RBE CAE - (Geometric Modelling) 2.0

Session -3
Geometric Modeling
Session Speaker
Mr. Balappa.B.U
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Session Objectives
• At the end of this session, student will be able to
• Differentiate geometric modeling, various methods,
recent trends in modeling, assembly modeling
• Explicate Advanced Geometric modeling techniques
applications of different models.
• Explicate Concept of Continuity and curvature analysis
• Explicate Geometric transformations and view
manipulations
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Geometric Modeling - Introduction
• Early CAD systems were basically automated drafting board
systems which displayed a two-dimensional representation
of the object being designed.
• Operators could use these graphics systems to develop the
line drawing the way they wanted it and then obtain a very
high quality paper plot of the drawing.
• By using these systems, the drafting process could be
accomplished in less time, and the productivity of the
designers could be improved.
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Introduction (Contd..)
• Able to reproduce high quality engineering drawings
efficiently and quickly, these systems stored in their data
files a two dimensional record of the drawings.
• The drawings were usually of three dimensional objects
and it was left to the human beings who read these
drawings to interpret the three dimensional shape from the
two-dimensional representation.
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• The early CAD systems were not capable of interpreting
the three – dimensionality of the object.
• It was left to the user of the systems to make certain that
two – dimensional representation was correct (e.g.
hidden lines removed or dashed, etc.) as stored in the
data files.
• More recent Computer Aided Design systems possess the
capability to define objects in three dimensions.
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• This is a powerful feature because it allows the
designer to develop a full three dimensional model
of an object in the computer rather than a two-
dimensional illustration.
• The computer can then generate the orthogonal,
perspective drawings, and close-ups of details in
the object.
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• A basic requirement is that a geometric model should be
unambiguous representation of its corresponding object.
• That is to say, the model should be unique and complete
to all engineering functions from documentation to
engineering analysis to manufacture.
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Geometric Modeling Definition
• Geometric modeling is concerned with the computer-
compatible mathematical description of the geometry of
an object.
• The mathematical description allows the image of the
object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics
terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD
system.
• The software that provides geometric modeling
capabilities must be designed for efficient use both by
the computer and the human designer.
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Geometric Modeling Definition
• The geometric modeling involves:
 Creation of geometric entities
 Transformation of these entities
 Creation of the required shapes
• Types of Geometric Modeling
Basically 3 types:
– Wire Frame Modeling
– Surface Modeling
– Solid Modeling
• New trends - ‘Hybrid Modeling’, Virtual Reality
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Wire Frame Modeling
• A wire frame model of an object is the simplest,
geometric model that can be used to represent it
mathematically in the computer.
• It is sometimes referred to as a stick figure or an edge
representation of the object.
• Typically, a wire-frame model consists of points, lines,
arcs and circles, conics, and curves.
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Wire Frame Modeling (Contd..)
Advantages:
– Simple to construct
– Less computer time and memory requirement
– Does not require extensive training of users
– Time required to retrieve, edit, or update is usually small
– They are required to generate surface models
Disadvantages:
– They are ambiguous and rely heavily on human interpretation
– Models having many edges become very confusing and
perhaps even impossible to interpret.
– Lack of visual coherence and information to determine the
object profile
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Wire Frame Model
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Wire frame entities can be divided into -
1.Analytic Entities: These can be described by analytical
equations such as lines, circles and conics.
• Lines ,Points ,Arcs
• Circles
• Fillets
• Chamfers
• Conics (Ellipse, parabola, hyperbola)
2. Synthetic Entities: these are the ones that are described
by a set of data points (Control points) such as splines and
bezier curves.
• Splines (Cubic Spline, B-Spline, -Spline)
• Bezier Curves
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Definition of curves
Cubic polynomial Curves
– In three dimensional modeling a geometric
representation is required that will describe non-
planar curves, but which will also avoid computational
difficulties and unwanted undulations that might be
introduced by higher order polynomial curves.
– These requirements are satisfied by the cubic
polynomial-hence popular.
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– Line will have two points, arc will have three points
– Four points provide the boundary conditions for a cubic
polynomial
– The fitting of a curve through points is known as Lagrange
curve
– Curve with boundary conditions of two points and two
slopes is a Hermite cubic curve
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Bezier Curve (Renault-Cars)
• Uses a control polygon for
curves in place of points and
tangent vectors
• The order of the curve is one
order less than the number of
vertices used for drawing the
polygon
• Easy to control the shape of the
polynomial
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B-spline curve
• Neither Bezier curve nor the cubic spline curve formulations
allow local modifications of curves
• Bezier polynomials are somewhat constrained in the
number of points that they may approximate without the
degree of the curve becoming inconveniently high
• These disadvantages can be overcome by B-spline
curve(Bernstein Polynomials)
• Local Control of curve is possible
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NURBS-Non Uniform Rational B-Spline
• Capable of representing in a single form non
rational B-splines, Bezier curves, as well as linear
