, and to
assemble and petition for redress of grievances.
• Regulation of journalism and mass communication in the digital age
including libel and censorship (p. 314–323)
• Fairness (p. 332)
• The public’s right to know (p. 299)
• Media systems around the world (pp. 393–415)

2. HISTORY: Demonstrate an understanding of the
history and role of professionals and institutions in
shaping communications.
• Origins of photography, movies, television, and video games (pp. 124,
128, 143, and 171)
• History of journalism (p. 222)
• History of advertising (p. 256)
• History of public relations (p. 272)
• History of media law and the regulation of electronic media (p. 323)
• Early research on media effects (p. 345)
• History of recorded music and radio (pp. 95 and 109)
• History of print media (books, newspapers, magazines) (pp. 64, 75,
and 85)
• History of the Internet (p. 166)

3. GENDER, RACE, AND SEXUALITY: Demonstrate
an understanding of gender, race ethnicity, sexual
orientation, and, as appropriate, other forms of
diversity in domestic society in relation to mass
communications.
• Effects of media and advertising on women and men (p. 350)
• Role of women in the history of magazines (p. 86)
• Diversity in the newsroom (p. 246)
• Minority newspapers (p. 224)

4. GLOBAL SOCIETY: Demonstrate an understanding
of the diversity of peoples and cultures and of the
significance and impact of mass communications in a
global society
• Relationships among various global and local media sources
(pp. 393–415)
• Cultural and socioeconomic impact of global media (pp. 399–413)
• “International Perspectives” boxes throughout (example, p. 12)
• International theories of the press (p. 394)
• Media in a global society appears as a theme in several chapters

5. THEORY: Understand concepts and apply • Photography, movies, and television (pp. 123–157)
theories in the use and presentation of images and • Grammar of media (p. 44)
information. • Information overload in the digital age (p. 57)
• Major media theories and research (pp. 343–369)

(Continued)
xviii ACEJMC Learning Goals
ACEJMC Learning Goal
6. ETHICS: Demonstrate an understanding of
professional ethical principles and work ethically in
pursuit of truth, accuracy, fairness, and diversity.
7. CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING: Think
critically, creatively, and independently.
8. RESEARCH: Conduct research and evaluate
information by methods appropriate to the
communications professions in which they work.
9. WRITING ABILITY: Write correctly and clearly in
forms and styles appropriate for the communications
professions, audiences, and purposes they serve.
10. EVALUATION OF WORK: Critically evaluate
their own work and that of others for accuracy and
fairness, clarity, appropriate style, and grammatical
correctness.
11. NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL CONCEPTS:
Apply basic numerical and statistical concepts.
12. TECHNOLOGY: Apply tools and technologies
appropriate for the communications professions in
which they work.
www.oup.com/us/pavlik
How Converging Media Supports
• “Ethics in Media” boxes throughout (example, p. 22)
• Chapter on media ethics, including accuracy and the pursuit of truth
(pp. 285–309)
• Chapter on communication law and regulation in the digital age
(pp. 311–341)
• Fairness and diversity (p. 229)
• “Convergence Culture” boxes throughout (example, p. 56)
• “Media Quizzes” in chapter openers (example, p. 39)
• Discussion questions at the end of each chapter (example, p. 282)
• Critical-Thinking Questions in selected image captions
(example, p. 127)
• Foundations for critically examining media presented early in the text
(example, p. 55)
• Chapter on media theory teaches students to evaluate research
methods and findings (pp. 343–369)
• Appropriate writing style for particular media and for the
communities and purposes that media professionals serve
(pp. 235–239)
• Importance of clear and accurate writing in news creation
(pp. 231–235)
• “Convergence Culture” feature “Me 2.0” provides a self-reflective case
study (p. 262)
• Data for students to analyze about newspaper circulation and
readership and advertising impact (pp. 82–84)
• Pricing structure of the recording industry (p. 104)
• Figures and tables throughout apply numerical and statistical
concepts (example, p. 270)
• “US Media Giants” (pullout at the back of the book)
• Social media (pp. 187–217)
• Interactive media (pp. 159–185)
• Role of mobile media, such as the iPad, in delivering video
(pp. 123 and 143)
• Mobile media and digital books (p. 69)
• Impact of touch screens on human–computer interface (p. 165)
• Use of digital technology in journalism (p. 239)
• Impact of digital technology and mobile media on advertising (p. 266)
Features
Convergence Culture
User-Generated Content: Creativity or Piracy? (Chapter 1) p. 19
Dos and Don’ts of Evaluating Online Information (Chapter 2) p. 56
Freesheets: Riding the Rails of Newspapers’ Future? (Chapter 3) p. 83
NPR and PRI: America’s Public Radio Networks (Chapter 4) p. 112
3-D Movies: What Will Be the Impact? (Chapter 5) p. 142
Is Playing Video Games Bad for You? (Chapter 6) p. 178
Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees? (Chapter 7) p. 206
Platypus Journalism: The Future, or Evolutionary Dead End? (Chapter
8) p. 233
Me 2.0: The Guide to Branding Yourself (Chapter 9) p. 262
Forbidden Fruit (Chapter 10) p. 304
The Great Network Neutrality Debate (Chapter 11) p. 326
Advertising’s Potential Negative Effects on Women—and Men
(Chapter 12) p. 350
Image Is Everything (Chapter 13) p. 382
Following a Natural Disaster (Chapter 14) p. 400

