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Original PDF Crime Control in America What Works 4th Edition by John L Worrall PDF
Original PDF Crime Control in America What Works 4th Edition by John L Worrall PDF
COMPSTAT 94
Fusion Centers and Intelligence-Led Policing 95
Predictive Policing 96
Does It Work? 97
Summary 97 • Notes 97
Appendix 404
Name Index 412
Subject Index 414
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to identify what works and what does not work to control
crime in the United States. This is a difficult task—Herculean, as one reviewer of the
first edition put it—but still a necessary one. A few books (cited several times through-
out the chapters to come) have attempted to do what this book does, but most of them
have not been very accessible to nonexperts, particularly undergraduate students in the
fields of criminal justice, criminology, and policy studies. The first reason I decided to
write this book was therefore to reach a wider audience, especially people with little
background in the area, while keeping the content to a reasonable length.
Other crime control books do not cover enough of what is done to control crime
in America. That is, the amount of material on crime control that has made its way into
textbooks and into the crime policy literature in general has been relatively modest.
This book will make it abundantly clear that a great deal is done in the United States in
response to crime, much of which has yet to be researched or laid out in the pages of a
textbook—until now. I believe that the field needs a more comprehensive look at crime
control in America, which was my second reason for writing this book. I’m sure you
will agree, after having read the book, that the range of alternatives for dealing with
crime is quite extensive.
Some competitive texts tend to take a strong ideological stance, almost to the
point at which a balanced review of the literature is not presented. My third reason
for writing this book, then, was to present a comprehensive view of crime control in
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xx Preface
America while maintaining a neutral ideological stance. To be sure, even the driest of
introductory textbooks cannot be totally objective. Every book reflects a perspective;
this one reflects mine. But whether you agree or disagree with my perspective, you
will come to realize that it is not a predictable one. I lean in no particular ideological
direction, I am not registered with any specific political party, and I have no specific
agenda to further by writing this book.
I have been teaching crime control courses at the university level for more than
15 years. They are the courses I most look forward to teaching. The subject of crime
control tends to liven up discussions in many a course, much more than other topics.
(When was the last time undergraduates expressed excitement over chi-square tests
or theoretical integration?) Even the most reserved students tend to chime in when
opinions are voiced as to the best method of targeting crime in America. Three-strikes
laws, the death penalty, and other approaches have brought some of my classes to the
brink of an all-out brawl. I hope that this book leads to much (constructive) discourse
in other university classes, as well.
PRESENTATION
There is no easy way to organize the study of crime control in the United States. Some
authors have organized it according to ideological perspectives. Others have presented
it in something of a linear fashion, in the order in which the criminal process plays out
(starting with police, then going on to courts, sentencing, corrections, and so forth). I
part with past approaches and present crime control from its point of origination. That
is, most of the chapters in this book discuss crime control in terms of who does it and/
or where it comes from. But I also follow something of a linear progression by begin-
ning with police and then moving on to prosecution, courts, sentencing, and correc-
tions before getting into less traditional topics.
Importantly, much is done to control crime that is informal in nature, which does
not rely on involvement by the criminal justice system or other forms of government
intervention. For example, when a person purchases a firearm to protect himself or
herself, that person is engaging in informal crime control. Likewise, a person who
installs a home security system is engaging in informal crime control. Approaches
such as these have been largely overlooked in previous books on crime control, so a
significant effort has been made to include them here. Indeed, three chapters discuss
the effectiveness (and ineffectiveness) of what I call “approaches beyond the criminal
justice system.”
think you will come to agree that most approaches to the crime problem that have been
taken in the United States amount to control rather than prevention.
UNIQUE CONTENT
Another one of my motivations for writing this book was to include topics and
approaches that always seem to come up in my classes but have rarely been included
in the text I assigned for the course (for example, I have yet to find a book in our field
that discusses the effect of civil asset forfeiture on the drug problem). Yet another
impetus for this project was a desire on my part to educate readers about many of
the lesser-known and underexplored methods of crime control in America. When I
share these with my students, many of whom are outgoing seniors who have already
received the bulk of their criminal justice education, they often express surprise, if not
total shock.