and quadratic analytic curves, and may be used in
approximating or interpolatory mode
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Curve Manipulation
Analytic and Synthetic curves essential to wire frame
modeling can effectively be used provided and can be
manipulated to the designer requirements. The various such
manipulations are listed as follows:
• Displaying
• Evaluating points on Curves
• Blending
• Segmentation
• Trimming
• Intersection
• Transformation
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Free form Curves - Requirements
• Fit a set of points
• Predictable changes
• Handling various topology for the border of
surfaces (triangles, pentagons, n-sided patches,
surfaces with holes)
• Geometric Continuity
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Curve Manipulations
• Trimming
• Segmentation
• Blending
• Intersection
• Transformations
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Surface Modeling
• Shape design and representation of complex objects such
as car, ship, and airplane bodies as well as castings cannot
be achieved utilizing wireframe modeling.
• Due to the richness in information of surface models, their
use in engineering and design environments can be
extended beyond just geometric design and
representation.
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Surface Modeling (Contd..)
• Some examples:
– Shape design and representation of Complex objects of
Automobiles, Airplane Components, Ships, etc.,
– Checking Surface interferences
– To generate molds designs
– To generate finite element mesh
– To generate NC Tool paths for continuous path
machining.
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• Surface creation on existing CAD/CAM system usually
requires wire-frame entities as a start.
• A system might request two boundary entities to create a
ruled surface or might require one entity to create a
surface of revolution.
• All analytic and synthetic wire-frame entities discussed
earlier can be used to generate surfaces.
• In order to visualize surfaces on a graphics display, a mesh,
say m X n in size is usually displayed. The mesh size is
controllable by the user.
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Surface modeling v/s Wireframe modeling
Surface models have considerable advantages over wire-
frame models.
• They are less ambiguous.
• They provide hidden line and surface algorithms to add
realism to the displayed geometry.
• Shading algorithms are available for surfaces and solid
models.
• From an application point of view, surface models can be
utilized in volume and mass property calculations, finite
element modeling, NC path generation, cross sectioning,
interference detections.
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Disadvantages of Surface models
• Surface modeling does not lend itself to drafting
background.
• They are complex, they require more storage and CPU
time.
• They are still ambiguous in some applications.
• Sometimes difficult to create.
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Surface entities can be divided into -
– Analytic entities
• Plane surface
• Ruled surface
• Surface of revolution
• Tabulated Cylinder
– Synthetic Entities
• Bicubic Hermite Spline Surface
• B-spline Surface
• Rectangular and Triangular Bezier Patches
• Rectangular and Triangular Coons Patches
• Gordon surface
• Generally the representation methods discussed earlier applies top surfaces also (e.g.
parametric representation)
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Surfaces of Generation
• Extruded Surface
• Revolved Surface
• Offset surface
• Swept surface
• Lofted surface
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Extruded Surface
Ex:
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Surfaces of revolution
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Offset surfaces
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Swept Surfaces
Can create a swept surface by sweeping out a profile in
planes normal to a spine curve while taking other user-
defined parameters (such as guide curves and reference
elements) into account.
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Lofted Surface:
Can generate a lofted surface by sweeping one or two
planar section curves along a computed or user-defined
spine. The surface can be made to respect one or more
guide curves
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Operations on Surfaces
• Joining of surfaces
• Splitting of surfaces
• Trimming of surfaces
• Translation of surfaces
• Rotation of surfaces
• Symmetrical generation
• Scaling of surfaces
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Joining of surfaces
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Splitting of surfaces
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Trimming of surfaces
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Translation of surfaces
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Symmetrical Surface generation
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Scaling of surfaces
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Rotation of surfaces
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Surfaces and behavior
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Surfaces and behavior
Skinned & Lofted
Surfaces
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Surfaces and application
A Class surfacing and its importance:
• A Class surfaces are those aesthetic/ free form surfaces,
which are visible to us (interior/ exterior), having an
optimal aesthetic shape and high surface quality.
• Mathematically class A surface are those surfaces which
are curvature continuous while providing the simplest
mathematical representation needed for the desired
shape/form and does not have any undesirable waviness.
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Nee of Class A :
• Today products are not only
designed considering the
functionality but special
consideration are given to its
form/aesthetic which can bring a
desire in ones mind to own that
product.
• Which is only possible with high-
class finish and good forms.
• This is the reason why in design
industries Class A surface are given
more importance
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Surfaces
Highlight plot :
and application
• Highlight is the behavior of
the form or Shape of a
surface when a light or
nature reflects on it.
• This reflection of light or
nature gives you an
understanding about the
quality of surface.
• This reflection required
should be natural,
streamline and with
uniformity
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Real life reflection lines used as quality

