PART 1 (UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN FIRES)

Bab 1 (introduction)

 to provide a common introduction to this field for the broad fire safety community: fire
protection engineers, design professionals, and code authorities.
 to lessen the uncertainties in the “people components” of fire safety and allow for more
refined analyses with less reliance on arbitrary safety factors.

Bab 2 (Integrating Human Behavior Factors Into Design)

 3 KPI’s of human behaviour related to fire

 Behaviours that cause/prevent fires
 Behaviours that affect fires
 Behaviours that increase/reduce harm from fires (SPFE will focus on this)
o Evacuation/refuge finding/relocation to a safe area
 List of assumptions

 Performance based design and human behaviour considerations

 6 key topic that influence the analysis of human behaviour

  Time as a function of behaviour (pre-evacuation period and movement period)
In terms of behavior, it is inherent in the timeline that mental processes and actions are a
continuum of information processing and decision making.

 The end goal represented by the timeline development is to determine if individuals can or
cannot arrive at a place of safety, which is embodied in the concepts of Available Safe Egress
Time (ASET) and Required Safe Egress Time (RSET)
o Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), The calculated time interval between the time of
ignition and the time at which conditions become such that the occupant is estimated
to be incapacitated
o Required Safe Egress Time (RSET), The calculated time interval required for an
individual occupant to travel from their location at the time of ignition to a safe refuge
or place of safety
o Note: ASET and RSET is for individuals. Each occupant have their own RSET and ASET
o The goal is to have ASET > RSET. By estimating ASET minus RSET for each person, it is
possible to estimate how long it would take for the last person to reach safety.
 To more fully address the considerations for occupant behavior during a fire, 5 basic tasks are
generally needed:

Bab 3 (Population Characteristic that affect human behaviour towards fire)

4.3 Intro
This chapter identifies factors necessary for considering human behavior in fire
3.2 Population Numbers and Density
The occupant load of a room is the maximum number of persons anticipated to be present
for a given configuration or use. Can be determined by counting seats, using p.density from
codes, and engineering assumptions (ex hotel population during night and day differs)
3.3 Alone or with Others
The presence of other people will influence behavior and decision making. Response to
alarms or fire cues is affected by whether people are alone or with others.
 Normative social influence
people try to meet social norms and do what they think is ‘expected’ of them. This can
result in people ignoring alarms when others do not act, in order to avoid standing out or
looking foolish
  Informative social influence
people try to meet social norms and do what they think is ‘expected’ of them. This can
result in people ignoring alarms when others do not act, in order to avoid standing out or
looking foolish
3.4 Familiarity with building
3.5 Distribution and activities
3.6 Alertness
3.7 Physical and cognitive ability
3.8 Social affiliation
3.9 Role and responsibility
3.10 Location
3.11 Etc.. (monggo baca)

Bab 4 (Occupant behavior concepts: cues, decisions, actions)

4.1 Intro
The purpose of this chapter is to present the theory of human behavior in fires, which
includes the occupant decision-making process and the resulting beneficial or potentially
harmful actions. This chapter provides guidance on understanding the actions that occupants
take during the building fire emergency timeline (refer to the timeline picture above)
4.2 The Protective Action Decision-Making Process (PADM)

*intinya ini smacam flowchartnya analisis protective actionnya bgitulah. Seluruh sub bab 4.2
ini intinya ngebahas “cue” beserta faktor2nya
4.3 Myth of Panic
 common expectation about human behavior in fire is the assumption that during a fire,
occupants will panic, which is considered to be a “myth” by social scientists since the
1970s, due to little evidence
 In the initial moments of a fire, upon smelling smoke or hearing the fire alarm, it is often
observed that occupants do not react and deny or ignore the situation. This is labeled in
the social sciences as normalcy bias [105]. This seems especially true in public buildings
where occupants do not want to overreact to a false alarm or a situation that seems
already under control. Such underestimation or acceptance of a potentially dangerous
situation, often, results in delays in starting evacuation or in taking protective action.
Once the situation has been defined as a fire, it does not necessarily imply that people
 will evacuate right away - time could be spent gathering family members and pets,
getting dressed according to the weather, or finding keys, a wallet, and/or a purse.
4.4 Impact of Human Behavior in Fire on Fire Protection Engineering Design and Analysis