SWPDM REVIEWER (Para kay Moctar)

PROGRAM - A program is a collection of many projects and is directed

towards the accomplishment of long-term organizational goals.

PROJECT - A project is one section out of many in the actual work

body and is focused efforts towards a specific deliverable within the
program.

SOCIAL WELFARE

 covers practically everything that means for the good of the society
 an organized concern of all people to all people (Gertrude Wilson)
 organized system of social services and institution, designed to aid
individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and
health (Walter Friedlander)

WORKING WITH MARGINALIZED SECTOR

Marginalization
noun
“treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or
peripheral”
verb
“to relegate to an unimportant or powerless position within a society
or group.

Who are the marginalized sectors?

Source: Marginalized Populations – Minnesota Psychological
Association, 2016.

 LGBT
 Senior Citizens
 Racial/Cultural Minorities
 Military Combat Veterans
 Persons of below average intelligence
 Hearing, visually, and physically challenged persons
 Persons with a serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI)
 Persons with cognitive development

SOCIAL JUSTICE

 fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic

growth” (United Nations)
 “is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and
social rights and opportunities” (National Association of Social
Workers)
 encompasses economic justice” (Center for Economic and Social
Justice)
HUMAN RIGHTS

 “rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex,

nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status”
(United Nations)
 “include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and
torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and
education, and many more” (United Nation

EMPOWERMENT

“is the interpersonal process of providing the proper tools, resources,

and environment to build, develop, and increase the ability and
effectiveness of others to set and reach individual goals” (NCBI)

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

 Basic needs of people are being met

 Promotes democracy
 Creating an environment for accountable governance
 Expand the use of available resources

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

 Expand the availability of works and ability of individuals to

secure income, to support themselves and their families
 Includes industry, sustainable agriculture as well as integration
and full participation in the global economy

THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Goal Directed Project Management (GDPM)

- It is a powerful, pragmatic approach for gaining consensus from all
stakeholders on the overall objective of project.
- Detailed and practical guidance on how to plan, organize and control
projects effectively, presenting methods and tools that will increase
significantly the probability of the project success.
Social Administration
- Focuses on the policies, planning and administration of goods and
services in relation in political, social and economic institutions and to
the determinants of the distribution of national resources to social
welfare need (Hanlan).
Sustainability
- It addresses the essential needs of the poor with the aim of
improving the quality of life but conscious of the limitations of the
environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
Sustainable Human Development
- It is a multidisciplinary perspective pursuing both the development
of the human person and society but also preserving the natural
environment for future generations.

BOTTOM-UP DEVELOPMENT

Bottom-up Development

People who are affected by decisions about their Future should be

empowered to collectively control or influences such decisions Bottom-
up development does not necessarily mean that disadvantaged
communities should be left entirely to their own devices. They need to
be resourced, and policies need to be in place to facilitate the
devolution of decision making This is expressed through (community
mobilization of community residents.

Bottom-up development mean that control should be lodged in the

community residents themselves (eg identification of needs and
issues, resources and development and not at the discretion of
policymakers and experts outside the community

In the 1970s in the Philippines, Community- Based Projects were

being offered as an alternative to the passive welfare Controlled by
external professionals, like the PBSP Freedom to Build. Within the last
decade, two main approaches to community development were
observed: one is community organizing focused on issues and
advocacy, and the second is community economic development

The community economic development approach has largely

evolved around what are known as Community Development
Corporations (CDCs), the original aim of which was to empower
communities through comprehensive treatment of social and physical
conditions, and helping the community determine how to conduct
redevelopment and (in particular) produce more homes and
businesses owned by the community (Stoecker, 2012 Page 362)
However, as Stoecker points out while CDC's aim to work in the
interests

The Different Perspectives of Social Development

Goal Directed Project Management (GDPM)” It is a powerful,

pragmatic approach for gaining consensus from all stakeholders on
the overall objective of project. GDPM gives detailed and practical
guidance on how to plan, organize and control projects effectively,
presenting methods and tools that will increase significantly the
Probability of the project success.
SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION
- It is a development that meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
-By taking into account the economic, social, and environmental
dimensions of sustainability, social welfare systems can be designed
and implemented in a way that is both effective and sustainable.

SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

- It is a multidisciplinary perspective pursuing both the development
of human person and society but also preserving the natural
environment for future generation.
-It is a holistic approach to development that takes into account the
environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainability.
It’s a type of development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- It is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
It contains within in two concepts;

1.) The concept of the “ needs” and

2.) The “ Idea of limitation”.

NEEDS – in a particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, Kung

saan dapat bigyan ng pangunahing priyuridad. (to which overriding
priority should be given.)

IDEA OF LIMITATION – it is imposed by the state of technology and

social organization on the environment,

Sustainable Development
-demands that we week ways of living, working and being enable all
people of world to lead healthy fulfilling and economically secure lives
without destroying the environment and without endangering the
future welfare of people and the planet.

The right to development implies the right to improvement and

advancement of economic, social, culture, and political condition.
Improvement of global quality of life mean the implementation of
change that ensures every person a life of dignity, or life in a society
that respect and helps realize all human rights.

