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Preface

Guiding Young Children, Ninth Edition, is designed for use by college students and
others who are learning to work with young children in group settings. This is the
only guidance text that provides an overview of the principles of guidance; detailed
coverage of two broad strategies based on those principles—indirect and direct
guidance; and several chapters explaining how to apply those principles to specific
contexts.

Our Philosophy: Developing Human Potential

As in previous editions, our emphasis here is on the process of developing human po-
tential in all children by consciously applying principles of guidance. Those principles
are based on child development theory and research, as well as on the knowledge,
beliefs, and values we have gained through many years of experience in our work
with young children and their families, with early childhood professionals, and with
students preparing for careers with young children.
Because our emphasis is on developing human potential, we view guidance as a
concept that is broader and more complex than discipline or behavior management.
Guidance is more than getting children to do what we want them to do today;
it is helping them to become everything they can become for all of their tomor-
rows. It is important that even beginning caregivers and teachers understand, or at
least think about, the ways in which their interactions can have an impact on those
tomorrows. Thus, in addition to offering specific, concrete suggestions for adults who
might be working with young children for the first time, we try to explain the reason-
ing behind those suggestions, and to offer general principles that can serve as a frame-
work to guide—not to dictate—the reader’s decisions and interactions with children.
As young children in this country spend more and more of their early lives in
group settings, we note with alarm an ever-increasing emphasis on academic skills and
a corresponding decrease in time for play, particularly outdoor play. Ironically, these
trends exist amid reports that significant numbers of those children are being expelled
from preschool programs because of behavior problems. Although bombarded on all
sides with evidence that childhood has changed, we remain unwavering in our con-
viction that children continue to thrive best in settings that resemble the supportive
and enriching aspects of home and family life rather than impersonal institutions. Our
hope is that the guidance principles and strategies provided in this book will help
early childhood professionals shift their focus from correcting or controlling behavior
to providing the satisfying, joyful experiences and relationships that build a child’s
inner resources, providing a kind of immunity from the ill effects of life’s challenges.
We concur with Alison Gopnick that “Change and transience are at the heart of the

vii
 human condition. But as parents [and caregivers] we can at least give our children a
happy childhood, a gift that is as certain, as unchanging, as rock solid, as any human
good” (2009, p. 201).

New to This Edition

While this ninth edition of Guiding Young Children retains many features that in-
structors have found useful in earlier editions, including provocative “Talk It Over”
suggestions in each chapter, it has been extensively revised and updated. In addition
to incorporating new information drawn from research and professional literature, we
have added and clarified content in response to feedback from students, colleagues,
and reviewers. We have also made a conscious effort to pedagogically structure the
book to provide a better fit with expectations for online courses:
• Expanded chapter on addressing challenging behavior. We’ve expanded Chapter 11
to cover this topic in greater detail, adding more examples and tools while con-
tinuing to emphasize that challenging behavior cannot be effectively addressed
without implementing all the strategies presented in this book.
• New coverage of cutting-edge topics. In addition to updating research throughout,
we’ve
• Expanded the section on brain development and the concept of self-regulation
in Chapter 3.
• Added a discussion of Response to Intervention (RtI) in Chapter 11.

• New learning outcomes and realigned chapter content. Learning outcomes are
listed at the beginning of each chapter and have been aligned with primary head-
ings and application activities. This supports teaching and learning online and in
traditional settings.
• New illustrations to help clarify key points. These include a table listing warning
signs of possible abuse and neglect in Chapter 4; charts and sample floor plans in
Chapter 6; and a sample behavioral analysis and behavior plan in Chapter 11.
• Concrete examples. We’ve added or expanded examples and vignettes throughout
to help students better understand concepts (e.g., conflict resolution example in
Chapter 7).
• Instructor ancillaries. This edition is supported by an online Instructor’s Manual,
an online Test Bank, and online PowerPoint slides. All can be downloaded from
the Instructor’s Resource Center, at www.pearsonhighered.com.
As in the previous edition, Part I provides an overview of the principles of guid-
ance; Part II presents a detailed examination of two broad strategies based on those
principles—indirect and direct guidance; and Part III addresses the application of
those principles to specific contexts, including caregiving routines, guiding children’s
play and learning indoors and outdoors, and understanding and responding to chal-
lenging behavior.

