BATTLE OF DEEP FAKES: ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE SET TO BECOME A MAJOR

THREAT TO THE INDIVIDUAL AND
NATIONAL SECURITY
Atif Ali Khushboo Farid Khan Ghouri Hina Naseem
University of Karachi, Allama Iqbal Open University
UIIT, PMAS Arid Agriculture Karachi, Pakistan Islamabad, Pakistan
University
Khushboo.ghori@hotmail.com Henoharem@gmail.com
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
dralexaly@gmail.com
Alaa M. Momani
School of Information Technology,
Wathiq Mansoor
Tariq Rahim Soomro Skyline University College, University
College of Engineering and IT,
CCSIS, Institute of Business City Sharjah, 1797,
University of Dubai
Management, Karachi, 75190, Sindh, Sharjah, UAE
Pakistan Dubai
alaa.momani@skylineuniversity.ac.ae
tariq.soomro@iobm.edu.pk wmansoor@ud.ac.ae
2022 International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR) | 978-1-6654-6122-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCR56254.2022.9995821

Abstract—The article discusses the possibility of political
organizations utilizing deepfake technologies. It is observed that
deepfakes can affect all levels of public and political life and
contribute to the development of several problems, including
reputational risks for celebrities and ordinary citizens, the growth
of organized crime, and social stability and national security
concerns. The sophistication of deepfake technology (DT) has
increased significantly. Cybercriminals can now modify sounds,
images, and movies to scam individuals and organizations. This
growing threat to international institutions and individuals
demands our attention. This article discusses deepfakes, their
societal benefits, and how deception technology works. The
hazards deepfakes pose to enterprises, governments, and legal
systems worldwide are highlighted. In addition, the paper will
examine potential solutions for deepfakes and end with future
research goals. The authors conclude by discussing potential
threats, prospects, and key paths for state regulation of this content
within the framework of broader political and legal instruments to
combat the spread of disinformation and fake news.
Keywords— political technology, deepfake, information security,
AI, public policy
I. INTRODUCTION
Deepfake technologies (DT) have emerged due to advances
in artificial intelligence (AI), posing a potential danger to
global institutions. Deepfake is an artificial intelligence-
based technique that can edit images, sounds, and video
content to depict a nonexistent event. For example, it is
becoming typical for the faces of politicians to be spliced onto
the bodies of other individuals who appear to say things they
never said [1]. At the beginning of February 2020, Indian
politician Manoi Tiwari effectively used the Specialized face-
swapping software Deepfake (or Face-Swap) to create a
deepfake of his ad in different languages to attract more
voters. This event became yet another convincing illustration
of both the significant political and marketing potential of
deepfakes and the possible threats emanating from their use,
including
Manipulating public opinion, interfering in citizens' privacy,
and mobilizing ethnic or protest groups. The avalanche of
fake news in politics has long been a matter of concern and
attempts at government regulation in many countries. The
spread of deepfakes and improved algorithms for their
generation can further decrease trust in the mass media in
different countries [2]. A 2020 Reuters report shows that the
world has seen a drop in trust in online news, an increase in
the spread of fake news, and a decline in trust in media
content. Likewise, the Edelman Trust Barometer concludes
that the world's media is the least trusted institution. Such a
global decline in confidence in the "fourth estate" is primarily
due to a significant drop in trust in Internet platforms,
especially search engines and social networks. Notably, the
decline in trust in the media is accompanied by increased
Confidence in information, recommendations, and comments
posted by Online users. Let us recall the background of the
scandalous precedent in India: on February 7, the day before
the parliamentary elections, two videos gained popularity in
the WhatsApp messenger, in which the head of the Indian
People's Party, Manoi Tivari, campaigned to vote for himself.
In one of the videos, the politician spoke in the most common
language of Hindi; in the other, in the Hariani dialect.
However, in reality, there was only one source of the video,
based on which the deepfakes of the politician's speeches in
other languages were made [3].
Issues of forensic photocopy are closely related to forensic
photography and video recording provisions. The current
level of development of photocopy, the scientific foundations
of which are in the formation process, is characterized by
several problems, primarily of a theoretical nature.
