SANS SERIF
Lesson 2 MIL
TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA
TEXT
 a simple and flexible format presenting
information or conveying ideas whether
hand-written, printed or displayed
onscreen (Source: MIL TG by CHED)
 any ‘’human-readable sequence of
characters’’ that can form intelligible
words (Rouse, 2015)
TYPES OF TEXT AND COMMON FILE
FORMATS
HYPERTEXT
 serve to link different electronic
documents and enable users to jump
from one to other in a nonlinear way.
PLAINTEXT or UNFORMATTED TEXT
 fixed sized characters having essentially
the same type of appearance
FORMATTED TEXT
 appearance can be changed using font
parameters (bold, underline, italic, font
size, font color, etc.)
When we format text, we design it based on the
purpose, theme, context, concept, occasions, target
audience, formality, etc. Using Typefaces help us
best to accomplish this simple task
TYPEFACE
 also called font, font type, or type; refers
to the representation or style of a text in
the digital format.
 usually comprised of alphabets,
numbers, punctuation marks, symbols
and other special characters
TYPES OF TYPEFACES
SERIF
 connotes formality and readability in a
large number of texts
 usually used for the body text of books,
newspapers, magazines, and research
publication
 give a classic or elegant look when used
for title or heading
 ex: Times New Roman, Garamond,
Baskerville
 brings a clean and minimalist look to the
text
 used for the clear and direct meaning of
text such as road signage, building
directory, or nutrition facts in food
packages
 give a modern look and is used primarily
in webpage design
 Ex: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma,
Verdana, Calibri
SLAB SERIF
 carries a solid and heavy look to the text
 can be used for large advertising signs
on billboards
 ex: Rockwell, Playbill
SCRIPT
 draws much attention to itself because of
its brush-like strokes
 must be used sparingly and not be used
in large body text
 usually used in wedding invitation cards
or other formal events
 ex: Edwardian, Vladimir,
Kunstler
DECORATIVE
 caters to a wide variety of emotions
(such as celebration, fear, horror, etc.) or
themes (such as cowboys, circus,
holidays, summer, kiddie, etc.)
 Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT
TYPES OF FILE FORMATS
 There are many different types of file
formats, and each format represents a
particular way of storing the data that
makes up a file. You need to understand
different file types, so you know what is
safe and what isn’t. Some computer
viruses masquerade as other types of
files.
COMMON FILE FORMATS
.TXT (text)
 unformatted text document by an editor
as notepad on Windows platform
.DOC (document)
 a native format for storing documents
created by MS Word package
 contain a rich set of formatting
capabilities
.PDF (Portable Document Format)
 developed by Adobe systems for cross
platform exchange of documents,
supports image and graphics
.PS (PostScript)
 a page description language used mainly
for desktop publishing; capability of
containing text and images on the same
page.
.RTF (Rich Text Format)
 cross platform document exchange;
default format for Mac OS X’s default
editor TextEdit
.doc and .rtf appears to be one and the same,
don’t you think? Almost
 DOC. is actually an improved and
updated version of RTF
Both RTF format and DOC format are developed
by Microsoft for Word. RTF is a format older than
DOC.
 DOC file carries more formatting than
RTF. The options RTF can provide are
simple and limited. It can just support
format like italics, types, font sizes, and
boldface, while DOC can support users
to format their documents in any ways
they want.
 Microsoft has stopped developing RTF,
but it never stops improving DOC. More
recent versions of Microsoft Office can
not be saved in RTF any longer, while
the brand-new incarnation of the DOC is
the DOCX.
 RTF files are much smaller than DOC
files. Due to the great number of
formatting, you could keep in DOC files,
the amount of data is great. However,
the size of RTF files is very small.
 RTF file can be edited with any text
editor, while you can neither encode nor
view information of DOC files if you don’t
have the correct application.