viii Preface
 Although dealing with challenging behavior is the topic that students (and teach-
ers!) often want to discuss first, we place that chapter at the end of Part III because we
believe that early childhood professionals who conscientiously apply all the principles
and strategies presented in this book will increase the likelihood of positive behavior,
and they will avoid exacerbating challenging behaviors by setting unrealistic expecta-
tions for children’s behavior or using ineffective guidance techniques. Thus, they will
face fewer challenging behaviors in the long run and be better equipped to under-
stand and address those that do occur in ways that promote children’s self-direction.
We encourage all instructors who use Guiding Young Children to adjust this
sequence of topics to suit their preferences, the needs of their students, and the con-
straints of their particular teaching situations. We have provided an extensive list of
additional readings and Internet resources at the end of each chapter to help instruc-
tors enrich their courses and to make it easy for students to extend their exploration
of the concepts in this book.

New CourseSmart eTEXTBOOK Available

CourseSmart is an exciting new choice for students looking to save money. As an
alternative to purchasing the printed textbook, students can purchase an electronic
version of the same content. With a CourseSmart eTextbook, students can search the
text, make notes online, print out reading assignments that incorporate lecture notes,
and bookmark important passages for later review. For more information, or to pur-
chase access to the CourseSmart eTextbook, visit www.coursesmart.com.

Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the many early childhood professionals, including former students
who have become our valued colleagues, who have contributed ideas, photographs,
and feedback on the eight earlier editions of this book. We express our appreciation
to the staff and children at the child development centers depicted in this book and to
the parents who have permitted their children’s photos to be used. Special thanks are
due to Tom Hearron for his skill as an insightful reader and for his invaluable expertise
in the creation of the Test Bank that accompanies this edition.
Laurel Anderson, Mira Costa College/Palomar College; Gayle J. Dilling, Olympic
College; Amy M. Kay, University of Georgia; and Amanda Taintor, Reedley College
provided helpful feedback in their reviews of the eighth edition. We are indebted to
our editor at Pearson, Julie Peters, and to Andrea Hall, editorial assistant, for their un-
flagging encouragement and support. Finally, we appreciate the skillful assistance of
Linda Bayma and Laura Messerly, project managers at Pearson, Sudha Balasundaram,
project manager at Element, and Kitty Wilson, our copy editor.

Preface ix
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents
Part I Principles of Guidance
Chapter 1 Guiding Young Children—A Preview 3
Chapter 2 Values as a Basis for Guidance 23
Chapter 3 Foundations of Guidance—Understanding
Development and Observing Children 43
Chapter 4 Collaborating with Families of Young Children 67
Chapter 5 Positive Guidance—Building Human Resources 94

Part II Strategies for Guidance

Chapter 6 Indirect Guidance—The Role of the Environment in
Facilitating Self-Direction 119
Chapter 7 Direct Guidance—Interacting with Children to
Foster Self-Direction 150

Part III Applications

Chapter 8 Guiding Young Children in Personal Caregiving Routines 175
Chapter 9 Guidance and Curriculum—Interdependent Elements
of ­Appropriate Practice 197
Chapter 10 Guiding Young Children’s Outdoor Play and Learning 224
Chapter 11 Understanding and Addressing Challenging Behavior 252

References 281
Name Index 291
Subject Index 293

xi
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Part I Principles of Guidance

