MICROBIOLOGY

- Study of microorganisms linked to humans and the environment we live in

- Result of the interaction can trigger on infectious disease
- development of microbiology has been in the fields of medicine , Pharmacy clinical research ,
doing industry agriculture , water industry and chemical technology

• Study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

• Includes the study of certain non living entities as well as certain living organisms

(collectively , these non living and living organisms are called “microbes”

• Micro means –small

• Anything so small that is must be viewed with microscope

• the study of microbes

• BIOS - Living organisms

• LOGY - Study of

• BIOLOGY - The study of living organisms

PARASITOLOGY

 Comes from the root word parasite

 It is the study of parasites , their hosts and the relationship between thrm.
 -their relationship is called parasitism
 microbes are said to be “ubiquitous”
categories of microbes includes:
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 archaea
 protozoa
 Certain types of algae and fungi
Microrganisms

1. Acellular
- Viroid
- Prions
- Viruses
2. Cellular
a. Prokaryotes- archea, bacteria, cynobacteria
b. Eukaryotes- algae, protozoa, fungi

cellular - alive

acellular- no cells/ therefore devoid of life

sponateous generation

- Challenges the theory:

Anton van leeuwehoek= believer

1st Francesco redi= non believer

- Believed maggots donot just appear

spontaneously but produced from eggs of
flies

aristotle

- Orgnism come from nonliving sources

Jan baptista van helmot

- Mice oculd arise from rgas and wheat kernels left inn open container in 3 weeks

John turberville needham

- Occur in under right conditions in spontanoues generation

- Pakulo ng container: thick solution binubuo ng microorganism

Lazzaro spallanzani

- 2nd Disprove the spontanoues generation, hindi napakuloaan ni needham ng lalo.

Loouis pastuer

- 3rd Disprove the spontanoues generation, beef broth/ swan neck

1668

- three jars, fires, maggots, and rotting meat to disprove the theory of Spontaneous Generation.

Step 1

3 has rotting meat,

- Jar A was open,
- jar B was closed,
- jar C had some sort of gauze on top.

Step 2

Observed- each jar as flies start breeding and laying their eggs.
prediction-
the flies will easily lay their eggs in jar A
jar B - have no maggots
jar C - have maggots or not.
Step 3

Found:

- jar A, maggots and eggs were clearly seen in the rotting meat.
- jar B, maggots and eggs weren't seen.
- jar C, maggots and eggs were clearly seen on the gauze, while little had been seen in the meat
itself.

Conclusion

- this experiment with the clear fact that life doesn't just appear out of nowhere, but rather life
has to come from life. In this case, the life of a fly has to come from a fly.

Note: Because spontaneous reproduction was still a prevailing concept, Redi was deceived into thinking
that it could still happen in other circumstances. Redi's experiment later became the basis for other
scientists to develop experiments that disproved "spontaneous generation" and proved the theory of
"biogenesis", which states that living things can come only from other living things.

Flies come from

- eggs hatch, well, you'll be inundated with flies. Therefore, if you find that you suddenly have a
lot of flies in your house, chances are there's decaying matter somewhere: They breed and feed
in filth, including garbage, feces, and rotting or spoiled food. Poor sanitation and ripped screens
and unsealed cracks in windows and doors can lead to house fly infestations.
- Omne vivum ex vivo" ("All life comes from life"). Only flies can make
more flies.
- people were willing to acknowledge that "larger" organisms didn't arise by spontaneous
generation, but had to have parents.

rotting meat attracted flies, and the meat was soon swarming with maggots, which hatched into flies
[left, below]. When the jars were tightly covered so that flies could not get in [middle, above], no
maggots were produced [middle, below]. To answer the objection that the cover cut off fresh air
necessary for spontaneous generation, Redi covered the jars with several layers of porous gauze [right,
above] instead of an air-tight cover. Flies were attracted to the smell of the rotting meat, clustered on
the gauze, which was soon swarming with maggots, but the meat itself remained free of maggots [right,
below]. Thus flies are necessary to produce flies: they do not arise spontaneously from rotting meat

1. Conclusion(s): Only flies can make more flies. In the uncovered jars, flies entered and laid eggs
on the meat. Maggots hatched from these eggs and grew into more adult flies. Adult flies laid
eggs on the gauze on the gauze-covered jars. These eggs or the maggots from them dropped
through the gauze onto the meat. In the sealed jars, no flies, maggots, nor eggs could enter,
thus none were seen in those jars. Maggots arose only where flies were able to lay eggs. This
experiment disproved the idea of spontaneous generation for larger organisms.]
Outcome of redis experiment

- A. It was seen that the flies and maggots were generated from the decomposing meat
- In Redi's experiment, it was observed that the flies and maggots were generated from the
decomposing meat. This observation contradicted the belief in spontaneous generation, which
stated that living organisms could arise from non-living matter. Redi's experiment provided
evidence against spontaneous generation and supported the idea of biogenesis, which states
that living organisms can only come from other living organisms.

