Module 13, Lesson 1-2

Middle Childhood (The Primary Schooler)

Socio-emotional Development of primary Schoolers

Learning Assessment

Answer the following questions. You will be given scores according to the following
criteria:
Correctness of the content___12
Fluency in English language___3
Organization of ideas________5
Total_____________20 each question.

• Discuss on how Erickson define Industry and Inferiority. Give specific examples.
Answer: According to Erikson, during this stage, children are in the process of developing
a sense of competence and self-esteem by mastering tasks and achieving goals. They
become more focused on their schoolwork and extracurricular activities and begin to
compare their abilities with those of their peers.

If children are successful in their endeavors and receive positive feedback from parents,
teachers, and peers, they develop a sense of industry, a feeling of competence and
productivity. They learn to take pride in their accomplishments and develop confidence in
their abilities. On the other hand, if children experience consistent failure and negative
feedback, they may develop a sense of inferiority, feeling inadequate and incompetent in
comparison to their peers.

For example, a child who excels at math and receives praise for their abilities from their
teacher and parents may develop a sense of industry, feeling confident and proud of their
achievements. Conversely, a child who struggles with reading and receives negative
feedback may develop a sense of inferiority, feeling inadequate and ashamed of their
shortcomings.

Erikson believed that the development of a sense of industry and competence during this
stage of psychosocial development is crucial for a child's future success and self-esteem.
 • Explain the following topic according to your own comprehension.
a. Understanding the Self
Answer: Understanding the Self refers to the process of developing an awareness and
understanding of one's own identity, personality, values, beliefs, emotions, and experiences.
It involves reflecting on one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as well as how these
are perceived by others.

There are various strategies and techniques that individuals can use to enhance their
understanding of themselves, such as journaling, therapy, meditation, and introspection.
Ultimately, the process of understanding the self is an ongoing journey that requires
curiosity, openness, and a willingness to explore and embrace all aspects of oneself.

b. School years

Answer: School years refer to the period of time in a child's life when they attend formal
education, typically starting at the age of five or six and continuing until adolescence. This
period is characterized by significant physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development,
as children learn and grow in a structured, academic environment.

During the school years, children acquire a wide range of academic skills, such as reading,
writing, math, science, and social studies. They also develop critical thinking, problem-
solving, and communication skills, which are essential for success in later life. Additionally,
children learn how to interact with their peers and adults, forming friendships, navigating
social hierarchies, and developing a sense of self-identity.

The school years are a critical period in a child's development, laying the foundation for
future success in education, career, and life. It is essential for parents, teachers, and
caregivers to provide a supportive and nurturing environment that fosters learning, growth,
and positive social and emotional development.

c. Building Friendship

Answer: Building friendships refers to the process of developing close, positive

relationships with other individuals based on mutual trust, respect, and shared interests.
Friendship is an essential aspect of human social development, providing opportunities for
social support, companionship, and emotional connection.
The process of building friendships typically begins in early childhood and continues
throughout life, with individuals seeking out others who share common interests, values,
and experiences. In order to build strong friendships, individuals must be willing to
communicate openly and honestly, listen actively, and show empathy and understanding
towards others.

Building friendships can be particularly challenging for individuals who struggle with social
anxiety, shyness, or other social or emotional difficulties. In these cases, it may be helpful to
seek out support from a therapist, support group, or other resources to develop the skills
and confidence needed to form meaningful connections with others.

Building friendships is an essential aspect of human social development, providing

individuals with a sense of connection, belonging, and support throughout life. By cultivating
strong, positive relationships with others, individuals can enhance their overall well-being
and sense of happiness and fulfillment.

d. Antisocial behavior

Answer: Antisocial behavior refers to actions or behaviors that violate social norms, laws, or
the rights of others, and that often result in harm to oneself or others. Examples of
antisocial behaviors include aggression, violence, vandalism, theft, lying, and substance
abuse.

Antisocial behavior can be a symptom of underlying psychological or emotional difficulties,

such as depression, anxiety, or trauma, as well as environmental factors, such as poverty,
violence, or social isolation. Additionally, individuals with certain personality disorders, such
as antisocial personality disorder, may be more prone to engaging in antisocial behavior.

Antisocial behavior can have significant negative consequences for both the individual and
society as a whole, including physical harm, legal consequences, and social ostracism. It is
often associated with other negative outcomes, such as poor academic performance,
substance abuse, and mental health problems.

Addressing antisocial behavior is essential for promoting the health and well-being of
individuals and communities, and requires a comprehensive, coordinated approach that
addresses the root causes and contributing factors of these behaviors.
e. self-control
Answer: Self-control refers to the ability to regulate one's own thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors in order to achieve goals or respond to situations in a constructive and adaptive
way. It involves delaying immediate gratification or impulses in favor of long-term goals or
values, and making thoughtful and deliberate decisions rather than acting on automatic or
impulsive reactions.