assurance tool
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A set of good reflection lines A set of bad reflection lines
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Curvature Analysis on the
Surfaces
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Curvature Analysis on the
Surfaces Surfaces
• To achieve a good class surface it requires good surfacing
skills and understanding of the form or flow of the
reference object.
• Highlight plot (color plot /zebra plot), curvature plot
(needle/value) of the surface is a very help full tool.
Curvature continuity:
• It is the continuity between the surfaces sharing the same
boundary.
• Curvature continuity means that at each point of each
surface along the common boundary has the same radius
of curvature.
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Surface Modeling Examples
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Solid Modeling
• Solid modeling techniques are based on informationally
complete, valid, and unambiguous representations of
objects.
• Simply stated, a complete geometric data
representation of an object is one that enables points in
space to be classified relative to the object, if it is
inside, outside, or on the object.
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Solid Modeling (Contd..)
• In all, A solid model of an object is a more complete
representation than its surface model.
• It is unique from the latter in the topological information
it stores which potentially permits functional automation
and integration.
• For example, the mass property calculations or finite
element mesh generation of an object can be performed
fully automatically, at least in theory, without any user
intervention .
• Typically, a solid model consists of both the topological
and geometric data of its corresponding object.
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• Many methods have been proposed for solid
modeling.
• Two methods –
– Constructive solid geometry (CSG or C-rep)
– Boundary representation (B-rep)
have been widely used.
• Hybrid ( feature based modelers)
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CSG Method:
• Models are constructed using combinations of simple
solid primitives, such as blocks, cylinders, spheres, cones
and so on.
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• The primitives are created in 3-D space with respect to
one another and using Boolean operations, the
desired shape is generated.
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• Many features found in engineering
components such as fillet blends, drafts may be
difficult or time consuming to produce.
• More complex shapes such as those found in
automobile body panes are practically
impossible to model.
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CSG Example
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Boundary Representation
• Models are a more explicit representation than CSG.
• The object is represented by a complicated data structure
giving information about each of the object's faces, edges
and vertices and how they are joined together.
• Appears to be a more natural representation for Vision
since surface information is readily available.
• The description of the object can be into two parts:
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Topology
• Records the connectivity of the faces, edges and vertices by
means of pointers in the data structure.
Geometry
• Describes the exact shape and position of each of the edges,
faces and vertices.
• The geometry of a vertex is just its position in space as given
by its (x,y,z) coordinates.
• Edges may be straight lines, circular arcs, etc.. And A face is
represented by some description of its surface (algebraic or
parametric forms used).
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• Topological rules must be satisfied to ensure valid
objects
– Faces bounded by loop of edges
– Each edge shared by exactly two faces
– Each edge has vertex at each end
– At least 3 edges meet at each vertex
• Euler’s rule applies: V-E+F=2
• Surface must be closed
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CSG v/s B-Rep
CSG
•Simple representation
•Limited to simple objects
•Stored as binary tree
B-Rep
•Difficult to calculate
•Flexible and powerful representation
•Rarely used any more
•Stored explicitly
•Can be generated from CSG
representation
•Used in current CAD systems
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Feature based Solid modeling
• The geometric entities are used to build geometric
models.
• There is no information, for example , to say that a
collection of lines and arcs, or of cylinders and cones,
represents a drilled and tapped hole.
• Only a trained person can identify such features on a
drawing easily.
• In recent times, in CAD, a method is used to represent
components in terms of higher-level entities that do
have some engineering meaning. Such entities are
known as features.
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Definition of FEATURE
“A feature is any perceived geometric or functional
elements or property of an object useful in
understanding the function, behavior or
performance of that object”
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Feature Based solid Modeling
• Solid Modelers include a library of features to help the
designer to create detailed design geometry.
• The features can be positioned on a part using variety of
intelligent positioning relationships and the size or
position of a feature can be modified by changing a
dimension.
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Types of features
• Base features : Datum planes and Datum objects
• Datum features : Work Planes, Work Axes and Work
points
• Sketched features
• Standard features: Hole, Round, Chamfer, Rib, etc.,
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• Example of features in a plastic injection molding:
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Feature Based Solid Modeling
Examples…
• PAD or Extruded solids
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Revolved solids
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Hole Features
Types of holes
Simple Counter Bored Counter sunk
Tapered Counter drilled
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Limit of extension
Blind Up to last Up to Next
Up to plane Up to Surface
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Creating
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Pocket Feature
Creating a pocket consists in extruding a profile and
removing the material resulting from the extrusion.
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Pocket Feature Contd..
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Groove Feature
Grooves are revolved features that retrieves material
from existing features
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Rib Feature
Rib, is a profile you sweep along a center curve to create
material.
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Slot feature
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Stiffener feature
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Loft feature
Can generate a loft feature by sweeping one or more planar
section curves along a computed or user-defined spine. The
feature can be made to respect one or more guide curves.
The resulting feature is a closed volume
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Removed loft feature
The Remove Loft capability generates lofted material surface
by sweeping one or more planar section curves along a
computed or user-defined spine then removes this material.
The material can be made to respect one or more guide
curves
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Edge Fillet Feature
•A fillet is a curved face of a constant or variable radius that is

