PHYSICS PRACTICAL RECORD

CLASS – Xll SUB - PHYSICS

Laboratory Manual Science
SECTION-A

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM
To determine resistivity of two given wires by plotting graph of current versus potential
difference.
THEORY
According to Ohm’s law, I ∝ 𝑉 (when temp remains constant)
OR I = CV (where C = conductance of the conductor)

From I-V graph, R = = = cot 𝜃

Resistivity, 𝜌 = = (where D= diameter of wire, l = length of the wire)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MATERIALS REQUIRED
One resistance wire,, an ammeter (range 0 - 5 A), a voltmeter (range 0 - 5 V), three dry cells of 1.5 V
each with a cell holder (or a battery eliminator), a plug key, connecting wires and a piece of sand
paper, graph paper, geometry box

PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with the help of ssand
and paper in order to remove any
insulating coating on them.

2. Connect various components - resistance, rheostat, battery, key, voltmeter and ammeter as shown
in Fig.

3. Note whether pointers in milliammeter and voltmeter coincide with the zero mark on the
measuring scale. If it is not so, adjust the pointer to coincide with the zero mark by adjusting the
screw provided near the base of the needle using a screw driver.

4. Note the range and least count of the given voltmeter and milliammeter.

5. Insert
rt the key K and slide the rheostat contact to one of its extreme ends, so that current passing
through the resistance wire is minimum.

6. Note the milliammeter and voltmeter readings.

7. Remove the key K and allow the wire to cool, if heated. Again inse
insert
rt the key. Shift the rheostat
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contact slightly to increase the applied voltage. Note the milliammeter and voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat step 7 for four different settings of the rheostat. Record your observations in a tabular
form.
Laboratory Manual Science
9. Then plot a best-fit-graph
graph for I vs V. Find Resistance from the graph.
10. Find length(l) of the wire using meter scale. Also find diameter D of the wire using screw gauge.
11 Finally calculate resistivity of the material in the wire using the formula.

OBSERVATIONS
Range of the ammeter = 0- 30 mA.
Least count of the ammeter = 0.5 mA.
Range of the voltmeter = 0-3 V.
Least count of the voltmeter = 0.05 V.
Least count of meter scale = 0.1 cm
Length of the wire-1, l1 = .........cm
Length of the wire-2, l2 = .........cm

Voltmeter Ammeter
SI. Reading, V reading, I
WIRE
No.
(V) (A)
1.
2.
Wire-1 3
4
5

1.
Wire-2 2.
3
4
5.

Measuring Diameter of the wire

1. Pitch of the screw gauge=P/n
P/n = ....... cm
2. Least count of the screw gauge(L.C.)=
gauge(L.C.)=P/N = ... cm
3. Zero error of the screw gauge =. . ..cm 2
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4. Zero correction of the screw gauge =…...cm
 Laboratory Manual Science

GRAPH

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CALCULATION
From the graph,Manual
Laboratory cot 𝜃=
R1 =Science =........... = ........ Ω
From the graph, R2 = cot 𝜃 = =........... = ........ Ω
Resistivity, 𝜌 = = =………. Ω cm

Resistivity, 𝜌 = = =………. Ω cm

RESULTS
Resistivity of the material in given wire-1 and wire-2 were found to be ......... Ω cm. and
…………. Ω cm respectively.

PRECAUTIONS

a) The connecting wires should be thick copper wires and the insulation of their ends should be
removed using the sand paper.
b) Connections should be tight otherwise some external resistance may introduce in the circuit.
c) The ammeter should be connected in series,Voltmeter should always be connected in parallel
to the combination of resistors.
d) The pointers of the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero mark when no current flows
through the circuit. If not, then ask your teacher to correct it.
e) Current should be passed through the circuit for a short time while
f) Switch ON the key while taking observations; otherwise current would cause unnecessary
heating in the circuit. Heating may change the resistance of resistors.