 RTF is less safe than DOC, because you
can encrypt the DOC files.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS
1. EMPHASIS
 importance or value given to a part of the
text based content
o make the text bold
o Italicized
o have a heavier weight
o darkened or lightene
o enlarged
2. APPROPRIATENESS
 how fitting or suitable the text is used for
a specific audience, purpose or event
 Varied font styles for different mood,
theme, purpose, event, etc.
3. PROXIMITY
 how near or how far the text elements
from each other
 bring related elements close together
4. ALIGNMENT
 how the text is positioned in the page
 left, center, right, or justified
a. CENTER: Use it when you have few
short lines of text. This option must
NEVER be use in full paragraphs
because it’s difficult to read
b. LEFT: The text aligned to the left is
the most common choice. For the
reader it’s comfortable and secure. If
you want to stay conservative, this is
the safest choice.
 c. RIGHT: Right aligned texts will
require additional effort to the reader.
It can be a good option to create
more attention to specific words.
d. JUSTIFIED: This option is the most
used in books, magazines and
newspapers. It’s formal, neat, and
helps organize the text, especially if
you are using columns.
5. ORGANIZATION
 conscious effort to organize the different
text elements in a page
 ensures connection among elements

6. REPETITION
 consistency of elements
 unity of the entire design
 repeating some typefaces within the
page
7. CONTRAST
 creates visual interest
 two elements are different from each
other

Lesson 3 MIL
As media users, you need to carefully consider
the way you behave and act online as it defines
what kind of person you are. The way you
choose to behave online requires you to think
carefully about many decisions you may usually
take for granted. One useful way to look at this is
to consider the idea of "netiquette" or Internet or
Network Etiquette by Shea.
Since we utilize media and technology most of
the time, we call ourselves media users.
However, we should be more than that. We must
not only know how to use media but most
importantly possess the knowledge and skills to
effectively use them. Only then we can be
identified as digital citizens.
Your digital footprint is the record of all your
interactions online. Once something is posted or
shared online, it can be there forever.
Understanding your digital footprint helps you
choose and control what you leave online for
others to find.
The Internet has changed the way we live. It has
improved the way we communicate with people
and how we share information. However, the
Internet can also cause problems/issues. Here
are some examples to start with, some are
mundane while some are serious.
PEOPLE MEDIA
An assembly of people with a common interest
where they become the main means of mass
communication.
PEOPLE AS MEDIA VS. PEOPLE IN MEDIA
PEOPLE AS MEDIA
 People who are well-oriented to media
sources and messages and able to
provide information as possible
 The person serves as the medium for
another person to learn or acquire new
knowledge.
1. OPINION LEADERS
 Highly exposed to and actively using
media
 Source of viable interpretation of
messages for lower-end media users
 Opinions are accepted by a group
2. CITIZEN JOURNALISM
 People without professional journalism
training can use the tools of modern
technology and internet to create,
augment or fact-check media on their
own or in collaboration with others.
3. SOCIAL JOURNALISM
 Journalists are using social media to
make their content available to more
people.
4. CROWDSOURCING
 The practice of obtaining needed
services, ideas, or content by soliciting
contributions from a large group of
people and especially from the online
community.
PEOPLE IN MEDIA
 They are the people behind another form
of media.
 Media practitioners
 Provide information coming from their
expert knowledge or first hand
experience of events
TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDIUM
 Print Journalists - deal with delivering
news through newspapers, magazines,
etc.
  Photojournalists - photograph, edit, and
display images in order to tell a visual
story. They are skilled at interpreting and
communicating an event through a
photograph(s).
 Broadcast Journalists - deal with
broadcasting news through television or
radio.
 Multimedia Journalists - storytellers who
work across many dimensions. They
work in multimedia journalism leverage
digital tools and social media platforms to
share their stories with a particular
audience online.
NETIQUETTE OR NETWORK ETIQUETTE
 A set of rules for behaving properly
online. (Shea, 1997) Rules, that may not
be strictly enforced or even regularly
followed is important to keep everyone
online in check.