In addition, creating such deepfake media demands skill and
specialized software and technology. However, freely
available programs such as "FaceSwap" and "Reface" make
it possible to create deepfake media without the need for
specialized software and hardware [3]. However,
constructing such deepfakes requires the use of specialized
software and hardware and freely available applications such
as "FaceSwap" and "Reface." Unfortunately, openly
accessible technologies such as "FaceSwap" and "Reface"
have enabled inexperienced persons to manipulate the media
for malevolent or amusing ends.

978-1-6654-6122-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

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 Already today, deepfake technology is actively used for
criminal purposes. Thus, according to the cybersecurity
company Deeptrace, in 2019, there were over 14,600 units of
video deepfakes on the internet, of which the overwhelming
majority are porn videos depicting famous actors.
II. RELATED WORK
The development of information technologies has also
created the conditions for committing crimes in cyberspace.
For example, the very concept of "Deepfake."
Computer sync technique The use of an image thesis based
on artificial intelligence to integrate and superimpose existing
photographs and movies onto original images or films [4].
created by combining the terms "deep learning" and "fake."
Deepfakes is an Artificial Intelligence that employs the
synthesis of a person's image; it combines many images of a
person shot from different angles and with varying facial
expressions to create a video; by analyzing photographs, a
particular algorithm "learns" how a person appears and
moves. By itself, the synthesis of images, video, or audio may
not have obvious socially dangerous goals, but manipulating
the use of images, videos, or the voices of real people in
media generates an entire complex of moral, legal, and
managerial problems.
Deepfakes can fairly faithfully depict people doing things
they never really did or saying things they never said.
Deepfake algorithms "recognize" how someone's face looks
from various angles and expressions by constructing models
from hundreds to thousands of target images. The algorithm
can then predict what the target individual's (or the victim of
information sabotage's) face will look like by imitating the
expression on another person's face. A similar procedure is
used to train the deepfake algorithm to replicate an
individual's accent, intonation, and tone of voice [5].
Fig 1: Transformation of face
The qualification and technical requirements for creating
quality deepfakes are low. Any motivated person with a mid-
range PC can create deepfakes. Several open-source
programs are freely available on the internet, such as
DeepFaceLab and FaceSwap. The model of the virtual sitter
we constructed contained a partial overlay of images of two
female faces removed from the video interview. A similar
part of Model 2's face (original video) was imported to the
left half of Model 1's face (target video) (Fig. 1).
We needed over 45 hours of continuous machine learning and
200,000 iterations. However, despite the fewer iterations, the
quality of the applied mask looks much better - the
comparative result is shown in Fig. 2, where a smoother
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transition of the faces of the superimposed face, clarity, and
detail of wrinkles, teeth[6].
Fig 2: A virtual model of a model, the right side of whose face
belongs to another girl
A. Potential dangers of Deepfakes
Deepfakes can impact various spheres of public and political
life shortly, contributing to the spread of a wide range of
threats, including reputational risks for celebrities and
ordinary citizens, the growth of organized crime, and
concerns regarding social stability and national security.
To begin, there are significant individual threats of abuse.
Deepfakes can be used to harass, slander, and blackmail
individuals, including journalists and elected officials. So, in
2017, the network was swept by a wave of pornography with
deepfake faces of celebrities superimposed on the bodies of
porn actresses. Internet bullying of certain public figures
(primarily women) with the help of deepfake content of
obscene and pornographic content has the most destructive
effect in Asian countries. Former Pakistani prime minister
Imran Khan will be targeted with "deep fake" videos to
destroy his reputation.
Secondly, organized crime can take advantage of deepfake
technology. Deepfakes could be a gold mine for criminal
organizations and virtual fraudsters. While people are
predominantly aware of modifying images with image editors
(such as Photoshop), deepfake technology, particularly voice
mimicry, is relatively unknown outside data science and
machine learning. Perhaps a more serious issue than
manipulating images and videos is the ability of technology
to simulate accent, intonation, and speech patterns.
Synthesized speech can be used to perpetrate fraud, including
tampering with bank accounts or bogus kidnapping. Victims
are identified via social media and then confronted with
phone calls demanding ransom for a missing loved one.
When many parents openly share their children's videos on
the internet in the digital age, this scam can become
significantly more dangerous using deepfake audio.
