Management Information

Systems
UNIT 4 : WEB PUBLISHING

Web publishing.
Types of websites.
Web surfing.
E-commerce.
B2B, B2C, C2C.
E-commerce security issues.
Ethical issues.
UNIT 4 : WEB
PUBLISHING
Web publishing :
Meaning:
Web publishing refers to the process of creating and making information or content
available on the internet for public consumption. It involves creating and designing
websites, blogs, or other online platforms to present and distribute information to a
wide audience.

Definition:
Web publishing involves the creation, editing, and maintenance of websites and web
pages, usually using web development tools or content management systems
(CMS). It includes various activities such as writing and formatting content, adding
multimedia elements, optimizing for search engines, and ensuring the functionality
and usability of the website.

Characteristics:
1. Global Accessibility: Websites can be accessed by anyone with an internet
connection from anywhere in the world, providing a global reach to publishers.
2. Interactivity: Web publishing allows for user engagement and interaction
through the use of features such as comments, social media sharing, and online
forms.
3. Multimedia Integration: Web publishing enables the incorporation of various
types of multimedia, including images, videos, audio files, and interactive elements,
enhancing the user experience.
4. Speed and Timeliness: Web publishing allows for instant dissemination of
information, ensuring that content can be published and made available to the
audience quickly and efficiently.
5. Easy Updates and Versioning: Unlike traditional publishing methods, web
publishing allows for easy and quick updates to content, ensuring that information
remains current and relevant. It also allows for version control to track changes
made over time.
6. Analytics and Tracking: Web publishing provides the ability to gather and
analyze data on user behavior and website performance, allowing publishers to
make informed decisions and optimize their content.
7. Cost-Effective: Compared to traditional publishing methods, web publishing
often involves lower costs and does not require large print runs or physical
distribution, making it a more cost-effective option for publishers.

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Overall, web publishing offers a wide range of advantages, including wider reach,
interactive features, multimedia integration, and easy updates, making it an essential
tool for individuals, businesses, and organizations to share information and engage
with their audience online.

Websites:
Websites is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content,
typically. identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one
web server. A website. may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP)
network, such as the Internet, or a private.

History of Website
In 1989, World Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, the British
CERN physicist. The world Wide Web was later announced to be used free by
anyone across the globe turned out to be a decisive action in the history of the
website. the announcement was commenced on 30 April 1993. This led to the
growth of the web. To retrieve individual files from the server, initially, File
Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used and is later replaced with
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). These protocols counsel a simple directory
edifice which the user steers and they can prefer files to download. It is either
encoded in word processor format or is presented as plain text files which seems to
be easy and convenient for the users to download and read. Websites can be utilized
in diverse manners. The website can be of different types. It can be a personal
website, a government website, an organization website, a corporate website, etc.
The websites can serve different purposes. It can work for an individual, group, or
organization. Many of the pages consist of hyperlinks that can easily direct you to
the next site.
A static website is a website with web pages stowed on the server in the form that
is transmitted to a client entrapment browser. It is principally coded in Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML). The appearance can be preserved with the help of
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). A dynamic website is a website that can be
customized continually and automatically.
There are several types of websites, each serving a different purpose and catering to
various audiences.

Some common types of websites include:

1.Informational Websites: These websites provide information about a specific
topic,
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company, organization, or individual. They are often used to educate visitors and
showcase
information about products, services, or ideas.
2. E-commerce Websites: E-commerce websites enable online buying and selling
of products
and services. They include online stores, marketplaces, and platforms for electronic
transactions.
3. Blogs: Blogs are platforms where individuals or groups regularly post articles,
opinions, and content related to a specific subject. They often encourage interaction
and discussions through comments.
4. Portfolio Websites: Portfolio websites showcase the work, skills, and
achievements of
individuals, such as artists, designers, photographers, and writers.
5. Social Networking Sites: These websites allow people to connect and interact
with each
other, share content, and communicate. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, and
LinkedIn.
6. Educational Websites: Educational websites offer online courses, tutorials, and
resources to help users learn about various subjects or acquire new skills.
7. News Websites: News websites provide up-to-date information on current
events, topics,
and news articles.
8. Entertainment Websites: Entertainment websites offer a variety of content for
leisure and
enjoyment, such as videos, games, music, and movies.
9. Government and Institutional Websites: These websites belong to government
agencies,
educational institutions, and other organizations, providing information, services,
and resources to the public.
10. Non-profit Websites: Non-profit organizations use these websites to raise
awareness, gather donations, and share information about their causes and
initiatives.