RULE 1: REMEBER THE HUMAN
 Putting oneself to others’ shoes can put
everything in the right perspective.
Remembering that the receiver on the
other side of your computer or phone
screen is another person is vital to
avoiding hurting other people’s feelings.
Empathy is one of the most powerful
motivations for some basic decency
online.
RULE 2: ADHERE TO THE SAME STANDARDS
OF BEHAVIOR ONLINE THAT ONE FOLLOWS
IN REAL LIFE
 In real life, actions have consequences,
something one would be wise to
remember cyberspace. Good netiquette
is derived from the same standards set in
real life. If your online behavior doesn’t
meet that, would be good to re-evaluate
your actions.
RULE 3: KNOW WHERE YOU ARE IN
CYBERSPACE
 The cyberspace may be as vast as the
actual outer space. Acceptable behavior
varies on the domain you are on. If
posting daily accounts of your life is
acceptable on blogging domain, kit is
improper on academic ones. Knowing
where you are in cyberspace helps in
practicing good netiquette.
RULE 4: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE’S TIME
AND BANDWIDTH
 Bandwidth is the information-carrying
capacity of the wires and channels that
connect everyone in cyberspace.
Between school and works, social life,
chores, errands to run, and safeguarding
one’s health, 24 hours no longer seem
enough. It is important to ensure that one
is not wasting it by delivering nonsense
or unsolicited information.
RULE 5: MAKE ONESELF GOOD ONLINE
 Making oneself look good online means
appearing as a decent, smart, and well
rounded individual, through what one
writes. Look good, by being a
responsible contributor in the age of
media information.
RULE 6: SHARE EXPERT KNOWLEDGE
 Experts contributing valuable
information, and making them available
to many, is indeed a positive effect of the
media and information age.
 Anyone with access to the internet can
share data and information to the world.
While this raises credibility issues among
many data found online, it also increases
the number of accurate facts contributed
by experts.
RULE 7: HELP KEEPS FLAME WARS UNDER
CONTROL
 “Flaming” is what people do when they
express a strongly held opinion without
holding back any emotions (Shea, 1997).
 Keep in mind that having the right to
speech and expression does not give
anyone the right to crucify others with a
different view. Opinions are always
allowed to be voiced online but at the
end of the day, everyone just has to
agree to disagree.
RULE 8: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE PRIVACY
 People dependence on social media has
put everyone’s lives under a microscope.
 No one should access social media
profiles of others without their consent.
Let anyone choose what information to
share and who to share them with online.
Respecting other people’s privacy is not
just good netiquette, it is everyone’s
responsibility.
RULE 9: DON’T ABUSE ONE’S OWN POWER
 If one has been given some authority
over online networks he or she must not
use it out of the context of one’s own job.
Power, even if it is as small as being
entrusted with a Facebook password,
must not be abused.
RULE 10: BE FORGIVING OF OTHER
PEOPLE’S MISTAKE
 There have been no truer words spoken
than the words “No one is perfect.” It is
true that people make mistakes, even
online. So be forgiving of other people’s
mistakes. Forgiving other people for their
mistakes isn’t just good netiquette, it is
also basic good manners.
THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK
 Simply means that before you post
anything, you need to think about the
effects of sharing that information. If the
information is meant to be kept private,
you must make sure that you keep these
information as secure as possible.
DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
 A digital citizen refers to a person who
has the knowledge and skills to
effectively use digital technologies to
communicate with others, participate in
society and create and consume digital
content.
 is defined by the quality of habits,
actions, and consumption patterns that
impact the ecology of digital content and
communities
Ways on How to Practice Digital Citizenship:
 Communicating with respect
 Respecting other’s privacy
 Seeing things from another
perspective
 Adding helpful information/context to
a discussion or wiki page
 Supporting others by offering useful
feedback
 Encouraging them, or sharing work
they’re proud of
ALL GOOD CITIZENS:
 Protect private information for
themselves and others
 Stay safe online
 Balance the time they spend online and
using media
 Respect themselves and others
 Stand up to Cyberbullying when they see
it happening
 Respect copyright and intellectual
property
 Carefully manage their Digital Footprint
DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS
 “Your digital footprint is anything that is
about you or put out by you online.” -
Brian Harrington
 A digital footprint is a trail of data you
create while using the Internet. It
includes the websites you visit, emails
you send, and information you submit to
online services.
