Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) bacterium
1

(b) to strengthen the cell

1

(e) adjust the focus knob

1

(f) (A =) 15 (mm)
allow a tolerance of ± 1mm
1

(B =) 60 (mm)
1

(g)

allow ecf from question (f)

1

(h)

400
do not accept if a unit is given
1
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Q2.
(a) mitosis
1

(b) all lines correct = 2 marks

1 or 2 lines correct = 1 mark
 additional line from a box on the left negates the credit for that box
2

(c)

70(%)
allow answer calculated from angle in range 250°
to 254°
if no other mark awarded, allow 0.7 for 1
1
[5]

Q3.
(a) temperature
1

volume of yeast and water

1

(b) 28
1

(c) carbon dioxide

1

(d) the greater the mass of sugar, the greater the volume of foam / gas produced
allow reference to weight / amount of sugar
allow reference to amount of foam / gas
allow positive correlation
 ignore names of gases
ignore directly proportional
1

(f) for comparison / to compare

allow as a control (experiment)
allow as a base line
do not accept as a control variable
or
to check that no other factor / variable is influencing the results
allow answers in the context of the investigation
e.g. to prove that the results obtained were due
to the sugar (and nothing else)
or
to ensure validity
ignore fair test / accuracy
1

(g) (it) stops the oxygen / air getting in / through

ignore (it) stops the oxygen / air getting out
ignore gases unqualified
1
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Q4.
(a) because water enters (the cell / it / named cell)
do not accept salt / sugar / solution entering
1

by osmosis / diffusion
if osmosis / diffusion not given accept concentration inside
cell greater than outside cell
assume concentration refers to solute concentration unless
answer indicates otherwise
allow water goes up the concentration gradient
allow water goes down its concentration gradient
do not accept if diffusion of salt / sugar
1

through a partially permeable membrane

allow semi / selectively permeable membrane or description
1

(b) (plant cells) have (cell) wall

accept animal cells have no (cell) wall
ignore reference to cell membrane
do not accept reference to other organelles or any
implication that animal cells have a cell wall eg plant cells
have a thicker cell wall
1
[4]
Q5.
(a) any two from:
• acid in the stomach kills pathogens in food
• skin forms a barrier / produces antimicrobial secretions
• hairs in the nose trap (particles which may contain) pathogens
• trachea / bronchi has mucus which traps pathogens
or
bronchi have cilia which waft mucus to throat to be swallowed
2

(b) Level 3 (5–6 marks):

A clear, logical and coherent answer, with no significant redundancy. The student
understands the process and links this to reasons for clinical trials.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A partial answer with errors and ineffective reasoning or linkage.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

One or two relevant points but little linkage of points or logical reasoning.

0 marks:
No relevant content.

Indicative content
• pre-clinical trials of the new drug on cells / tissues / live animals
• to test toxicity, dosage and efficacy
• clinical trials / test on healthy volunteers and Ebola patients at very low doses
• so that you can monitor for safety / side effects
• and only then do trials to find the optimum dosage and test for efficacy
• double blind trial / use of placebo
• which does not contain the new drug
• random allocation of Ebola patients to groups
• so no one knows who has placebo / the new drug
• peer review of data
• to help prevent false claims
6
[8]

Q6.

(c) starch / substrate binds to active site (of enzyme)

ignore starch / substrate fits active site (of
enzyme)
1

(because) shape of active site and substrate are complementary

allow shape of starch / substrate and active site
allow them to fit together
1

a chemical reaction occurs to produce smaller molecules

or
bonds between the (starch) molecules are broken to produce smaller
molecules
allow maltose / sugars for smaller molecules
1
Q7.

(a)

allow
1

73.77…
1

74 (:1)
allow a correctly derived whole number from an incorrect
calculation
do not accept if unit is given
1
if no answer in answer space allow answer in Table 1

(b) as size increases, (surface area to volume) ratio decreases

allow they are inversely proportional or they are negatively
correlated
allow as one increases, the other decreases
allow as size decreases, (surface area to volume) ratio
increases
1

(c) D has a smaller surface area to volume ratio (than B)

1

(so) diffusion distance is too large (to meet demands of cells / organism)
allow (so) diffusion is too slow (to meet demands of cells /
organism)
1
allow converse for B throughout

(d) Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are identified

and given in detail to form an accurate account.
3−4

Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply stated but
their relevance is not clear.
1−2

No relevant content
0

Indicative content

• both have a large surface area

◦ to maximise diffusion

• both have thin walls or have walls that are one cell thick
◦ to reduce diffusion distance / time

• both are in close proximity to blood supply

◦ to reduce diffusion distance / time

• both have a good blood supply or both have a capillary network

◦ to maintain concentration gradient
• villi have microvilli
◦ to (further) increase surface area

• cells of villi contain many mitochondria

◦ for active transport

For Level 2 reference to functions of structural details of both alveoli

and villi is required.
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