International Perspectives
Crying in a BMW (Chapter 1) p. 12
Mobile Telephony in the Developing World (Chapter 2) p. 50
Global EBook Marketplace (Chapter 3) p. 68
Trusting in the Power of the Airwaves (Chapter 4) p. 118
The Internet of Babel (Chapter 6) p. 162
New Kid on the Social Network Block (Chapter 7) p. 197
Covering Islam (Chapter 8) p. 230
Global Advertising (Chapter 9) p. 270
Mistaken Identity: One Life Lost, Another Ruined (Chapter 10) p. 293
The Rise and Fall of Russian Media (Chapter 11) p. 327
Theories Old, Theories New, Theories Borrowed . . . (Chapter 12) p. 361
Crowdsourcing Election Monitoring (Chapter 13) p. 386

Ethics in Media
Interactively Mapping Gun Owners (Chapter 1) p. 22
When SNL Parody Gets Taken Seriously (Chapter 2) p. 54
Prank Calls . . . on the Radio (Chapter 4) p. 108
The Photojournalist’s Dilemma: Trauma and the Photojournalist
(Chapter 5) p. 126

xix
xx Features
www.oup.com/us/pavlik

Cyberbullying: New Twists on an Old Problem (Chapter 7) p. 212

Do the Ends Justify the Means? (Chapter 8) p. 243
Fooling Most of the People Most of the Time . . . Digitally (Chapter 9) p. 279
Does the Punishment Fit the Crime? (Chapter 11) p. 337
Conducting Online Research: Public, Semipublic, or Private?
(Chapter 12) p. 364
Can Imagery Lead to Action? (Chapter 13) p. 379
J-Ethinomics—Teaching Ethics and Economics in Journalism
(Chapter 14) p. 397

Media Pioneers
Steve Jobs (Chapter 1) p. 10
Emilie Jacobi (Chapter 3) p. 72
Amanda Palmer and the Grand Theft Orchestra (Chapter 4) p. 102
Kathleen Kennedy, Producer (Chapter 5) p. 138
Super Mario (Chapter 6) p. 174
Jack Dorsey (Chapter 7) p. 202
Mary Ann Shadd Cary and the Role of Minority Newspapers (Chapter
8) p. 224
Madam C.J. Walker (Chapter 9) p. 257
Daniel J. Edelman (Chapter 9) p. 274
Anthony Lewis and Legal Journalism (Chapter 11) p. 318
danah boyd, Researcher (Chapter 12) p. 357
Bill Adair and PolitiFact (Chapter 13) p. 389
Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim—YouTube Founders
(Chapter 14) p. 407

Timelines
History (and Pre-History) of Newspapers (Chapter 3) p. 24
Milestones in Early Radio-Technology Development (Chapter 4) p. 110
Development of Photography (Chapter 5) p. 126
Selected Milestones in Early Motion Pictures (Chapter 5) p. 130
Milestones in the Development of the Internet (Chapter 6) p. 166
Milestones in the Development of Video Games (Chapter 6) p. 172

Tables
Table 1-1: Traditional Theories or Models of Analog Media p. 24
Table 2-1: Reframing Political Issues for Conservatives p. 43
Table 2-2: Reframing Political Issues for Liberals p. 43
Table 3-1: Top Ten U.S. Paid-Circulation Magazines p. 88
Table 4-1: The Major Record Labels and Their Main Subsidiary Labels and
Artists p. 100
Table 4-2: Top U.S. Radio Groups p. 114
 Features xxi

Table 4-3: Most Popular Radio Programming Genres p. 116

Table 5-1: Ownership Among Major and Subsidiary Film Studios p. 137
Table 5-2: The Wide World of Reality Shows p. 149
Table 5-3: Top Ten Multichannel Video-Programming Distributors in the
United States, 2012 p. 152
Table 6-1: Best-Selling Video Games (to 2013) p. 176
Table 7-1: Most Popular Social-Networking Sites p. 205
Table 8-1: Top Global News Sites p. 240
Table 9-1: Top Six U.S. Companies and Their Brand Valuations p. 261
Table 9-2: Global Ad Spending by Medium p. 269
Table 9-3: World’s Four Largest Advertising and Media-Services
Companies p. 271
Table 9-4: Top Five Independent Public Relations Firms p. 278
Table 13-1: 2012 Presidential Campaign Expenditures p. 378