By way of overview, some of the relatively unique content (in comparison to
competitive texts) consists of sections or chapters on residency requirements for cops,
college degrees for cops, police–corrections partnerships, multijurisdictional drug task
forces, COMPSTAT, citizen patrol, citizen police academies, no-drop prosecution poli-
cies, federal–state law enforcement partnerships, community prosecution, deferred
sentencing and prosecution, fines, fees, forfeiture, sentence enhancements, chemi-
cal castration of sex offenders, civil commitment, antigang injunctions, job training,
shaming, problem-solving courts, self-protective behaviors, and several others.
DOES IT WORK?
As Chapter 1 will discuss at great length, it is nearly impossible to claim that a particu-
lar form of crime control is effective or ineffective. Additional research, new analytic
techniques, and the like can cast doubt on what has been considered gospel truth. At
the other extreme, a slew of studies confirming a single finding would tend to sug-
gest an effective approach, but time passes and things change, which makes scientific
knowledge very tenuous and uncertain, especially in the crime control context. Yet in
an effort to avoid beating the “we-just-don’t-know-for-sure” horse to a bloody pulp, I
have decided to include “Does It Work?” sections in all but the first and last chapters.
In these sections, I attempt to summarize the state of the literature as it currently stands.
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The book is divided into five parts. Part One lays a foundation for assessing the evi-
dence. Chapter 1 discusses what is meant by crime, crime control, and effectiveness.
It also discusses many of the issues associated with research in the social sciences. For
example, Chapter 1 points out how difficult experimental research is in our field, and it
highlights the tentative nature of scientific knowledge. Chapter 2 continues in this vein
by introducing various crime control perspectives that readers should be familiar with.
It also presents the goals of crime control, including deterrence, retribution, incapaci-
tation, and rehabilitation—each of which informs, to varying degrees, the approaches
discussed throughout the book.
Part Two consists of the law enforcement approach to the crime problem. Because
most research on the law enforcement approach has been concerned with police, three
xxii Preface
APPENDIX
I assume that not everyone who picks up this book is intimately familiar with the
criminal justice system in America. Accordingly, the appendix presents an ultra-brief
introduction to the criminal justice system. It discusses sources of crime statistics, the
actors involved in the justice system (in terms of executive, legislative, and judicial
Preface xxiii
functions), the criminal process (pretrial, adjudication, and beyond conviction), and
sanctions. It is not intended to replace an introductory text, but I feel that it gets much
important information across.
INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS
Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank. Includes content outlines for classroom discus-
sion, teaching suggestions, and answers to selected end-of-chapter questions from the
text. This also contains a Word document version of the test bank.
TestGen. This computerized test generation system gives you maximum flexibility
in creating and administering tests on paper, electronically, or online. It provides state-of-
the-art features for viewing and editing test bank questions, dragging a selected question
into a test you are creating, and printing sleek, formatted tests in a variety of layouts.
Select test items from test banks included with TestGen for quick test creation, or write
your own questions from scratch. TestGen’s random generator provides the option to
display different text or calculated number values each time questions are used.
PowerPoint Presentations. Our presentations offer clear, straightforward outlines
and notes to use for class lectures or study materials. Photos, illustrations, charts, and
tables from the book are included in the presentations when applicable.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instruc-
tor access code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an
instructor access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming
e-mail, including an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to
the site and log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.
ALTERNATE VERSIONS
eBooks. This text is also available in multiple eBook formats. These are an exciting
new choice for students looking to save money. As an alternative to purchasing the
printed textbook, students can purchase an electronic version of the same content.
With an eTextbook, students can search the text, make notes online, print out read-
ing assignments that incorporate lecture notes, and bookmark important passages for
later review. For more information, visit your favorite online eBook reseller or visit
www.mypearsonstore.com.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to the researchers everywhere for their efforts to inform crime control
policy. This book is a literature review, and it would not have been possible but for their
efforts. Thanks also goes to Gary Bauer, Jennifer Sargunar, and Rinki Kaur. Also, the
reviewers who provided valuable feedback on this edition deserve thanks. They are:
Carina Aquirre, Everest College; Janet Foster Goodwill, Yakima Valley Community
College; Coy Johnston, Arizona State University; Laurie Collins-Levy, Washington
State University - Vancouver and Cindy Scott, Northern Arizona University. Finally, I
must once again thank my family, especially my wife, Sabrina, for putting up with me
on yet another book project; the compulsion to write is difficult to shake.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
xxiv
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6.
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