Deepfakes can be used as a form of black public relations.
Companies or entrepreneurs will be able to order the creation
of deepfake-videos. For example, the CEO of a competing
company makes defamatory or offensive statements and
"merges" this video on social networks. Corporate sabotage
through deepfakes can be used to manipulate the stock market
potentially. In the same way, the technology can be used to
discredit political opponents, parties, and social movements.
Of course, the most serious concern is the potential to use
deepfake technologies to fuel conflicts and civil unrest and
undermine national security. For example, in many countries,
it is possible to provoke interethnic or sectarian clashes by
posting fake videos on social networks where a representative
of a certain group speaks out or performs other actions that
others may perceive as an insult. In that case, any such fake
video with provocative content can ascribe an extremist
message to any politician or representative of any ethnic
group. In turn, any attempt by the authorities to react and
explain the technology of deepfakes after the fact will be
belated in such a situation. Suppose the general population is
not aware of the phenomenon of deepfakes and their
capabilities. As media technology develops, its audience
becomes more and more involved. It becomes difficult to
refute a falsified video with high online engagement after
being viewed by many people. However, deepfake
technology is now being used for nefarious purposes, such as
those listed below [7].
• Celebrity pornography.
• Hoaxes and Scams.
• Manipulation of elections.
• Social engineering.
• Theft of identity and financial fraud.
• Automated disinformation attacks.
B. Prospects for countering the proliferation of
deepfakes
Despite the real danger of deepfakes, it should be recognized
that this technology is primarily just a technical tool with
more positive uses than negative ones. However, today
governments are faced with the need to develop and take
certain actions and precautions to minimize the possibility of
damage from deepfakes with negative and criminal
intentions. This issue is already on the political agenda of
several countries. For example, in the summer of 2019, the
Intelligence Committee of the US House of Representatives
held open hearings on threats to national security posed by
artificial intelligence, primarily deepfake AI. It was
unanimously determined that deepfakes significantly threaten
various facets of American society. Legislation prohibiting
US officials and agencies from creating and disseminating
such content is currently being debated. Currently, the United
States is completing the preparation of a draft federal law
regulating this area. Russia is currently also analyzing the
possibilities of limiting the uncontrolled distribution of
deepfakes within the framework of already adopted laws to
combat inaccurate information published under the guise of
socially significant reliable messages[8].
There are a number of approaches that may provide
assistance in designing emerging solutions for the rising
challenges in designing smart as well as autonomous
management systems. Fuzzy logic design [9], Machine
learning [10-12,14, 17-21, 23, 25, 27, 28-32], soft computing
[9, 16], Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [13, 22], and
computational intelligence [15], round robin [24], and
explainable artificial intelligence [26] are some of the
approaches that are being used while employing and
constructing a number of smart, and autonomous frameworks
Of course, the proliferation of dangerous deepfakes should be
contained by introducing and improving fact-checking
mechanisms (checking messages and detecting fakes).
Individuals, social media platforms, and especially the media
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should have the tools to quickly and efficiently test
information messages, audio, and video recordings that they
suspect are forgery. It is also desirable that end-users - people
- determine whether the information they view and share with
others is genuine. Thus, the priority task is to develop services
and tools for fact-checking. Ideally, they should be simple
(that is, they do not require serious IT skills and special
education) and free, which is difficult to achieve and requires
appropriate investment. State control and pressure on social
networking services to more serious moderation of their
content and introducing fact-checking tools are considered a
priority areas today. Therefore, websites and platforms that
carry potentially dangerous fake information must be held
accountable and accountable. Today, legal and information
mechanisms are being analyzed that encourage social
networks and messengers to label "synthetic media" more
carefully to raise public awareness of such materials. It is a
matter of time before laws are enacted to prohibit certain
inappropriate deepfake content. The drafting of such laws is
already underway in several countries worldwide.
In parallel with developing deepfake technologies, their
detection and verification technologies are also being
improved. At the moment, technologies for generating
deepfakes have not yet been able to overcome the famous
effect of the "ominous valley completely," according to
which a detailed virtual character very similar to a person
causes a sharp rejection and rejection from the audience if
minor inconsistencies of reality and even unnatural
movement "like a robot." Deepfake videos look convincing
only in the first seconds; the longer the duration, the stronger
the effect of the "sinister valley" can manifest itself, which
can scare away the audience and frustrate the manipulator's
intentions. However, for professional provocateurs, even a
few seconds may be enough. Experts note that "painted-on"
faces on a fake video usually do not blink, so it will be
possible to recognize deepfakes by analyzing eye movements
and blinking frequency in the future.
