STONE

JAILAKSHMI CHIMNANI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 introduction
04 manipulation

05
care and maintenance
02 overview

03 types of stones
 INTRODUCTION
Each piece of natural stone is distinct, unique and beautiful.
Its authentic, superior beauty is one-of-a-kind. Its magnificence
increases with the passage of time, yet its quality remains and it
is sustainable.Natural stone is a building material suitable for
your interior design. It will bring warmth and charm to your
home.

Sustainable Efficient
Recyclable Resistant
Versatile Exclusive

Eco-friendly resin binder, used to strengthen the fragility of

stone slabs, makes modern natural stone an environmentally
conscious choice. Resin fills, reinforces, and strengthens the
durability of natural stone.With raw material processing
techniques, which include breaking, cutting, grinding or
polishing, manufacturers are able to offer almost any form
including complex components.
OVERVIEW
GRAVEL STONE
MARBLE
Application These materials are recommended for internal
application and offers a high degree of flexibility in terms of
finishes.

Specs
Both have a low abrasion resistance with medium
absorption rate, so it is recommended to seal them by
applying coats of sealant prior to use.

Style
Office, Retail, Residential
 TYPES OF MARBLE
Red marbles
A red marble is a type of limestone with red dyes. Manufacturers apply the dye to get the red tone of the stones.
The most common applications of red marble are for wall cladding and flooring.
However, you can find a range of varieties of red marbles. For instance, Rojo Bilbao Marble has a bright red tone with gold, silver, and black
veins. You can use it for your kitchen countertops due to its stainresistant capacity. Again, domvrena red marbles are best for creating a
fancy floor surface. These red marbles are beautiful and make your room look highly elegant.

Black marbles
The presence of fossils in stones has resulted in the formation of the black color. The geological period makes a difference in the fossil type
related to the stones.
Black marquina marbles have a homogenous black background. You will also notice fine grains and white veins in these stones. If you desire
highquality black crystalline marbles, you can rely on portono. There are also white effervescences and golden veins in the stone. But, it is
one of the costliest versions of black marble. Black dune is easily identifiable due to their filamentous character and linear stretch marks.
You can talk to professionals to know whether you should use gorgeous black marble.
Beige marble
Beige marble slabs are found in a variety of shades ranging from dark brown to light beige. You can use these slabs for countertops, floors, and
other architectural needs.
Travertino beige marble create an attractive contrast between texture and colors. With various thickness levels and sizes, these marbles are best
for different projects.
Imperial beige marbles have golden accents, and they are suited for your flooring project.
Another option for you is the dusty beige marbles due to their unfinished look. But, there is also a timeless, polished finish to the marbles. Use these
stones to create a cozy, warm feeling. Choose these stones for various places, from counters to towel bars.
So, beige marbles have several varieties, and you can pick one that meets your needs.

White marbles
White marbles are natural stones obtained from marble rock deposits. When limestone undergoes recrystallization, it becomes a metamorphic rock
known as white marble.
Due to their special grain patterns, you can choose them for flooring, wall cladding, stairs, and other purposes. However, white marbles are very
soft, and you can simply use traditional chisels during their installation. Some homeowners prefer these white marbles for their bathrooms. If you
have chosen larger slabs, it may take time to install. As these marbles have a natural finish, you can easily maintain them. The best fact is that white
creates a good contrast with other colorful stones in your room.
Besides, white marble tiles are available in various finishes ranging from glossy and highglossy to rustic ones
Brown marbles
Brown marbles have a combination of white and beige veins. They are highly versatile and create a rural ambiance. You can make a blend of dark
and light brown marbles for your small and large rooms.
The thickness of brown marble ranges from 2 to 3 cm. But, you can place a special order for a unique thickness. Many highend homes have
brown marble. You can use tobacco brown marbles for an earthy tone and a pleasant atmosphere. They promote relaxation and give you the
best feeling in the room. There are many other varieties of brown marble.

