U Win Thu Naing 09403722601

CHAPTER 3
Stoichiometry
(1) Molarity
The molarity (M) of a solution is the quantity in moles of the solute dissolved in one cubic decimetre
(1dm3) of the solution.
(2) Molar solution
A molar solution of a compound is one which contains one mole of the compound in one cubic decimetre
of the solution.
(3) Standard solution
The reagent of exactly known concentration that is used in a titration is called a standard solution.
(4) Standardization
The process by which the concentration of a standard solution is determined volumetrically by the use of a
primary solution is called standardization.
(5) Titration
The term “titration” is used for the procedure in which a solution of a standard reagent is added to a
specific volume of a solution of unknown molarity.
(6) Equivalence point
The equivalence point in a titration is a theoretical concept its position can be estimated only by observing
physical changes associated with the equivalence point.
(7) End point
By the use of an indicator, it is the point used to indicate a change in colour as a result of concentration
changes near the equivalence point.
(8) Requirements for a good primary standard
(i) Highest purity
(ii) Stability
(iii) Absence of hydrate water
(iv) Ready availability and reasonable cost
(v) Reasonably high molecular mass
(9) The apparatus used in titration
(i) Pipette
(ii) Burette
(iii) Conical flask
(10) Stoichiometry
A part of chemistry which deals with the quantities of substances taking part in chemical reactions is
called stoichiometry.
(11) Molar mass
Molar mass is the mass in grams of a one mole of an atom or a molecule or a compound.
Formula
solute ( mol )
(1) Molarity = 3
volume ( dm )
solute ( mol )
(2) Molarity = 3
volume ( cm )
mass (g)
(3) Mole = −1
¿
molar mss (g mol ¿
(4) gdm-3 = molarity (moldm-3)  molar mass (gmol-1)
(5) cm3 = dm3  1000
(6) mmol = mol  1000

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Exercise 3.1
Formula mass problems
1. Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass of each of the following compound.
(i) Nitric acid, HNO3
(ii) Lead (II) chloride, PbCl2
(iii) Calcium carbide, CaC2
(iv) Tetraphosphorous decaoxide, P4O10
(v) Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4
(vi) Barium carbonate, BaCO3
(vii) Magnesium hydrogencarbonate, Mg(HCO3)2
(viii) Sodium dinitrogen phosphorate, NaN2PO4
(ix) Disodium hydrogenphosphate, Na2HPO4
(x) Potassium chlorate, KClO3
(H=1, C=12, N=14, O=16, Cl=35.5, S=32, Na=23, Ag=108)

Exercise 3.2
Percent composition and empirical formula problems
1. Calculate the percent of magnesium in magnesium oxide. (Mg=24, O=16)
2. Calculate the percent of nitrogen in Urea, CO (NH2)2.
3. Calculate the percent of calcium in Gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O. (Ca=40, S=32, O=16, H=1)
4. Find the percentage by mass of water percent in copper (II) sulphate crystal. (Cu=64)
5. 1.92g of copper was obtained from reduction of 2.4g of an oxide of copper by hydrogen. From
experimental result, calculate the empirical formula of this oxide of copper.
6. Oxidation of 2.01g of mercury yields 2.17g of oxide of mercury. What is the empirical formula of
this oxide? (Hg=108)
Exercise 3.3
Molarity problems
1. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 4 moles of solute in sufficient solvents
to make 2 dm3 of solution.
2. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by adding 0.56g of pure sodium carbonate to
sufficient water to make 100 cm3 of solution.(Na=23, C=12, O=16)
3. 4g of sodium hydroxide pellets are dissolved in sufficient water to make 5 dm 3 of solution.
Calculate the molarity of the resulting solution. Molar solution = 1M
4. What is the mass of KOH in 2 dm3 of the aqueous solution of 0.5M KOH?
Exercise 3.4
Same solution with different molarities problems
1. If 20 cm3 of 1M sulphuric acid and 60 cm 3 of 0.2M sulphuric acid are mixed, what will be the
molarity of the final solution?
2. 30 cm3 of 0.4M hydrochloric acid and 20 cm3 of 0.2M hydrochloric acid are mixed. What will be
the molarity of the final solution?
Exercise 3.5
ေရေရလွ်င္ - M α 1/V
Dilution problems - M1 > M 2
ေရေရလွ်င္ - solute ပမဏမေျပင္
မေျပာ
င္း
M1V1 = M2V2 - molarity ေျပင္ - V1<V2