Self-control is an important aspect of mental and emotional health, and is associated with a
range of positive outcomes, including better academic and professional performance,
improved relationships, and enhanced physical and mental health. Conversely, a lack of self-
control is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including poor academic and
professional performance, substance abuse, and mental health problems.

Self-control is an essential aspect of personal growth and well-being, and requires ongoing
effort and attention to develop and maintain. By cultivating self-control, individuals can
achieve their goals, respond to challenges in a constructive way, and promote their own
health and happiness.

. . Learning Enrichment
Study the situations given below. If you were the teacher, how will you help these
learners cope with their socio-emotional difficulties?
• Dear Teacher,
I am really heart broken. My 8 year old daughter is feeling lonely, isolated and
friendless. It seems that she has felt this way for quite a while. She says that she
mostly spends time alone-that she has no friends because no one wants to play with
her.
 She tags along, but is usually left out eventually. She can become angry if things
don’t always go her way and also teary. I don’t know where to turn to help her
thought that she finds school so painful is heartbreaking.

Sincerely,
Worried Mother

• Dear Teacher,
I am really a proud parent. My little boy is in primary grade and he is doing a lot
better than his classmates. He sometimes becomes restless in school – he says he
knows what the teacher is talking about. Some teachers even suspects that he is
gifted. But there seems to be a problem. He is bossy. He always orders people
around-his classmates and people at home. How could I help him be comfortable in
school and lessen his bossiness?
Sincerely,
Worried Mother

LESSON 3 & 4
Late Childhood (The Intermediate Schooler)
Physical Development of the Intermediate Pupil (2 hours)

Learning Assessment
 Based on what you have learned from the discussion above, please answer the
following questions in your own words as briefly and concise as you can:

Criteria of scoring in this discussion are:

Correctness of the content_______15
Organization of thoughts________2
Fluency in English language______3
Total________________20 pts. Each question

1. Discuss the general physical characteristics of children aged 9 to 12?

Answer: Children between the ages of 9 to 12 are generally referred to as "tweens" or pre-
adolescents. During this stage, they experience significant physical, emotional, and cognitive
changes as they transition from childhood to adolescence. Here are some general physical
characteristics of children aged 9 to 12:

• Growth: At this age, most children experience a growth spurt. Girls typically
experience it between the ages of 9 to 11, while boys experience it between the ages
of 10 to 12. During this time, children can grow anywhere from 2 to 3 inches a year.

• Body proportions: Children aged 9 to 12 undergo significant changes in their body

proportions. Their heads and limbs grow faster than their torsos, giving them a lanky
appearance.

• Muscle development: Children at this age become more physically active and
develop their muscles. Boys and girls both gain muscle mass, which helps them
become stronger.

• Weight gain: Children at this age may experience some weight gain as they grow
taller and gain muscle mass. However, it's essential to ensure they have a balanced
and healthy diet to avoid excessive weight gain.

• Physical coordination: Children aged 9 to 12 improve their physical coordination and

motor skills, allowing them to participate in sports and other physical activities more
effectively.

• Changes in body hair: Some children may start to grow hair under their arms, on
their legs, and in their pubic area at this age. These changes are a normal part of
puberty.
 • Voice changes: Boys may experience voice changes during this stage as their vocal
cords lengthen and thicken.

The physical changes that occur during the pre-adolescent stage set the stage for puberty
and adolescence. It's important to ensure that children at this age have access to healthy
food, physical activity, and adequate sleep to support their growth and development.

• How do the children develop their physical prowess? Explain and cite specific
examples.
Answer: Children develop their physical prowess through various activities, including
sports, physical education, and free play. These activities help to develop their muscles,
coordination, and motor skills, which can improve their overall physical ability. Here are
some examples:

• Sports: Participating in sports can help children develop their physical prowess. For
example, playing soccer can improve a child's endurance, balance, and coordination.
Basketball can improve a child's hand-eye coordination, agility, and cardiovascular
endurance. Tennis can help with a child's coordination, speed, and reaction time.

• Physical education: Physical education classes in school are also essential for
developing physical prowess. Activities like running, jumping, and climbing can help
children develop their muscles, coordination, and motor skills.

• Free play: Children also develop their physical prowess through free play. Activities
like climbing trees, playing tag, and riding bikes can improve a child's balance,
coordination, and strength.

• Strength training: Children can also develop their physical prowess through strength
training. This can include bodyweight exercises like push-ups, sit-ups, and squats, as
well as weightlifting with light weights.

• Yoga: Practicing yoga can also help children develop their physical prowess. Yoga
poses can improve a child's balance, coordination, and flexibility.

Physical prowess is developed through various activities that involve movement,

coordination, and strength. Encouraging children to participate in sports, physical education,
and free play can help them develop their physical abilities and improve their overall health
and well-being.