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11. Forums and Community Websites: These platforms allow users to discuss
specific topics, ask questions, and share knowledge within an online community.
12. Personal Websites: Personal websites showcase an individual’s personal
information,
projects, and interests. They can be used for personal branding or self-expression.
13. Wikis: Wikis are collaborative websites that allow multiple users to edit and
contribute to
content. Wikipedia is a well-known example.
14. Business Websites: These websites are used by businesses to showcase their
products,
services, and company information, often with the goal of attracting clients or
customers.
15. Microsites and Landing Pages: Microsites are small websites that focus on a
single topic, event, or campaign, while landing pages are designed to capture leads
or drive specific actions from visitors.
These are just a few examples, and many websites can fall into multiple
categories. The type of website you create depends on your goals, target audience,
and the content you want to share.
You create depends on your goals, target audience, and the content you want to
share.

WEB SURFING :
Web surfing refers to the act of using a web browser to navigate through
various websites and web pages on the internet. It involves browsing,
searching, and exploring content such as text, images, videos, and more.

Merits of web surfing:

• Information Access: Web surfing allows quick access to a vast amount of
information, making research, learning, and staying informed easier.
• Communication: It facilitates online communication through email, social
media, and messaging platforms.
• Entertainment: Users can enjoy various forms of entertainment, like
streaming videos, playing games, and listening to music.

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• Convenience: Online shopping, banking, and services are readily available,
saving time and effort.
• Education: Web surfing offers opportunities for online courses and
educational resources.
• Global Connectivity: It connects people worldwide, enabling interactions and
collaborations.

Demerits of web surfing:

• Information Overload: The abundance of information can lead to overwhelm
and difficulty in discerning credible sources.
• Distraction: Excessive web surfing can lead to decreased productivity and
concentration.
• Privacy Concerns: Online activities may compromise personal information
and privacy.
• Security Risks: Visiting unsafe websites or downloading files can expose
devices to malware and hacking attempts.
• Addiction: Web surfing addiction can negatively impact physical and mental
health.
• Misinformation: False or misleading information can spread quickly online.
• Social Isolation: Spending excessive time online may reduce face-to-face
social interactions.
Overall, web surfing offers a range of benefits but requires mindful usage to
mitigate potential drawbacks.

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E-commerce
Meaning
E - commerce, short of electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling
of goods and services over the internet. It involves various online transactions,
including online shopping, online banking, electronic payments, and electronic
data exchange. E-commerce has transformed the way businesses operate and how
consumers interact with products and services, enabling transactions to occur
without the need for physical presence.

Definition:-
E-commerce, or electronic commerce refers to the commercial transactions
and activities conducted over the internet. It involves buying and selling goods and
services, as well as other business processes like online marketing, payment
processing, and customer support, all facilitated through digital platforms.