While human content analysis is required, developing
automated tools to detect deepfakes is justified. Rather than
reacting to potentially dangerous deepfakes post-facto,
automatic detection can prevent them from being posted.
Along with detecting deepfakes, it is possible to develop
methods for determining the date, time, and physical origin
of deepfake content. These methods must be straightforward,
practical, and accessible to a broad audience.
Thus, information security specialists in different countries
agree that to combat the spread of socially dangerous
deepfakes, it is necessary to raise public awareness, develop
detection technologies and introduce new laws regulating this
promising area. In addition, new legal instruments should be
developed and applied to streamline this "gray area."
However, activities aimed at combating the dissemination of
dangerous content should at the same time not undermine
freedom of expression.
Steps such as mandatory labeling of synthetic media,
increased content moderation, delays in posting on social
media, and government pressure on online platforms to
censor posted content are inevitably controversial and
resentful among the public. In addition, the business models
of several IT companies and information resources are under
threat. By their very nature, social media platforms imply
freedom and rapid information exchange. While adding post
delays for machine or manual content analysis can weed out
some potentially dangerous misinformation, losing the effect
of instantaneousness, Even if only for a few minutes, this
would represent a fundamental shift like social media as a
whole. As a result, it is doubtful that the companies that
power popular social networks, services, and messengers will
take drastic measures, such as initiatives to remove deepfake
algorithms from the public domain. In addition to the fact that
the corresponding software has already been installed on
millions of computers around the world, the conservation and
ignoring of this technology will lead to the opposite effects -
it will become much more difficult to counteract aggressive
disinformation using deepfakes and media literacy, and,
accordingly, information -formational stability of society will
be artificially slowed down in its development. Today, there
is a gradual process of adaptation of society and network
culture to new media opportunities. Deepfakes enter the mass
culture and are aestheticized; their capabilities are used to
create entertaining content. In the coming years, we will be
able to assess the political potential of deepfakes, and
governments need to prepare for this.
C. Factors to identify deepfake technology
It is possible to identify deepfakes using the following tips;
continuous development makes technology more difficult,
but at this moment, it can be detected using the following [9]
● Abnormal eye movement.
● Unnatural facial expressions.
● An absence of blinking.
● Unnaturally shaped body.
● Facial morphing a simple stitch of one image over
another.
● Inconsistent head positions.
● Abnormal skin colors.
● Unnatural hair.
● Awkward head and body positioning.
● Voices that sound robotic.
● Odd lighting or discoloration.
● Bad lip-syncing.
● Blurry or misaligned visuals.
● Digital background noise..
III. DISCUSSION
In a never-ending cybersecurity race, AI makes cyber threats
based on deep fake audio impersonations to enhance their
threat punch. Advancement in deep fake technology means
cloning is easy, which leads to a big cyber attack. Mostly it is
used to manipulate others and commit crimes against
companies. For example, cybercriminals use deep fake
technology to impersonate CEOs to request funds transfers.
There is software used for identifying fake videos and audio.
It is important to mention that AI fights with AI in deepfake
scenarios. Using AI with machine learning and educating
staff is an important and utmost requirement of companies.
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Software development also has the challenge of identifying
deepfake scenarios.
IV. CONCLUSION
AI targeting hacking is one of the major challenges in 2021.
Using deepfake software, images and videos are created to
trap companies. This causes trouble, especially in global
politics, where it is very hard to detect. Governments all over
the world have major concerns about this technology. Even
this is not yet so much advanced, but even then, a yearly
2.4M$ loss is accountable. It is time to fight AI with AI.
Companies are developing software that identifies deepfakes,
but they have policies to handle this software. The reliability
factor is one of the major concerns in this technology. If a
company's software recognizes a deepfake, it can generate
better deepfake audio or video for future malicious intentions.
It is a long journey of identification and making rules of
governance/ usage of AI.
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