Grey marbles
Grey marbles can be classified as dark and light grey stones. Pacific grey marbles have a dramatic look with contrasting veins. Their veins are
formed while manufacturing marbles. Besides, you will notice a unique pattern in these stones. Milan grey marble is known for its elegance and
beauty.
Another popular option available for you is the Armani grey marble, known for its unique combination of black and dark brown veins. One of the
important characteristics is that they are resistant to scratches.
Regardless of the varieties, grey marbles are perfect for rustic and modern decor schemes.
Have you now decided on the marble color for your project? Buy marbles from the most reliable store and install them professionally. Most types
of marble are found in various sizes. Depending on your needs, you can use these stones of appropriate sizes.
TRAVERTINE
Travertine is one of several natural stones that are used for paving patios and garden
paths. It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are the
same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not marble.
The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these
troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It
can also be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey
to coralred. Travertine is one of the most frequently used stones in modern architecture.
It is commonly used for façades, wall cladding, and flooring.

Application
This material can be used both, external and internal, with a high degree of flexibility.

Specs
By its very nature it has a low abrasion resistance. It has a medium absorption rate, so it
is recommended to seal it by applying coats of sealant prior to use.

Style
Office, Institutional, Retail, Residential
Gray travertine
This shade is not among the most common but it is certainly one of the most
elegant. It should be emphasized that this color is also widely used for
imitation travertine or for slabs with a travertine effect, such as travertine
porcelain stoneware for example. Below we list three types of grey travertine:
Rapolano silver travertine, vesta travertine and titanium travertine.

Rapolano silver travertine

The silver travertine, as well as the zebra silver travertine, is one of the most valuable
varieties of the Rapolano quarry in Tuscany. This variety of travertine is characterized by
gray shades and particularly straight grains of gray, silver and beige. These chromatic
characteristics make it a unique stone in the world, so much so that silver travertine is often
chosen for prestigious projects at an international level.

Vesta travertine
Italian travertine stone with a very light gray or ecru background and crossed by contrasting
veins of a lighter color such as white, silver or ivory. The veins of Vesta travertine are
generally very marked, wavy and of different thickness and intensity.
 LIMESTONE
As a versatile material for construction, limestone is
used for both landscaping, exterior construction and
internal decor.
Particularly popular for its high durability and unique
aesthetic, limestone is a timeless natural stone that
works as well as it looks

Application
It is recommended for internal application and offers
a high degree of flexibility in terms of finishes.

Specs
It has a low abrasion resistance with low absorption
rate. As for most of limestones it is recommended to
seal it by applying coats of sealant prior to use.

Style
Office, Retail, Residential.

can be used for :

wall cladding flooring staircase
tiling
interior columns on aluminium on glass
splashbacks
ONYX
Application It is recommended for internal application only.
Specs It has a medium abrasion resistance with medium
absorption rate. As for most of Onyx it is recommended to
seal it by applying coats of sealant prior to use. Style Office,
Institutional, Retail, Residential
Onyx is a semiprecious variety of agate with different
colors in layers and intricate patterns. Onyx lighting
fixtures and bathroom sinks, onyx wall panels and kitchen
countertops, onyx flooring ideas and wall tiles offer
spectacular ideas for creating unique interior design and
decor in chic style.
Onyx is translucent and generally comes in different
colours like honey, green, and red. Since it is translucent, it
allows the light to pass through. The level of translucency
varies among onyx slabs and is dependent on the colour,
thickness, and surface finish. You can make it honed or
polished for a high gloss. Another incredible feature of
onyx is its waves and circle patterns. It typically has a wide
range of yellow hues as a result of iron deposits, but there
are some different colours like green, white, orange, gold,
pink, and brown.
onyx is a very soft stone and can scratch easily. Onyx is
also vulnerable to acid, ammonia, or alcohol. However,
onyx surfaces can be re-honed and re-polished to remove
such stains or scratches.
GRANITE

Granite characteristics include strength and durability. This unique and elegant natural stone is one of the oldest, hardest, and
strongest stones available. A truly beautiful natural stone with hundreds of colors and patterns to choose from. Granite symbolizes
strength and longevity. Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings
and monuments. Polished granite is also a popular choice for kitchen countertops due to its high durability and aesthetic qualities.
Those of you who follow trends are aware that granite countertops have been popular for what seems like ages now. Some of the
trendiest trendsetters have moved away from granite countertops, but the home building and home buying markets as a whole are still
embracing them. Granite is gaining in popularity for kitchen countertops, at the expense of tile, laminates and solid surfacing. Even if
this trend does happen to slow, it’s a given that there’ll still be plenty of demand for granite in the kitchen. Also, sales of granite and
stone kitchen sinks were increasing at a more rapid rate than sales of any other type of sink material. Rich texture and stunning color
combinations make granite great interior design and decor material for creating gorgeous, impressive sinks
SANDSTONE
Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times, and
continues to be used. Sandstone was a popular building material from ancient times. It is relatively soft,
making it easy to carve. It has been widely used around the world in constructing temples, homes, and
other buildings. It has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.