Figures
Figure 1-1: Three Types of Convergence and Their Influence on Media p. 8
Figure 1-2: “Media Iceberg” p. 9
Figure 1-3: Shannon and Weaver Mathematical Theory p. 29
Figure 1-4: Schramm-Osgood Model p. 30
Figure 2-1: Semiotic Signifier and Signified p. 41
Figure 3-1: Book Publishers’ Net Dollar Sales p. 70
Figure 3-2: Book Publishers’ Units p. 71
Figure 3-3: Top 10 U.S. Newspapers by Circulation, in millions, 2012 p. 74
Figure 3-4: Major Newspaper Chains in the United States p. 80
Figure 3-5: Circulation Numbers of Morning, Evening, and Sunday Papers,
United States 2009 p. 82
Figure 3-6: Newspaper Print Ad Revenue Declines p. 84
Figure 6-1: Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks p. 170
Figure 7-1: Social-Networking Site Launches p. 204
Figure 8-1: Salary Range for Journalists by Experience p. 245
Figure 9-1: Change in Advertising Dollars by Region from 2011 to
2012 p. 270
Figure 9-2: Salaries for Advertising Account Managers by Experience p. 280
Figure 9-3: Salaries for Corporate PR Specialists by Experience p. 280
Figure 10-1: The Potter Box p. 297
Figure 14-1: World Internet Users and Penetration Rates p. 403
 Preface
Media convergence is in many ways a double-edged sword. Digital technologies, in-
cluding mobile and social media, have empowered citizens to access, interact with,
and generate content and stories around the world and on demand. In recent years,
Twitter and similar services have helped citizens throughout the globe organize pro-
tests against government policy and oppressive regimes.
At the same time, these powerful digital tools have enabled governments, cor-
porations, and others to conduct sweeping surveillance of citizens, as the leaks by
former National Security Agency (NSA) employee Edward Snowden have shown.
Privacy may be little more than a memory in an age when ubiquitous high-­definition
cameras, big data analytics, and social media are generating massive databases en-
compassing nearly every man, woman, and child around the globe. “Most of us
have fully identified, high-definition frontal photos of ourselves online,” says Ales-
sandro Acquisti, associate professor of information technology and public policy at
Carnegie Mellon University (in a 60 Minutes interview with Lesley Stahl, 2013). On
Facebook alone, users have posted billions of photos of themselves, their friends,
and their relatives. Facebook continues to refine its facial-recognition technology,
which will make tagging friends easier but which will also help others track you.
The existence of such vast repositories of data, valuable for security and com-
mercial potential (such as individually targeted advertising), raises concerns for
civil liberties, including freedom of speech and the right to privacy. Another issue
concerns who has the right to own and control this information, especially with
the telecommunications companies and Internet giants contributing to the NSA’s
surveillance program.
Meanwhile, the transformation of media into digital form and the convergence
of media formats and industries have continued unabated. Research indicates that we
now spend more time using digital devices than we do with any other medium, includ-
ing television. Digital content is more likely to be viewed on a tablet or a smartphone
than it is on a laptop or a desktop computer. Digital distribution is now the dominant
format for music, television, and radio, whether delivered terrestrially, by satellite, or
via the Internet. Thanks to tablets and e-readers, ebooks have seen a dramatic surge in
popularity. Newspapers and magazines, which have experienced significant declines
in print circulation, are nonetheless seeing growth in tablet, smartphone, and online
distribution. Digital movies, television, and video-game distribution is now main-
stream, with companies such as Netflix and Amazon producing and streaming their
own original television shows. Tablets and other mobile devices are blurring the lines
between Internet, movies, and television while allowing technology companies like
Google, Apple, and Amazon to challenge traditional media distributors.
Our engagement with media has also changed, becoming more active as mass
and interpersonal communications converge. Any person can broadcast his or her
opinion on Twitter or via other social media, and increasingly people do so while
consuming traditional media, such as television. They post comments and engage
in conversation about popular shows. Interactive media, including video games,
constitute an increasingly popular form of entertainment.
Convergence also operates on a global scale today. The globalization of media in-
dustries and distribution has produced a cultural convergence that, at best, e­ nables
diverse local viewpoints to be heard and, at worst, smothers local culture in a homoge-
xxii
 Preface xxiii

neous Westernized culture. Yet the impact of other viewpoints is beginning to shape
the content of new Hollywood blockbusters and other forms of Western media.
Rarely have there been such differences in media usage between the digital
natives and those who grew up in a pre-Internet era of mass communication. One
group may enjoy reading a printed newspaper over breakfast; the other group may
get their news on a tablet—if they get any news at all. One group may have impres-
sive collections of CDs and DVDs; the other group may have their music and movie
collections in the digital, online “cloud” and accessible from any location or on their
portable devices. The younger group may worry how increased product placement
may affect the type of shows that are produced; the older group may wonder what
product placement is and why it matters. One group may believe that it is nobody’s
business what their relationship status is; the other group may publicly post that
and much more personal information on social-networking sites.
Interestingly, this media divide is often represented in the college classroom,
where college students are the digital natives and their professors are from an older
mass-media tradition. Yet the two parties converge, just like the media discussed in
this book, to form a greater understanding of where media have been, where they
are today, and where they are going.
One way to look at the state of mass communication today is that convergence is
bringing us the kinds of tools that audiences have long wanted with their media—the
ability to have greater control over what they watch, read, or listen to and the ability
to share their stories and their lives with others. But with that greater control also
comes greater responsibility and a greater need for us to understand how our media
work and how they may affect our society and political systems. A double-edged sword
cuts both ways, but which way it cuts depends largely on who is wielding it.