Maggot
- a soft-bodied legless larva, especially that of a fly found in decaying matter.

Fly
- of numerous insects that use only one pair of wings for flight but also have halteres, a reduced second
pair of wings.
MICROBIOLOGY

- study of microorganisms, or microbes, a diverse group of generally minute simple life-forms that
include bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. The field is concerned with the
structure, function, and classification of such organisms and with ways of both exploiting and
controlling their activities.
- Microbiology is defined simply as the study of microorganisms, with "micro" meaning small and
"biology" referring to the study of living things. The microorganisms studied vary widely, and the
field of microbiology is broken down into many subfields of study

Good and bad microorganism

- The field of microbiology is critical to human beings not only due to the infectious diseases
caused by these microbes but because "good" microorganisms are necessary for us to live on
the planet

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

- father of microbiology as he observed and experimented with microscopic organisms in the

1670s, using simple microscopes of his design
- ome-made microscopes to discover the invisible world of micro-organisms.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

- French biologist who is often regarded as the father of modern microbiology because of his
many contributions to science

Alice C. Evans (1881–1975)

- first professionally successful female microbiologist

we learn in microbiology

- Microbiology has helped to treat and prevent diseases which are caused by viruses, bacteria,
protozoa and fungi. In medicine, for example, microbiology led to the discovery and
development of: Antibiotics, and. Vaccines.
- Microbiology students study microbial growth, survival, metabolism, genetics, and physiology,
while examining the organism's relationship to the environment, biotechnology, and diseases.
- analysing microorganisms up close, microbiologists play a crucial role in combating disease,
creating chemical products for agriculture, and even helping to keep the planet healthy.
- Public Health microbiology supports the monitoring of known and emerging threats and
facilitates the evaluation of effective interventions

Deinococcus radiodurans

- world's "toughest" microorganism is a bacteria that can withstand radiation

to a phenomenal degree, as its name implies, but can also survive without
water, exposure to strong acids, and even when placed in a vacuum.
Classifications of microbes

 Multicellular: Having more than one cell

 Unicellular: Having a single cell
 Acellular: Lacking cells, such as viruses and prions; prions are usually referred to as "infectious
proteins" rather than microbes.

Type of cell

 Eukaryotes
- microbes with "complex cells" that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Examples: helminths (worms), protozoa, algae, and fungi.
 Prokaryotes
- are microbes with "simple cells" that do not have a true nucleus and lack membrane-bound
organelles.
Examples include bacteria.

The Major Classes of Microorganisms

Parasites:

- sometimes more frightening than other microorganisms, at least when they can be viewed with
the naked eye. Parasites include helminths (worms), flukes, protozoa, and others. Examples of
parasitic infections include malaria, giardia, and African sleeping sickness. Ascariasis
(roundworms) are known to infect 1 billion people worldwide.4

Fungi:

- Fungi are microorganisms that are in some ways similar to plants. Yeasts are a type of fungus.
Examples include athlete's foot or other types of yeast infections, which all fall under the class
of fungal infections. This category also includes mushrooms and molds. Like bacteria, we also
have many "good fungi" that live on our bodies and do not cause disease.5

Bacteria:

- We have as much bacterial in and on our bodies as we do cells, and the vast majority of these
bacteria are "healthy bacteria." They protect us against infection from bad or pathologic
bacteria and play a role in digesting our food.6 Examples of infections caused by bacteria include
tuberculosis and strep throat.

Viruses:

- Viruses are abundant in nature, though the ones most people are familiar with are those that
cause human disease. Viruses can also infect other microorganisms such as bacteria, as well as
plants.7 Immunizations have decreased the risk of some frightening diseases, but others, such as
Ebola and the Zika virus, remind us that we haven't begun to conquer these miniature menaces.

Prions:
 - but rather as "infectious proteins."8 That said, they are often studied by virologists. Yet prion
diseases such as mad cow disease and kuru are some of the most feared infectious diseases.