✓These changes must include;

* The eradication and alleviation of widespread condition of poverty
* Unemployment
* Economic development
* Equitable social condition
In the context of social welfare, sustainable development aims to
address the root causes of social problems and promote equitable and
inclusive growth. This can involve providing access to education,
healthcare, and other essential services, as well as addressing issues
such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination.

The Ladder of Citizen Participation- (shown in next page) has eight

steps, each representing a different level of participation. From bottom
to top, the steps explain the extent of citizen participation and how
much real power citizens have to determine the process and
outcomes.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION- One of the defining features of

community development is that it is a bottom -up , participatory form
of development.

PARTICIPATION AS A MANIPULATION
Agendas and Plans are set Extremely. Tokenistic communication with
the community.

PARTICIPATION AS CONSULTATION
Agendas and plans are set extremely. Authorities allow for comment
but have no obligation to respond.

PARTICIPATION AS PARTNERSHIP
Communities Take the initiative proposing a program and work with
government and business to develop it.

PARTICIPATION AS SEL-MOBILIZATION 8
Communities initiate and own the Process.

• Participation can involve self -mobilization and ownership of the

whole process by those more effected . As pretty (1995) and Cornwall
(2008) indicate ,self -mobilization may or may not involve challenging
existing distribution of wealth and power.

PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
A process through which group and communities determine through
inclusive dialogue and consensus in the development priorities and
the designs of solution that address priority needs. The responsibility
of implementation of a solution lies with the participants.

The Ladder of Citizen Participation- (shown in next page) has eight

steps, each representing a different level of participation. From bottom
to top, the steps explain the extent of citizen participation and how
much real power citizens have to determine the process and
outcomes.
The ladder is a useful tool for interpreting what is meant when
programmes and policies refer to ‘participation’. Arnstein uses the
terms ‘the powerful’ and ‘citizens’ as shorthand, but emphasises that
neither are homogenous entities; and that each grouping contains
actors with more or less power.
Degrees of Citizen power:
8. Citizen control
7. Delegated power
6. Partnership
Degrees of tokenism:
5. Placation
4. Consultation
3. Informing
Non participation:
2. Therapy
1. Manipulation

THE FORMS AND FUNCTION OF PARTICIPATION

* Nominal Participation
* Instrumental Participation
* Representative Participation
* Transformative Participation

Sarah White distinguishes four form of participation; nominal,

instrumental, representative, and transformative. She reason that
each form has different function and argues actors ‘at the top ( is
more powerful) and at the grass roots’ (is less powerful) . have
different participations of interest in each form.

NOMINAL PARTICIPATION
- It is a often used by more powerful actors to give legitimacy to to
development plans.
Which is the Nominal participation is seen as an important aspect of
social welfare as it helps to ensure that the programs and projects are
responsive to the needs of the local community and that the local
community has a say in how these programs and projects are
designed and implemented. However, nominal participation can also
be seen as a form of tokenism, where local people are involved in the
decision-making process but their input is not taken seriously or
acted upon. In these cases, nominal participation can be seen as a
way of giving the appearance of public participation without actually
giving local people any real power or influence.

THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Social Development
- is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so
they can reach their full potential.
 - the success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every
citizen.

Planning
- the process of establishing the goals and objectives of a project and
determining the resources and actions needed to achieve those goals.
- the function of management that involves setting objectives and
determining a course of action for achieving those objectives.

Social Planning
- is a process of planning social services, programs and policies.
- the process by which policy makers try to solve community
problems or improve conditions in the community by devising and
implementing policies intended to have certain results.

A Supervising State
- is a type of government in which the state plays a key role in the
protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its
citizens.
- public-private partnerships are new schemes where project and
services are gradually assumed by private entities (e.g., hospitals,
corporations for infrastructure and CSOs for related social
development projects. The state acts as the supervisory body which
monitors, checks and provides technical assistance when needed.
- the major issue to be confronted in such a model is that ultimately,
it is premised on the need for community organizations to work within
terms of reference set by the state.

Social Policy
- are a set of guidelines, laws, programs, and initiatives that aim to
improve the well-being, quality of life, and social outcomes for a
nation's citizens. These policies can cover a wide range of areas,
including education, healthcare, housing, employment, social
services, and more,

Social Policy Development

- refers to the process through which governments, policymakers, and
relevant stakeholders create, revise, and implement policies that
address various social issues and challenges within a society.

Levels of Polic Making:

1. All community organizations have some sort of policy about how
they operate.
2. At higher level, community organizations and project development
workers are influenced by government policies that frame what they
do, such as policies about government-community partnerships or
social policies.
3. Community development workers can Influence the policies of other
organizations and institutions, such as business corporations,
funding bodies and local, state and federal governments.
The Re-localization Approach
- the solution to environmental destruction lies in the rejection of
economic globalization. We need to re-localized and radically restrict
our global ecological footprint by developing local economies and local
solutions.
- the keyword of localization is self- reliance (Kenny, 2008).
- control of economic activity needs to be in the hands of local
communities, in whose interests it is to nurture their own natural
environment and to live sustainably.