Converging Media, Fourth Edition: An Updated

Introduction to Mass Communication
Change is a constant in the mass-communication industry, and in recent years this
transformation has rocketed forward with surprising speed. Students are chang-
ing. The field is changing. The world is changing. Yet these changes go largely unno-
ticed in most textbooks. An introductory textbook should provide a foundation of
knowledge for students learning a new field. But when the foundation sits on a bed
of shifting sand, the introduction needs to be revised continually.
Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication embraces the
metamorphosis of today’s mass-communication system and examines the changes
even as it prepares students for what comes tomorrow. This book represents the be-
ginning of a third wave in mass-communication textbooks, building on the earlier
waves of case studies and critical-cultural approaches. This new approach demands
a more balanced and nuanced understanding of the role that technology and digital
media have played in our mass-communication environment.
The fourth edition of Converging Media follows the class-tested formula of the
previous edition by offering:
· A Fresh Perspective. Through the lens of convergence, our book shows
how different aspects of media are parts of a whole and how they influence
each other. Digital media are not relegated to special features or an isolated
chapter; they are integrated throughout every chapter. This reflects better
xxiv Preface
www.oup.com/us/pavlik

the world as students live in it and prepares them to understand the changes
that are taking place. This organization invites students and professors to
engage in timely discussions of media within a larger framework of under-
standing traditional mass-communication topics.
· Comprehensive Coverage of Traditional Media. In order to understand
the present, we have to study the past. We cover the development and his-
torical influences of print and electronic media and the issues these media
face today. The communication professions of journalism, advertising, and
public relations are viewed from historical, societal, and career perspectives,
giving students insights into how they interact and influence each other.
· Unique Coverage of Social Media. As the first introductory mass-­
communication textbook to devote a chapter to this emerging area, we place
social media within a larger media and sociocultural context. Today’s popular
social media tools are given a historical context and are connected thematically
to older online communication tools. Social media are such an integral part of
the media mix for so many people that they must be covered in an introductory
course, not introduced in an upper-division media and technology course.
· Cutting-edge Examples. We have chosen examples that are diverse, inter-
esting, and up to date. We have written Converging Media with students always
in mind—understanding the changing world they live in today. Taken from
popular media that are familiar and relevant to undergraduates, the examples
illustrate how the landscape of media has evolved—and is still evolving.
· Cultural Context. Mass communication, media technologies, and conver-
gence take place firmly within a sociocultural milieu that simultaneously
affects and is affected by these forces. Understanding this cultural context
is vital for a complete grasp of convergence and today’s media environment.
The authors emphasize the cultural influences and implications of media
technologies while explaining how they work and how they were developed.
· Emphasis on Ethics. The book has a chapter devoted entirely to ethics (Chap-
ter 10) and continues to thread ethics-related discussions throughout other
chapters, as appropriate. Students should learn that ethical considerations are
tightly linked to a full understanding of mass communication and media. Eth-
ics can also help guide us in the complex and often-confusing world of converg-
ing media, giving a basis for sound and humane decisions on media use and
production and new technologies and the way they affect people.
· International Perspectives. A new chapter on today’s global media en-
vironment (Chapter 14) provides a broad perspective on media in various
countries and the social, economic, and cultural effects of media globali-
zation overseas and domestically. The remaining chapters also highlight
international perspectives in feature boxes and in the text itself. Through
comparisons and contrasts, students obtain an appreciation for different
media systems throughout the world and how they work.

Features for Students

We have kept features limited and focused on a few key areas that will help bring out
interesting and relevant aspects of the content discussed in the book.
· Convergence Culture boxes showcase how media impact our social, politi-
cal, and popular culture in sometimes-dramatic ways.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
And islands that were the Hesperides
Of all my boyish dreams.
And the burden of that old song,
It murmurs and whispers still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

I remember the black wharves and the slips,

And the sea-tides tossing free;
And Spanish sailors with bearded lips,
And the beauty and mystery of the ships,
And the magic of the sea.
And the voice of that wayward song
Is singing and saying still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

I remember the bulwarks by the shore,

And the fort upon the hill;
The sunrise gun, with its hollow roar,
The drum-beat repeated o’er and o’er,
And the bugle wild and shrill.
And the music of that old song
Throbs in my memory still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

I remember the sea-fight far away,

How it thundered o’er the tide!
And the dead captains, as they lay
In their graves, o’erlooking the tranquil bay,
Where they in battle died.
And the sound of that mournful song
Goes through me with a thrill:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

I can see the breezy dome of groves,

 The shadows of Deering’s Woods;
And the friendships old and the early loves
Come back with a sabbath sound, as of doves
In quiet neighborhoods.
And the verse of that sweet old song,
It flutters and murmurs still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

I remember the gleams and glooms that dart

Across the school-boy’s brain;
The song and the silence in the heart,
That in part are prophecies, and in part
Are longings wild and vain.
And the voice of that fitful song
Sings on, and is never still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