Types of E-commerce
1. Business-to-consumer (B2C) : In this model, businesses sell products or
services directly to individual consumers. This is the most common type of e-
commerce and is often associated with online shopping platforms. Business set up
online storefronts to showcase their products and services, marketing it convenient
for consumers to browse, select, and purchase items.
Ex: Amazon, where customers can purchase a wide range of products online.
2. Business-to-Business (B2B) : B2B e-commerce involves transactions between
businesses. This type is focused on supply chain interactions, where manufactures,
wholesalers, and suppliers sell products to other businesses. It often includes bulk
orders and specialized products and services tailored to meet the needs of other
businesses.
Ex: Alibaba, which connects businesses around the world to source products in
bulk.
3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) : C2C e-commerce enables individuals to sell
product or services directly to other individuals. Online marketplaces and auction
platforms provide a space for individuals to list items they want to sell. This type
is particularly common for used or unique items.
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Ex: eBay, where people can auction or sell used items to other individuals.
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B) : In C2B e-commerce, individuals offer products
or services to businesses. This could include freelancers offering their skills,
consultants providing expertise, or users generating content for companies. It’s a
reversal of the traditional business consumer relationship.
Ex: Freelancing platforms like Upwork, where individuals offer their skills to
businesses in need of services.
5. Business-to-Administration (B2A) : Business to administration refers to
transactions or interactions between businesses and government administration or
agencies, this could involve processes such as government procurement, taxation,
licensing, and regulatory compliance.
Ex: A construction company that specializes in building commercial properties.
They want to start a new project in a specific city. In order to proceed, they need
to obtain various permits and approvals from the local government.

E-commerce advantages and disadvantages to organisation, customers,

society
Sure, here's a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of e-
commerce for organizations, customers, and society:

Advantages for Organizations:

• Global Reach: E-commerce allows organizations to reach a global audience,
expanding their customer base beyond geographical limitations.
• Cost Savings: Online stores often have lower operational costs compared to
physical stores, including rent and staff salaries.
• 24/7 Availability: E-commerce enables businesses to be open and accessible to
customers around the clock.
• Personalization: Data collected from online interactions enables personalized
marketing and product recommendations, enhancing customer experience.
• Inventory Management: Digital inventory systems help optimize stock levels,
reducing overstock or stock outs.
• Cutting Out The Middleman: Businesses can sell direct to the consumer rather
than having to sell to a supplier and then them sell it on, this means the company
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can usually offer the product at a discount compared to their retailers because only
one company has to make profit rather than two or more.
• A Level Playing Field : A small business can compete and show itself as a
professional company as much as large ones as budgets for setting up a
professional site are relatively cheap to the amount of return you can get on them.
• Greater Customer Satisfaction: An E-Commerce website can be a powerful
tool for building customer loyalty if it is effective enough, a well designed website
puts the customer in charge of the relationship, they can buy, browse, ask for help
or track the progress of order they have placed where they want and when they
want.
• Better Customer Information: You can quickly and easy analyze your
customers by location and area as well as the products they buy as you will have
to request a customer name and address from them when processing a transaction.
Disadvantages for Organizations:
• Intense Competition: The ease of setting up online stores leads to intense
competition, making it challenging to stand out.
• Cybersecurity Concerns: E-commerce is susceptible to cyberattacks,
potentially leading to data breaches and loss of customer trust.
• Dependency on Technology: Technical glitches or server issues can disrupt
operations and sales.
• Logistics Challenges: Ensuring efficient and reliable delivery can be complex,
especially for small businesses.

Advantages for Customers:

• Convenience: Customers can shop anytime, anywhere, and have products
delivered to their doorstep.
• Product Variety: E-commerce offers a vast range of products and services, often
more than brick-andmortar stores.
• Comparison Shopping: Online platforms enable easy price and product
comparisons, helping customers make informed decisions.
• Access to Information: Detailed product information and reviews help
customers research before making a purchase.

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• Time Savings: Online shopping eliminates the need for travel and waiting in
lines.
Disadvantages for Customers:
• Lack of Tangibility: Customers can't physically inspect or try products before
purchasing, which can lead to dissatisfaction.
• Security Concerns: Online transactions raise concerns about data privacy and
potential fraud.
• Shipping Costs: Additional shipping charges may make purchases more
expensive, especially for international orders.
• Delayed Gratification: Delivery times can vary, requiring customers to wait for
their purchases.
• Limited Social Interaction: Online shopping lacks the social aspect of in-person
shopping.