TWO TYPES OF DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS
 A "passive digital footprint" is a data trail
you unintentionally leave online.
 An "active digital footprint" includes data
that you intentionally submit online.
PASIVE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT
 For example, when you visit a website,
the web server may log your IP address,
which identifies your Internet service
provider and your approximate location.
While your IP address may change and
does not include any personal
information, it is still considered part of
your digital footprint. A more personal
aspect of your passive digital footprint is
your search history, which is saved by
some search engines while you are
logged in.
ACTIVE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT
  Sending an email contributes to your  Blogs: Writing blogs raises ethical
active digital footprint, since you expect concerns and credibility issues since it is
the data be seen and/or saved by considered personal, and opinion based
another person. The more email you on content.
send, the more your digital footprint CENSORSHIP
grows. Since most people save their  Philip Steele (1999) defines censorship
email online, the messages you send as any attempt to limit or prevent the free
can easily remain online for several exchange of information. It suppresses
years or more. information, ideas, or artistic expression.
BE CAREFUL ABOUT: FORMS OF CENSORSHIP
 What you share 1. Preventive – exercised before the
 Where you share expression is made public. Examples of
 With whom you share which includes government restrains,
BE SMART ABOUT: licensing, and self-censorship.
 Sites you visit 2. Punitive – exercised after expression is
 Emails you open made public. This type of censorship is
 Links you click penalizing in nature
Be yourself but be your best self 3. Taboo – is censorship of that which
DIGITAL ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES society deems inappropriate or offensive.
A. STEREOTYPING
 is defined as the process of labeling an
entire group of people according to the
characteristics of some.
 The media have been found guilty of
stereotyping multiple times. As a form of
communication that deals with the
general public, it is not hard to see why
the media is prone to generalization.
A. Gender Roles
B. Racial Discrimination
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
 Journalism professor Adam Peneberg
(2007) defined conflict of interest as
situations in which there are competing
professional, personal and/or financial
obligations or interests that compete with
the journalist’s/author’s obligation to his
outlet and audience.
The following are some of the potential conflicts
of interest according to Peneberg (2007):
 Writing about friends and family
members
 Quid pro quo: Promising something in
return.
 Investments: Any financial entanglement
with the subjects
 Political Views

Lesson 4 MIL
MEDIA INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY AND
NEWS LITERACY
 News literacy is defined as “the ability to
use critical thinking skills to judge the
reliability and credibility of news reports,
whether they come via print, television or
internet.” (Stony Brook Center for News
Literacy)
STATUS OF CRITICAL THINKING STUDENTS
 Standford University study 7,800
students “stunning and dismaying
consistency” “bleak”
CONSEQUENCES OF INFORMATION
DISORDER FOR JOURNALISM AND SOCIETY
 Erosion of trust in journalism and
journalists
 Loss of distinction between quality
reporting and disinformation
 Stress on journalism business model
 Weakening of role of journalists as
agents for accountability
 Crackdowns that undermine press
freedom and freedom of expression
 Malicious targeting of journalists
NEWS DRIVERS
 IMPORTANCE
 PROMINENCE
 HUMAN INTEREST
 CONFLICT
 CHANGE
 PROXIMITY
 TIMELINESS
 MAGNITUDE
 RELEVANCE
 ODDITY/UNUSUALNESS
3 JOURNALISTIC PROCESS
 Verification
 Independence
 Accountability
THE INFORMATION DISORDER IS GLOBAL
“The Philippines represents a national context
where disinformation is becoming even more
entrenched into the political system.”