There are things of which I may not speak;

There are dreams that cannot die;
There are thoughts that make the strong heart weak,
And bring a pallor into the cheek,
And a mist before the eye.
And the words of that fatal song
Come over me like a chill:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

Strange to me now are the forms I meet

When I visit the dear old town;
But the native air is pure and sweet,
And the trees that o’ershadow each well-known street,
As they balance up and down,
Are singing the beautiful song,
Are sighing and whispering still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”

And Deering’s Woods are fresh and fair,

And with joy that is almost pain
My heart goes back to wander there,
And among the dreams of the days that were
I find my lost youth again.
And the strange and beautiful song,
The groves are repeating it still:
“A boy’s will is the wind’s will,
And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.”
 SUBLIME SELECTIONS IN POETRY

SONG OF THE MYSTIC

By Abram J. Ryan

I walk down the Valley of Silence—

Down the dim, voiceless valley—alone!
And I hear not the fall of a footstep
Around me, save God’s and my own;
And the hush of my heart is as holy
As hovers where angels have flown!

Long ago was I weary of voices

Whose music my heart could not win;
Long ago was I weary of noises
That fretted my soul with their din;
Long ago was I weary of places
Where I met but the human—and sin.

I walked in the world with the worldly;

I craved what the world never gave;
And I said: “In the world each Ideal,
That shines like a star on life’s wave,
Is wrecked on the shores of the Real,
And sleeps like a dream in a grave.”

And still did I pine for the Perfect,

And still found the False with the True;
I sought ’mid the Human for Heaven,
But caught a mere glimpse of its Blue:
And I wept when the clouds of the Mortal
Veiled even that glimpse from my view.

And I toiled on, heart-tired of the Human,

And I moaned ’mid the mazes of men,
Till I knelt, long ago, at an altar
And I heard a voice call me. Since then
I walk down the Valley of Silence
That lies far beyond mortal ken.

Do you ask what I found in the Valley?

’Tis my Trysting-Place with the Divine.
And I fell at the feet of the Holy,
And above me a voice said: “Be mine.”
And there rose from the depths of my spirit
An echo—“My heart shall be thine.”

Do you ask how I live in the Valley?

I weep—and I dream—and I pray.
But my tears are as sweet as the dew-drops
That fall on the roses in May;
And my prayer, like a perfume from Censers,
Ascendeth to God night and day.

In the hush of the Valley of Silence

I dream all the songs that I sing;
And the music floats down the dim Valley,
Till each finds a word for a wing,
That to hearts, like the Dove of the Deluge,
A message of Peace they may bring.

But far on the deep there are billows

That never shall break on the beach;
And I have heard songs in the Silence
That never shall float into speech;
And I have had dreams in the Valley
Too lofty for language to reach.

And I have seen Thoughts in the Valley—

Ah me! how my spirit was stirred!
And they wear holy veils on their faces,
Their footsteps can scarcely be heard;
They pass through the Valley like Virgins,
 Too pure for the touch of a word!

Do you ask me the place of the Valley,

Ye hearts that are harrowed by Care?
It lieth afar between mountains,
And God and His angels are there:
And one is the dark mount of Sorrow,
And one the bright mountain of Prayer.

THE SEA
By Barry Cornwall

The sea! the sea! the open sea!

The blue, the fresh, the ever free!
Without a mark, without a bound,
It runneth the earth’s wide regions round;
It plays with the clouds, it mocks the skies,
Or like a cradled creature lies.

I’m on the sea, I’m on the sea,

I am where I would ever be,
With the blue above and the blue below,
And silence wheresoe’er I go.
If a storm should come and awake the deep,
What matter? I shall ride and sleep.

I love, oh! how I love to ride

On the fierce, foaming, bursting tide,
Where every mad wave drowns the moon,
And whistles aloft its tempest tune,
And tells how goeth the world below,
And why the southwest wind doth blow!

I never was on the dull, tame shore

But I loved the great sea more and more,
And backward flew to her billowy breast,
Like a bird that seeketh her mother’s nest,—
And a mother she was and is to me,
For I was born on the open sea.

The waves were white, and red the morn,

In the noisy hour when I was born;
The whale it whistled, the porpoise rolled,
And the dolphins bared their backs of gold;
And never was heard such an outcry wild,
As welcomed to life the ocean child.

I have lived since then, in calm and strife,

Full fifty summers a rover’s life,
With wealth to spend, and a power to range,
But never have sought or sighed for change,
And death, whenever he comes to me,
Shall come on the wide, unbounded sea!

THE GREAT ADVANCE

By Thomas Walsh

In my heart is the sound of drums

And the sweep of the bugles calling;
The day of the Great Adventure comes,
And the tramp of feet is falling, falling,
Ominous falling, everywhere,
By street and lane, by field and square—
To answer the Voice appealing!

One by one they have put down

The tool, the pen, and the racquet;
One by one they have donned the brown
And the blue, the knapsack and jacket;
With a smile for the friend of a happier day,
With a kiss for the love that would bid them stay—
They are off by the train and packet.