Advantages for Society:

• Accessibility: E-commerce provides access to products and services for people
who may have physical limitations or live in remote areas.
• Reduced Environmental Impact: Online shopping can lead to less travel and
fewer emissions compared to traditional shopping.
• Job Creation: E-commerce creates opportunities in areas like web development,
logistics, and online marketing.
• Innovation: E-commerce encourages innovation in technology, payment
systems, and customer experiences.
• Empowerment: E-commerce enables small businesses and entrepreneurs to
reach a wider audience and compete with larger companies.

Disadvantages for Society:

• Digital Divide: Not everyone has equal access to the internet or the necessary
digital skills for online shopping.
• Job Displacement: Automation in e-commerce could lead to job losses in
traditional retail sectors.

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• Environmental Concerns: Increased packaging and shipping can contribute to
waste and pollution.
• Loss of Local Business: Traditional brick-and-mortar stores may struggle to
compete with online giants, leading to local business closures.
• Privacy Concerns: The collection of personal data for online transactions raises
privacy and surveillance concerns. Keep in mind that these points are general and
may vary based on specific contexts and regions.

B2B or Business-to-Business:
It’s refers to a type of commerce that involves transactions and interactions
between two businesses rather than between a business and a consumer. It is a term
used to describe the relationship between companies that sell products, services, or
solutions to other companies.

Definition:
B2B refers to the exchange of goods, services, or information between
businesses. It involves commercial transactions among organizations, including
manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and service providers. Unlike B2C
(Business-to-Consumer) where the end consumer is the primary buyer, in B2B, the
buyer is another business or organization.

Examples:
1. A manufacturer selling raw materials or components to another manufacturer
for their production process.
2. A software company providing its products to a corporate client for managing
their operations.
3. An advertising agency offering marketing services to a multinational
corporation.

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Characteristics:
1. Larger Order Volumes: B2B transactions often involve larger order volumes
due to the business scale and requirements. This distinguishes it from B2C, where
smaller quantities are typically purchased by individual consumers.
2. Longer Sales Cycle: B2B sales cycles tend to be longer and more complex than
B2C transactions. Multiple stakeholders are involved in the decision-making
process, requiring more time and effort to finalize deals. 3. Relationship-driven:
Building and maintaining long-term relationships is crucial in B2B. Companies
seek reliable and trusted partners for their business operations, often engaging in
ongoing collaborations with them.
4. Customization and Personalization: B2B products or services are often
customized to meet the specific needs of the buying organization. Personalization
plays a significant role in delivering solutions tailored to individual business
requirements.
5. Emphasis on Value and ROI: B2B purchasing decisions are driven by the
value and return on investment they bring to the buying company. Businesses
usually focus on the long-term benefits and costs associated with the product or
service.
6. Multichannel Marketing: B2B transactions can occur through various
channels, including direct sales, online platforms, distributors, agents, and
partnerships. This provides multiple touchpoints for businesses to interact with
their potential buyers.
In summary, B2B refers to business transactions occurring between two
organizations, wherein products, services, or solutions are sold from one business
to another. It involves longer sales cycles, customization, and personalized
offerings, with an emphasis on value and ROI. Building strong relationships and
utilizing various marketing channels are essential aspects of B2B commerce.

B2C [Business to Consumer]

The term business-to-consumer (B2C) refers to the process of selling products and
services directly between a business and consumers who are the end-users of its

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products or services. Most companies that sell directly to consumers can be
referred to as B2C companies.
Meaning
Business-to-consumer refers to the process of businesses selling products and
services directly to consumers, with no middle person. B2C typically refers to
online retailers who sell products and services to consumers through the internet.

Definition
B2C stands for business-to-consumer, as in a transaction that takes place
between a business and an individual as the end customer.
B2C, or Business-to-Consumer, refers to the type of commerce where businesses
sell products or services directly to individual consumers. It involves transactions
conducted through various channels such as online platforms, retail stores, or direct
sales.
Business that sell its products or service to consumers over the internet for
their own use.
• Online Retailers (Amazon.com)
• Online Banking
• Travel Service
• Health Information
• Real Estate

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Examples of B2C [Business to consumer]