Social Capital
- the idea of social capital begins from an interest in peoples' ability to
associate with each other. It refers to features of social organization
such as trust, reciprocity, norms and networks that facilitate
coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit,
- A group, community or society is viewed as strong organizationally
if it has strong networks of social relations between its members, and
when members trust each other, engage with each other and
cooperate, though

Advocacy
- is supporting a specific position, cause, person or group. The aim of
project development is to develop advocacy skills in all people, not just
in the few who become experts. Thus, the viewpoint is that individual
advocacy becomes group self- advocacy. However, disadvantaged or
oppressed people who lack the confidence to advocate for their group
or cause may appoint someone to perform an advocacy role on their
behalf.
Globalization
- you as a future social worker will play a very important role not only
in working with individuals, families, groups and communities but
also in the facilitation of broadening the global consciousness and
responsiveness.
- globalization means that humans and what they do are more and
more interconnected.

CONTRADICTORY PROCESS OF FRMAREWORK GLOBALIZATION:

Integration vs. Fragmentation
- new political and social alliances that integrate cultures and
societies
Examples:
• Transnational corporations
• Multilateral agreements n trade
• International trade unions
- and the fragmentation of class and labor solidarity as workers fight
for jobs in fragmented labor markets
- (e.g., the long struggle among the Moro and Cordillera people for
autonomy and cultural identity).

Centralization vs. Decentralization

- while forces for universalism and integration facilitate the increasing
concentration of power, knowledge, information and wealth.
- they also generate a reaction to centralization, through central
governments divesting powers and decision making to regions and
communities in a top-down fashion and bottom-up movements and
demands made for self-government by local regions.

Interconnectedness vs. Withdrawal

- there is also the growing tension and challenges between being
connected internationally and focusing on local issues and local
economies. We can find examples of people withdrawing into small
communities.
-Project Management as an Important Skill in Social Work and
Related Development:
- this is a sub-specialization under social administration, it gained
traction when service agencies cannot immediately respond to
emerging demands of development partners and beneficiaries.
Support from the UNICEF, UNDP and other international NGOs.

WHY DO A PROJECT

Why Do a Project?

Doing a project is important because it ensures what is being

delivered, is right, and will deliver. This unit will provide on why
projects are closely aligned to the purpose of operations and functions
of organizational goals. A project is completed when its goals and
objectives are accomplished.

Market/community demand (a.g. a water authority authorizes a

project to build a community-based level 2 water system project in an
upland barangay in response to chronic water shortages and high
incidence of water-borne diseases

An organizational need (eg. a bilateral project authorizes its

southern municipal teams to create a people's development fund
(quasi-coop) to respond and streamline its lending scheme to upland
beneficiaries and vegetable farmers.

A customer/beneficiary request (eg an upland resource

management project authorizes a municipal team to capacitate and
support the people's organization to build a level 2 water system sub-
project to respond to women's domestic water need.
A technological advance (e.g. a software apps for disaster
preparedness and response was developed thus the need to tailor-fit
to the needs of vulnerable areas near the river banks; the increasing
demand for organics necessitates new approach in vegetable
production for an agrarian reform special project).

Knowledge Discovery

 PROJECT CONSIDERATIONS
Defining your project is all about scope management'. Scope
management is the process by which the deliverables and work to
produce them are identified and defined. identification and
definition of the scope must describe what the project will include
and what it will not include, i.e, what is in and out of scope.

The scope can be broken down and refined by using a variety of

break down structures:

 Product Breakdown Structure (PBS)

 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
 Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
 Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS)
 Responsibility Assigment Matrix (RAM)

6 Important things to consider when defining your project

Stakeholder agreement - It is Important to agree what is not in scope

of the project, as to what is.

Don't jump to the planning stage too soon-without a clear

knowledge of the scope, planning will be ineffective

Involve all those who know the work- The development of work and
product breakdown structures gives the project team an opportunity
to engage with anyone who knows the work better than they may do.

Ignoring time - creating a work breakdown structure allows the

project team to define the work or products in a logical way, without
being distracted by the timeline which comes later in the planning
stage.
Pre-planning benefits- Developing the responsibility assignment
matrix (RAM) before the planning stage allows the project team to
avoid the distraction of reality at too early a stage.

Programs and projects- There is often much confusion between

program and projects, and even the job tites of project manager,
program manager, project director and program director. It should be
clear at this stage.
Challenges in Delivering a Successful Project

 Most projects have multiple stakeholders, each of whom may have

their own needs and expectations of what the project might
deliver;
 Often the project teams have been assembled to work together for
the first time and the project may involve new/applied
technologies or new service processes
 There may be competing demands, projects must be clearly
defined with clear deliverables, exacting timescales, approved
resourcing and agreed quality levels, and must meet established
stakeholder's requirements.
 Estimating the resources, time and level of work involved in a
project is often difficult. This is because each project is unique, the
project team may never have worked together and may not have
previous project experience.
 Projects can involve working across the organization and meeting
organizational governance requirements (e.g. for authorization of
payments).