• What is early puberty? Based on your personal experience explain the changes
that occur during this stage.
Answer: It is essential for children who experience early puberty to receive medical
evaluation and care to ensure that the condition is not caused by an underlying medical
issue. Treatment may include hormone therapy or other medical interventions, depending
on the underlying cause of early puberty. Psychological support may also be necessary to
help children and their families navigate the emotional and social challenges of early
puberty.

• Have you experience changes on weight, height, and muscles during this stage?
Discuss how these changes take place.
Answer: The changes in weight, height, and muscles that occur during the pre-adolescent
stage are essential for growth and development. Proper nutrition, sleep, and physical
activity are all important factors in ensuring that children grow and develop to their full
potential. It's also essential to encourage children to maintain a healthy and active lifestyle
to promote overall health and well-being.

Module 14, Lesson 5-6

Late Childhood (The Intermediate Schooler)
Cognitive Development of the Intermediate Pupil (2 hours)

Learning Assessment
Based on what you have learned from the discussion above, please answer the
following questions in your own words as briefly and concise as you can:
 Criteria of scoring in this discussion are:
Correctness of the content_______15
Organization of thoughts________2
Fluency in English language______3
Total________________20 pts. Each question

1. Describe the cognitive characteristics of the late childhood (Intermediate

Schooler) according to reading development, attention and Creativity? Explain
it in your own words and cite specific examples.

Answer: Late childhood, also known as the intermediate schooler stage, spans
from ages 8 to 11 years old. This stage is characterized by significant cognitive and
developmental changes, including reading development, attention, and creativity.

In terms of reading development, intermediate schoolers typically demonstrate

greater fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary. They are able to read more
complex texts and make connections between their reading and their own
experiences. For example, an intermediate schooler might read a book about a
character dealing with bullying and then relate it to their own experiences at school.

In terms of attention, intermediate schoolers are generally better able to sustain

their focus and concentrate for longer periods of time. They are also better at
filtering out distractions and paying attention to multiple things at once. For
example, an intermediate schooler might be able to listen to their teacher while
taking notes and ignoring the chatter of other students.

Finally, in terms of creativity, intermediate schoolers are able to think more

abstractly and come up with original ideas. They are more comfortable with
exploring new possibilities and are less inhibited by the fear of failure. For example,
an intermediate schooler might come up with a unique solution to a problem during
a class brainstorming session.

The late childhood stage is marked by significant cognitive growth in the areas of
reading development, attention, and creativity. Children at this stage are able to
read and understand more complex texts, focus for longer periods of time, and think
more abstractly and creatively.
 2. How does the Media influence the Cognitive development of the late childhood
(The Intermediate Shooler) Enumerate examples of Media and explain it according
to your own comprehension.

Answer: The media can have a significant influence on the cognitive development of late
childhood or intermediate schoolers. As children in this stage become more aware of the
world around them, they start to consume more media, including TV shows, movies, video
games, and social media. Here are some examples of how the media can influence the
cognitive development of intermediate schoolers:

1. TV Shows and Movies: TV shows and movies can provide children with new ideas
and perspectives that can broaden their horizons. For example, a movie about a
different culture or a TV show that introduces new concepts can encourage children
to be more open-minded and accepting. However, some TV shows and movies can
also promote negative stereotypes or unrealistic expectations, which can be harmful
to children's development.

2. Video Games: Video games can help children develop problem-solving skills, improve
hand-eye coordination, and increase their ability to process information quickly.
However, some video games can be violent or contain inappropriate content, which
can desensitize children to violence and negatively impact their social skills.

3. Social Media: Social media can be a powerful tool for children to connect with their
friends and learn about the world around them. However, social media can also
expose children to cyberbullying, inappropriate content, and negative self-image. It
can also contribute to a lack of face-to-face communication and social skills.

It's important for parents and educators to monitor children's media consumption and guide
them towards age-appropriate and positive content. Children in this stage are still
developing their cognitive abilities and are easily influenced by what they see and hear. By
providing them with appropriate media choices and guidance, we can help them develop
critical thinking skills and positive cognitive growth.

3.Write the definitions of the following words based on how you understood
them.

• Concrete operational thinkers- Concrete operational thinkers have a greater

ability to reason logically and understand the world around them in a more
 organized and systematic way. They can use their cognitive abilities to solve
problems and understand concepts that were previously difficult for them to
grasp.

• Reading to learn “stage ( in reading development)- The reading to learn

stage is a critical stage in reading development that enables children to use
reading as a tool for acquiring knowledge and understanding complex
concepts. By providing children with appropriate support and resources, we
can help them develop their reading skills and foster a lifelong love of
learning.

• Attention span- is a crucial aspect of cognitive development that can impact a

child's ability to learn, remember, and succeed in various areas of their life. By
understanding the factors that influence attention span and providing appropriate
support and resources, we can help children develop and improve their attention
span over time.
• Creativity- is a vital aspect of human cognition and development, and can
have a positive impact on various areas of life. By supporting and
encouraging creativity in children, we can help them develop important skills
and abilities that will benefit them throughout their lives.