 Ong and Cabanes, 2019
The Philippines showed evidence of

organized social media manipulation by
government and political parties.
 Social media manipulation is done by
“cyber troops” - defined as government
or political party actors tasked with
manipulating public opinion online
Message strategies used by cyber troops:
 Spreading progovernment or pro- party
propaganda
 Attacking the opposition
 Driving division and polarization
 Suppressing participation through
personal attacks and harassment
FACEBOOK is the dominant platform for cyber
troop activity
CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION DISORDER
MISINFORMATION
 Information is false, but the person
disseminating it believes that it is true
DISINFORMATION
 Information is false, and the person
disseminating it knows it is false. It is a
deliberate, intentional llie
MALINFORMATION
 Information is based on reality but used
to inflict harm
WHAT SKILLS DO WE NEED TO POSSESS TO
COUNTER INFORMATION DISORDER?
MEDIA, INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND
NEWS LITERACY
LITERACY
 Is the ability to read and write. It also
refers to the possession of enough
reading and writing ability to function in
society (Graff, 2019)
 Adding the ability to understand a simple
message in any language or dialect, the
concept of basic literacy comes in.
 If a person has these abilities with the
further addition of numeracy skills, then
one has attained a significantly higher
level of literacy called functional literacy.
People who cannot read and write are called
illiterate.
People are called functionally illiterate if they
cannot read or write well enough to carry out
activities that are common in the social settings
they encounter.
What are the most frequent causes of illiteracy in
adults?
 Parents with little schooling;
 Lack of books at home and lack of
stimulation for reading;
 Doing badly at or dropping out of school;
 Difficult living conditions, including poverty;
 Learning disabilities, such as dyslexia,
dysorthographia, etc.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
(UNESCO)
 a set of competencies that empowers
citizens to access, retrieve, understand,
evaluate and use, create, as well as share
information and media content in all formats,
using various tools, in a critical, ethical, and
effective way, in order to participate and
engage in personal, professional, and
societal activities
MEDIA LITERACY
 According to European Commission (2007),
it is the ability to access media, to
understand and to critically evaluate different
aspects of the media and the media contents
and to create communication a variety of
concepts
 Aufderheide (2011) defines as a movement
designed to help to understand, to produce
and negotiate meanings in a culture of
images, words and sounds.
 Media literacy is the ability to identify
different types of media and understand the
messages they're sending.
KEY CONCEPTS OF MEDIA LITERACY
 Media are constructions
 Media have commercial implications
 Audiences negotiate meaning
 Media have social and political
implications
 Each medium has a unique aesthetic
form
The digital age has made it easy for anyone to
create media. We don't always know who created
something, why they made it, and whether it's
credible. This makes media literacy tricky to learn
and teach. Nonetheless, media literacy is an
essential skill in the digital age.
INFORMATION LITERACY
 It emphasizes the need for careful
retrieval and selection of information
available in the workplace, at school, and
in all aspects of personal decision
making, especially in the areas of
citizenship and health.
 According to Hobbs (2006), a prime
emphasis is laced on recognizing
message quality, authenticity, and
credibility.
5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION
LITERACY
a. Identify
b. Find
c. Evaluate
d. Apply
e. Acknowledge
An information literate person…
 recognizes the importance of information,
 practices ethical behavior with regard to
information and technology, and
 participates effectively in groups to pursue
and generate information.
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
 In 1980, technology literacy meant knowing
how to program code. In 1995, it meant
knowing how to work basic tools like word
processing and spreadsheets.
 The Colorado Department of Education
defines it as the ability to responsibly use
technology to communicate, solve problems,
access, manage, integrate, evaluate, design,
and create information to improve learning,
and acquire lifelong knowledge and skills in
the 21st century.