What fate, what star, what sun, what field,

 What sea shall know their daring?
Shall the battle reek or the dead calm yield
Their wreaths that are preparing?
Shall they merely stand and wait the call?
Shall they hear it, rush and slay and fall?—
What matter?—their swords are baring!

We stand in the crowds that see them go—

We who are old and weak, unready;
We see the red blood destined to flow
Flushing their cheeks, as with footstep steady
With a tramp and a tramp, they file along,
Our brave, our true, our young, our strong—
And the fever burns us fierce and heady.

With God, then forth, by sea and land,

To your Adventure beyond story,
No Argonaut, no Crusader band
Ere passed with such exceeding glory!
Though ye seek fields both strange and far,
Ye are at home where heroes are!
Such is the prayer we send your star—
We who are weak and old and hoary.

WHEN THE GRASS SHALL COVER ME

By Ina Coolbrith

When the grass shall cover me,

Head to foot where I am lying,—
When not any wind that blows,
Summer-blooms nor winter-snows,
Shall awake me to your sighing:
Close above me as you pass,
You will say, “How kind she was,”
You will say, “How true she was,”
When the grass grows over me.
 When the grass shall cover me,
Holden close to earth’s warm bosom,—
While I laugh, or weep, or sing,
Nevermore for anything,
You will find in blade and blossom,
Sweet small voices, odorous,
Tender pleaders in my cause,
That shall speak me as I was—
When the grass grows over me.

When the grass shall cover me!

Ah, beloved, in my sorrow
Very patient, I can wait,
Knowing that, or soon or late,
There will dawn a clearer morrow:
When your heart will moan: “Alas!
Now I know how true she was;
Now I know how dear she was”—
When the grass grows over me!

—Copyright by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass., and used

by kind permission of author and publisher.

RIGHTEOUS WRATH
By Henry Van Dyke

There are many kinds of hate, as many kinds of fire;

And some are fierce and fatal with murderous desire;
And some are mean and craven, revengeful, selfish, slow,
They hurt the man that holds them more than they hurt his foe.

And yet there is a hatred that purifies the heart.

The anger of the better against the baser part,
Against the false and wicked, against the tyrant’s sword,
Against the enemies of love, and all that hate the Lord.

O cleansing indignation, O flame of righteous wrath,

Give me a soul to see thee and follow in thy path!
Save me from selfish virtue, arm me for fearless fight,
And give me strength to carry on, a soldier of the Right!

—Outlook.

APOSTROPHE TO THE OCEAN

By Lord Byron

There is a pleasure in the pathless woods,

There is rapture on the lonely shore,
There is society, where none intrudes,
By the deep sea, and music in its roar:
I love not man the less, but Nature more,
From these our interviews, in which I steal
From all I may be, or have been before,
To mingle with the universe, and feel
What I can ne’er express, yet cannot all conceal.

Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll!

Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain;
Man marks the earth with ruin,—his control
Stops with the shore: upon the watery plain,
The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
A shadow of man’s ravage, save his own,
When for a moment, like a drop of rain,
He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,
Without a grave, unknell’d, uncoffin’d, and unknown.

TO THE SIERRAS
By J. J. Owen

Ye snow-capped mountains, basking in the sun,

Like fleecy clouds that deck the summer skies,
On you I gaze, when day’s dull task is done,
 Till night shuts out your glories from my eyes.

For stormy turmoil, and ambition’s strife,

I find in you a solace and a balm,—
Derive a higher purpose, truer life,
From your pale splendor, passionless and calm.

Mellowed by distance, all your rugged cliffs,

And deep ravines, in graceful outlines lie;
Each giant form in silent grandeur lifts
Its hoary summit to the evening sky.

I reck not of the wealth untold, concealed

Beneath your glorious coronal of snows,
Whose budding treasure yet but scarce revealed,
Shall blossom into trade—a golden rose.

A mighty realm is waking at your feet

To life and beauty, from the lap of Time,
With cities vast, where millions yet shall meet,
And Peace shall reign in majesty sublime.

Rock-ribbed Sierras, with your crests of snow,

A type of manhood, ever strong and true,
Whose heart with golden wealth should ever glow,
Whose thoughts in purity should symbol you.

SUNSET
By Ina Coolbrith

Along yon purple rim of hills,

How bright the sunset glory lies!
Its radiance spans the western skies,
And all the slumbrous valley fills:

Broad shafts of lurid crimson, blent

With lustrous pearl in massed white;
And one great spear of amber light
That flames o’er half the firmament!

Vague, murmurous sounds the breezes bear;

A thousand subtle breaths of balm,
From some far isle of tropic calm,
Are borne upon the tranced air.

And, muffling all its giant-roar,

The restless waste of waters, rolled
To one broad sea of liquid gold,
Goes singing up the shining shore!