1. *Apple*: Sells its products like iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks directly to
consumers through its stores and website.
2. *Nike*: Offers athletic footwear, apparel, and accessories to individual
consumers through its retail stores and online store.
3. *Starbucks*: Serves coffee, beverages, and food products directly to consumers
through its coffee shops.
4. *Zara*: Sells fashionable clothing and accessories to individual customers
through its retail stores and online store.
5. *Coca-Cola*: Distributes its soft drinks to consumers through retail outlets,
vending machines, and online platforms.
6. *Uber*: Provides on-demand transportation services to individual passengers
through its mobile app.
7. *Netflix*: Offers streaming entertainment content directly to consumers via its
online platform.
8. *Airbnb*: Facilitates short-term lodging rentals directly between hosts and
guests through its website and app.
9. *Lululemon*: Sells yoga and athletic wear to individual customers through its
retail stores and online store.
10. *McDonald's*: Offers fast food products directly to individual consumers
through its chain of restaurants.
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These companies focus on delivering products or services directly to individual
consumers rather than targeting other businesses.

Benefits of Business to Consumer (B2C)

Now that we've looked at some of the many B2C business models, let's take a look
at some of the many benefits of B2C.
• Lower prices: Direct to consumer business models are often able to charge
lower prices due to not having to involve multiple 3rd parties.
• 24/7 reach: B2C in the context of ecommerce allows a business to generate
sales 24/7 365. Post a product or service on your website, and you can continue to
make sales even while you sleep.
• Quicker sales cycle: As opposed to B2B, B2C traditionally has a much faster
sales cycle. If you're selling candles for example and advertise on Instagram, the
consumer can choose whether or not to purchase the candle in just a few seconds.
Whereas, in B2B, sales are often a month long process, you need buy-in from a
variety of stakeholders etc.

Characteristics of B2C
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) transactions involve selling products or services
directly to individual consumers. Here are some key characteristics of B2C:
1. *Target Audience*: B2C companies target the general public as their
customer base, aiming to fulfill the needs and preferences of individual consumers.

2. *Marketing*: B2C marketing often emphasizes emotional appeal, brand

recognition, and personal preferences to attract and engage consumers.
3. *Shorter Sales Cycle*: The sales cycle in B2C transactions is typically shorter
since individual consumers make quicker purchasing decisions compared to
businesses.
4. *Smaller Purchase Volumes*: Consumers usually buy in smaller quantities
compared to businesses, which can lead to more frequent transactions.
5. *Product Variety*: B2C companies often offer a wide range of products and
variations to cater to diverse consumer preferences.
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6. *Pricing Strategies*: Pricing may be competitive, and promotions, discounts,
and offers are commonly used to attract consumers.
7. *Direct Communication*: B2C companies often communicate directly with
consumers through advertising, social media, email marketing, and other direct
channels.
8. *Customer Experience*: A positive customer experience is crucial, as
consumer satisfaction and loyalty directly impact repeat business and brand
reputation.
9. *Online Presence*: Many B2C companies have online platforms (websites,
apps, social media) for direct consumer interaction and sales.
10. *Feedback and Reviews*: B2C transactions often involve consumers leaving
reviews and feedback, influencing the reputation and credibility of the business.
11. *Mass Production*: B2C companies often engage in mass production to meet
consumer demands efficiently and keep costs lower.
12. *Individual Transactions*: Transactions usually involve individual
consumers making purchasing decisions, rather than involving complex decision-
making processes as seen in B2B transactions.
13. *E-commerce*: E-commerce platforms play a significant role in B2C
transactions, allowing consumers to browse, compare, and purchase products
online.
14. *Consumer Trends*: B2C companies need to stay attuned to consumer trends
and preferences to remain competitive and relevant.
15. *After-Sales Service*: B2C companies may need to provide post-purchase
customer service, warranties, and support to ensure customer satisfaction.
These characteristics collectively define the dynamics of B2C commerce, where
the focus is on catering to individual consumer needs and preferences.
The B2C model is different from the B2B model in many ways. Here are a few
important things about B2C:
1. Simple transaction
Since the company and the customer talk to each other directly, the B2C
transaction model is also simple. Some are sold directly, such as through MLM,
and others are sold online. The purchase-to-payment system is usually quick and
can be finished quickly.