Microorganisms That Are Helpful to Humans

 Protecting our bodies against "bad" microbes

 Making food. From yogurt to alcoholic beverages, fermentation is a method in which the growth
of microbes is used to create food.
 The breakdown of wastes on the ground and recycling atmospheric gases above. Bacteria can
even help with difficult waste such as oil spills and nuclear waste.
 Producing vitamins such as vitamin K and some B vitamins. Bacteria are also extremely
important for digestion.
 Information storing. The field of cryptography is even looking at ways in which bacteria can be
used as a hard drive to store information.

Fields of Microbiology

 Parasitology:
- The study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases
 Mycology:
- The study of fungi
 Bacteriology:
- The study of bacteria
 Virology:
- The study of viruses
 Protozoology:
- The study of protozoa
 Phycology:
- The study of algae
 Microbial physiology:
- The study of the metabolism, growth, and structure of microbes
 Microbial genetics:
- The study of genetics within microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Environmental microbiology:
- The study of how microorganisms interact with the environment and each other
 Industrial microbiology:
- The study of how microorganisms are used in industrial processes, such as antibiotics and
wastewater treatment
 Food microbiology:
- The study of the microorganisms that live in, modify, or contaminate food
 Biotechnology:
- The use of living organisms to make a new product
 Bioremediation:
- The use of living organisms to remove contaminants from the soil and water

Parasitology
 - the study of the interaction between parasites and their hosts.
- The word parasite is derived from the Latin form of the Greek word, meaning “one who eats
at the table of another”. Parasitism is generally defined as a relationship between the two
living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other. The organism
that is benefitted is called the parasite, while the one that is harmed is called the host.

Importance of studyn parasitology

- This field is vital to the health and wellbeing of all animals because the ongoing presence of
parasites and parasitic infection in animals can cause serious health issues, and even death.

3 main classes of parasites

- can cause disease in humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.

Francesco Redi (1626-1697),

- Italian physician known as the “father” of parasitology, was one of the most important
researchers of the 17th century.
- who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from
spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies

Types of Parasitism

- classified based on their size, characteristics, interactions with their hosts and their life cycles.

Obligate Parasitism

- the parasite is completely dependent on the host to complete its life cycle. Obligate parasites
cannot survive without the host. Therefore, they do not severely harm the host. Fungi, bacteria
and viruses exhibit obligate parasitism. For eg., head lice, when removed from the human scalp,
dies.

Facultative Parasitism

- parasite is not completely dependent on the host to complete its life cycle and can survive
without the host. A nematode species Strongyloides stercoralis is found free-living but causes a
disease strongyloidiasis when it infects humans.

Ectoparasitism

- parasites that live outside the body of the host exhibit ectoparasitism. For eg., lice and ticks

Endoparasitism

- Parasites that live inside the body of a host exhibit endoparasitism. For eg., hookworms and
nematodes.

Mesoparasitism

- parasites that enter the external openings of the host exhibit mesoparasitism.
Examples of Parasitism

Parasitism in Humans

- The organisms that parasitize humans include fungi, leeches, lice, viruses, protozoa, tapeworm,
etc. Few organisms such as Helminthes live inside the intestine of the host and causes several
infectious diseases, such as jaundice, malnutrition, diarrhoea, etc. All the infections are caused
by viruses and bacteria.

Parasitism in Plants

- Small green insects called aphids, parasitize plants by eating their sap. Several types of fungi
parasitize crops ad spoil fruits, vegetables and food grains. The parasitic plants contain modified
roots called haustoria which connect to the host xylem or phloem and drain it of nutrients and
water.

Parasitism in Insects

- Parasitism is very common in insects. Entomophagous parasites attack larva and young insects.
A few insects deposit their eggs within the body of the larva of other insect species. When the
eggs hatch, the young one eats the larva and derives nutrition from it.

Primary healthcare

- the provision of health services, including diagnosis and treatment of a health condition, and
support in managing long-term healthcare, including chronic conditions like diabetes.
- a practical approach to making health benefits within the reach of all people.
- an approach to health development, which is carried out through a set of activities and whose
ultimate aim is the continuous improvement and maintenance of health status
-

Importance of primary health care

- Primary health care enables health systems to support a person's health needs – from health
promotion to disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliative care and more. This
strategy also ensures that health care is delivered in a way that is centred on people's needs and
respects their preferences.

Accessibility (equal distribution):

- is the first and most important key to PHC. Healthcare services must be equally shared by all the
people of the community irrespective of their race, creed or economic status.