*******

EXPERIMENT-2

AIM
To determine the resistance of a given wire using a metre bridge.
APPARATUS
Metre bridge, a wire about 1m long (of material whose specific resistance is to be determined), a
resistance box, a rheostat, galvanometer, a jockey, one-way key, a cell or battery eliminator, thick
connecting wires, sand paper.

THEORY
In meter bridge, unknown resistance, S = xR
(Where l= balancing length
R= resistance used from Resistance Box)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE
Laboratory Manual Science
1. Find the average diameter of the wire with a screw gauge. From this, obtain the value of its
radius r.
2. Clean the insulation at the ends of connecting wires with a piece of sand paper. Tighten all
plugs of the resistance box by pressing each plug.
3. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. E 2.1 with unknown resistance wire of known length in gap
E.
4. Next, introduce some resistance R in the circuit from the resistance box. Bring the jockey J in
contact with terminal A first and then with terminal C. Note the direction in which pointer of the
galvanometer gets deflected in each case. Make sure that jockey remains in contact with the wire for
a fraction of a second. If the galvanometer shows deflection on both sides of its zero mark for these
two points of contact of the jockey, null point will be somewhere on the wire AC. If it is not so,
adjust resistance R so that the null point is somewhere in the middle of the wire AC, say, between 30
cm and 70 cm.
5. If there is one-sided deflection, check the circuit again, especially junctions, for their
continuity.
6. Repeat step 4 for four different values of resistance R.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

RESULT

The Resistance of the wire was found to be ... ... Ω.

PRECAUTIONS

1. All the connections and plugs should be tight.

2. Jockey should be moved gently over the metre bridge wire.

3. The plug in the key (K1) should be inserted only at the time of taking observations.

4. Null points should be in the middle of the wire (30 cm to 70 cm).

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM
Laboratory Manual Science
To verify the laws of series combination of resistances using a metre bridge.

THEORY
When two resistors of resistance R} and R2 respectively are connected in a series combination, then
their equivalent resistance Rs is given by
Rs = R1 + R2
In meter bridge, unknown resistance, S = xR
(Where l = balancing length
R = resistance used from Resistance Box)

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Metre bridge, two pieces of resistance wire, a resistance box, a rheostat, galvanometer, a jockey, one-
way key, a cell or battery eliminator, thick connecting wires, sand paper.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

Clean the insulation at the ends of connecting wires with a piece of sand paper. Tighten all plugs of
the resistance box by pressing each plug.
3. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. E 2.1 with unknown resistance wire of known length in gap
E.
4. Next, introduce some resistance R in the circuit from the resistance box. Bring the jockey J in
contact with terminal A first and then with terminal C. Note the direction in which pointer of the
galvanometer gets deflected in each case. Make sure that jockey remains in contact with the wire for
a fraction of a second. If the galvanometer shows deflection on both sides of its zero mark for these
two points of contact of the jockey, null point will be somewhere on the wire AC. If it is not so,
adjust resistance R so that the null point is somewhere in the middle of the wire AC, say, between 30
cm and 70 cm.
5. If there is one-sided deflection, check the circuit again, especially junctions, for their
continuity.
6. Repeat step 4 for four different values of resistance R.
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OBSERVATIONS

Laboratory Manual Science

CALCULATION

From the table, experimentally, Rs =R1+R2 = .............Ω

Theoretically, R's= R1+R2=.............Ω

Diff = Rs - R's = .........Ω

RESULT
From the above experiment we can conclude that, Rs = R1 + R2

PRECAUTIONS

1. All the connections and plugs should be tight.

2. Jockey should be moved gently over the metre bridge wire.

3. The plug in the key (K1) should be inserted only at the time of taking observations.

4. Null points should be in the middle of the wire (30 cm to 70 cm).

*******

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 EXPERIMENT-4
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 EXPERIMENT-5

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EXPERIMENT-5

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