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2. Tough competition :The competition in B2C is tough because consumers have
a lot of needs. As a result, there are a lot of products that are similar.
So, price wars make the competition among B2C businesses even tougher.
3. Openness
Another thing about B2C is that it is open to everyone and has no limits. Any news
about the company’s goods and services will be easily shared with the rest of the
world.
4. On demand Customers’ needs are taken into account when B2C companies
make their products. Based on what people want, the business model makes
products. So, the price changes automatically to meet the needs of the market.

CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C)

C2C stands for "consumer-to-consumer" and refers to a type of commerce where
individuals buy and sell products or services directly to each other

Definition:
C2C, or consumer-to-consumer, refers to the exchange of goods, services, or
information between individual consumers through an online marketplace or
platform. In this type of commerce, consumers act as both buyers and sellers,
eliminating the need for intermediaries such as retailers or wholesalers.

Characteristics:
1. Peer-to-peer: C2C commerce involves direct transactions between individuals,
without the involvement of businesses or organizations. This creates a sense of
peer-to-peer interaction and fosters a sense of trust among consumers.
2. Online platforms: C2C transactions typically take place on online
marketplaces or platforms, which act as intermediaries connecting buyers and
sellers. These platforms provide a convenient and secure environment for
consumers to buy and sell products or services.
3. Used or second-hand items: C2C commerce often involves the sale of used or
second-hand items. This could include pre-owned clothing, electronics, books,
furniture, or even services such as tutoring or freelancing.

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4. User-generated content: In C2C commerce, consumers play an active role in
creating and sharing content about the products or services they are offering. This
could include product descriptions, photos, reviews, and ratings, which help build
trust and credibility among buyers.
5. Low cost: C2C transactions usually have lower costs compared to traditional
retail transactions. Sellers can often list items for free (or at a minimal cost) on
online platforms, and buyers have opportunities to find deals or negotiate prices
directly with sellers.
6. Social connections: C2C commerce often revolves around building social
connections and communities. Buyers and sellers can communicate, share
feedback, and build relationships through ratings, reviews, and messaging features
on the online platforms.
Overall, C2C commerce is driven by individuals seeking to monetize their
unused or unwanted items while providing opportunities for others to find unique
or affordable products or services. It offers a decentralized and user-centric
approach to buying and selling, creating a dynamic and interactive marketplace.

Advantages and disadvantages to B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B, B2A

1. B2B (Business-to-Business):
• Advantages: Streamlined communication, integrated data exchange, efficient
supply chain management, tailored solutions for business clients.
• Disadvantages: Complex implementation, high initial costs, potential
interoperability challenges between systems.

2. B2C (Business-to-Consumer):
• Advantages: Customer data collection for personalized marketing, real-time
feedback, improved customer experience through online platforms.
• Disadvantages: Security concerns for customer data, need for strong user
interfaces, potential scalability issues during peak periods.

3. C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer):
• Advantages: Easy accessibility for individuals to sell products/services, user-
generated content, potentially lower overhead costs.
• Disadvantages: Limited control over the quality of goods/services, potential trust
issues between buyers and sellers, difficulty in handling disputes.

4. C2B (Consumer-to-Business):
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• Advantages: Crowdsourced innovation, cost-effective solutions for
businesses, potential for personalized product/service offerings.
• Disadvantages: Limited scalability, challenges in managing and integrating diverse
consumer-generated inputs, potential quality concerns.