3 DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
a. Knowledge
b. Capabilities
c. Critical Thinking and Decision Making
NEWS LITERACY
 the ability to use critical thinking skills to
judge the reliability and credibility of news
reports, whether they come via print,
television or internet (Stony Brook Center
for News Literacy).
4 INFORMATION LITERACY CHALLENGES
FOR CIVIL SOCIETY
 overwhelming amount of information
 new technologies
 conflict between speed and accuracy
 internet and social media
CRITICAL THINKING trains us to take a step
back, to evaluate facts and form evidence-based
conclusions.
- Open-mindedness
- Inquisitiveness
- Willingness to reconsider and revise
- Trust in processes of reasoned inquiry
- Flexibility
- Concern to be well-informed
- Fair-mindedness
- Prudence in judgements
- Alertness to opportunities for critical
thinking
- Recognizing one’s own biases,
prejudices, stereotypes, or egocentric
tendencies
- Understanding opinions of others
- Self-confidence in one’s abilities to
reason
Philippines is the third “most ignorant”
regarding their nation’s key issues, and third
“most confident” about their opinions.
“A strong democracy requires access to high-
quality information and an ability for citizens
to come together to debate, discuss,
deliberate, empathize, and make
concessions.”
WHAT CAN NEWS DO FOR DEMOCRACY?
 Information
 Investigation
 Analysis
 Social Empathy
 Public Forum
 Mobilization
In a nutshell…
Media- ability to critically consume, understand,
analyze, evaluate, and produce any type of
media.
Information- ability to know when there is a need
for more information and ability to locate,
evaluate, and use the right information according
to that need.
Technology- ability to effectively use, access,
understand, evaluate, create, and communicate
through technology tools.
News- the ability to use critical thinking skills to
judge the reliability and credibility of news
reports, whether they come via print, television,
or internet.
EXAMPLES
MEDIA
- Internet Surfing
- Utilizing databases
- Using social media for leisure and
entertainment
INFORMATION
- Content knowledge
 -Knowledge assembly
-Developing new insights
-Selecting credible sources of data
-Disseminates messages in an ethical
manner
TECHNOLOGY
- Computer parts expertise
- Changing television settings
- Comparing laptop/phone specs
- Troubleshooting internet connection
NEWS
- Cross-referencing news articles
- Checking the accuracy of TV weather
report online
- Securing the authenticity and reliability of
news provider

It is information that makes the subject a

citizen and allows him or her to exercise
rights effectively- Loic Hervouet

Lesson 5 MIL
MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES AND
MANIPULATIVE MEDIA
INFORMATION
 One or more statements or facts that are
received by a human and that have
some form of worth to the recipient.
 Pratt (1982) defines information as that
which occurs within the mind upon the
absorption of a message.
Information is ‘news or facts about something’-
Cookie Monster once said.
 It is defined by Merriam-Webster
Dictionary as “knowledge obtained from
investigation, study, or instruction”.
Where do we usually get information
There are three sources of media and
information
1. Indigenous Knowledge
2. Library
3. Internet
TOPIC OUTLINE
MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCESS
1. Indigenous Knowledge
2. Library
b.1 Sources of Information in the library
INTERNET
c.1 Internet vs Online Databeses
c.2 CRAAP Test
MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION
1. Fake News
2. Fake News Checker
LIBRARY’S ONLINE DATABASES
1. e-Books Collection
2. Open Athens
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE (IK)
 knowledge that is unique to a given
culture and society
 local knowledge
 unique to every culture & society
 providing problem solving strategies for
communities
 commonly held by communities rather
than individuals
 tacit knowledge & therefore difficult to
codify
 the basis for local-level decision making
in
o agriculture
o health care
o food preparation
o education
o natural resource management
o other activities
 embedded in community practices,
institutions, relationships & rituals
 dynamic and continuously evolves and
innovates
Superstitious beliefs are one of the best
examples for Indigenous Knowledge. Beliefs and
traditions are passed from generation to
generation.