Chapter 1 Guiding Young Children—A Preview 3

Understanding Guidance     4
What Guidance Is     4
What Guidance Is Not     6
Professional Concern for High-Quality Guidance     7
What Shapes Your Approach to Guidance?     7
Values     8
Understanding Child Development     9
Personal Beliefs     9
Goals of Guidance: Cultural and Individual Variations     10
Self-Direction     11
Relationships     12
Self-Actualization     12
Our Approach to Guidance     12
A Developmental Perspective     12
A Positive, Strengths-Based Approach     13
Developing Your Guidance Skills     17
Participation     17
Observation     18
The Learning Cycle     18
Conclusion     20
Review: Ten Things to Remember About Guidance     20
Applications     21

xiii
 Resources for Further Study     21
Websites     21
Readings     22

Chapter 2 Values as a Basis for Guidance 23

Values and Guidance     24
Values—The Basis of Decisions     24
Social Decisions     26
Educational Decisions     26
Resource Decisions     26
Values and Professional Standards     27
Accreditation     29
Values and Evaluation     30
Who Evaluates? Who Needs Evaluation?     30
Ethics: Values in Practice     32
Reconciling Value Differences     34
Identifying Values: Your Own and Others’     34
Importance of Listening     36
Addressing Cultural Differences     37
When Compromise Is Possible . . . and When It Is Not     37
The Courage to Teach     39
Conclusion     40
Review: Ten Characteristics of Values     40
Applications     41
Resources for Further Study     41
Websites     41
Readings     42

Chapter 3 Foundations of Guidance—Understanding

Development and Observing Children 43
Developmentally Appropriate Expectations     44
Understanding Typical Patterns of Development:
Knowing About Children     44
Knowing Individual Children     46
Understanding Family and Cultural Influences     46

xiv Contents
 Principles of Development     47
Factors That Influence Development     49
The Brain: Integrating All Domains of Development     51
Evidence-Based Practice: Child Development
Knowledge in Perspective     54
Observation: The Key to Knowing Children     55
Importance of Accuracy and Objectivity     55
Checklists     57
Narrative Records     58
Anecdotal Records     59
Time Sampling     59
Event Sampling     61
Behavioral Analysis     61
Documentation and Teacher as Researcher     62
Conclusion     63
Review: Ten Guides for Knowing Children     64
Applications     65
Resources for Further Study     65
Websites     65
Readings     66

Chapter 4 Collaborating with Families of Young Children 67

Developmentally Appropriate Practice: The Family Component     67
Shifting Focus from Child to Family     69
Cross-Cultural Competence     70
Strategies for Building and Maintaining Relationships     72
Laying the Groundwork: Program Philosophy and Goals     72
Initiating Relationships     72
Maintaining Relationships     77
Collaborating with Families to Help Children
Feel Comfortable in Care     81
Adjusting Attendance Patterns     81
Be Intentional About Interactions     81
Dealing with Setbacks     84
Strategies for Supporting Families as Advocates     85

Contents xv
 Family Members as Teachers     85
Families as Policy Shapers     86
Links with Community Resources     87
Preparing for What Comes Next     87
Detecting and Reporting Child Abuse     88
Your Role as a Student in the Center     90
Conclusion     91
Review: Ten Ways to Welcome Families and Build
Strong Relationships     91
Applications     92
Resources for Further Study     92
Websites     92
Readings     93

Chapter 5 Positive Guidance—Building Human Resources 94

What are Human Resources?     95
Role of the Early Childhood Professional     96
The Child’s Developing Sense of Self     99
Self-Concept     99
Self-Esteem     101
Self-Efficacy     105
Prosocial Behavior     108
Appreciating Positive Behavior     108
Infants     109
Toddlers     111
Three- to Six-Year-Olds     111
Conclusion     113
Review: Ten Ways to Foster Healthy Sense of Self
and Positive Behavior     113
Applications     114
Resources for Further Study     114
Websites     114
Readings     115

xvi Contents
Part II Strategies for Guidance

Chapter 6 Indirect Guidance—The Role of the

Environment in Facilitating Self-Direction 119
Indirect Guidance     120
Managing Space to Support the Goals of Guidance     122
Safety First     122
Amount of Space     123
Personal Space     125
Providing Clues for Behavior     126
Sufficient Play Spaces     126
Attracting Interest     127
Promoting Independence and Engagement     128
Sensory Appeal     131
Using Space Efficiently     131
Modifying Environments for Children with Disabilities     132
Managing Time     133
Predictability and Flexibility     134
Meeting Individual Needs     134
Balancing Activities     135
Time Block Planning     135
Transitions     136
Daily Plan Sheet     140
Disruptions     140
Managing Energy     143
Group Size and Adult–Child Ratio     143
Maximizing Energy Efficiency     145
Planning and Preparation     145
Observing Children     146
Conclusion     147
Review: Ten Techniques of Indirect Guidance     147
Manage Space, Equipment, and Materials     147
Manage Time     147
Manage People and Energy     147