SOMETHING TO LOVE
By William Bansman

There are beautiful thoughts in the day-dreams of life,

When youth and ambition join hands for the strife;
There are joys for the gay, which come crowding apace,
And hang out the rainbow of hope for the race;
There are prizes to gain, which ascend as we climb,
But the struggle to win them makes effort sublime.
Each cloud that arises has fingers of gold,
Inviting the timid and nerving the bold;
Each sorrow is tempered with something of sweet,
And the crag, while it frowns, shows a niche for the feet.
There are charms in the verdure which nature has spread,
And the sky shows a glory of stars overhead,
And the zephyrs of summer have voices to woo,
As well as to bear the perfumes from the dew;
There are gushes of transport in dreams of the night,
When memory garners its thoughts of delight,
And the soul seeks its kindred, and noiselessly speaks,
In the smiles and the blushes of health-blooming cheeks.
There are rapturous melodies filling the heart,
With emotions which nothing beside could impart;
And yet, though this cumulous picture may show
The brightest of joys which ambition would know—
Though the heaven it opens is one of surprise,
All gorgeous with hope, and prismatic with dyes,
Satiety follows these transports of bliss,
And the heart asks a lodgment more real than this;
Like the dove, it will wander, and still, like the dove,
Come back, till it rests upon something to love.

OUT IN THE FIELDS WITH GOD

By Elizabeth Barrett Browning

The little cares that fretted me,

I lost them yesterday
Among the fields above the sea,
Among the winds at play,
Among the lowing of the herds,
The rustling of the trees,
Among the singing of the birds,
The humming of the bees.
The foolish fears of what may happen,
I cast them all away
Among the clover-scented grass,
Among the new-mown hay,
Among the husking of the corn
Where drowsy poppies nod,
Where ill thoughts die and good are born,
Out in the fields with God.

BROTHERHOOD
By Edwin Markham

The crest and crowning of all good,

Life’s final star, is Brotherhood;
For it will bring again to Earth
Her long-lost Poesy and Mirth;
Will send new light on every face,
A kingly power upon the race.
And till it come, we men are slaves,
And travel downward to the dust of graves.

Come, clear the way, then, clear the way:

Blind creeds and kings have had their day.
Break the dead branches from the path:
Our hope is in the aftermath—
Our hope is in heroic men,
Star-led to build the world again.
To this Event the ages ran:
Make way for Brotherhood—make way for Man.

—Copyright by Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, and used by

kind permission of author and publisher.

MORNING
By Edward Rowland Sill

I entered once, at break of day,

A chapel, lichen-stained and gray,
Where a congregation dozed and heard
An old monk read from a written Word.
No light through the window-panes could pass,
For shutters were closed on the rich stained glass,
And in a gloom like the nether night,
The monk read on by a taper’s light,
Ghostly with shadows that shrunk and grew
As the dim light flared on aisle and pew;
And the congregation that dozed around
Listened without a stir or sound—
Save one, who rose with wistful face,
And shifted a shutter from its place.
Then light flashed in like a flashing gem—
For dawn had come unknown to them—
And a slender beam, like a lance of gold,
Shot to the crimson curtain-fold,
Over the bended head of him
Who pored and pored by the taper dim;
And I wondered that, under the morning ray,
When night and shadow were scattered away,
The monk should bow his locks of white
By a taper’s feebly flickering light—
Should pore and pore, and never seem
To notice the golden morning beam.

THE PETRIFIED FERN

Anonymous

In a valley, centuries ago,

Grew a little fern leaf, green and slender,
Veining delicate and fibers tender;
Waving when the wind crept down so low.
Rushes tall, and moss, and grass grew ’round it,
Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
Drops of dew stole in by night, and crown’d it;
But no foot of man e’er trod that way;
Earth was young and keeping holiday.

Monster fishes swam the silent main,

Stately forests waved their giant branches,
Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain;
Nature reveled in grand mysteries:
But the little fern was not of these,
Did not number with the hills and trees;
Only grew and waved its wild sweet way,
None ever came to note it day by day.

Earth one time put on a frolic mood,

 Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean,
Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
Crushed the little fern in soft moist clay,—
Covered it, and hid it safe away.
Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
Oh, the agony! Oh, life’s bitter cost,
Since that useless little fern was lost!

Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man,

Searching Nature’s secrets, far and deep;
From a fissure in a rocky steep
He withdrew a stone, o’er which there ran
Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
Veinings, leafage, fibers clear and fine!
So, I think God hides some souls away,
Sweetly to surprise us, the last day.

SLEEP
By Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Of all the thoughts of God that are

Borne inward unto souls afar,
Among the Psalmist’s music deep,
Now tell me if that any is
For gift or grace surpassing this,—
“He giveth his beloved sleep”?

What would we give to our beloved?

The hero’s heart, to be unmoved,—
The poet’s star-tuned harp, to sweep,—
The patriot’s voice, to teach and rouse,—
The monarch’s crown, to light the brows?
“He giveth his beloved sleep.”

What do we give to our beloved?

A little faith, all undisproved,—
A little dust to over weep,—
And bitter memories, to make
The whole earth blasted for our sake,
“He giveth his beloved sleep.”