E-commerce security issues

It’s refer to vulnerabilities or risks that can compromise the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of online shopping platforms and transactions. Some
common security issues include:
1. *Data Breaches*: Unauthorized access to customer data (e.g., personal
information, credit card details) by hackers or insiders can lead to identity theft and
fraud.
2. *Payment Card Fraud*: Malicious actors can intercept or manipulate payment
information during transactions, leading to unauthorized charges on customers'
credit/debit cards.
3. *Phishing Attacks*: Cybercriminals send fake emails or messages, often
imitating legitimate websites, to trick users into revealing sensitive information or
login credentials.
4. *Malware*: Malicious software (e.g., viruses, trojans) can infect e-commerce
websites or users' devices, stealing data or enabling attackers to control systems.
5. *DDoS Attacks*: Distributed Denial of Service attacks can overwhelm e-
commerce websites with excessive traffic, causing service disruptions and
impacting revenue.
6. *Insecure Payment Gateways*: Weak encryption or improper handling of
payment data can expose customers' financial information to cybercriminals.
7. **Lack of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)**: Without SSL, data exchanged
between users and websites is vulnerable to interception, potentially leading to data
theft.
8. *Weak Authentication*: Insufficient login security, such as weak passwords
or lack of multi-factor authentication, makes it easier for attackers to gain
unauthorized access.
9. *Insufficient Patching*: Failure to update software regularly can leave e-
commerce platforms exposed to known vulnerabilities.

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10. *Supplier and Third-party Risks*: Security weaknesses in third-party
plugins, partners, or suppliers can be exploited to compromise e-commerce
systems.
To address these issues, e-commerce businesses should implement robust security
measures, regularly update software, encrypt sensitive data, conduct security
audits, and educate customers about safe online practices.

Ethical issues arises in MIS

Ethical issues arises in e-commerce explanation due to various factors. These
might include:
1. Privacy and Data Security: Collecting, storing, and managing sensitive
information raises concerns about unauthorized access and data breaches. 2.
Accuracy and Reliability: If the information within an MIS is inaccurate or
unreliable, it can lead to poor decision-making and negative consequences for
individuals or organizations.
3. Transparency: The transparency of how data is collected, used, and shared with
stakeholders is crucial to build trust and ensure fair practices. 4. Bias and Fairness:
If an MIS system uses biased algorithms or data, it can lead to unfair treatment and
decisions that discriminate against certain groups.
5. Intellectual Property: Handling intellectual property rights, such as copyrighted
software or proprietary data, requires careful consideration to avoid infringement
issues.
6. Employee Monitoring: Monitoring employee activities through MIS can raise
concerns about privacy invasion and an overly controlling work environment.
7. Data Ownership: Determining who owns the data within an MIS and how it can
be used can lead to disputes and ethical dilemmas.
8. Global Considerations: Different countries have varying laws and regulations
regarding data privacy and use, leading to challenges in maintaining ethical
standards across borders.
9. Environmental Impact: The energy consumption and resource usage associated
with MIS can contribute to environmental issues if not managed responsibly.
10. Vendor Relationships: Ethical issues may arise if vendors provide misleading
information or engage in unfair business practices while supplying MIS solutions.
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 Ethical issues in e-commerce
1. Web Spoofing: Web spoofing is an electronic deception which relates to the
Internet. It occurs when the attacker sets up a fake website which is almost same
as the original website in order to lure consumers to give their credit card
number or other personal information.
2. Cyber-Squatting: Cyber-squatting is an activity in which a person or firm
register, purchase and uses the existing domain name, belonging to the well-
known organization, for the purpose of infringing its trademarks. This type of
person or firm, called cyber-squatters usually infringes the trademarks to extort
the payment from original trademark’s owner.
3. Privacy Invasion: This issue is related to consumer. The privacy invasion occur
when the personal details belonging to consumers are exposed to the
unauthorized party.
4. Online Piracy : The online piracy can be defined as unauthorized copyright of
electronic intellectual property such as e-books, music or videos. This unethical
activity occurs when the Internet users use the software and hardware technology
in an illicit manner to transfer the electronic intellectual property over the
Internet
5. Email Spamming: E-mail spamming, also known as unsolicited commercial e-
mail (UCE) involves using e-mail to send or broadcast unwanted advertisement
or correspondence over the Internet. The individual who spam their e-mail is
usually called spammer. Many spammers broadcast their e-mail for the purpose
of trying to get people’s financial information such as credit card or account bank
numbers in order to defraud them.

pg. 20