1. How many cubic centimeters of 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 2 dm 3 of
0.025M solution?
2. How many cubic centimeters of a molar solution must be diluted with water to make 2 dm 3 of 0.5M
solution?
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3. How many cubic centimeters of water must be added to 200 cm of a 0.1M solution to make
0.04M?
Notes (1) The amount of solute does not change when a solution is diluted but the molarity of a solution does.
(2) When a solution is diluted, the concentration of the resultant solution is inversely proportional to its
final solution.
(3) The amount of solvent increases due to dilution.
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Titration
Primary standard မလု ပ္င္တဲ့ ပပစ
စ ၥည္မ်
(1) Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 - absorb moisture
(2) KOH, NaOH - absorb moisture
(3) Kk - reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide
(4) KMnO4 - easily decompose (impure)
Primary standard သုံ င္တဲ့
ပပစ စ ၥည္မ်
(1) Anhydrous sodium carbonate  Pipette သည္ solution ၏ volume ကု ိ တု ိင္သည္။
 Burette သည္ solvent ၏ volume ကု ိ တု ိင္သည္။
(2) Oxalic acid
(3) Mohr’s salt (ammonium iron (II) sulphate)
(4) Potassium dichromate
Indicators used in acid-base titration
Indicators Acid Base End point
Phenolphthalein Colourless Red Pink
Methyl orange Red Yellow Orange
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Notes (1) A standard solution is the reagent of exactly known concentration.
(2) A hygroscopic compound is not preferable to use as a primary standard.
(3) The accuracy of a volumetric analysis depends upon the primary standard.
(4) The equivalence point in a titration is a theoretical concept but the end point is a practical
measurement. So the equivalence point and end point are not identical in all types of titration.
(5) A pipette is used to measure the amount of solution. A conical flask is used to measure the amount
of solvent.
(6) Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb water from the air.
Exercise 3.6
1. How many cubic centimeters of 1M hydrochloric acid are needed to neutralize 0.56g of caustic
potash (KOH). (K=39, O=16, H=1)
2. How many cubic centimeters of 1M hydrochloric acid is needed to react with 0.6g of magnesium?
(Mg=24)
3. 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution required 40 cm 3 of 0.1M potassium hydroxide to neutralize it.
Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid.
Molarity and gdm-3 problem (8 marks)
4. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 23.5 cm 3 of 0.5M hydrochloric acid solution to
neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution and convert into gdm -3.
Molarity and dilution problem
5. 25 cm3 of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution required 24 cm 3 of sulphuric acid to neutralize it. (i)
Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid. (ii) What volume of water is added to 24 cm 3 of
sulphuric acid so that concentration becomes exactly 0.1M?
6. How many cubic centimeters of 1M HCl must be diluted with water to make 2 dm 3 of 0.25M
solution? If 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide neutralizes 23 cm 3 of this diluted solution, what is the
molarity of sodium hydroxide solution?

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7. 100 cm of hydrochloric acid solution is diluted to 1 dm with distilled water. If 26.8 cm 3 of this
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diluted acid is needed to neutralize 25 cm 3 of 0.5M sodium carbonate solution. Calculate the molarity
of the original solution.
8. 100 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1 dm 3 with distilled water. If 27 cm 3 of
this diluted acid were needed to neutralize 25 cm 3 of 0.5M sodium carbonate solution. What is the
concentration in gdm-3 of the original acid? (H=1, Cl=35.5, Na=23, C=12, O=16)
9. Calculate the molarity if a sodium carbonate solution prepared by adding 50g of pure sodium
carbonate and sufficient water to make 1.5 dm 3 solution. 21 cm3 of this solution was needed to
neutralize 24.5 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution. What is the concentration of sulphuric acid solution?
Vinegar problem (% by mass)
10. Vinegar contains the organic acid acetic acid (ethanoic acid), CH3COOH. When 6g of vinegar was
treated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide, 40 cm 3 of this base had to be added to reach the equivalence
point. What is the percent by mass of acetic acid in this sample of vinegar?
11. 2.5g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up to 250 cm 3 of solution.
25 cm3 of this solution required 20 cm 3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid for neutralization. Calculate the
percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture.
12. 2.5g of a mixture if sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium carbonate were made up to 250 cm 3 of
aqueous solution. 25 cm3 of this solution required 28 cm 3 of 0.1011M hydrochloric acid for
neutralization. What is the ratio by weight of sodium carbonate to sodium chloride in the salt mixture?
13. 5g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up to 500 cm 3 of solution. 25
cm3 of this solution required 18 cm 3 of 0.1M sulphuric acid for neutralization. Calculate the mass of
sodium chloride in the mixture.
14. 5g of a mixture of calcium carbonate and sand is treated with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid
and 0.88g of carbon dioxide is produced. What is the ratio by weight of calcium carbonate to sand in
the original mixture?
15. 10g of calcium carbonate is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The liberated gas measured at
STP is 1.661 dm3. Find the percentage purity of calcium carbonate.
16. 5g of a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium sulphate decahydrate on heating to
constant mass produces 3.2g of anhydrous salt. What percentages of anhydrous and hydrated salts are
present in mixture?
Double Titration
17. 0.48g of magnesium was dissolved in 50 cm 3 of 1M hydrochloric acid. How many cubic
centimeters of 0.1M potassium hydroxide solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess acid?
Limiting Problem
18. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated on mixing 5 dm 3 of sulphur dioxide with 12
dm3 of hydrogen sulphide if both gases were originally at 756 mmHg pressure and 25°C?
19. How many grams of zinc will have to be treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate 1.85 dm 3
of hydrogen at 27°C and 750 mmHg? (Zn=65)
20. How many grams of sodium carbonate will have to be treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to
liberate 1.15 dm3 of carbon dioxide at 22°C and 755 mmHg?

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