LIBRARY
FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF LIBRARIES
1. Academic Libraries serve colleges and
universities
2. Public Libraries serve cities and towns of
all types
3. School Libraries serve students from
Kindergarten to grade 12
4. Special Libraries are in specialized
environments, such as hospitals,
corporations, museums, the military,
private business, and the government.
DIFFERENT SOURCES OF INFORMATION
A. REFERENCE BOOKS
 Location: Reference Information Section
(RIS)
  When to use: If you know very little about
your topic
 Characteristics: May include background
information, factual data, key ideas,
important dates, and concepts
B. CIRCULATING BOOKS
 Location: Circulation and Reserve
Collection
 When to use: Historical and detailed
information on a subject
 Characteristics: Provides an in-depth
examination of any given topic
C. JOURNAL ARTICLES
 Location: Serial Section
 When to use: If you need scholarly
articles or original research
 Characteristics: Journal articles provide
in-depth research on very specific topics
D. MAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
 Location: Serial Section
 When to use: Up-to-date information
about current issues, popular culture, or
international, national, and local events
 Characteristics: Provide updated
information or latest development on
current issues or event.
E. WORLD WIDE WEB
 Location: Electronic Resource Center
(ERS)
 When to use: Expert and popular
opinions on various issues
 Characteristics: Allows access to
information or multi media on the internet
through a Web browser such as Google,
MSE, Mozilla or Firefox
F. GOVERNMENT SOURCES
 Location: Reference Information Section
(RIS)
 When to use: Historical or current data
about the government or collected data
on a specific topic
 Characteristics- Sources from all level of
government (Local, regional, national,
and international)
G. PRIMARY SOURCES
 Location: Archives and Special
Collection
 When to use: If you need
o Original research or statistics
o A first-hand account of
experiences or events
 Characteristics: Information is generally
presented in its original form: a work of
literature or art: an account of an event;
an experience; or original documents
H. SECONDARY SOURCES
 Location: Reader’s Services Unit
(collection)
 When to use: If you need
o A second hand account of
experiences or events
 Characteristics: Materials that has been
reported, analyzed, or interpreted by
people who do not have first-hand
knowledge of an event.
INTERNET
Web/Internet versus Online Databases
Evaluating Information: CRAAP TEST
developed by the library staff at California State
University at Chico
1. CURRENCY- The timeliness of the
information
2. RELEVANCE- The importance of the
information for your needs
3. AUTHORITY- The source of information
4. ACCURARY- The reliability, truthfulness,
and correctness of the informational
content
5. PURPOSE- The reason the information
exists
MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION
Types of False Information
7 TYPES OF MIS- AND DISINFORMATION
1. SATIRE OR PARODY- No intent to
cause harm but has potential to fool
 2. MISLEADING CONTENT- Misleading
use of information to frame an issue or
individual
3. IMPOSTER CONTENT- When genuine
sources are impersonation
4. FABRICATED CONTENT- New content
is 100% false, design to deceive and do
harm
5. FALSE CONNECTION- When headline,
visuals or captions don’t support the
content
6. FALSE CONTEXT- When genuine
content is shared with false contextual
information
7. MANIPULATED CONTENT- When
genuine information or imagery is
manipulated to deceive

MANIPULATIVE MEDIA
 These are items or tools used to aid in
hands-on learning, models in which
learners can manipulate to gain
understanding and/or mastery of a
concept, and/or tools to assist students
to advance from concrete novice
knowledge to a more expert
understanding of abstract ideas through
visual and kinesthetic senses.
TYPES OF MANIPULATIVE MEDIA
1. TRADITIONAL/CONCRETE
 Traditional manipulative media are
concrete or physical objects that can be
moved assembled, disassembled, etc. to
show a concept.
2. VIRTUAL/DIGITAL
 Digital manipulative media are computer-
aided objects an materials that also
facilitate and encourage interactive
learning.
LIBRARY ONLINE DATABASES