Based on hardness and color, four main types of sandstone can be recognized: (1) gray sandstone, (2)
crystallized sandstone, (3) hard sandstone and (4) carbonate cemented sandstone.

Gray Sandstones are a mixture of dark and light grains yielding a rock that is gray in color and usually
not as hard as other kinds of sandstone. Hardness may be determined by breaking the core and by
examining the edge of the broken core. The edge of gray sandstone core is relatively weak and
crumbles either to the touch or with minor impact. Cores of other sandstone types fracture with sharp
edges or shatter into small sharp fragments.
Crystallized Sandstones are white and sugary and, in many cases, very hard and brittle. In some
examples of this type, the grains are welded together and the cored rock has a smooth, polished
appearance
Hard Sandstones have characteristics intermediate between gray sandstones and crystallized
sandstones, being light to dark gray in color like gray sandstones, but hard and brittle like crystallized
sandstones. Some examples of hard sandstones is a mixture of light gray, dark gray and tan grains.
Carbonate Cemented Sandstones are relatively rare and usually are gray sandstones in which the
grains are held together with either calcium or iron carbonate cement. Cements of this kind make the
core hard and often produce a brown or yellow stain. Calcium carbonate cement can be detected by
effervescence (bubbling) when 10% hydrochloric acid is applied to the rock.
 SLATE
Slate is formed by a metamorphosis of clay, shale and volcanic ash
that results to a fine-grained foliated rock, resulting in unique slate
textures. It is a metamorphic rock, being the finest grained foliated of
its kind.
BASALT
Basalt is a solid lava stone with high density
and strength, used in architecture for
centuries. It can be used for both interior
and exterior floor and wall applications,
including cladding, tiles, pavers, benchtops,
street furniture, and curbstones.
 BLUE STONE
Bluestone is well suited for bathroom walls and floors, kitchen
splashbacks, interior feature walls, sinks, fireplaces, benchtops,
laundry rooms and much more. Bluestone is often used externally for
pavers, tiles, kerbs, feature walls and cladding, and in landscaping
such as pool coping or water features.It turns hot when exposed to
direct sunlight for a long time.Bluestone is porous and needs
sealing- Like every natural stone, Bluestone too needs to be sealed.

In Victoria, what is known as bluestone is a basalt or olivine basalt. It

was one of the favoured building materials during the Victorian Gold
Rush period of the 1850s.
FIELDSTONE
Fieldstone is a naturally occurring type of
stone, which lies at or near the surface of
the Earth. Fieldstone is a nuisance for
farmers seeking to expand their land under
cultivation, but at some point it began to be
used as a construction material. Strictly
speaking, it is stone collected from the
surface of fields where it occurs naturally.
Collections of fieldstones which have been
removed from arable land or pasture to
allow for more effective agriculture are
called clearance cairns.
In practice, fieldstone is any architectural
stone used in its natural shape and can be
applied to stones recovered from the topsoil
or subsoil. Although fieldstone is generally
used to describe such material when used
for exterior walls, it has come to include its
use in other ways including garden features
and interiors. It is sometimes cut or split for
use in architecture.
 La Casa Rosa by Arent&Pyke with Luigi Roselli Architects

La Casa Rosa, for example uses a huge variety of stone from classic white marble to pink terrazzo

The kitchen island in classic white for example, is curved, fluted and suspended, while the splashback in a highly figured blue
and brown quartz is simply astounding. Revisited in the butler’s pantry as benchtop and wall and splashback, this quartz is one
of the prettiest stones
 Caravan Hapejong by Flack Studio
lack Studio’s use of stone is inspired. Pink, white and brown are the primary tones used in stone for this project, with deep green, apricot and peach
used in paint and textile. Using the natural variation of the stone to bring visual interest without clutter, stone is used as a finishing detail that is both
opulent and simple. Paired with terrazzo flooring, the textural variation in the project is a delight. “The main design approach was similar to navigating a
1970s Australian caravan – these small spaces pack a punch and everywhere you turn reveals something new to discover.