tangent to, and that joins, two surfaces. Together, these three
surfaces form either an inside corner or an outside corner.
•In drafting terminology, the curved surface of an outside
corner is generally called a round and that of an inside corner
is normally referred to as a fillet.
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Variable Radius Fillet
Variable radius fillets are curved surfaces defined
according to a variable radius. A variable radius corner
means that at least two different constant radii are applied
to two entire edges.
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Chamfer feature
Chamfering consists in removing or adding a flat section from a
selected edge to create a beveled surface between the two
original faces common to that edge. You obtain a chamfer by
propagation along one or several edges.
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Shell Feature
Shelling a feature means emptying it, while keeping a given
thickness on its sides. Shelling may also consist in adding
thickness to the outside.
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Model tree
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Modifying Parts
• The part is created from the history
tree
• Features can be added, deleted and
re-ordered
• Feature dimensions can be changed
• Feature parameters can be changed
– E.g From protrusion to cutout
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Parametric modeling
• It is important to re-use the design geometry throughout
the design process.
• For example, a designer re-uses geometry from a previous
project, but wants the dimensions to be slightly different.
• In such cases, the parametric modeling provides a power
full means of doing it.
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Parametric modeling
• Parametric features are integrated into the modeling
system.
• Fore example, the dimensional attributes are described
by expressions that relate to the values of the variables
and / or to other parametric dimensions.
• The values of the variable may be entered by the user or
input from a table. This allows a model definition in a
general shape and topology.
• An instance of this shape may be initiated by entering
appropriate variable values that allow the dimensions to
be computed.
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Parametric modeling
• Example:
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Hybrid Modeling
• A hybrid modeler supports both surface and solid
modeling. To be a true hybrid modeler, the surfaces and
solid faces must be able to interact each other and
permit constraints and relationships between the two
different entity types.
• Ex:
Split operation
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Hybrid Modeling
Thick Surface
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Hybrid Modeling
Sew surface
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Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Solid Modeling
• Examples:
95
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
• Examples:
96
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
• Examples:
Landing Gear
Assembly
Transmission Sys
97
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Assembly Modeling
98
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Assembly Modeling
• An assembly consists of two or more parts located
relative to each other in space
• Normally the relative motion is constrained
• Most assemblies are fully constrained
• Mechanisms are partially constrained
99
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Applications of Assembly Models
• Interference checking
• Visualization
– Rendered
– Exploded
• Animation
• Mechanism analysis
100
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Applications of Assembly Models
101
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Assembly Hierarchy
• The assembly hierarchy defines relationships of parts to
each other
• There can be multiple levels of sub-assemblies
• Example:
Multiple instances
– Pump Assembly
• Link assembly
• Offset link
Sub assemblies
– Piping assembly
• Well casing
• Well seal
– Handle assembly
102
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Positioning Parts in an Assembly
• Parts can be positioned by translating and rotating
them into the right locations
• This requires careful measurement of relative locations,
knowledge of coordinate systems, and entry of
numerical values
• If position or dimensions of one part change, this has
to be redone
103
Faculty
Facultyof
ofEngineering
Universityof
ofApplied
AppliedSciences
Sciences
Session Summary
• The functions of a CAD software
• The need for graphic standards
• The concepts of Kernels and converters
• The features of major CAD/CAM/CAE software commercially
available
• Selection of software based on the needs of an organization
• Geometric transformations and view manipulations
• The geometric modeling, various methods, recent trends in
modeling, assembly modeling
• The applications of different models.
• Concept of Continuity and curvature analysis
• Advanced Geometric modeling techniques
104
Faculty of Engineering & Technology ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

RBE CAE - (Geometric Modelling) 2.0

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Session -3

Wire Frame Model

Real life reflection lines used as quality

A set of good reflection lines A set of bad reflection lines

Simple Counter Bored Counter sunk

Tapered Counter drilled

Blind Up to last Up to Next

•A fillet is a curved face of a constant or variable radius that is

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