Contents xvii
 Applications     148
Resources for Further Study     148
Websites     148
Community Playthings     148
Spaces for Children     149
National Lekotek Center     149
Readings     149

Chapter 7 Direct Guidance—Interacting with Children

to Foster Self-Direction 150
Direct Guidance     151
Affective Guidance     152
Physical Guidance     156
Verbal Guidance     160
Planning Ahead     168
Recovering from Chaos     169
Conclusion     169
Review: Ten Techniques of Direct Guidance     169
Affective Guidance     170
Physical Guidance     170
Verbal Guidance     170
Applications     170
Resources for Further Study     170
Websites     170
Readings     171

Part III Applications

Chapter 8 Guiding Young Children in Personal

Caregiving Routines 175
Importance of Personal Care Routines     176
Individual Variations     176
The Role of Culture     178
The Child’s Perspective     179

xviii Contents
 Goals for Personal Care Routines     180
Goals for Mealtimes     180
Goals for Diapering and Toileting     184
Goals for Rest Times     188
Children with Disabilities     189
Coordinating with Families     192
When Disagreements Arise     193
Conclusion     194
Review: Ten Ways to Promote Development Through
Personal Care Routines     194
Applications     195
Resources for Further Study     195
Websites     195
Readings     196

Chapter 9 Guidance and Curriculum—Interdependent Elements

of Appropriate Practice 197
Guidance and Curriculum     198
Goals for Learning Experiences     201
Developmental Perspective     202
Guiding Child-Directed Activities     208
Affective Guidance     209
Physical Guidance     210
Verbal Guidance     211
Conversations with Children     211
English Language Learners     212
Cleaning Up     214
Adult-Directed Learning Experiences     215
Stories     215
Singing     218
Problem Solving and Experiments     218
Cooking Projects     219
Technology     219
Conclusion     221
Review: Ten Ways to Guide Children’s Play and Learning     221

Contents xix
 Applications     222
Resources for Further Study     223
Websites     223
Readings     223

Chapter 10 Guiding Young Children’s Outdoor Play

and Learning 224
Benefits of Outdoor Play     225
Physical Benefits     226
Social-Emotional Benefits     227
Cognitive Benefits     229
The Outdoor Play Environment     231
Planning     232
Time for Play     232
Spaces to Support Play     233
Safety and Health     233
Beauty     234
Equipment     235
Including All Children     236
Storage     238
Maintenance     239
Adult Guidance: Teaching While Supervising     239
Preparation     241
Physical-Motor Skills     242
Social-Emotional Development     243
Cognitive Development     246
Emergencies     247
Field Trips     248
Conclusion     249
Review: Ten Guides for Supporting Development
Through Outdoor Play     249
Applications     250
Resources for Further Study     250
Websites     250
Readings     251

xx Contents
Chapter 11 Understanding and Addressing Challenging Behavior 252
Meaningfulness of Behavior     253
Preventing or Reducing Challenging Behaviors     257
Setting and Enforcing Appropriate Limits     257
Addressing Challenging Behavior to Promote Self-Management     259
Observation     259
Helping Children Manage Their Feelings     262
Helping Children Manage Their Behavior     265
Collaborating with Families to Create a Plan of Action     271
Children with Disabilities     274
Response to Intervention     275
Focus on the Child     276
Conclusion     277
Review: Ten Ways to Cope with Challenging Behavior     278
Applications     279
Resources for Further Study     279
Websites     279
Readings     279

References 281
Name Index 291
Subject Index 293

Contents xxi
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PART I
Principles of Guidance
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