“Sleep soft, beloved!” we sometimes say,

But have no tune to charm away
Sad dreams that through the eyelids creep;
But never doleful dream again
Shall break the happy slumber when
“He giveth his beloved sleep.”

O earth so full of dreary noises!

O men with wailing in your voices!
O delved gold the wailers heap!
O strife, O curse, that o’er it fall!
God strikes a silence through you all,
And “giveth his beloved sleep.”

His dews drop mutely on the hill,

His cloud above it saileth still,
Though on its slope men sow and reap;
More softly than the dew is shed,
Or cloud is floated over head,
“He giveth his beloved sleep.”

For me, my heart, that erst did go

Most like a tired child at a show,
That sees through tears the mummers leap,
Would now its wearied vision close,
Would child-like on His love repose
Who “giveth his beloved sleep.”

LABOR
By Frank Soule
Despise not labor! God did not despise
The handicraft which wrought this gorgeous globe,
That crowned its glories with yon jeweled skies,
And clad the earth in nature’s queenly robe.
He dug the first canal—the river’s bed,
Built the first fountain in the gushing spring,
Wove the first carpet for man’s haughty tread,
The warp and woof of his first covering.
He made the pictures painters imitate,
The statuary’s first grand model made,
Taught human intellect to re-create,
And human ingenuity its trade.
Ere great Daguerre had harnessed up the sun,
Apprenticeship at his new art to serve,
A greater artist greater things had done,
The wondrous pictures of the optic nerve.
There is no deed of honest labor born
That is not Godlike; in the toiling limbs
Howe’er the lazy scoff, the brainless scorn,
God labored first; toil likens us to Him.
Ashamed of work! mechanic, with thy tools,
The tree thy ax cut from its native sod,
And turns to useful things—go tell to fools,
Was fashioned in the factory of God.
Go build your ships, go build your lofty dome,
Your granite temple, that through time endures,
Your humble cot, or that proud pile of Rome,
His arm has toiled there in advance of yours.
He made the flowers your learned florists scan,
And crystallized the atoms of each gem,
Ennobled labor in great nature’s plan,
And made it virtue’s brightest diadem.
Whatever thing is worthy to be had,
Is worthy of the toil by which ’tis won,
Just as the grain by which the field is clad
Pays back the warming labor of the sun.
’Tis not profession that ennobles men,
 ’Tis not the calling that can e’er degrade,
The trowel is as worthy as the pen,
The pen more mighty than the hero’s blade.
The merchant, with his ledger and his wares,
The lawyer with his cases and his books,
The toiling farmer, with his wheat and tares,
The poet by the shaded streams and nooks,
The man, whate’er his work, wherever done,
If intellect and honor guide his hand,
Is peer to him who greatest state has won,
And rich as any Rothschild of the land.
All mere distinctions based upon pretense,
Are merely laughing themes for manly hearts.
The miner’s cradle claims from men of sense
More honor than the youngling Bonaparte’s.
Let fops and fools the sons of toil deride,
On false pretensions brainless dunces live;
Let carpet heroes strut with parlor pride,
Supreme in all that indolence can give,
But be not like them, and pray envy not
These fancy tom-tit burlesques of mankind,
The witless snobs in idleness who rot,
Hermaphrodite ’twixt vanity and mind.
O son of toil, be proud, look up, arise,
And disregard opinion’s hollow test,
A false society’s decrees despise,
He is most worthy who has labored best.
The scepter is less royal than the hoe,
The sword, beneath whose rule whole nations writhe,
And curse the wearer, while they fear the blow,
Is far less noble than the plow and scythe.
There’s more true honor on one tan-browned hand,
Rough with the honest work of busy men,
Than all the soft-skinned punies of the land,
The nice, white-kiddery of upper ten.
Blow bright the forge—the sturdy anvil ring,
It sings the anthem of king Labor’s courts,
And sweeter sounds the clattering hammers bring,
Than half a thousand thumped piano-fortes.
Fair are the ribbons from the rabbet-plane,
As those which grace my lady’s hat or cape,
Nor does the joiner’s honor blush or wane
Beside the lawyer, with his brief and tape.
Pride thee, mechanic, on thine honest trade,
’Tis nobler than the snob’s much vaunted pelf.
Man’s soulless pride his test of worth has made,
But thine is based on that of God himself.

LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE

By Edwin Markham

When the Norn-Mother saw the Whirlwind Hour,

Greatening and darkening as it hurried on,
She bent the strenuous Heavens and came down
To make a man to meet the mortal need.
She took the tried clay of the common road—
Clay warm yet with the genial heat of Earth,
Dashed through it all a strain of prophecy;
Then mixed a laughter with the serious stuff.
It was a stuff to wear for centuries,
A man that matched the mountains, and compelled
The stars to look our way and honor us.

The color of the ground was in him, the red earth;

The tang and odor of the primal things—
The rectitude and patience of the rocks;
The gladness of the wind that shakes the corn;
The courage of the bird that dares the sea;
The justice of the rain that loves all leaves;
The pity of the snow that hides all scars;
The loving-kindness of the wayside well;
The tolerance and equity of light
That gives as freely to the shrinking weed